Flipbook M.Libby 2A

Health Science Flipbook McCann Libby

Integumentary Function: The function of the system Integumentary system is to provide protection, maintain body temperature, Key terms: excretion, and perception of stimuli. derm/o, dermat/o- Skin kerat/o- hard, Diseases/Disorders: horn-shaped, tissue Acne- Inflammatory disorder of the xer/o- dry sebaceous glands that produces pimples xanth/o- yellow on the skin. erythr/o- red Ulcer- An open sore or an erosion of the pedicu/o- toenail skin or lining of a mucous membrane. onych/o- nail Nevus- Highly Pigmented lesion of the myc/o- fungus skin that is flat or raised; mole. pil/o- hair; hair follicle Eczema- Acute or chronic inflammatory lip/o- fat skin disease caused by erythema, rhytid/o- wrinkle itchiness, and edema, or swelling. albin/o- fat

Integumentary system Vocabulary: subcutaneous layer- The deepest layer of the skin. Below the dermis. Gland- a cell or group of cells that secretes select substances within or out of the body. Sweat gland- Tiny, coiled glands located in the dermis. Lipids- Group of organic compounds that consist of fat, are greasy to the touch, and are insoluble. Hair follicles- tiny secretory cavities where hair grows. Collagen- Fibrous protein found in skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Dermis- Lies directly below the epidermis. Nail root- The area of the dermis on which the nail rests. Cuticle- A narrow band of epidermal tissue attached to the surface of the nail. Nail plate- The hard, translucent part of the nail.

Integumentary system Healthcare careers: Dermatologist- A physician who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the skin, hair, and nails. Dermatologists also perform surgery. To become a dermatologist you will need to complete four years of college, four years of medical school, and depending on dermatological specialty, three to eight years in internship and residency programs. Dermatology technician- A specialized medical assistant who works in the skin-care field. Their duties include recording a patient's medical history, taking patient’s vital signs, and preparing patient’s examinations and clinical procedures.

Integumentary Diagram

Musculoskeletal Function: Both system Skeletal- Support, Protection, Mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Key terms: Both Muscular- Allowing for movement, and my/o- muscle providing a protective covering for myel/o- bone organs. marrow; spinal cord oste/o- bone Diseases/Disorders- Both cost/o- rib Arthritis- Inflammation of joints; usually crani/o- skull accompanied by pain and, frequently, structural -pexy: fixation changes in bone and cartilage. chondr/o- cartilage Ankylosis- A stiff joint caused by adhesion, or arthr/o- joint abnormal fusion of two bones into one. -plegia: paralysis Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)- Disorder marked kinesi/o- movement by pain, burning, and itching or tingling due to inflamed median nerve and tendons on the wrist. Muscular dystrophy- Genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscular weakness and skeletal muscle deterioration.

Musculoskeletal system Muscle-Careers Certified fitness trainer- A leader and instructor in exercise programs and helps people achieve and maintain a healthful lifestyle. This career path demands a passion for being physically active, healthy, and fit. Employed in gyms, resorts, hospitals, etc. Healthcare careers- Skeletal: Chiropractor- Treat illness and injury of the neuromusculoskeletal system, which includes nerves, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. They treat patients primarily by manual manipulation or adjustment of parts of the body, especially the spinal column. Doctorates degree and state license and a chiropractor program of four years.

Musculoskeletal Skeletal: Vocab Axial skeleton- Consists of bones along the axis, or central line, of the human body. Appendicular skeleton- Contains the bones in the appendages of the body, as well as the structures that connect the appendages to the axial skeleton. Flat bone- Protect vital organs and provide a broad surface area for muscle attachment. Epiphyseal plate- Represents an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new, bony tissue as the bone grows. Hematopoiesis- The production of blood cells in the bone marrow.

Musculoskeletal System

Nervous system Function- Sensory input- any electrical impulse Key terms- sent from the sensory organs to the neur/o- nerve central nervous system, which consists encephal/o- brain of the brain and spinal cord. myel/o- bone marrow, Integration- During integration the spinal cord CNS processes and interprets the ambul/o- to walk information received through the -esthesia: feeling; sensory organs. sensation Motor output- After swiftly processing mening/o- meninges and interpreting the sensory input, the psych/o- mind CNS transmits messages to the concuss/o- shaken effectors, which are muscles or glands together in the body that generate a response in the form of motor output.

Nervous system Vocabulary- Neurons- The fundamental cells of the nervous system. Nucleus cytoplasm- jelly-like substance that makes up most of the cell body and protects the nucleus. Mitochondria- Specialized tissue cells that ingest, digest, and convert nutrients to energy for the cells of the body. Organelles- Specialized parts of a cell that perform specific functions for the body. Synaptic cleft- Microscopic gap between two neurons. Central nervous system (CNS)- receives, processes, and responds to impulses from all over the body. Cerebellum- Controls your body’s sense of balance and equilibrium, and it coordinates movement of voluntary muscles. Parietal lobe- Responsible for processing sensory stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Cerebrum- The seat of high-level cognitive functions such as language, reasoning, planning, memory, and sensory integration. Frontal lobe- Control movement, reasoning, planning, problem solving, speech, and emotions.

Nervous system Disease/Disorders- Astrocytoma- Tumor of the neurological tissue. Alzheimer's disease- A form of dementia resulting from atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- A disease marked by muscular weakness and atrophy with involuntary contractions and excessive reflexes. Bell’s palsy- Unilateral paralysis of the nerves that control the facial muscles, causing one side of the face to droop.

Nervous system Healthcare careers- Physician anesthesiologist- A doctor who administers general anesthesia or an anesthetic to patients before surgery. Requires extensive education, starting with a pre-medical track in college. Four years of medical school and four years of residency. Neurosurgeon- A physician who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the nervous system. These include traumatic brain injuries, strokes, aneurysms, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. Bachelor’s degree and medical degree required as well as an eight year residency program.

Nervous system labeled system

Special Function- senses Monitor stimuli, or changes in the external or internal Key terms: environment. irid/o-iris -cusis: hearing Diseases/Disorders -opia: vision Amblyopia- Impared vision in one or both condition eyes resulting from a developmental deficiency ot/o- ear in early childhood. tympan/o- Cataract- Clouding of the lens that results in eardrum decreased visual activity; caused by ophthalm/o- eye accumulation of protein in the lens. -metry: process Entropion- Inversion of the eyelid, causing the of measuring eyelashes to irritate the surface of the eye; can potentially cause corneal abrasion. Glaucoma- Disease in which intraocular pressure causes damage to the retina and optic nerve, eventually producing blindness.

Special senses Vocabulary- Conjunctiva- Clear, colorless mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the eyeball. Sclera- Fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the eye’s shape and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue. Cornea- Transparent anterior portion of the sclera, protects the iris and pupil and provides most of the optical power of the eye. Iris- The pigmented muscular layer that surrounds the pupil. Pupil- The black circular opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye. Lens- A clear, curved, flexible structure that focuses images on the retina. Aqueous humor- Cleanses the eye and provides nutrients to both the cornea and lens, which lack their own nutritive blood supply. Vitreous humor- Helps keep the retina in place. Rods- The eye’s black and white photoreceptors; they are not sensitive to color. Cones- The eye color receptors; they are responsible for giving the eye its sensitivity to color or different hues.

Special senses Healthcare careers Optometrist- Responsible for forming eye exams and diagnosing any injuries, impairments, or diseases of the eye. The tests optometrist perform can determine conditions such as cataracts, near- or farsightedness, color blindness, and glaucoma. Needs a bachelor’s degree. Optometry Admissions Test, to apply for a program to obtain a Doctor of Optometry. Opthamologist- Performs eye exams and diagnoses various eye diseases and impairments. Opthamologists also prescribe glasses, contact lenses, or medication to treat eye conditions. To become an Opthamologist, you must complete four years of medical school followed by a three- or four-year residency.

Special Senses

Cardiovascular Function: system Primary function is to circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the Key terms: body. Cardio/o- heart angi/o- vessel Diseases/Disorders: (blood) Aneurysm- Localized, balloon-like hem/o, hemat/o- dilation of a blood vessel, usually blood an artery. Brady- slow Agnia- Condition characterized by Tachy- fast severe, constricting pain or thromb/o- clot pressure in the chest. -emia: blood Bradycardia- Slow heart rate. condition Tachycardia- Fast heart rate. leuk/o- white erythr/o- red

Cardiovascular system Vocabulary: Apex- Lowest part of the exterior of the heart. Epicardium- a serous layer that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. Myocardium- A layer of cardiac muscle that makes up the middle of the heart. Endocardium- The innermost that lines the four chambers and covers the valves of the heart. Arterioles- Small arterial branches that led to fine blood vessels called capillaries. Veins- Carry oxygen-poor blood to heart. Superior vena cava- Receives blood from the head, chest, and upper extremities and empires the blood into the right atrium of the heart. Inferior vena cava- Receives blood from the abdominopelvic organs and the lower extremities and empties the blood into the right atrium. Purkinje fibers- Lines the ventricle walls. Systolic pressure- A measurement of blood pressure while the heart ventricles are contracting.

Cardiovascular system Healthcare careers: Cardiologist- A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases and conditions. Cardiologists order tests such as electrocardiography and sonographic imaging to aid in diagnosing patients and developing an appropriate course of treatment. Medical school is required as well as a residency. Cardiovascular technologist- Provides assistance to doctors on diagnosing and treating heart diseases and conditions. Cardiovascular technologists who specialize in electrocardiograms, Holter monitors, and stress tests are called cardiographic technicians or ECG technicians. Two-year and four-year training programs after graduation from high school. Typically training is acquired through a two-year community college program. Once done with your education you can earn your certificate.

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory Function: system -Inhaling fresh air. -Exchanging harmful carbon dioxide Key terms: for life-sustaining oxygen between the Bronch/o- bronchus; tiny air sacs of the lungs and the blood bronchial tube stream. cyan/o- blue -Exhaling old, stale air. laryng/o- larynx; voice box Diseases/disorders: -oxia: oxygen Apnea- Temporary interruption of Oxy- oxygen breathing. pleur/o- pleura; serous Bradypnea- Condition of membrane that enfolds the slower-than-normal breathing. lung Hyperpnea- Condition of pneum/o- lung; air deeper-than-normal breathing pulmon/o- lung Hyperventilation- Condition in which thorac/o- chest breathing is faster and deeper than trache/o- trachea; windpipe normal.

Respiratory system Vocab: Lungs- The main organs of the respiratory system. Nasal cavity- filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air. External respiration- Involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body. Internal respiration- Involves gas exchange at the cellular and tissue levels. Respiration- The process of gas exchange. Respiratory rate- the number of breaths that a person takes in a minute. Upper respiratory tract- responsible for the inhalation and humidification of air. Pharynx- The passageway through which air, food, and liquids travel. larynx- The voice box, is located in the neck. The larynx is composed of semirigid, fibrous plates made up of cartilage and connected by muscles and ligaments. Trachea- Commonly called the windpipe. The trachea is a ciliated mucous-membrane tube protected by a C-shaped ring of cartilage.

Respiratory system Healthcare careers: Respiratory therapist- Cares for patients who suffer from health conditions and diseases that affect their breathing. Respiratory therapists work closely with doctors in healthcare facilities. Both associate’s and bachelor’s degrees are common among respiratory therapists. All states except for Alaska require a license to practice respiratory medicine. Pulmonologists- A medical doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the lungs and of the cardiopulmonary system, which compromises the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. Typically, pulmonologists have training in critical care. The path to a career in pulmonary medicine is a bachelor’s degree, preferably in a science-related field; four years of medical school; a three-year residency program in internal medicine; a minimum of two years of pulmonology training.

Respiratory System

Digestive System Function: Ingestion- The intake of food and liquid into the Key terms: body. Cholecyst/o- Digestion- The process by which food is gallbladder broken down into smaller components. enter/o- intestines Absorption- Valuable nutrients leave the (usually the small digestive tract and enter the blood supply. intestine) Elimination- Solid waste collects in the large col/o, colon/o- colon; intestine and is excreted through the anus. large intestine hepat/o- liver Diseases/Disorders: gastr/o-stomach Appendicitis- Inflammation of the appendix; or/o- mouth caused by a blockage that results in infection. -pepsia: digestion Bulimia- Gorging with food then purging. chol/e- bile; gall Cholelithiasis- Abnormal condition of stones proct/o- rectum; anus in the gallbladder. Cirrhosis- Scarring of the liver due to alcohol, drugs, or a virus such as hepatitis.

Digestive system Vocab: Mastication- Chewing Labia- Or lips, protects the anterior opening of the mouth, and the cheeks, or buccae, from the lateral walls of the mouth. Tongue- A muscular organ attached to the floor of the mouth. Aids in chewing (mastication). Taste receptors- Enable you to perceive the different taste in the foods you eat. Pharynx (Throat)- Posterior to the nasal or oral cavities and posterior to the larynx. Nasopharynx- Consists of the nose and the throat. Functions as the airway of the respiratory system. Oropharynx- The part of the throat that lies between the soft palate of the mouth and the flap of tissue called the epiglottis at the laryngeal entrance. Laryngopharynx- Located beneath and behind the opening to the throat, acts as a pathway for food, fluids, and air. Cecum- located on the right side of the abdomen, is a pouch that connects to the ileum. Ascending colon- travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver.

Digestive System Healthcare careers: Gastroenterologist- A physician who specializes in diseases and conditions of the digestive system. Examples include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, colon cancer, liver diseases, and inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Education and training include a four-year college degree, four years of medical school, and a three-year residency in internal medicine followed by a three-year fellowship in gastroenterology. Dentist- Specializes in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of conditions and diseases of the mouth and gums. In addition, dentists educate patients about the proper care of the teeth and the gums. Most dental schools require students to hold a bachelor’s degree. Students are encouraged to take science courses in college, such as biology, anatomy, and physiology, chemistry, and physics. They are also required to hold a licence to practice.

Digestive System

Urinary System Function: Filtration- The kidneys separate metabolic Key terms: waste products from your blood. -cele: Hernia; swelling; Waste storage and excretion- After urine has protrusion been produced by the kidneys, it is carried to -lysis: breakdown; the urinary bladder through the ureters. separation; loosening Hormone production- Another function of the cyst/o- cyst; fluid sac; urinary system is hormone production. The bladder kidneys produce hormones that your body nephr/o- kidney needs to perform essential functions. ren/o- kidney -uria: urination; condition of Diseases/disorders: urine Cystitis- Inflammation of the bladder. -pexy: surgical fixation Diabetes- A condition characterized by -ectasis: distillation of a excessive amounts of urine. tubular structure Glomerulonephritis- Inflammation of the pyel/o- renal pelvis glomeruli in the kidney/ Interstitial cystitis- Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall.

Urinary system Vocab- Kidneys- Two bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal. Renal cortex- The outer layer of the kidney. Glomerulus- A cluster of capillaries in the shape of a tiny knot or ball. Renal medulla- The inner region of the kidney. Contains many triangle-shaped tissue sections called medullary pyramids. Ureters- Two narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long, that transports urine from the renal pelvises of the kidney to the urinary bladder. Urinary bladder- A hollow, muscular organ located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity. Urethra- A tube that transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Urethral sphincters- These sphincters are composed of muscle tissue and work together to control the flow of urine. Bowman’s Capsule- A membrane that surrounds the glomerulus of each nephron inside the kidney. Urea- A waste product of proteins broken down by the liver, to leave the bloodstream.

Urinary System Healthcare careers: Dialysis technician- Operates machines that remove metabolic waste products and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose kidneys are not functioning properly. A dialysis technician works directly with patients under the supervision of a nurse or physician, generally in a hospital or clinic setting. Most dialysis technicians get education through a technical diploma program, an associate’s degree program at a community college, or dialysis technician training at a hospital. They also need to be certified after their education. Urologist- A physician who specializes in diseases of the urinary system and the male’s reproductive tract. The urinary and reproductive tracts are closely linked in males, and disorders of one often affect the other. Generally works with both medical patients and patients requiring surgery. One must complete a four-year undergrad degree followed by four years of med school, at which any time they receive a medical degree. Must have training and pass a national exam.

Urinary System

Reproductive system Function: Male Reproductive System: Facilitate Key terms: conception, or fertilization of the ovum by a Cervic/o: neck; cervix (neck sperm. of uterus) Female Reproductive System: The female Salping/o: eustachian reproductive system is uniquely designed to (auditory) tube; fallopian produce new life. All of the organs and tube structures of the female reproductive system ov/o: ovum (egg) have individual purposes that contribute to this orchid/o: testis; testicle greater goal. oophor/o: ovary men/o: menses; Diseases/Disorders: menstruation Anorchia: congenital absence of one or mamm/o: breast both testes. gynec/o: female; woman Azoospermia: Absence of the sperm in colp/o: vagina the semen, leading to infertility. prostat/o: prostate gland Breast Cancer: Malignant tumor of the mammary gland. Candidiasis: Infection of the skin or mucous membrane caused by a species of Candid.

Reproductive System Vocab: Scrotum: Sac-like pouch of the skin that hangs between the male’s thighs and encloses, protects, and supports the testes. Testes (testicles): The male gonads. Gonads: The glands responsible for producing gametes. Testosterone: a hormone responsible for the male secondary sex characteristics. Epididymis: a large tube that supports the testis. Follicle Stimulating hormone: Stimulates ova production and the release of estrogen during menstruation. Luteinizing hormone: Plays a role in ova production and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Fallopian Tubes: extend from the lateral ends of the ovaries to the top of the uterus. Fundus: The top of the uterus, where the fallopian tubes connect. Cervix: The lower portion of the uterus.

Reproductive System Healthcare careers: Surgical technician: Assists physicians and nurses in the operating room. Surgical technologists work under the direction of the surgeon, who is ultimately responsible for the work performed by the technician.To become a surgical technician, you will need a high-school diploma and will need to complete a one- to two-year training program. Ultrasound technician: Ultrasound techs are not specific to the practice of obstetrics and gynecology, yet they often are part of the routine prenatal care of a woman and her unborn child. The ultrasound technician is an allied health professional who is trained to operate the sonography equipment, which involves the use of ultrasonic sound waves to generate images of the fetus. Training to be an ultrasound technician usually takes two years.

Reproductive System