Grammar Unit 1 Relative Clauses

Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses) http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com

Warm Up Look at these pictures and give their definitions. 01 02 03 A tape cassette is a A video recorder is a A type writer is a thing which was thing which people thing which was used for recording used for typing voice. used to record letters onto paper. motion pictures.

Warm Up Look at these pictures and give their definitions. 01 A tape cassette is a thing which was used for recording voice. 02 A video recorder is a thing which people used to record motion pictures. 03 A type writer is a thing which was used for typing letters onto paper.

Relative Clauses A Relative pronouns: who, which, that B Omitting relative pronouns (Adjective Clauses) C Prepositions in relative clauses D Types of relative clauses E Other relative pronouns: whose, where, when, why F Relative clause with participle

A Relative pronouns: who, which, that

Relative pronouns: who, which, that The relative pronouns who, which and that go after the noun and at the beginning of the relative clause. 01 Who refers to people - Nick is the man who owns that enormous dog. - I don’t like people who tell jokes all the time. We can also use that, but it is less usual.

Relative pronouns: who, which, that That and which refer to things. 01 That is more usual than which, especially in conversation. The car that won the race looked very futuristic, didn’t it? They’ve recaptured all the animals that escaped from the zoo. Which can be a little formal. There are several restaurants which do Sunday lunches. Is Zedco the company which was taken over last year?

Relative pronouns: who, which, that NOTE 01 1. We do not use another pronoun like he or it with the relative pronoun. Nick is the man who he owns that enormous dog. The car that it won the race looked very futuristic, didn’t it? 2. In all these sentences who, which and that are the subject of the relative clause.

Exercise 1 Complete the conversation. Put who, which or that. There is always more than one possible answer Emma: Shall we have something to eat? Matthew: Yes, but not here. I don’t like café ..that.. don’t have chairs. I’m not one of those people ..who.. can eat standing up. Emma: There is another restaurant over there. Matthew: It looks expensive, one of those places 1. …t…ha…t… charge very high prices. The only customer 2. …w…h…o… can afford to eat there are business executives 3. …w…h…o… get their expenses paid. Anyway, I can’t see a menu. I’m not going into a restaurant 4. …t…h…at… doesn’t display a menu. Emma: We just passed a café 5. …w…h…ic…h does snacks. Matthew: Oh, I didn’t like the look of that. Emma: You’re one of those people 6. …w…h…o… are never satisfied, aren’t you?

Exercise 2 Combine the information to make news items. Make the sentence brackets into a relative clause with who or which. Start the sentence with the, e.g. The man … Example: A man has gone to prison. (He shot two policemen) The man who shot two policemen has gone to prison. 1. A bomb caused a lot of damage. (It went off this morning.) A bomb which went off this morning caused a lot of damage. 2. A scientist has won the Noble Prize. (He discovered a new planet.) A scientist who discovered a new planet has won the Noble Prize. 3. A footballer has been banned from playing again. (He took drugs.) A footballer who took drugs has been banned from playing again. 4. A little girl has been found safe and well. (She had been missing since Tuesday.) A little girl who had been missing since Tuesday has been found safe and well. 5. A company has laid off thousands of workers. (It owns Greenway Supermarkets.) A company which owns Greenway Supermarkets has laid off thousands of workers. 6. An old lady now wants to swim the English Channel. (She did a parachute jump.) An old lady who did a parachute jump now wants to swim the English Channel.

B Omitting relative pronouns

Omitting relative pronouns A relative pronoun such as who or that can be the subject of a relative clause. 01 Harriet talked to a couple who were studying at the camp-site. ( They were staying at the camp-site.) The postcard that came this morning was from Harriet. ( It came this morning.)

Omitting relative pronouns A relative pronoun can also be the object of a relative clause. 01Mike and Harriet are visiting a woman who they met on holiday. (They met her on holiday.) The old castle that we visited was really interesting. (We visited it.)

Omitting relative pronouns A relative pronoun can be omitted if it is an object of a relative clause. 01 Mike and Harriet are visiting a woman who they met on holiday. Mike and Harriet are visiting a woman they met on holiday. The old castle that we visited was really interesting. The old castle we visited was really interesting.

Omitting relative pronouns In formal English, whom is sometimes used when 01 the object of the relative clause is a person. The person who/whom the police were questioning has now been released. In conversation, whom is not very common.

Exercise 3 Complete the script for these TV advertisements. Use a relative clause without a pronoun. Example: Fresho soap. Beautiful people use it. It’s a soap beautiful people use. 1. An Everyman car. You can afford it. It’s a car you can afford. 2. ‘Hijack’. People want to see this film. It’s a film people want to see. 3. Greenway Supermarket. You can trust it. It’s a supermarket you can trust. 4. ‘Cool’ magazine. Young people read it. It’s a magazine young people read. 5. Jupiter chocolates. You’ll love them. It’s chocolate you’ll love.

Exercise 4 Look carefully at these sentences. Are they correct without a relative pronoun? Where you see , you may need to put in who, which or that. Write the sentences and put in a pronoun only if you need to. Example: The man  paid for the meal was a friend of Tom’s.  The man who paid for the meal was a friend of Tom’s. The meeting  Mark had to attend went on for three hours.  The meeting Mark had to attend went on for three hours. 1. I’ve got a photo of the mountain  we climbed. I’ve got a photo of the mountain we climbed. 2. The man  repaired my car is a real expert. The man who repaired my car is a real expert. 3. The detective lost sight of the man  he was following. The detective lost sight of the man he was following. 4. I thought I recognized the assistant  served us. I thought I recognized the assistant who served us. 5. I’m afraid the numbers  I chose didn’t win a prize. I’m afraid the numbers I chose didn’t win a prize.

C Prepositions in relative clauses

Prepositions in relative clauses A relative pronoun (e.g. that) can be the object of a preposition (e.g. for) This is the bus that I’ve been waiting for. Object of “for” Object of “to” 01 I’ve been waiting for the bus. The restaurant that we normally go to is closed today. we normally go to the restaurant. In informal spoken English we normally put the preposition at the end of the relative clause. I’ve been waiting for the bus.  the bus that I’ve been waiting for We go to the restaurant.  the restaurant that we go to

Prepositions in relative clauses In formal English the preposition usually comes at the beginning of the relative pronoun. 01 Was that the restaurant to which you normally go? (Was that the restaurant which you normally go to?) Electronics is a subject about which I know very little. (Electronics is a subject which I know very little about.) The Sales Manager is the person from whom I obtained the figures. (The Sales Manager is the person whom I obtained the figures from.) NOTE: We cannot put a preposition before that or who.

Exercise 5 Match the phrases and write the definitions. Put the preposition at the end of the relative clause.  a kitchen a cupboard you hit nails with it 1 a hammer the person you keep valuable things in it 2 your destination a piece of furniture you cook in it 3 a safe the place you can either sit or sleep on it 4 your opponent a room you’re going to it 5 a sofa bed a tool you’re playing against them  A kitchen is a room you cook in. 1. A hammer is a tool you hit nails with. 2. Your destination is the place you’re going to. 3. A safe is a cupboard you keep 4. Your opponent is the person you’re playing valuable things in. against . 5. A sofa bed is a piece of furniture you can either sit or sleep on.

Exercise 6 Rewrite the first sentence using a preposition at the beginning of a relative clause. Example: I cannot agree with that statement. I hope I’ve made that clear.  That is a statement with which I cannot agree. 1. Our party believes in that idea. I say this from the bottom of my heart. That is an idea in which our party believes. 2. I am strongly opposed to that policy. And I am not afraid to say so. That is a policy to which I am opposed. 3. No one cares about these people. They are the forgotten people. These are people about whom no one cares. 4. Your party should be ashamed of those mistakes. And everyone knows that. Those are mistakes of which your party should be ashamed. 5. The government is now dealing with that problem. How many times do I have to tell you? That is a problem with which the government is now dealing.

D Types of relative clauses

Types of relative clauses Types of relative clauses: Identifying clauses and adding clauses Identifying clauses Adding clauses - Jake, who lives next door to Melanie, - The man who lives next door to is rather strange. M0el1anie is rather strange. - The Wye, which flow through - The river which flow through Hereford, is a beautiful river. Hereford is the Wye. These clauses identify which  These clauses add extra information person or thing the speaker is about something which is already talking about. Without the relative identified. We can say the sentence clause the sentence would be on its own without the relative incomplete. clause.

Types of relative clauses Types of relative clauses: Identifying clauses and adding clauses Identifying clauses Adding clauses - Jake, who lives next door to Melanie, - Th0e1man who lives next door to is rather strange. Melanie is rather strange. - The Wye, which flow through - The river which flow through Hereford, is a beautiful river. Hereford is the Wye.  An identifying clause does not have  An adding clause has commas commas around it. around it, or we can use brackets ( ) or dashes – instead.

Types of relative clauses Types of relative clauses: Identifying clauses and adding clauses Identifying clauses Adding clauses - Jake, who lives next door to Melanie, - Th0e1man who lives next door to is rather strange. Melanie is rather strange. - The Wye, which flow through - The river which flow through Hereford, is a beautiful river. Hereford is the Wye.  Most relative clauses are  Adding clauses can be rather formal. identifying. We use them both in We use them mainly in writing. speech and in writing.

Types of relative clauses Types of relative clauses: Identifying clauses and adding clauses Identifying clauses Adding clauses - Jake, who lives next door to Melanie, - The man who lives next door to is rather strange. - The Wye, which flow through Me0la1nie is rather strange. Hereford, is a beautiful river. - The river which flow through Hereford is the Wye.  In an identifying clause we can use  In an adding clause we can use who, who, whom, whose, which or that. whom, whose, or which. We do NOT use that.

Exercise 7 Underline the relative clauses and say which type the relative clause is. The play that the students put on last week was Oscar Wilde’s ‘The Importance of Being Identifying Clause Earnest’, which was written in 1895. The college theatre, which hold over 400 people, was Adding Clause Adding Clause unfortunately only half full for the Friday evening performance. However, the people who bothered to attend must have been glad they did. Lucy Kellett, who played Lady Bracknell, Identifying Clause Adding Clause was magnificent. Unfortunately, the young man who played John Worthing forgot his lines Identifying Clause twice, but that did not spoil the evening, which was a great success. Adding Clause

Exercise 8 Combine the sentences together to make a relative clause. Decide if the clauses should be an identifying clause or an adding clause and write them in the correct form. 1. Zedco has 10,000 employees. It’s an international company. Zedco, which is an international company, has 10,000 employees. 2. Vicky’s name was missed off the list. So, she wasn’t very pleased. Vicky, whose name was missed off the list, wasn’t very pleased. 3. Laura printed a picture, and it’s being shown in an exhibition. Laura printed the picture which is being shown in an exhibition. 4. We’re all looking forward to a concert. It’s next Saturday. We’re all looking forward to the concert which is next Saturday.

Exercise 8 Combine the sentences together to make a relative clause. Decide if the clauses should be an identifying clause or an adding clause and write them in the correct form. 5. One week Mike and Harriet went camping. It was the wettest of the year. Mike and Harriet went camping one week which was the wettest of the year. 6. Aunt Joan is a bit deaf. So, she didn’t hear the phone. Aunt Joan, who didn’t hear the phone, is a bit deaf. 7. You’ll meet Henry tomorrow. He is also the member of the board. Tomorrow you’ll meet Henry, who is also the member of the board. 8. I’ll see you near the office. We met there the other day. I’ll see you near the office where we met the other day.

E Other relative pronouns: whose, where, when, why

Other relative pronouns: whose, where, when, why Whose is used with people to show that something belonging to someone. 01- Someone whose bicycle had been stolen was reporting it to the police. - Wayne Johnson is the man whose goal won the game for United. We use whose mainly with people, but sometimes it goes with other nouns. - Which is the European country whose economy is growing the fastest? - Melanie was looking after a dog whose leg had been broken in an accident.

Other relative pronouns: whose, where, when, why Where refers to places. This is the place where the accident happened. 01 When refer to time. Do you remembered the day when we movie the piano upstairs. Why refer to reasons. The reason why Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.

Exercise 9 Complete this advertisement. Put in who, whom, whose, which, where, or why. The town of Keswick, 1.w…h…e…relies at the heart of the Lake District, is the perfect place for a holiday, and the Derwent Hotel, 2.w…h…ic…hoverlooks the town, is the perfect place to stay. Robin and Wendy Jackson, 3.w…h…obought this small hotel three years ago, have already won an excellent reputation. Robin, 4.w…h…o…secooking is one of the reasons 5.w…h…y the Derwent is so popular, was once Young Chef of the Year. The comfort of the guests, 6w. …ho…mthe owners treat almost as members of the family , always comes first. Peter Ustinov, 7. w…h…o… once stayed at the hotel, described it as ‘marvelous’. And the Lake District, 8w. …he…r…e has so much wonderful scenery and 9w. …he…r…e the poet Wordsworth lived, will not disappoint you.

A special use of which In an adding clause, we can use which relating to a whole sentence, not just to a noun. 01 - It rained all night, which was good for the garden. - Sarah had to work late again, which annoyed Mark.

Exercise 10 Match the sentence pairs and join them with which.  My phone is out of order. It means he can’t get about very easily. 1. Rachel’s mother paid for the meal. It’s made her very depressed. 2. My brother is disables. That was rather careless of you. 3. You left the keys in the car. That caused a traffic jam. 4. Vicky didn’t get the job. It’s a real nuisance. 5. The police blocked off the road. That was very kind of her.  My phone is out of order, which is a real nuisance. 1. Rachel’s mother paid for the meal, which was very kind of her. 2. My brother is disables, which means he can’t get about very easily. 3. You left the keys in the car, which was rather careless of you. 4. Vicky didn’t get the job, which has made her very depressed . 5. The police blocked off the road, which caused a traffic jam.

F Relative clause with participle

Relative clause with participle Active participle (V.ing) Passive participle (V.3). There are delays this morning for people I have a message for people delayed by the traveling to work. traffic chaos. (= people who are being delayed) 01(= people who are traveling to work) A lorry carrying concrete pipes has overturned. We noticed a pile of stones left in the road. (= a lorry which was carrying pipes) (= stones which had been left there) the path leading to the church food sold in supermarkets (= the path which leads/led to the church) (= food which is/ was sold in supermarkets)

Exercise 11 Complete the definitions. Put in an active or passive participle of these verbs. add arrive block own play take tell watch wear 1. A competitor is someone …t…ak…in…g… part in a competition. 2. Your property is everything …ow…n…e…d… by you. 3. Baseball is a game …p…la…ye…d… mainly in the US. 4. A wrist-watch is a watch ……w…or…n… on your wrist. 5. A late comer is a person …ar…ri…vi…ng… late. 6. An instruction is a statement …t…el…lin…g… you what to do. 7. A spectator is someone …w…a…tc…hi…ng… a game or an event. 8. An extension is a new part …a…d…de…d… on to a building. 9. An obstacle is something …bl…o…ck…in…g your way.

Exercise 12 Write each news items as one sentence. Change the part in brackets into a clause with an active participle or a passive participle. 1. A new motorway is planned. (It will cost £500 million.) A new motorway costing £500 million is planned. 2. Some weapons belong to the IRA. (They were found at the flat in Bristol.) Some weapons found at the flat in Bristol belong to the IRA. 3. Families have been evicted. (They were living in an empty office building.) Families living in an empty office building have been evicted. 4. A chemical company has gone bankrupt. (It employed 4,000 people.) A chemical company employing 4,000 people has gone bankrupt.

Exercise 12 Write each news items as one sentence. Change the part in brackets into a clause with an active participle or a passive participle. 5. A bridge has been declared unsafe. (It was built only two years ago.) A bridge built only two years ago has been declared unsafe. 6. People have marched to London. (They are protesting against pollution.) People protesting against pollution have marched to London. 7. Tennis fans have been queuing all night at Wimbledon. (They hope to buy tickets.) Tennis fans hoping to buy tickets have been queuing all night at Wimbledon. 8. A new drug may give us eternal youth. (It was developed at a British university.) A new drug developed at a British university may give us eternal youth.

Task Write the definition of the people or things in the picture.

Thank you Insert the title of your subtitle Here