Urinary system

Diseases of Urinary System r: Principles of renal insufficiency Renal function depend up on the integrity of .individual nephron. Insufficiency can occur from: a- Abnormality in the rate of renal blood flow. b- The glomerular filtration rate. c- Efficiency of tubular resorption. Of these, the latter two are intrinsic functions of the kidney, whereas the first depends largely on vasomotor control which in animals is affected by circulatory emergencies such as shock, dehydration & hemorrhage. Circulatory emergencies may lead to a marked reduction in glomerular filtration but they are extra renal in origin & can't be considered as true cause of renal insufficiency. Clinical features of urinary tract disease .. . . , .. . •' A. Abnormal constituents of urine ( .. 1. Proteinuria. Proteinuria is observed normally in calves, foals,· lambs and kids in the first 40 hours after they receive colostrums. Protein may be present in hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria & hematuria & when urinary tract infectjons are present. Scanned by CamScanner

hHRtcdoacroecapeaeancm1npu3·ns12undate·m·oarsiaaltrHgtroaircceuoahneaaannn1aIuronO.sYc.agestaffeisewtcsctuat&dlh,athr.ieeuneniepcbancae:tblrtlntkule1l.1oas,sdidedr:ou1-e'nn·dlktageiscydvtuf,enrrotuosenesscymeegttupljlhssor·t1eiem•2cao1r.srefecef1r.crenec.uucw1no·rtalameo,h, dlnipaceaiohscnp1as1h1di.-tnturhisd1o.eehipncsf. sda.f..ue,sirrwTserpeselh1aune1e.sronyaenafl infarction, embolism of the renal artery, tubular damage as caused by toxic insult & pyelonephritis. Postrenal hematuria occurs particulary in urolithia.sis & cystitis. A special instance of hematuria occurs eonn_zg�1onatitces hematuria of cattle from t umours of the u r i when hemorrhage 4. Hemoglobinuria: nary bladder. bTecF5ori'r.aoyulMoltcsehhueyrerhooahmegcteilmyiomoctanebool-•giogntalefuolrosebrutbiis.rai1ninyf:nuousererridiahaaenamccdnaauod�ggsi.elvoroseecblsceiaunaars.pdepirei0t.ehp8he·1eti·irr.mveedhaterumetroa1o.cagtbiwIoroonlbw11e·t.11nno. duT6rahi.mnePeayegsxueair.smitaep:nleces of aMsytroo·gnlgobi1nndi.(mcaYti_oo1n1emof·osgelvoebrien)Minustchlee is cLheaullkeoncgyeteast coerrtpaui.ns p. n. o1 .inutriinnethi·necta·i.ncai.mteasl i·unrfi.lnamarmy atrtaocrty, Scanned by CamScanner

commonly the renal pelvis of the kidney or the urinary bladder. Pyuria n1ay occur as grossly visible clots r slu·eds, but often is detectable only by 1nicroscopic examination of urine sediment. 7. Crystalluria: Crystalluria should not be over interpreted in farm animals. The presence of crystals in the urine samples of herbivorous aniinals have no special importance except if they exist in very large amounts and are accon1panied with clinical signs of irritation of the urinary tract. 8. Glycosuria and ketonuria: Glycosuria in combination with ketonuria occurs only in diabetes 1nellitus (a rare disease in large animals). !I. �-· V�ria�ions in daily urine flow: An increase·or decrease 1n urine flow is often described in animals, but accuracy demands physical measurement of the amount of urine voided over ·24 hour period. Normal urine productioi1 is highly variable in large animals. In healthy adult horses. Normal urine production ranges from 0.62 to 2.01 ml/kg per hour. Neonatal foals produce urine at an average rate of 150 ml/kg per day. 1. Polyuria: · Occurs when there is an increase in the volume of urir.ie produced. Polyuria can result from extra­ renal causes as when horses habitually drink excessive quantities of water and less com1nonly, in central diabetes insipidus when there is inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the Scanned by CamScanner

- ·• dtaaipnhnne1.tedIhu12yo.1·esctdrfaaQosfDrmromeaylsreite,ptg_cesrcd1uiceeettnfotanoa.fe.asnenter.dna.racaibn1n.�oIt·isang1.nddoe1ssf1nn.aetra,c1sn1orbueve-menueart·onedinp(£5efadwi..-tiilfuuanlyrvoiitstanewiaurrperyriyndi(naaatousentun.usumlropyirasouillaartlm1.)ysps11.muoodstcaedtcceu(crogoorehrs1aeugnmserune.norsdoitIeai\"ilnn(cr) pressure increases. 3. Pollakuria: This is abnormally frequent passage of urine it may occur with or without an increase in the volume of urine excreted and is commonly associated with disease of the lower urinary tract such as cystitis, the presence of calculi i n. the bladderI partial obstruction the urethra. urethritis and 4. Dribbling: of aqDpouApf0Drlubrrmartloreasasei's5imbstporcnsb.rsbahhbutultfEucital_rciirth_ainosoilteeneileni.rrg,tlvtsgsnei.oseuidiisiotnnir•suooth.scadebfprcaeccpnouIiehoci·tslourrtumlailtvsesrutetnstrhei1.rraun.aonitiandcanrhtugoceoeeysrsnh,n·ia,1sa,uaao.tdotri�·bs&rrnReriog.bssu£seimec.eriu· np.toroonrltceaunamcotlr1ttientsegine. im}c1a.prnYngmaas.ouete· eiu.drfa8noTssue1um·iehsc.rsssst·iyaeptnrwescpihi.futhu.ngneaiiir.turgtcttnis·iih·rntessusncia...eraotre-eei.agnanFtrdcemobachfdoioraculdomobufyosrmmyrns.ipbaemtilbrlenasaoaolntaoellnefll. Scanned by CamScanner

C. Abdominal pain, painful and difficult urination (D suria and stranguria): ' .. '' ' \"' Iii Abdominal pain and painful urination (Dysuria) and difficult and slow urination · (stranguria) are manifestations of discomfort caused by disease of the urinary tract. Iii Acute abdominal pain from urinary tract disease occurs only rarely and is usually associated with sudden distension of renal pelvis or ureter or infarction of the kidney. ID. Mornhological abnormalities of the kidnevs and ureters: ..-,w f\" • ., . ► Enlarged or decreased size· of kidneys may be· p_alpable on rectal examination or detected bx 1;ltrasonographY.:.. ► In cattle gross enlargement of the posterior aspect of the left kidney may be palpable in the right upper flank. ► Abnormalities of kidneys such as fiydronephrosis in cattle may also be palpable · · ·· on rectal examination. ,• I ► In• creases in the size of the ureter may be ..l•, •· '\\ ,>, •, # •' '� palpable on rectal examination and indica; I • •• • • • ureteritis. E. :ralpable !bnonnalities of the bladder and urethra: r Abnormalities of the bladder which may be palpal,Jle by rectal examination include gross enlargement of Scanned by CamScanner

the bladder, rupture of the b]adder, a shrunken bladder following ruptu re as well as cystic calcuU:-- F. Acute and chronic r�nal failure: t .. w� , .� , !ft• ,.., . . �:. ·. ,. , ;:w.:; ,. ,..t. )� The picture o urinary tract disease vary with the rate of development and stage of the disease, in horses, mental depression, colic, and diarrhea are common with oliguria or polyuria. (&1 Uremia is systemic state which occurs in �he incurable stages of renal failure. Anuria or oliguria may occur with uremia. Oliguria is more 1s more common. l&l Chronic renal disease is usually manifested by polyuria. But qliguria appear in the terminal stages when clinical uremia develops. �Princi¥le� of �rea����.�� uri�aiy t�act disease� 1-fluid and electrolyte� 1 ,Jo� u r r _. Yftiul&) Treatment of acute renal failure in all species i§ \\ �r f a �,tt •\"' trc.t-,n.c\"'+'n>t'trreimsteodr.ingat removing the primary cause an.f! I, , n ('\" ff' of normal flu1. d balance by correcting .Ji s h' nsion dehydration, ac.id base disorders and electrolyte abnormaHties. � The prognosis for acute renal failure will depend on the initiating cause and severity of the lesion. � Balanced electrolyte solutions or normal saline · supplemented with potassiu1n and calcium can Scanned by CamScanner

be used to correct fluid and electrolyte defi cits. The patient should be observed for udnation. 00 If an1:1ria or oliguri a is present the rate of fluid I ad1ninistration should be monitored to prevent over hydration. If the patient has oligu ria after the fluid volume deficit is corrected a d iuretic n1ay be used to help restore urine flow. (fursomide 1-2 mg/kg B.wt every 2 hrs) or (p,annitol 0.25-2.0 g/kg B.wt in 20% solutio]J) m ay be used. Diuretics should not be used until dehydration has been corrected. Animals that remain anuric have a grave prognosis and can only be managed with peritoneal or vascular dialysis. . IB1 Treatment of chronic renal failure will depend on the stage of disease and the value of the animal. IB1 In food producing animal's emergency slaughter isn't recommended because the carcass is unsuitable for human consumption. Ii 2- Antimicrobia ls: I Selection of antimicrobials for the treatment of j urinary tract infections should be b ased on quantitative urine culture. The ideal antimicrobial for treatment of urinary tract infections should meet several criteria:- � Activity against the causal bacteria_. � Be excreted and concentrated in the kidney and unne. � Be active at the PH of urine. 2-f 7 Ji: Scanned by CamScanner

I&! Low toxicity. l&J Easily ad1ninistered. I&! Low cost. interaction w i th other c o n c u rren tl y l&J No harmful adminis.tered drugs. antimicrobials include penicillin 1n First line and trimethoprim-sulfa 111 horses. ruminants Antilnicrobial therapy for lower urinary tract infection should continue for at least 7 days. For upper urinary tract infection 2-4 weeks of treatmen t is often necessary. Success of therapy can be evaluated by repeating the urine cul hire 7-1.0 days after the last treatment. 3- Anti-inflammatory drugs The anti-inflammatory drugs are i mportant to relieve pain and to decrease the discomfort during urination 1n many cases. The anti-inflammatory drugs are: Flunixine meglumine, phenylbutazone, . . .etc j__piseas.�d�� J Cysti. ti. s means, � am1m._ Cah�osntitoifs ] rinary bladder 1nfl the u (UB) and is usually caused by bacterial invasion and is manifested clinically by frequent painful urination (pollakuria &dysuria) and the presence of blood (hematuria) inflammatory cells (pyuria) and existence of bacterial cause in the urine samples (On culturing). Scanned by CamScanner

Causes: Cystitis 1appens infrequently due to introduction of infecti0n in to the UB when trauma to the bladder has occurred or when there is stagnation of the urine. In farm animals the common associations are: � Cystic calculus. � Difficult parturition. � Contaminated catheterization. � Late pregnancy. � As a sequel to paralysis of the bladder. In the above cases the bacterial population is usually mixed but predominantly E.coli. Patho!(enesis: I \" ,, � 1. Bacteria commonly gain entrance to the UB but are regularly removed by the flushing action of excreted urine before they attack the mucosa of UB . 'I --' 2. Mucosal injury facilitate invasion but the stagnation of urine is the most predisposing cause. 3. Bacteria usually enter, the bladder by ascending the urethra but descending infection from embolic nephritis may also occur. ·Al,, li1n.ica·ly· -F-.s\"ui n..d· ain s: e urethritis which usually accompanies cystitis cause painful sensations and the desire to urinate). Scanned by CamScanner

l 2. Pollakuria (Urination atol.n1cedcuusrnos.mnfarehet·qiomuneepns otglsyrtuuanrnetcitnfogisr. athcecoamnip1nana1ierde 11b1ya 1· npsa in J·. n some minutes after the flow has ceased often n1anifesting additional expulsive efforts) . 3. The volume of urine passed on ea ch occas1on is usually small. 4. Abdominal Pain (In very acute cases there may be mo�erate abdominal discomfort expressed by tramping with the hind feet kicking at the abdomen, swishing with the tail). 5. Moderate fever. 6. Acute retention may occur if the urethra becomes obstructed with pus or blood but this is unusual. 7. Chronic cases show a similar syndrome but the symptoms are less obvious: frequent urination and small volume are the characteristic symptoms, bladder wall may feel thickened on rectal examination. 8. In acute cases, no palpable abnormality may be detected but pain may be evidenced. Clinical Pathology:I •• .- ; •H • l&l Hematuria and Pyuria (Blood and pus in the urine is typical of acute cases and the urine may have a strong ammonia odor). l&l In less severe cases the urine may be only turbid _and in chronic cases there n1ay be no abnormality on gross inspection . Scanned by CamScanner

li1 Microscopic exa1nination of urine sediment will reveal erythrocytes leukocytes and desqua1nated epithelial cells. li1 Quantitative bacterial culture is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and to guide treatment selection. Necropsy Fin.dings: � Acute cystitis is manifested by hyperemia hemorrhage and ede1na of the mucosa. � Urine is cloudy and contain 1nucus. � In sub-acute and chronic cases the wall IS grossly thickened and the 1nucosal surface IS rough and coarsely granular. Differential diagnosis: : The c 111.ical an · a oratory findings of cystitis resemble those of pyelonephritis and cystic urolithiasis. a. Pyelon.ephritis. Is commonly accompanied by bladder involvement and differentiation depend oh whether there are lesions in the kidney. This may be determined by rectal examination. b. Cystic urolithiasis: Presence of calculi in the bladder can be detected by rectal examination by ultrasonographic examination. l. Scanned by CamScanner

are indica ted to control the infection and detennination of the drug sensitivity of the causati ve bacteria is essential. ► Relapses are common u nless treatment i§. continued for a m.inim u m of 7 and preferably for 14 days. ► Repeated bacterial culture of u rine a t least once during and again within 7-10 days after completion of . treatment should be used to assess the success of therapy. ► In chronic cases the prognosis is poor because of the difficulty of completely eradicating the infection and the common secondary involvement of the kjdney. · 2) Paralysis of the bladder (Vesical paralysis.♦! \" :r, . - .-,-� Vesical paralysis is unco1nmon in large animals caused mainly by the lesions of Iumbosacral part of the spinal cor�. In the early stages of vesical paralysis due to neu rogeni c injury, the bladder remains full of urine and dribbling of urine occurs especially during the movement. Good �low of urine can be obtained by compression of the bladder through rectal examination. However, regular catheterization is essential in conjunction with a prophylactic dose of antibiotic to prevent the development of cystitis. Nerve tonics, B: , 2 :L{ Scanned by CamScanner

strychnine, belladonna and nu x vom. 1·ca a re use fu l 1. n such cases. 3. Obstruction of the Urinary Tract Calculi, mblaoyodr,esunletoipnlaosbisat,ruscmtieognmoaf ,theeduermetahraa.nd/or cellulitis � Calculi are 1nost often Caco3 stones that lodge in the pelvie urethra in the stallions and geldings. � Blood clots resulting in obstruction of the u rethra are rarely seen, but may be found in association of renal trauma. � The most common neoplasia causing obstruction of the urethra is a squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.. � Many inflam1natory and/or edematous diseases of the penis and uretha may cause urinary obstruction. Habronema may cause inflammatory lesions in the urethra. 4. Rupture of the Bladder (Cystorrhexis) �· , , ,, : < •, • f:'. ouardepbrelepspiemtTerrfeahuisoaricssctiicfooobuninrser,.sc1oWtaa-hm2nnehoededsrnemcaxlyio1stnsaehsivteclaeaalrbtsneeelsd,rari.igdondBpduseryesorhogtyfsrhrdeueteqrhspausatntiuetvieorlecxenastts,oetfcoeaomwnuurasleidyedntvhainteyrbioraa5eet,ll observe d . Scanned by CamScanner

btphaaelllpVodatoettenerdsitnararleelnactsatpabledal ycnot.1d,nRiitunup1anrtlaui nsyrawercoeyolflnitsn�bigsel at bd1onld.afaedymrdubelmreti�psadyleuetsehuncoatoellteldys by be on or of �ingle large tear. ,: Urolithiasis in ruminants Urolithiasis is 1nainly present as subclinica1 problem in ruminants raised in intensive management systems where the ration is composed mainly of concentrate (grain) or where animals graze o n some kinds of pasture. In such manegment system 40-60 % of animals may create calculi or_ stones in their u rinary tract .�· E�i·-oxlp_�rm/ary calculi or uroliths from when inorganic and organic urinary solutes are precipi tated out of solution. The precipitates occur as crysta ls or as amorphous \"deposits\" calculi form over a long period by a . gradual accumulation of precipitate around a nidus. � An organic matrix is an integral part of most types of calculi several factors affect the rate of urolith formation inclu ding conditions that affect the concentration of solutes in urine the ease with which solutes are precipitated out of solution the provision of a nidus and the tendency to concretion of precipitates. There are three. main groups of factors that contribute to urolithiasis. 2J: 14 TI Scanned by CamScanner

IE Those which assist precipitation of solutes on to the nidus. � Those which favor concretion by cen1enting precipitated solutes to the developing calculus. Nidus formation: A nidus favors the deposition of crystals about itself. A nidus may be a group of desquamated epithelial cells or necrotic tissue that may be formed as a consequence of occasional cases from local urinary tract infection. ► Deficiency of vitamin A 1, . ·�. . . •·� desquamation of epithelial cells. ► Administration of estrogent: �cause excessive epithelial desquamation. Precipitation of solutes: Urine is extremely concentrated solution containing large number of solutes many of them in higher concentration than their irldividual solubility permit in a simple solution. Several factors may explain why solutes remain in solution. Factors favoring concretion Most calculi and siliceous calculi in particular are composed of organic 1natter as well as minerals this organic component is mucoprotein, particularly its mucopolysaccharide fraction . · l� . ... . . Scanned by CamScanner

inical , . ·., in : varied by the site of the calculi · ·i�ica · signs as follows: [!] Calculi in the renal pelvis and ureters are not usually diagnosed ante mortem [!] Obstruction of ureter may be detectable on rectal examination especially if it is accompanied by hydronephrosis. [!] Occasionally the exit fro1n the renal pelvis is b locked and acute distension which results may cause acute pain accompanied by stiffness of the gait and paint on pressure over the loins. I&1 Calculi in the bladder may ca use cystitis and are manifested by signs of that disease. � Obstruction of the urethra by a calculus this is a common occurrence in steers and wethers and causes a characteristic syndrome of abdominal pain with kicking at the belly treading with the hand fed and swishing of the tail repeated twitching of the penis straining grunting and grating of the teeth the animal may make strenuous efforts to urinate passage of .only a few drops of blood stained urine. I&1 Heavy precipitate of crystals is often visible on the preputial hairs or on the inside of thighs. The passage of a flexible lead wire or suitable long catheter up to urethra after relaxation of the· penis by epidural anaesthesia or by administering of ataractic drug may make it Scanned by CamScanner

pa 1�essainbtleeri_toor l ocate the site of obstruction wh i ch to the sigmoid flexure. � � wACcaaitplthltrelepetceaurswi�s·zvietsehmdthaicenlolbracloaionndmaodrupeynlrectotsaeftohcofaebltbveslertorshouaadcnstidsobtaengieonndaetrdusisb. uebdrlientroes frequently. � In rams, urethral p�ocess of the exteriorized penis must be examined for enlargement and the p resence of multiple calculi. � On rectal examination when the size of animal is appropriate the urethra and bladder are palpably distended and the urethra is painful and pulsates on manipulation. � In rams with obstructive urolithiasis sudden depression inappetence stamping the feet tail s wishing kicking at the abdomen bruxism anuria or passage of only a few drops of urine a re common. � Rupture of urethra or bladder: if the obstruction i s not relieved perforation of the urethra or bladder o ccurs in about 48 hrs with urethral tccarhuaeseulplfsutavuelriertoenebastusvrraiaioltnnhudeaesblfdettloahouxkomiedsrmaiinsnxiwaatol.tehlwtTlihishnaeelglrceowsasnlunohnIduitecgschphtiimrvnepeapeyaturimcsssespieutrvateeiennaorddgef drainage. Scanned by CamScanner

00 AdrWeehfhp.leurefen1·cststhfwi.roe.onabmvdleaesdv. i.ddesielsdor·cperotumeapcsfttuaoubrrrtelee1ntohb1• naeurdtteaecivstaeinal1eonoppriesmex.r1mc·auesdsaiioanntde 00 and abd0· 1nen soon becomes distended in occas1.ona1 cases deaths occurs soon after rupture of b ladder due to severe internal he1norrhage. - _..The- · treatment of obstructive urolithiasis is ► pCraitmtlearoilrylasmurbgsicwalit(huroebthstrrouscttoivmeyu)r. oh.th1. as1.s that are in the end of their feed lot feeding period and close to being marketed can be slau ghtered. ► Animals in the early stages of the obstruction before urethral or bladder rupture will usually pass inspection at an abattoir. The presence of uremia warrants failure to pass inspection. ► ► cuTcdfmIhrlunheiolnreevoltgarierihcetneileahdonsrlsepielsyimridntaiaonacelpinmrnclepyeataaaa.lsycorreeuerfanclaiminnotlsecriosndawinuzab'osetnoeifnnboagcfedndeieiidsmfx1usfii0sioasrcslotluovi.glnlliimtnvtghgetisdoaatosombibnpsymsertebsmrovuenoececriodntui1ittvmnhceaeeal ► miInnucosecmalerpllryeetleasxtoaabgnsettssrumctahtiyeonbdetiraseetataetsmme epntoetrdwtiionthrecslamasxeotohtohef 18 Scanned by CamScanner

urethral 1nusde and permit passage of the obstructi ng calcu lus. Diseases of the kidneyf I . .J1. Pyelonephritis �·•·--- Pyelonephritis develops by ascending infection from the lower parts of the urinary tract. Clinically it is manifested by pyuria, suppurative nephritis, cystitis and ureteritis. Pyelonephritis may develop in a number of ways: l&l Secondary to bacterial infections of lower u rinary tract. l&l Spread from embolic nephritis of hematological origin such as septicemia in cattle caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa. l&l Specific pyelonephritides caused by corynbacterium renale in cattle. ,Patho enesist ; · y� onep1ritis develops when bacteria from the lower urinary tract as ascend the ureters and become established in the renal pelvis and medulla. IEJ Bacteria are assisted in as descending the ureters by urine stasis and reflux of urine from the bladder. IEJ Urine stasis can occur as a consequence of opstruction of ureters by inflammatory swelling Scanned by CamScanner

or debri sfembyaleps r&esbsyuroebsftrroumctivtehueroulittehriuassis.in pregnant IRJ Initially the renal pelvis and medulla are affected although infection 1nay extend to the cortex. IR) Pyelonephritis causes systemic signs of toxemia and fever and if renal involvement is bilateral and sufficiently extensive uremia develops. Clinical findin : · ,-- i. e··clinica inding vary between species. 2. The first observed symptom may be the passage of blood stained urine 3. In other cases the first sign may be attack of acute colic manifest by swishing of the tail, treading of the feet, kicking in abdomen and straining to urinate the attack passing off in a few hours. Such bouts are triggered by obstruction of ureter by pus or tissue debris and may be confused with acute intestinal obstruction. 4. Fluctuating temperature, capricious appetite and fall in milk yield. 5. The most noticeable sign is the existence of blood, pus, and mucus & tissue debris in urine. 6. Urination is a frequent may occur in a dribblg rather than a stream and may be painful. 7. By rectal examination in early stages inay be _ negative but later there is obvious swelling l Scanned by CamScanner

(thickening) & contraction in the UB wall & enlargement of one or b�th u reters. 8. The palpable left kid ney may show enlargement with disappearance of 1obu lation (s1nooth kidney) and discomfort on palpation 9. The right kidney 1nay be palpable if it is significantly enlarged. 10.Endoscopic examination of the urethra and bladder can be diagnostic. The course is usually several weeks or even months and the terminal signs are those of uremia. ,Cli,nical p_athology: rythr�cy es · eukocytes and cell debris are present in the urine on microscopic examination and may be grossly evident in severe cases. �cro s . · din 1e kidney is usually enlarged and lesions in the parenchyma are in varying stages of development affected areas of parenchyma are necrotic and may be separated by apparently _____normal tissue. Infarction of lobules may also be resent especial ly in cattle. ,--Treatment: : As general lines of treatment of urinary tract Infections. This form of nephritis involves p rimarily the glomerulus then m ay extend to involve the interstitial tissues (secondarily) and rarely the blood vessels. Glomerulonephritis is an immunologic disease or Scanned by CamScanner

disorder that results 111 a d e po s i ti on ofofantAi-Gg-BAM.b coinplexes in the GBM ttachment or antibody to the capillary walls, w ith consequent iin pairment of GF, J GF and enhanced permeability to plasma proteins. Glomerulonephritis is an unco1nmon clinical renal disease in sheep and goats and occurs occasionally as a clinical entity in cattle, but the cattle are usually not examined until the disease process is advanced. The three typ·es of glomerulonephritis are: 1n 1 . Spontaneous proliferative glomerulonephritis. 2. Glo1neoulonephritis of pregnancy toxemia sheep. 3. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. Clinicalfindings and Laboratory findings 1 . Weight loss, chronic diarrhea and generalized edema. 2 . Marked oliguria or even Anuria in some cases. 3. Proteinuria, hypoalbuninemia, Anemia. 4. Serum Cr. and BUN are elevated in advanced cases ➔ develop signs of Azotemia. Trea tment l!1 • Is usually unrewarding. IE • Plasma trans£usion Iii • Moderate protein and low pH diet. IE • Anabolic steroids. Scanned by CamScanner

--�i'����bolic Nephritis . . '• . Embolic lesions in the kidney ca use no clinical signs unless th.ey are extensive i n which case toxemia followed by terminal uremia Transitory periods during which p roteinuria and pyuria occur 1nay be observed if urine sa 1nples are examined at frequent intervals. Causes Embolic supportive nephritis or renal abscess may occur after any septicemia and bacteremia when b acteria lodge in renal tissues the origin of emboli 1nay be:- (A) Sporadic cases 1 . Valvular endocarditis i n all species. 2. Suppurative lesions in uterus, udder, navel and peritoneal cavity of cattle. (B) Associated ivith systemic i1ifections such as � Shige] losis in foals. � Erysipelas in pigs. � Septicemi c or bacteremic strangles in horses. Pathogenesis of s i ngle _ cell or bacteri. a 1. 11 IE) Localization bacterial small clumps in renal tissues causes development of embo_lic sup. lesions. rgi Emboli block larger vessels than cap.l llan.es leading to infarction causing local ischemia in Scanned by CamScanner

the affected portion. In addHion, if this infarction is small there are no clinical signs. Ii) Clinical signs only develop when emboli are multiple and destroy much of renal parenchyma. IE] If the urine checked repeatedly, the sudden appearance of proteinuria, casts, · and 1nicroscopic he1naturia without o ther signs of renal disease it suggests that infarction. Clinical signs 1 . Embolic nephritis may pass without clinical signs due to insufficient renal damage to cause signs of renal dysfunction. 2. Enlargement of the kidney may be palpable by rectal exam. 3. Fatal uremia and toxemia may be result. 4. Large infarcts may cause bouts of transient abdominal pain. Diagnosis ► Clinical signs if present. ► Clinical pathology as that of pyelonephritis but the later is accompanied W cystitis or urethritis. ► P.M. lesions - Enlargement of kidney with abscess form ation . - Much fibrous.tissue surrounding the lesions. Treatment • Sensitivity tests to choose antibiotics. Scanned by CamScanner

o • Antibio tics for abou t 7-1 0 days and may be i njected vvi th enzyrnes. 0 Gentan,yci n 10°/o at dose ra te of 4 m.g/kg once a day for three days as i/ln injection o Or: Lincospectin at dose rate of 1 1nl/l0 kg twice .in the first day followed by the sam.e - dose once per day for 4 days as i/m j njection 4. I�terstitial Nephritis l It i s a co1nmon disease of the dog but less so in other anilnals, it 1nay be acute \"diffuse\" or chronic \"focal\" but is always non-supp�rative. Focal interstitial nephritis (white - spotted kidney). Acute type is usually caused by leptospirosis in dogs. Chronic poisoning with caustic-treated roughages in cows leads to chronic form of the disease. Clinically it is characterized by VIPsooolmsythui terininaguar-ni padoaulnyrdidneteeprwsmiai tihnaanlloduwdreesmpperiecais.fsiicognr. avity. 1. RAerccthaeldtebmacpkerinatuservee1nreaycabseese. levated. 2. 3. 4. 5. Treatment of fluid and e�ectrolyte ba lance is 1- Restoration important. al a dministration of anh. b1. oh. cs. 2- Parentr Scanned by CamScanner

- s.,Ne�h_:?.!:__J NpttiirslelospulcNiheaferessorpeiasanhtitssriivtooeeinsanisdccalhinuosadfdntohegssreleiogspduirnegrogaehcelsienuntsilegsstrsiianountgfeiwvstiheihnneiackfanhoifddfrcemnlcoientauyetfddi.loaynmpsamwortfealttslhoicnerayngr lesions of the renal tubules uremia may develop acutely or as terminal stages after a chronic illness manifested by polyuria, dehydration and loss of weight. Etiology Most cases of nephrosis caused by toxins. Toxins: •Mercuric compounds, selenium and organic copper compound. • Oxalates in plants. • Thiabendazole anthelmintics. • Over dose with sulphonamides. Hemodynamic facto rs (1) Dehydration Ieacti·ng to increased concentration of toxins in the tubules. (2) Severe renal ischemia. (3) Hemoglobinuria caus1·ng hemeg1ob1.nur1.c nephrosis. Scanned by CamScanner

Pathogenesis � In a cute nephrosis, there is obstruction to glomerular filtrate flow through the tubules obstructive oliguria and uremia. � In chronic cases, there 111ay be impairment of tubular reabsorption of solutes and fluids leading to •• •11� polyuria. Clinical signs In acute stage, there is oliguria, proteinuria and other symptoms of uremia such a·s: • Anorexia, hypothermia, depression, weak pulse. • In cow, there is continuous mild hypocalcaemia. • Polyuria in chronic cases. Diagnosis 1. Clinical signs. 2. Clinical pathology. 3. Necropsy findings. Treat1nent ✓ Correct the primary cause. ✓ Fluid and electrolytes therapy. '✓ Antibacterial dru gs. I6. Hydronephrosis Cystic enlargement of the kidney due to obstruction of the ureter, caused usually by urolithiasis and congenital anomalies in ureters it is seldom detected clinically in form animals. Scanned by CamScanner

Ibdptoirsiodsofyruudsist�eur-oaswcllcayoutfearrsc·pycraoosmtdaep1\"ianraresnrs·ihueaeldntad,gofecnslh�iegnnrna1_gclsaAsltlmayonfydmli�nadingdehi.omfyseisedsttreaiandbtiotobhlniyec, hypoprotein uria. Causes lesions due to s treptcocca1 1- Suppurative infection. 2- Pyogenic membranes, abscess formation in liver and lungs. Pathogenesis Amyloid substances deposit in the glomeruli so they interfere with the process of glomerular filtration and permeability. These_ disturbances in permeability lead to passage of protein causing proteinuria. In addition, absorption of toxic amyloids causes nephrotic changes and edema in interstitial wall � renal insufficiency. Clinical signs � • Gradual loss of body weight. � • Profuse watery diarrhea. � • Urine with low specific gravity. � • Depressed appetite and signs of dehydration. II9 • Edema in the intermaxillary space. Scanned by CamScanner

Diagnosis ✓ Clinical signs. ✓ Clinical pathology. Diffe,�ential diagnosis fro1n 1 . Chronic enteritis. 2. Para tuberculosis. 3. Pyelonephritis. 4. Leukosis. Scanned by CamScanner