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Q UA R T E R LY Wreck of the HISTORY OF Teviotdale THE CIRCUS Elegance with Amelia Earhart a Mountain View The Harbour Grace Heroine Colorado’s Beaumont Hotel TOP TORY THE The Count of Armagh DR. PARKMAN MURDER Fidel Castro Gets Lucky with Granma Celebrating Democracy Presidential Inaugurals The First SAL MINEO Mineo Mania US Special Prosecutor Investigating the Executive Branch $8.99 CDN $7.99 US HISTORY SUMMER 2022 Cutting Our Losses DDisipslpalyayUnUtniltiOl Acptoribl e3r0,3210, 220022 The History of Amputations

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NEW! Genealogy Research Using Google is the latest special issue from the publishers of Internet Genealogy. Compiled by author and genealogy educa- tor Lisa A. Alzo, an avid genealogist, writer and speaker, it is packed with tips and tricks for researching – and finding – an- cestors using the wide range of tools and apps from Google. Here is some of what is included in this issue: Google Photo- scan; Google Photos; Google Sheets; What’s New with Google; Google Jam- board; Google Chrome Extensions; Google Drive; Google Forms; Google Maps & Earth; Google Search Tips; Google Slides; Google Books; Google Docs; Google Links Shortcuts; Google Calendar; Google Translate; Google Tools — and tips and favorites from Google Gurus Gena Philibert-Ortega, Geoff Rasmussen & Cheri Passey Hudson! 68 Pages. Soft Cover. Final Contents and Cover Subject to Change Order Today! www.internet-genealogy.com/shop.htm Order Today! $9.95 plus $3.00 shipping Payment by: q Check / International money order for $12.95 (enclosed) Tracing Your Ancestors When paying with a credit card, either visit our online store, or call our toll free number to place your order: 1-888-326-2476 GoogleGenealogy Research Using From the Publishers of Your Genealogy Today & Internet Genealogy By Lisa Alzo USA orders send to: Internet Genealogy, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304 Canadian orders send to: Internet Genealogy, 33 Angus Dr., Ajax, ON L1S 5C4 DISCOVER! Hobbies: Genealogy Canadian orders please add GST/HST to the $12.95 price as applicable. Your credit card charge will appear as MAG 888-326-2476. GENEALOGY TOOLS & TIPS! Photo by ALotOfPeople, iStockphoto.com Credit card transactions are processed through our office in Canada. Brainstorming: First Name: _______________________________ Last Name: ___________________________ GOOGLE JAMBOARD Address: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Research Logs: GOOGLE SHEETS City: _______________________________ State/Province: _____ Zipcode/Postal Code: __________________ Organizing: Phone Number: ____________________________ E-mail Address: ____________________________________ GOOGLE CALENDAR ADVICE Presentations: FROM GOOGLE SLIDES GENEALOGY Productivity: POWER CHROME EXTENSIONS USERS! Storage: GOOGLE DRIVE AND Display Until August 31, 2021 MUCH $9.95 MUCH MORE! GST# 13934 0186 RT

FLAG The First US Special Prosecutor — Page 10 Harbour Grace Heroine — Page 27 Top Tory — Page 30 Q UA R T E R LY CONTENTS SUMMER 2022 The First US Special Prosecutor ............................... 10 On the Cover: Page 10 Fred Lucas looks at the first special prosecutor tasked A photo of Ulysses S. Grant, 18th with investigating the executive branch President of the United States of America. Photo circa 1870-1880. Sergeant Astley and the First Circus ...................... 16 In the Public Domain from the Brady- Handy Collection, Library of Congress David Norris examines the evolution of the circus from the mid-18th Century Dr. Parkman Murder ............................................... 20 David Kruh looks back at the first “Crime of the Century” Sal Mineo: Mineo Mania ......................................... 23 Brian D’Ambrosio looks back at the amazing rise and fall of a Hollywood heart throb Harbour Grace Heroine .......................................... 27 Alan Luke and Jacquie Durand honor one of aviation’s greats in Newfoundland and Labrador Top Tory..................................................................... 30 Eric Bryan recounts the life of Redmond O’Hanlon: The Count of Armagh 4 History Magazine Summer 2022

FLAG Cutting Our Losses — Page 39 Celebrations of Democracy — Page 43 The Wreck of the Teviotdale — Page 47 Is Your Cutting Our Losses ................................................... 39 Subscription Julius Bonello MD and Scott Painter MD look at lessons learned About from the history of amputations to Expire? Celebrations of Democracy................................... 43 Check the mailing label for the expiry date. Terrence Cooley Looks at memorable moments in US Presidential Inaugurals Call Toll-Free 1-888-326-2476 Drylliad Y Teviotdale or visit — The Wreck of the Teviotdale............................... 47 www.history-magazine.com Dr. Steve Ward recounts the harrowing tale of a wreck to renew or subscribe, off the south coast of Wales see the order form Fidel Castro Gets Lucky With Granma................... 51 on the inside front cover of this issue. Peter Swanson recounts the longshot voyage that launched the Cuban Revolution Elegance with a Mountain View ............................ 57 Carolyn White looks at Ouray, Colorado’s Beaumont Hotel Book Extract: Civil War Battles................................ 61 An extract from US Civil War: Battle by Battle by Iain Macgregor Questions or comments? Call 1-888-326-2476 or visit www.history-magazine.com 5Summer 2022 History Magazine

TRIVIA WOMEN LOOKING FOR A PLACE TO GO At the beginning of the nineteenth century, before the industrial Parisienne lavatory circa 1899. revolution, public bathrooms, if they existed, were single-use Wikimedia Commons multi-gender outhouses occasionally provided by bars or pubs. Most shops and restaurants did not provide facilities. As the populations of the cities increased, signs such as “Commit No Nuisance” appeared in yards and streets, but there were few alternatives to the alleys. This was particularly troubling for a woman for whom baring oneself in a secluded public area created dangerous situations rife with cultural taboos. Under- clothes were split and skirts were long, but it was a situation to be avoided. Women were careful about eating and drinking and limited the time they were away from home. The situation grew worse when the Industrial Revolution arrived, and thousands of men and women descended on cities to work in the factories and offices or shop in the stores. Public places for urination were first built for men, beginning in 1830 in France. Four hundred urinals, known as “pissoirs” or “vespasiennes”, graced the Parisian streets in 1834. After a successful unveiling of George Jenner’s flush toilets at the Great Ex- hibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851, men’s facilities appeared around London. Women continued to hold it. After 1860, a few savvy department stores provided restroom accommodations and occasionally, a private GIRL SCOUT COOKIES “The cookies are here!” These glad tidings herald a season eagerly Mrs. Coolidge eating cookies [with awaited by loyal fans everywhere. For six to eight weeks, the Girl Scouts], 10/17/23. Public domain iconic cookies are welcomed, purchased to the tune of over 800 million dollars, and consumed by aficionados who can’t stop munching. the idea had spread so far in Like a rite of nostalgic passage, cookie fans scour the horizon, searching popularity that the national Girl for signs of girls wearing bright green sashes and spreading the joyful Scout organization began licens- news. “It’s Girl Scout Cookie time!” ing commercial bakers to produce the tempting treats. Customers Girl Scouts have delighted the public for more than a hundred years couldn’t eat enough of these cook- with their tempting treats. An enterprising group, The Mistletoe Troop, ies! The war years of the 1940s in Muskogee, Oklahoma, mixed the first batch in 1917. Back then, cook- ies were baked at home and sold in a high school cafeteria to fund troop events. It was a daring and somewhat innovative idea, especially since the Girl Scouts had been organized for less than five years. Baking cookies as a fund-raiser caught on with other troops and with the public – who embraced the yummy goodness from the start. The July 1922 edition of The American Girl magazine, published by The Girl Scouts of the USA, printed a recipe by Florence E. Neil. A lo- cal director of Scouts in Chicago, Illinois, Neil averaged out the costs of baking supplies and the profit a troop could make. Following her recipe, cookies could be baked and sold for 25 to 30 cents per dozen. By 1936, 6 History Magazine Summer 2022

business saw an opportunity. In Residents and the horse-drawn Q UA R T E R LY 1884, the Ladies Lavatory Compa- omnibus company protested. The ny opened its first convenience for residents felt that the structure Volume 24 Number 2 paying customers. would bring down their property values, even though a nearby men’s SUMMER 2022 The need continued to be dire. lavatory had already been built The Ladies Sanitary Association without opposition. The trans- PUBLISHER & EDITOR (LSA) in England and similar so- portation company voiced a safety cieties around the world lobbied concern. The structure had been Edward Zapletal for change. As noted by the LSA in hit 45 times. Clearly, it was a haz- 1878 in London, there was “no free ard. The collision count was likely [email protected] provision having yet been made true, but, as George Bernard Shaw for women,” while “urinals for men pointed out, there was a reason. In ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER were pretty freely distributed all one day, under apparent instruc- over London.” tion, wheeled vehicles from miles Rick Cree around, from the carts of trades- By 1900, free public convenienc- men to private carriages, drove into [email protected] es for women had appeared limit- the structure “with just enough edly in most major industrialized violence to produce an accident EDITORIAL SUPPORT cities; however, a segment of pub- without damage.” lic opinion was slow to adapt. The Shirley Holloway Vestry of St. Pancras, an elected It might have been funny . . . un- organization that dealt with local less, of course, a woman needed a PRODUCTION & DESIGN issues such as lighting and street place to go. maintenance, proposed to build J-Mac Images a women’s lavatory at Park and In 1905, after five years of de- Marianne Reitsma Camden High Street in London at bate, the lavatory was finally built a busy intersection. In preparation, and remains an open public conve- ADVERTISING & READER SERVICES it built a temporary wooden struc- nience to this day. Hm ture at the location. Jeannette Cox — D. Thea Baldrick [email protected] curtailed cookie baking temporar- involved in hiking, camping, and ily, due to shortages in butter and other fun activities. OFFICE MANAGER sugar. The Girl Scouts were re- duced to selling calendars instead Girl Scout cookies have never lost Jennifer Cree – not a popular substitute. their popularity or the fervor of an anticipated cookie season. The [email protected] As the 1950s scrolled into place, one million Scouts in the U.S. sell the Scouts were back in business, over two hundred million boxes of Published by baking their three most popular va- cookies each year. They outsell even Moorshead Magazines Ltd. rieties, Shortbread, Sandwich cook- – brace yourself – Oreos®! People ies, and the ever-popular Chocolate aren’t just buying a cookie, they’re 33 Angus Dr., Ajax, ON Mints (Thin Mints today and still buying adventure, entrepreneurial L1S 5C4 Canada the most popular cookie ever.) As opportunities, and helping girls (905) 239-0113 many as 14 licensed bakers revved develop valuable life skills. Some- up their ovens to bake enough of thing to think about next time you Postal Information — Canada the cookies to keep ahead of de- savor a Thin Mint® or Do-Si-Dos®! Publications Mail Agreement mand. During the 1970s, the bak- eries were reduced to two – ABC From their start in hometown No. 40062922. Bakers and Little Brownie Bakers (a ovens to becoming an iconic part of division of Keebler) to ensure uni- culinary history, Girl Scout cook- Return undeliverable form packaging, quality, and distri- ies have come a long way in over a Canadian addresses to: bution. For the first time in cookie hundred years. What tasty delights History Magazine, Circulation Dept. history, every box was exactly alike, will the next hundred years bake? 33 Angus Dr., Ajax, ON showcasing scenes of Girl Scouts Hm L1S 5C4 Canada. E-mail: [email protected] — Donna A. Patton Postal Information — United States Postmaster send address corrections to History Magazine PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304 E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 1492-4307 © 2022 Moorshead Magazines Ltd. SUBSCRIPTIONS History Magazine is published quarterly (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter) Subscription rates: US (US funds) or Canada (CDN funds) 1 year (4 issues) $25.95 2 years (8 issues) $45.95 Canadian purchasers please add GST/HST (GST# 139340186 RT) We welcome the submission of articles for publication. Please address e-mail proposals to [email protected]. We will always contact people who submit articles, but the review process may take several weeks. Authors’ notes are available on request. Toll-Free Subscription Line: 1-888-326-2476 Printed in Canada www.history-magazine.com HM132 7Summer 2022 History Magazine

TRIVIA IDA McKINLEY SEIZURES AND SORROWS OF A FIRST LADY Among First Ladies, Ida Saxton McKinley had one of the most tragic, consoled her as best he could, yet persevering lives. She had epileptic seizures, severe headaches, despite a busy life as Ohio’s con- and phlebitis, which caused leg pain and periods of immobility. A gressional representative, then gov- compromised immune system led to excessive colds and infections. On ernor, and later U.S. president. top of it all, she grieved the relentless loss of close family members. When Ida McKinley became Born 8 June 1847 in Canton, Ohio, Ida Saxton was the daughter of a First Lady in 1897, she immedi- banker and became a spirited, well-traveled young woman of beauty, in- ately “fainted” at the presidential telligence and compassion. In 1870, she captured the eye of Stark County inauguration. She is described by Prosecuting Attorney William McKinley. They married on 25 January various historians as a “virtual in- 1871. But soon Ida’s life took a bad turn. Over the next few years, she valid,” whose condition, if known, lost her beloved grandparents and mother, and then her only children, would have caused much of the four-month-old Ida and, most heart-wrenching for her, three-year-old public to see her more suited for daughter Katie. an asylum (where “epileptics” were usually then sent) than the White Ida began having seizures in 1874 when William was a congressman. House. But at the White House Epilepsy was not well understood in the nineteenth century, often viewed where she resided, she defied ex- as “fits,” a supernatural, even Biblical affliction (mentioned in three pectations, presenting a vigorous Gospels), or a form of insanity, though some scientists saw it as electro- image, refusing a wheelchair, host- chemical mishaps in the brain, according to Ida’s biographer Carl S. ing receptions, welcoming visiting Anthony. Her condition was kept as private as possible. Grief from her delegations, and helping find jobs personal losses led to depression, and her seizures continued. William “NIGHT WRITERS” Two of our favorite scary characters crawled out of the murky and read nearly half the book depths of nightmares to walk across the pages of now-famous nov- aloud. Then while we were still els. In the fall of 1885, Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson’s gasping, he was away again and vivid nightmare was so troubling, he screamed in his sleep. His wife, busy writing.” Ten weeks later, the Fanny, shook him awake and expected him to thank her. Instead, she re- finished novella began its jour- ceived a surprising scolding. “Why did you wake me?” Robert snapped. ney through the chronicles of lit- Then, using the contemporary slang for a horror story, he explained, erature. It was first published as a “I was dreaming a fine bogey tale.” “Penny Dreadful” – a little booklet containing a chilling story, which In his dream, an escaping criminal stopped in front of his pursuers to sold for a penny. Before long, his consume a mysterious substance. He instantly transformed into a terri- tale, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll fying fiend. Stevenson, casting off the haze of sleep, realized his dream and Mr. Hyde joined his previously scenario might generate the plot of a new novel. Grabbing his writing published Treasure Island in per- materials, he feverishly set to work. Within three days, he completed a sonal libraries around the world. 30,000-word draft. Seventy years previously, another He proudly showed his story to his best editor – his wife. Fanny liked terrifying character arose from a the concept but noted he had written it more as a fable than a science fic- nightmare. In the summer of 1816, tion piece. Robert agreed with her, threw the manuscript in the fire, and a teenage Mary Shelley attended a started over. For the next three days, his family tip-toed around him as he writing retreat at poet Lord Byron’s fervently wrote a new version. Finally, he stacked together the pages of his Switzerland estate. During the re- handwritten creation. treat, Byron initiated a ghost-story “Louis came downstairs,” his stepson, Lloyd Osbourne later recalled, 8 History Magazine Summer 2022

for unmarried women. William McKinley’s biog- rapher Margaret Leech noted, “Mrs. McKinley had her success in the White House, but it was the purely personal triumph of her indomitable will.” At dinners, the President ignored protocol, placing the First Lady next to (rather than across from) him, so he could attend to her. When she had a seizure (preceded by a hissing sound), McKinley placed a handkerchief over her face to hide her from view un- til it passed. Ida had numerous major seizures dur- ing the White House years. Then in 1898, she had yet another tragedy: her brother, George Saxton, was murdered by a jilted woman, creating family scandal and adding to Ida’s list of family losses. Greatest, of course, was the loss of her husband, who was assassinated in September 1901 in Buffa- lo, New York. The dying President said to an aide, “Be careful. Tell Mrs. McKinley gently.” She re- ceived the news calmly, though her grief was intense. Ida returned to Ohio and later helped establish William McKinley’s tomb in Canton. She had no more reported seizures and died from a stroke in 1907. Hm — Terrence Cooley Ida Saxton McKinley. Public domain Robert Louis Stevenson. Public domain Mary Shelley. Public domain explained, was a “hideous phan- tasm of a man.” Suddenly, sparked writing contest among his visitors. Mary had not yet come up with her to life by a powerful machine, the storyline when one evening, during a lively discussion with her friends, creature exhibited jerky human- she proposed the concept of a corpse being re-animated. like movements. Upon waking, Mary realized the scene involved a That night a vivid dream image provided her with the foundation for mad scientist trying to play God by her ghost story. “I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts,” she later re- inventing a new race of man. lated, “kneeling beside the thing he had put together.” This creation, she She shuddered as the horrific im- age occupied her consciousness. “What terrified me will terrify others,” she resolved, “and I need only describe the specter which had haunted my midnight pillow.” In addition to providing her with a winning entry for Lord Byron’s contest, her tale Frankenstein would develop into a frightening but be- loved book that, like Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, has brought joy…and goosebumps to millions of fans. Hm — Dennis Goodwin 9Summer 2022 History Magazine

SPECIAL PROSECUTORS THE FIRST US SPECIAL PROSECUTOR FRED LUCAS LOOKS AT THE FIRST SPECIAL PROSECUTOR TASKED WITH INVESTIGATING THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH Ulysses S. Grant, The 18th President of the United States. Photo circa 1870-1880. Library of Congress Grant had misguided loyalty to military buddies to whom he gave top administration positions – such as Orville Babcock, one of his close military aides. After serv- ing with General Grant, Babcock became President Grant’s personal secretary, a role similar to what we call a White House chief of staff today. Grant wasn’t personally found to be corrupt, but his administration was plagued by scandals, and ulti- mately Henderson was named to investigate perhaps the most mem- orable of these scandals – the Whis- key Ring that began in St. Louis and went to the door of the White House, specifically to Babcock. Today, the names of Robert Mueller, Kenneth Starr and Archibald Cox have become al- most as famous as the presidents they investigated. But Henderson was the first special prosecutor named to investigate the execu- tive branch with some degree of autonomy. Ulysses S. Grant and John Brooks Henderson each played SCANDAL giant roles in smashing American slavery. Grant did it on the BEGETS SCANDAL battlefield. Henderson did it from the Senate floor, as one of the original authors of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Smaller scandals mounted in the Constitution. A decade after the war’s end – the two would Grant administration and a group be on a collision course in one of the most storied political scandals in of Republicans annoyed by cor- American history. ruption were planning to break away – eventually calling them- selves the Liberal Republicans, led by Missouri Sen. Carl Schurz. “The superstition that Grant is 10 History Magazine Summer 2022

LEFT: Photograph of Carl Schurz dated 1879. Library of Congress RIGHT: Benjamin Helm Bristow, U.S. Secretary of Treasury and First Solicitor General or the United States. Appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to both offices. Prosecuted and shut down the Whiskey Ring. Library of Congress the necessary man is rapidly giv- Treasury Department re-election out of the way, the ing way,” Schurz, a former Union officials, as they conspired Whiskey Ring kept on running general himself, said in 1871, ac- to skim money from the but was just a straight-up criminal cording to Prologue, the magazine 70-cents-per-gallon federal enterprise of government officials of the National Archives. tax on liquor sales. and whiskey producers lining their own pockets rather than for the Because much of this Schurz-led l The money that should have Republican Party. faction was based in Missouri, gone to the federal treasury Grant dispatched another old went directly to Republican In 1874, Grant’s Treasury Sec- Army buddy, John McDonald, campaign coffers. retary Benjamin H. Bristow dis- as Treasury Department internal covered more than $4 million revenue chief for the Missouri l The ring made the money in tax revenue from the last two district. McDonald, Republican by reporting to the Treasury years was missing, according to Party operatives and government Department that it sold a Washington Post account of the officials formed the Whiskey Ring less whiskey than it really scandal. That May, U.S. Marshals in 1871 to raise money for Repub- did. Some of the untaxed in St. Louis arrested 300 people, lican candidates in Missouri and profits financed partisan which included McDonald, Rev- other western states to keep them Republican newspapers to enue Agent John A. Joyce, and Tax on Grant’s side. It operated most- publish pieces favorable to Collector Constantine Maguire. ly out of St. Louis, Chicago and the Grant administration Working with Attorney General Milwaukee. and various candidates the Edwards Pierrepont and Treasury president supported. Solicitor Bluford Wilson, they se- The scam worked like this: cured indictments for 238 individ- Grant easily won re-election uals. This included indictments l Distillers provided kickbacks in 1872 over eccentric New York against McDonald and Joyce in to government officials to newspaper publisher Horace June. avoid paying taxes. Greeley, the Liberal Republi- can nominee cross-endorsed by Grant was outraged about the l Whiskey distillers worked the Democrats. With the Grant matter and said, “Let no guilty with agents of the Internal Revenue Service and other Summer 2022 History Magazine 11

SPECIAL PROSECUTORS man escape if it can be avoided.” a conflict of interest, with the Stephen Douglas, according to the He may not have been prepared president’s support, the Justice State Historical Society of Missou- for McDonald to tell federal pros- Department named John Brooks ri. Henderson believed at the time ecutors he provided lavish gifts Henderson – a former Missouri popular sovereignty – letting states to Babcock to get him to use his senator – as the special United decide – was the only viable means influence to discourage the ad- States attorney in St. Louis to ex- for solving the slavery question. ministration from looking into clusively investigate the Whiskey He ran unsuccessfully in 1860 for the matter. Babcock responded Ring. Henderson had been in poli- the U.S. House of Representatives that McDonald was seeking to tics on both sides of the aisle. both against the abolition of slav- ingratiate himself to prosecutors. ery and against its expansion into FIRST SPECIAL the territories. The Whiskey Ring was a White PROSECUTOR House scandal now. Though inves- But Henderson declared his tigation would normally fall under Still in his 20s, Henderson allegiance to the Union and when U.S. Attorney for the Eastern Dis- jumped into Missouri politics as the Civil War erupted, pro-Con- trict of Missouri David P. Dyer, a a pragmatic Democrat, pragmatic, federate Missouri Sen. Trusten Republican, Dyer was a delegate even on slavery, and was a del- Polk was expelled. So, Henderson for Grant to the 1868 Republican egate to the Democratic National was appointed to serve the re- National Convention. Convention in 1856 for James mainder of Polk’s term in January Buchanan and in 1860 for 1862. The state’s legislature elected So, to dodge any questions of him to the seat for a full term in November 1863. The Hon. John Brooks Henderson of Missouri — the first Special Prosecutor. Photo dated 1861. Library of Congress As a wartime senator, Henderson switched to the Republican Party and backed President Abraham Lincoln’s early position of grad- ual emancipation, he also backed compensated emancipation and sponsored a bill to pay slave owners $20 million to free their slaves, a measure that some felt would end the war. But the pro- posal died. As the Civil War raged, Henderson submitted Resolution 16, what would become the Thir- teenth Amendment to the Con- stitution, on 11 January 1864, for abolishing slavery. The Senate passed a constitutional amend- ment on 9 April 1864. As a union victory seemed certain, the House narrowly passed the Thirteenth Amendment on 31 January 1865. Georgia became the last of the needed 27 states in December 1865 to ratify the amendment. Henderson was, in many ways, a hero after this. But when the Republican- controlled House of Representa- tives impeached President Andrew Johnson in 1868, Johnson’s re- moval from the Republican Senate seemed all but certain. In this case, 12 History Magazine Summer 2022

loyalty to his adopted party asked too much. He withstood immense pressure. A Republican Senate col- league told him that Grant was sure to be elected and would make him the war secretary if he would change his impeachment vote. Meanwhile, St. Louis businessmen sent telegrams to him telling him they would financially support his campaign in the future but only if he voted the “right way” on impeachment, according to Noel Gerson’s book, “The Trial of An- drew Johnson.” Henderson and six other moderate Republicans voted for acquittal to help Johnson es- cape removal by a single vote. Neither Henderson nor the other Republicans that stood against their party were re-elected. Henderson attempted a politi- cal comeback as the Republican nominee for U.S. Senate and later as governor, but lost. He again be- came a Missouri state judge but was poised to return to a key po- litical and legal role at the federal level. ‘DENOUNCED BY ALL’ General Orville E. Babcock, U.S. Army. Dated 1860-1865. Photo by Mathew Brady. Library of Congress In November, Henderson’s grand jury in St. Louis began looking into that Babcock had obstructed jus- However, Henderson suggested the names of the president’s asso- tice. Surprisingly, the special pros- the president was trying to ob- ciates, including his brother Orvil ecutor then went on the attack struct the investigation of his con- Grant and his brother-in-law Fred against the President, suggesting fidantes. Dent. The news was damaging to that Grant himself might have act- the president, but the Republican ed corruptly given his closeness to “What right had the president to Party went on the offense – stating Babcock. interfere with the honest discharge a “Rebel grand jury” was out to take of the duties of a secretary of trea- down the Hero of Appomattox, as “It is very far from the opinion sury? None whatever,” Henderson detailed in Ron Chernow’s “Grant.” of myself or any of my associates said in his closing argument. that the president of the United Grant believed Babcock’s claims States knew anything about the Newspapers played up the al- of innocence and seemed to be- ring,” Henderson said in the clos- legation, and Grant had enough. lieve the worst about the investiga- ing argument, according to the At the next Cabinet meeting, tion. Henderson perhaps didn’t do account from Chernow. Henderson Grant declared “Henderson was himself any favors when delivering said Grant had been “grossly de- a personal enemy of his and was a closing argument in the jury trial ceived and imposed upon by men disposed to abuse him when op- of another ring member, William who professed to be his friends portunity offered,” according to O. Avery, a chief revenue clerk of here and in Washington.” Secretary of State Hamilton Fish’s the Treasury Department convict- diary quote by Chernow. ed on 3 December 1875. In wrapping up the Avery trial, Henderson asserted to the jury Summer 2022 History Magazine 13

SPECIAL PROSECUTORS hunt a president’s administration. Broadhead had been a member Undated picture of Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State. Library of Congress of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861 that declared Every member of the Cabi- for Grant to be charged with ob- its loyalty to the Union. Now, net – Bristow included – agreed struction of justice. The president he was to investigate a scandal Henderson must go. Fish wrote, blamed the press coverage for ex- where the president had been im- “the indecency of a counsel spe- aggerating the scandal and even plicated. cially designated by the president asked the attorney general to haul abusing him was denounced by all.” reporters in front of a grand jury Like Henderson, Broadhead was to substantiate their sources, but also born in Virginia – in Charlot- Attorney General Pierrepont or- Pierrepont wisely didn’t follow up. tesville in 1819, where he also at- dered U.S. Attorney Dyer to fire tended the University of Virginia. Henderson. But Henderson did not THE SECOND He moved to Missouri in 1837 and go quietly. He organized a move- SPECIAL PROSECUTOR was a Democratic member of the ment in the Republican Party to Missouri state House of Repre- keep Grant from seeking a third The Henderson firing didn’t sentatives from 1846 to 1847, then term as president. Henderson told play well publicly and the Justice served in the state Senate from the New York Herald, “I can only ac- Department named the lower 1850 to 1853. count for it by Grant’s madness, and profile James Overton Broadhead desire for revenge on hearing of the as the new special prosecutor In 1861, President Abraham indictment of General Babcock.” for St. Louis – the second spe- Lincoln named him to be the U.S. cial prosecutor in U.S. history to attorney for the Eastern District Democratic newspapers called of Missouri in St. Louis. During the Civil War, Lincoln commis- sioned Broadhead to be a lieu- tenant colonel of volunteers and appointed him provost marshal general in 1863. Broadhead was a unionist and a Lincoln appointee. But, Republi- cans seeking to discredit him not- ed he was a delegate to Democratic National Convention in both 1868 and 1872 – events dedicated to defeating Grant politically. Shortly after a change in pros- ecutors, the St. Louis grand jury on 9 December 1875, indicted Babcock, charging him with con- spiracy to defraud the Treasury of the United States. The president’s top man would be tried. The St. Louis Globe-Democrat was gleeful about having such a political trial in their backyard, writing, “Except for the trial of Aaron Burr and the impeachment of President Johnson, no more im- portant trial has been held in the United States.” The case hinged on how damn- ing the coded telegrams were be- tween Babcock, McDonald, and Joyce. McDonald and Joyce were already convicted. 14 History Magazine Summer 2022

The New York Times, then a pro- James O. Broadhead, U.S. son remained active in Republican Republican paper, even described Congressman from Missouri (1882- politics until his death in 1913 at the messages as Babcock’s “crown- 1885), U.S. Minister to Switzerland age 86. ing blunder.” E.L. Godkin, the edi- (1893-1897), and first President of the tor of The Nation magazine, wrote American Bar Association. Broadhead,Henderson’s replace- of the telegrams, “All of this was Library of Congress ment as special prosecutor, would eminently natural if Babcock was become the first president of the guilty, but otherwise not.” Grant pardoned McDonald in American Bar Association in 1878. 1877, on his way out of office. He was later elected as a Democrat BREAKING NEW Showing little appreciation, Mc- from Missouri in the U.S. House PRESIDENTIAL GROUND Donald wrote a book in 1880, of Representatives, serving from “Secrets of the Great Whiskey 1883 to 1885. In 1885, President This scandal had sullied Grant’s Ring and Eighteen Months in the Grover Cleveland appointed him good name and his good friend. To Penitentiary,” blaming the entire special commissioner on French clear up both, he would do some- operation on Grant and Babcock. spoliation claims, and as minister thing no other president had ever to Switzerland from 1893 to 1897. done – testify in a criminal trial. Scoundrels cashing in on book He died in 1898. deals isn’t the only parallel to Grant gave his deposition on modern politics. The precedent The most severe consequence 12 February 1876, in defense of was set for special prosecutors. of the Whiskey Ring and other Babcock in the White House, as his Grant scandals – albeit indirect – Cabinet convinced him it would As for Henderson, the first spe- was the racist Jim Crow era that be a public spectacle if he testified cial prosecutor, his political life saw southern state governments at the St. Louis federal courthouse. wasn’t ruined by any means by trample the rights of black Ameri- Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite the firing. In 1877, Republican cans for almost 100 years. In the swore the president in to tell the President Rutherford B. Hayes disputed election of 1876 between whole truth. Major Lucien Eaton appointed Henderson to serve as Republican Rutherford B. Hayes represented the Broadhead pros- commissioner overseeing peace and Democrat Samuel Tilden, Re- ecution team and William A. Cook treaties between the United States publicans in Congress cut a deal was at the White House on behalf government and Native Ameri- with Democrats to end Recon- of the Babcock defense team. Dur- can tribes. President Benjamin struction to make Hayes presi- ing much of the exchange, Grant Harrison appointed Henderson dent. Without the Grant scandals, could not remember the answers, to the Board of Regents of the it’s highly plausible that Republi- as retold in Prologue. Smithsonian Institute. Hender- cans could have kept a grip on the White House in the 1876 election The Grant testimony proved to without having to compromise be decisive, as the jury found Bab- with Southern Democrats. cock not guilty – the only major figure in the vast Whiskey Ring The other legacy was, of course, scandal to get an outright acquittal. the concept of a special prosecutor investigating presidents and their FINAL FALLOUT administrations – introduced in this case, and one that would re- Obviously, Babcock couldn’t just emerge many times. Hm return to the White House, but, taking care of him, Grant named FRED LUCAS is the Chief him as Chief Inspector of the Lighthouses. Still, a major fall National Affairs Correspondent from grace. for The Daily Signal and the Federal prosecutors secured 110 convictions and recovered more author of “Tainted by Suspicion: than $3 million in stolen federal revenue. The Secret Deals and Electoral Bristow, on the outs with the Chaos of Disputed Presidential Grant administration, resigned as Treasury Secretary in June 1876, Elections”. (Stairway Press, 2016). and unsuccessfully sought the Re- publican presidential nomination. He is a graduate of Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Summer 2022 History Magazine 15

CIRCUSES SERGEANT ASTLEY AND THE FIRST CIRCUS DAVID NORRIS EXAMINES THE EVOLUTION OF THE CIRCUS FROM THE MID-18TH CENTURY Sergeant Major Philip Astley had great plans for civilian life. When into a stretch of empty ground and he left the British Army, London had a large and growing popu- linked by a rope. After surround- lation with enough spending money to indulge themselves with ing the ground with a fence, Astley live entertainment. After years in a dragoon regiment, Astley was started charging for admission. His a magnificent horseback rider and an impressive swordsman. He printed flyers promised his audi- planned to start a riding school and supplement his income with eques- ences would see “… the activity on horseback of Mr. Philip Astley, trian shows. But Astley’s plans worked out far better than he dreamed. He Sergeant-Major in His Majesty’s Royal Regiment of Dragoons. became famous across Europe and North America; performed in front of Nearly twenty different attitudes will be performed on one, two, and many of the crowned heads of the continent; and achieved a lasting place three horses, every evening in the summer at his riding school. … in the history of entertainment by starting the first modern circus. Seats one shilling, standing placed sixpence.” The showman’s wife, The Seven Years’ War had gone Patty Astley, handled the gate while her husband performed. on for three years when 17-year- Mrs. Astley played the bass drum old Astley enlisted in the 15th Light during her husband’s act. Soon, the circus hired a fifer, added more Dragoons in 1759. His regiment musicians, and built a platform for them to play on. There were even was known as Eliott’s Dragoons, signature tunes for the growing cir- cus, such as a spritely march called after their first commander, Col. “Astley’s Ride.” The circus ring, horses, and performers were all in (later major general) George the open, but Astley built a roof to protect the seated spectators from Augustus Eliott. the weather. Astley spent seven years in the Since the Middle Ages, royalty and aristocrats had private menag- dragoons. He was impressive in per- eries, where occasionally the pub- lic could see exotic animals from son, standing six feet tall, and pos- Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Trick riding was a popular form sessed a commanding and booming of entertainment for 18th century Londoners, who could also enjoy voice. Even in a regiment of horse- street performers. The great inno- vation of Astley’s circus arose when men, he stood out as a skilled rider he combined his horse-centered shows with a variety of other per- and swordsman, and was assigned formers and animals. For centuries, to train new recruits. In battles in Former cavalryman Philip Astley found fame and success as a pioneer Germany, he took an enemy flag and rescued the Duke of Brunswick in the circus business. Public domain from capture. Astley left the army in 1766. General Eliott gave him the parting gift of a magnificent white charger named Gibraltar. Eliott’s gift fit perfectly with Astley’s plans. The retired sergeant moved to London, where he started a riding school. And, in the British capital, trick riding performances were already a popular diversion. His years in the dragoons were perfect train- ing for a show rider, so Astley could make money both by his perfor- mances and by publicizing his riding school. The date of the first public show varies according to different accounts. It may have been on Easter Monday, 1768, in an open field south of the River Thames, near Glover’s Halfpenny Hatch (this “ha’penny hatch” was a private toll footpath that cut through the neighborhood). Nowadays, the “Ha’penny Hatch” is the site of the more famous Waterloo Station. This first circus began as little more than a circle of stakes hammered 16 History Magazine Summer 2022

LEFT: Although Philip Astley’s business was still called a riding school in 1777, posters advertise the tight rope walkers, acrobats, and equestrian performers that brought customers to the first modern circus. Public domain RIGHT: The interior of Philip Astley’s later amphitheater was a blend of circus ring and theater stage. Public domain people in England had watched she could ride two horses at once, appearance but looked for intel- performances by trick riders, jug- by standing with one foot in each ligent and clever animals. He soon glers, rope-walkers, acrobats, and saddle. Later she rode wearing had a pair of horses able to dance conjurors; Astley brought them all swarms of bees draped around her a minuet. Joining the horses was together in one place. neck or clustered around her fore- a troupe of dancing dogs “from arms, like a stylish fur muff. Patty France and Italy, and other genteel Another popular novelty of and Philip’s son John followed in parts of the world.” his circus was known as “ombres their footsteps, appearing in front chinoises,” or “Chinese shadows.” of the audiences when he was only Literary celebrities such as Hugh This was a sort of puppet show five. Walpole and Samuel Johnson came where the audience saw the moving to the circus. Even King George III shadows of cardboard silhouettes. More animals were added to the became a fan, as did King Louis XV circus. Astley scoured the horse of France, when Astley put on a Besides adding clowns to amuse markets of Smithfield. He cared show at the Palace of Versailles. the crowd, this early circus also nothing for a horse’s color or presented comedy skits and short Astley’s good luck continued. plays. “The Awkward Recruit” was a one-act musical comedy. “Horse- One of Philip Astley’s circus riders, Andrew Duclow, performs on horseback. manship Burlesqued” was another New York Public Library Digital Collections comic piece, with the jokes based on Astley’s role as a Frenchman trying to ride an English horse. To begin the show, Astley might get a horse to lie down and “play dead.” He went on to much more impressive feats. His horse galloped around the ring, while Astley stood on one foot in the saddle. Not lim- ited to one horse, Astley could ride two animals, with a foot in each saddle. Or, he rode three horses at once, lying down across all three saddles. For another stunt, accord- ing to a 1772 flyer he handed out, he rode at “full speed, with his head on a common pint pot, at the rate of twelve miles an hour…” Patty Astley soon became a per- former herself. Like her husband, Summer 2022 History Magazine 17

CIRCUSES He loaned £200, most of his sav- horse disappeared into London. Dublin, and branching out onto ings, to his landlord. In turn, the Shortly later, two of Astley’s cir- the Continent, he opened the landlord put up the property he first circus building in France, the rented to Astley as collateral. The cus hands saw Billy hitched to a Amphithéâtre Anglais, in Paris. landlord was in financial trouble, cart. They could not believe it was and fled, leaving his debts behind. the famous horse at first, but they Charles Hughes, an equestrian So, Astley ended up as the owner of gave Billy a signal used for his cir- performer, quit Astley’s show and his circus grounds. cus act. In the traces of the cart, started something of a parallel Billy went into his act and “began career. In 1772, he opened a com- Then, while crossing Westminster to caper and curvet in a manner peting outfit called “Mr. and Mrs. Bridge, Astley found a diamond seldom seen out of the circle.” Hughes’ Riding School.” Hughes ring worth £70. He claimed this Billy’s new owner was nearby, and his wife were both accom- windfall paid for building a large drinking in a tavern. He agreed to plished trick riders and put on new building for the riding school, sell the horse back to the circus. shows much like Astley’s. Mrs. where he could also put on circus Although he was “a main good- Hughes’ first name is not known, performances on rainy days. tempered creature,” … said the but she could ride a galloping horse carter, Billy was “so full o’ all man- while standing on two pint pots on A natural at self-promotion and ner of tricks that we calls him the the saddle. While Astley was visit- generating publicity, Astley handed Mountebank.” ing Ireland and France, the Hughes out flyers himself. He wore his red show performed in Spain, Portu- dragoon coat and rode the majes- Astley’s temper flared once be- gal, and Italy. Crowned heads, in- tic white charger, Gibraltar. Add- cause a carpenter was drowning cluding the Holy Roman Emperor ing in a final dramatic flourish, out the music during a show. He and the Sultan of Morocco, were when asked directions to the circus sent someone to “go and tell that among their audiences. grounds, he pointed the way with stupid fellow not to saw so infer- his old army saber. nally loud.” Unfortunately, the The new circus business was on employee thought Astley was an- somewhat shaky legal ground, as While never having much edu- gry at the lead violinist. Slipping Astley lacked some necessary per- cation, Astley published several up next to the violinist during his mits or licenses for performances. books on riding. He even obtained performance, the circus worker He was arrested several times for a royal patent on his horse training whispered, “Mr. Astley has desired illegally holding shows in London methods in 1782 and offered free me to tell you not to saw so infer- and on tour in the English counties. riding instruction to dragoon offi- nally loud.” The violinist’s temper In 1783, when he was thrown in cers, sergeants, and corporals who exploded, and he snapped, “Go prison in London, he was released wanted to polish or sharpen their back and tell him, this is the very by order of the Lord Chancellor, skills. last night I shall saw in his infernal Baron Edward Thurlow. The show- stables.” Soon enough, the mistake man had previously given riding The star among the circus’ hors- was made clear. The violinist stayed lessons to the baron’s daughters. es was named Billy. Also called on with the circus, and Astley’s “the Little Military Horse,” Billy friends had another funny story In the late 1770s, Astley retired had an impressive array of skills. to tell. from performing. From then on, He could fire a pistol, or even he was the manager and public face spell “Astley,” writing by kicking On another occasion, Astley of the show. With his earnings, Ast- his hooves in a pattern across the vented about musicians, “Any fool ley built a mansion that he named ground. In one remarkable act, … can handle a fiddle, but it takes Hercules Hall. The house is gone, Billy could “lift a kettle off a fire, a man to manage a horse; and yet I but the street it stood by is still and arrange the tea equipage for have to pay a fellow that plays upon called Hercules Road. Another fa- company, in a manner which elic- one fiddle as much salary as a man mous resident of that street was the ited rounds of applause.” that rides upon three horses.” In- poet William Blake. terestingly enough, given Astley’s Billy had an adventure that be- occasional irritation with musi- Oddly enough, although Ast- gan when Philip Astley let another cians, he added two automatons to ley developed the modern circus, circus owner borrow him, suppos- his show. One of these mechanical his ads in London papers for edly just for a week or two. The cir- wonders played the flute, while the many years summoned the public cus man, an old friend of Astley’s, other played the harpsichord. to performances at “Astley’s Rid- was deep in debt. Creditors seized ing School.” In 1782, Hughes and the man’s horses and snapped up The success of the circus inspired Charles Dibdin opened the Royal Billy with them. Billy was sold be- Astley to build an amphitheater in Circus, the first time the word fore word got to Astley, and the star 18 History Magazine Summer 2022

“circus” was used in that way. The Englishman John Bill Ricketts’s 1793 show in Philadelphia was the first circus in Royal Circus struggled with com- North America. Public domain petition from Astley, and bitter quarrels between its partners, but replacement building, he started on as it was then the U.S. capital, more and more circuses appeared a larger place he called the Olympic attended the circus. One of the in England. Pavilion. Built partly from timbers most memorable circus attractions from a captured French warship, was a balloon owned by French When the revolutionary regime the frame of the massive building aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard, of France went to war with Great was covered with sheet iron on the who made the first balloon flight Britain in 1792, Astley rejoined the outside and canvas within. The in the U.S. earlier in 1793. For army and supervised the shipment ship’s bowsprit and masts served Ricketts’ circus, Blanchard sent of military horses across the Eng- as posts to hold up the roof. For a up a dog, a cat, and a squirrel in a lish Channel. His circus property fancy touch, light glowed from a basket attached to a parachute. in Paris was seized and turned over grand chandelier, a gift from King When the balloon took off, as a barracks for the French Army. George III. Blanchard lit a length of slow- burning fuse. The balloon was at a During the war with France, a Fueled in great part by Philip great height when the fuse burned 1794 fire destroyed the London Astley’s success and enthusiasm, through a rope that released the amphitheater. There was no insur- the circus industry spread through basket, and the three animals para- ance, but Astley held on and built a the British Isles and Europe. By chuted safely to earth. new one. The Prince of Wales be- 1793, the circus had crossed the came a patron of the new theater. Atlantic, when British showman Philip Astley made a final trip to By 1798, the prince allowed the John Bill Ricketts opened the first France in 1814, after the downfall building to be called Astley’s Royal circus in North America in Phila- of Emperor Napoleon. He died that Amphitheater. delphia. President George Wash- year in Paris. The great showman ington, who lived in Philadelphia, was buried in the Père Lachaise After a peace treaty temporarily Cemetery in Paris. It is an appro- ended the war in 1802, Astley went priate resting place for the “father to Paris to negotiate compensa- of the modern circus.” Also buried tion for the loss of his property. He there are many other famous fig- was still in France when war broke ures from the world of entertain- out again. With hundreds of Brit- ment and show business, including ish visitors and tourists, Astley was Édith Piaf, Sarah Bernhardt, Oscar placed under arrest. He did not Wilde, and Jim Morrison. Hm stay a prisoner for long. Escaping from prison, he posed as an invalid French officer. Using a fake pass- port, he got out of France and re- turned to London. He returned to find his Royal Amphitheater burned to the ground. After using a temporary Before the French Revolution, Astley opened a circus in Paris. Public domain DAVID A. NORRIS is a regular contributor to History Magazine and Internet Genealogy. Summer 2022 History Magazine 19

MURDERS Harvard Medical School dated between 1847 and 1883. Public domain DR. PARKMAN dumping a number of bulky items MURDER into the laboratory furnace. Later, Littlefield found the wall on the DAVID KRUH LOOKS BACK AT THE other side of the furnace hot to FIRST “CRIME OF THE CENTURY” his touch. He chiseled away at the wall and saw, on top of a mound Early on the afternoon of 23 November 1849, Dr. George of dirt, a grisly sight; a human Parkman said goodbye to his wife and left his Beacon Hill pelvis, a dismembered thigh, apartment for an appointment with his friend John Webster, and the lower part of a leg. Now, an instructor at the Harvard Medical College. Several people while bones in a lab privy are to remembered seeing the well-dressed Parkman as he strode be expected (it is, after all, where purposely down the Hill and made his way through Boston’s West remains from human dissections End to Webster’s laboratory. Parkman entered the North Grove Street are tossed) the janitor had no building sometime around 2:30 in the afternoon. recollection of disposing of those particular remains. He was never seen again. its worth by solving this extraor- A prominent man such as dinarily high-profile case. They He contacted the police. They quickly found a witness who saw brought in the city coroner, who George Parkman doesn’t just... Parkman go into the Harvard determined the remains to be of disappear. People notice and they Medical School the day he disap- Dr. Parkman. Webster was then notice quickly. Within days his peared, but found nothing to im- visited by the police and told of family printed and posted 28,000 plicate Dr. Webster. The mystery the janitor’s discovery. “That vil- copies of a $3,000 reward around continued. The people of Boston lain,” he is reported to have ex- the city, presenting a fabulous were gripped by the mystery. claimed, “I am a ruined man.” It opportunity for someone to col- Where was Doctor Parkman? got worse a few days later when lect a small fortune. This was also investigators, tracing the source an opportunity for the nascent Ephraim Littlefield, a janitor at of a particularly foul odor in the Boston Police Department (au- the laboratory, believed he knew lab, opened a large tea chest. Out thorized only eleven years earlier the horrifying answer. Just five tumbled an arm-less and partially and to this point staffed by only days after Parkman’s disappear- burned male torso whose head a dozen or so officers) to prove ance, he had seen Dr. Webster had been sawed off. Then they found the saw. Police brought in Mrs. Parkman who, it was re- ported, confirmed the torso was her husband’s (no details were provided on what features of the torso she recognized.) The evi- dence against Webster appeared overwhelming. The story then took on a dis- tinctly Boston accent. The Brah- mins were loathe to believe that one of their own had done the deed. Longfellow’s second wife, the former Frances Appleton, wrote, “Of course we cannot be- lieve Dr. Webster guilty, bad as the evidence looks... many suspect the janitor, who is known to be a bad man and to have wished for the reward offered for Dr. Parkman’s body.” Harvard librarian John 20 History Magazine Summer 2022

Langdon Sibley wrote in his jour- – for daily coverage of all the sa- Parkman then began to hound nal, “The professors pooh! at the lacious details. And there were Webster for his money. The be- mere suspicion he is guilty...” plenty. The public was riveted. leaguered Webster finally agreed to meet Parkman at the Harvard Despite private expressions of As the trial began, the public Medical College on that fateful support by Wesbster’s peers, no learned of a friendship between November day. lawyers among them volunteered two scions of Yankee society with to defend him. Experienced two very different temperaments. The witness whose testimony criminal lawyers Daniel Web- George Parkman, the victim, was set the penny press on fire was ster and Rufus Choate claimed described by fellow Brahmin Ephraim Littlefield. The medical busy schedules or conflicts of Oliver Wendell Holmes as “the lab’s janitor described arguments interest. Other attorneys gave perfect Yankee” who “...abstained he heard between the defendant similar excuses. Faced with an while others indulged... walked and the deceased and, after Park- empty chair at the defense table, while others rode... worked while man’s disappearance, Webster’s Webster turned to the lawyer who others slept.” Through parsimo- sudden interest in the operation was already handling his finan- ny and adept business acumen, of the privy. Littlefield calmly cial matters, Edward Sohier, ut- Parkman had managed the fam- walked the court through his ac- terly inexperienced in criminal ily’s real estate holdings into a tions which led to his discovery of matters. (One might also suggest, fortune estimated to be around dismembered and burned body given Webster’s desperate finan- half a million dollars. Conversely, parts. In his cross-examination of cial state, which led to Webster’s his friend Dr. John White Webster, the janitor, Sohier had the perfect alleged murder of Parkman, that also a Harvard-educated doctor, opportunity to deflect suspicion Sohier wasn’t a financial whiz, lacked Parkman’s fiscal restraint, to the janitor by reminding the either.) The doctor’s choice of and was constantly in debt. jury Littlefield was the only other counsel would ultimately be a person with access to the lab. In- fatal one. After describing the long stead, Sohier lamely accused the friendship shared by the two janitor of falsifying his testimony Judge Lemuel Shaw. Public domain men, the prosecutor then de- to collect the reward. tailed how their relationship Judge Lemuel Shaw gaveled the soured over the most pedestrian But Sohier was not bereft of proceedings to order in January of all reasons, money. In 1842, criminal trial skills. In spite of 1850. Over 60,000 people, includ- George Parkman had lent John the pile of body parts found in ing reporters from newspapers Webster $400. It was the first of Webster’s lab (which had been around the world, made their way several outlays of cash which, over to Court Street in Boston. Those the next five years, rose to almost Reconstruction of Dr. Parkman’s who could not squeeze into the $2,500 – a serious amount of skeleton. Public domain courtroom could choose from money in those days. For the most one of over 100 newspapers – recent loan, the desperate Web- some costing as little as a penny ster used his valuable mineral col- lection as collateral. A year later, Webster, unable to dig himself out of debt, arranged for anoth- er loan. Apparently too embar- rassed to put the bite on George Parkman, he instead got money from Robert Gould Shaw, Sr. (The name should be familiar to us; Shaw’s son would distin- guish himself during the Civil War as leader of the 54th “Glory” brigade.) When Parkman learned Webster had used the same mineral col- lection from his loan as collateral for the Shaw loan, he was furious. Mutual friends described how Summer 2022 History Magazine 21

MURDERS helpfully re-assembled for the jury) the prosecution had a prob- lem, known as the corpus delicti Dr. George Parkman, “The Pedestrian” (Left). Professor John W. Webster was rule; no conclusive proof the convicted of Parkman’s murder and was subsequently sentenced to death for headless body was conclusively the crime. Public domain Parkman’s. The prosecution at- tempted to eliminate such doubt without a head.) But Shaw said, before a panel that included by bringing in Dr. Nathan Keep. in part, “It sometimes happens, Shaw, it should come as no sur- The Boston dentist burst into tears however, that it cannot be found, prise the writ was denied. The as he showed the jury how loose where the proof of death is clear. defense then appealed to the gov- teeth found in the privy fit into a Sometimes, in a case of murder ernor but, due to his actions on plate he had made for Parkman. at sea, the body is thrown over- a recent, similar case (in which Keep’s testimony was not only board on a stormy night. Because an execution was allowed to pro- moving, it was groundbreaking – the body is not found, can any- ceed) he was unable to commute the first time dental evidence was body deny that the author of that Webster’s death sentence. used in a trial. But Sohier, flash- crime is a murderer?” Judge Shaw ing more legal guile, counterat- then defined alibi, circumstantial It was then Webster confessed to tacked by putting Dr. William evidence and reasonable doubt. the murder of George Parkman, Morton on the stand, and having His speech, called the Webster tearfully describing it as a spon- him place his own false teeth into Charge, is still quoted in court- taneous act of passion. Ironi- the same mold Keep had made for rooms today. cally, his confession contained Parkman. Brilliant. the seeds of a temporary insanity The jury deliberated only three defense, which, had it been used In his summing up, Sohier hours before returning a verdict during the trial, might have saved asked the jury a series of ques- of guilty. Shaw pronounced sen- his neck. Instead, he was hung tions. First, had a homicide taken tence: death by hanging. by it on 30 August 1850, ending place at all? If they concluded a Boston’s “Crime of the Century” murder had occurred, were the Sohier, now aided by other and forever changing the legal body parts found in the privy lawyers, made several attempts standards for convictions in mur- those of George Parkman? This to save his client’s life, including der trials. Hm was, perhaps, the most interesting a petition for a writ of error be- question, as the state of mid-19th cause, they claimed, Judge Shaw’s DAVID KRUH is a century forensics allowed Sohier instructions to the jury were bi- to argue the prosecution could ased towards the prosecution (an Boston-based writer. not prove they were Parkman. If opinion still held today, by many.) somehow the all-male jury con- But, as the hearing was held cluded Webster had murdered Parkman did he do so with malice aforethought. In other words, had he planned the crime? All evi- dence, Sohier said, was circum- stantial and they should vote not guilty on all counts. A confident defense rested. But Judge Shaw, in his in- structions to the jury, shattered Webster’s hope of acquittal by making a precedent-setting rul- ing. He said the jury needed only to find beyond a reasonable doubt the corpus delicti was Parkman’s. At the time, the standard in mur- der cases was proof to an absolute certainty, meaning the dead body was that of the victim (difficult 22 History Magazine Summer 2022

Sal Mineo, dated 1973. ENTERTAINMENT Photo by Allan Warren. Public Domain. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/3.0/deed.en SAL MINEO: Little Salvatore was nicknamed Junior. His brother had been born MINEO MANIA in 1936 and Michael had come into the world in 1937. The need BY BRIAN D’AMBROSIO for additional living space became even more imperative in 1943 with No one had to convince Josephine or Sal Mineo that their child was the birth of a girl, Sarina. special. Their third son, the black-haired, brown-eyed boy with a captivating But it would be another five smile had been born on 10 January 1939, seven years, 11 months, and years before the Mineos could two days after Josephine Alvisi had married Salvatore Mineo. A skilled afford to buy an old house in a woodworker and sculptor who’d emigrated from Sicily, Salvatore, Sr., Bronx neighborhood that still earned a living in the Great Depression by starting a coffin-making com- boasted trees and open spaces. On pany. The family lived in a small walk-up apartment in New York City’s East 217 Street within walking dis- East Harlem, a polyglot neighborhood of Italians and Puerto Ricans. tance to Van Cortlandt Park, the three-story house was readily con- vertible into a two-family home. The Mineos rented out the base- ment to help defray the mortgage. Sal’s upstairs room had been a kitchen. It still had a sink and a stove. With Josephine at her wits’ end and fearing that her youngest son could be destined for a reforma- tory, fate took a hand when the owner of a school of dancing earned his money by persuading mothers like Josephine that their kids had real talent, which, with a little training, could land them lucrative work in the theater and in the new and rapidly growing field of television. After spotting Sal playing sandlot baseball, he tracked down Josephine, told her, “The kid’s graceful,” and urged her to sign him up for classes. Sal was thrilled with the prospect of being on television. Josephine was skeptical. To Sal’s delight, he performed occasionally on local TV on The Ted Steele Show. At 13, Mineo took over the role of the Crown Prince in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s The King and I, and played opposite Yul Brynner nearly 900 times in two years. He later wrote an article about that experience. Summer 2022 History Magazine 23

ENTERTAINMENT “I had seen “The King and I” several times from the audience. I had watched Yul from the wings Movie poster for Rebel Without a Cause from 1955. Out of Copyright in US for over a year. He was so very stern as the King with his Oriental finish a picture, then it was back Between 1954 and the fall of makeup, his broad, unrestrained to his native Bronx. Sal said that 1956, Sal had made seven films gestures, his very loud voice, that he did this because he feared that with some of the biggest names I thought he must be that way living in Hollywood he might lose in the business, including Paul off the stage too. I had heard he contact with the vital things, the Newman’s friend in Somebody had a good sense of humor, but I real people in his life. “If I lived Up There Likes Me, and earned an couldn’t believe it. I couldn’t see in Hollywood and my career went Academy Award nomination. In how anyone who played the King on the skids, it would be a disas- all those films he’d played Ameri- as ruthlessly as Yul Brenner could ter,” he said. “In the Bronx, on the can youths, all but one of whom have a sense of humor!” other hand, my neighbors tell me, was an Italian and most of whom ‘So your job didn’t turn out? So had been switchblade kids with At 14, Mineo had a résumé that get yourself another job.’” Bronx accents. While Sal was mak- included two Broadway shows, six ing movies almost nonstop in network TV programs, and the Rather than being handled by 1956, the year had witnessed what movie Six Bridges to Cross. a talent agency, Sal’s career was a one historian of American popu- Mineo family enterprise headed lar music called “the fruition” of In 1956, just two years after he’d by his mother. first arrived in Hollywood, Mineo had an Academy Award nomina- tion and five films under his belt. Sal as Plato in Rebel Without a Cause was the role that earned him his first Academy Award nomina- tion and won him instant movie stardom. Rumors spread through Hollywood that James Dean was having an affair with Sal (as well as Natalie), but Sal always denied them. That year he was the subject of a profile in The New York Times which noted that despite a “boyish face that belies his acting matu- rity” he’d “zoomed into cinematic prominence.” By the time the film premiered in October 1955, Rebel Without a Cause provided two unbeatable angles: its star (James Dean) was dead and one costar was a Bronx boy who had made good in the two toughest places in the coun- try – Broadway and Hollywood. Before his fatal automobile ac- cident, James Dean said “Sal had the look of the angels.” Natalie Wood said, “I’d hate to be taxed a nickel for every heart he’s going to break.” And Jill Haworth said, “Sal was the ringmaster, and life was a circus.” For many years, Mineo stayed in Hollywood just long enough to 24 History Magazine Summer 2022

the rock-and-roll music being in- in the Bronx can stay home.“ He comebacks, trying his hand at act- troduced to the movies in Black- heard from a cosmetics firm about ing, directing, and on Broadway. board Jungle by Bill Haley and the an endorsement of hair cream. A Television offers continued to Comets. carmaker in Detroit said it would come his way. But his penchant for supply its new model each year playing the same roles imposed on When Epic records learned that in return for his complimentary him the burdensome stereotype of he’d had singing lessons and had comments. A manufacturer of the Switchblade Kid. sung in The King and I on Broad- knives made a pitch to be allowed way, Sal was asked to cut a song to market switchblades and zip “I find that kind of person fasci- titled “Start Movin’.” When Sal ap- guns bearing Sal Mineo’s name. nating,” said Sal to one fan maga- peared on Kraft Television Theater A leather jacket maker asked him zine. “They exist and they have an on 1 May 1957, in a production to endorse a black one. And a pro- effect on us. I like the underdog. titled “Drummer Man,” he intro- moter proposed selling plastic- People I find attractive do not duced the song. Three days later, encased locks of his hair. throw in the towel. Besides, de- he appeared on ABC-TV to pro- mented roles are the best. You can mote the record on Alan Freed’s On 25 February 1960, a Prem- do the most with them.” Rock ‘n’ Roll Review. Teenage fans inger press release announced, “In of Mineo who found it on sale one of the most off-beat castings Sal Mineo, dated 1973. in their local stores bought more in recent years, Sal Mineo was to- Photo by Allen Warren. Public Domain. than 1,200,000 copies, boosting day assigned to play Dov Landau, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ the record to number nine on the 17-year-old survivor of the War- by-sa/3.0/deed.en charts and keeping it in the Top saw Ghetto and Auschwitz, in the 40 for 13 weeks. A second release, film version of Exodus. Mineo, Thursday, 12 February 1976, was “Lasting Love,” got to number 27 long a teenaged favorite due to the forty-third anniversary of his and remained in the Top 40 for his films, records, and TV appear- parents’ wedding. The 37-year- three weeks. Among teen icons in ances, will revert to the acting that old Mineo was scheduled to open 1957, none surpassed the popular- made him the youngest performer at Los Angeles’s Westwood Play- ity of Mineo. ever nominated for a best sup- house as the burglar in the comedy porting actor award for his role in P.S. Your Cat is Dead. His roller- Subsequently, Mineo played Rebel Without a Cause.” coaster career ride seemed to be Gene Krupa in The Gene Krupa ascending again. At around 9:30 Story. A short, black-haired, 50- The casting choice proved bril- p.m., Mineo was stabbed to death year-old Italian from Chicago, liant: For the second time in five in the alleyway behind his West Gene Krupa had provided the beat years, Mineo donned a tuxedo to Hollywood apartment. Rumors for a dancing public in the Jazz attend the Academy Awards with spread that Sal’s murder was drug- Age that was born during Prohi- his name listed in the program. related or connected to his sex life bition and grew into the synco- Again, he left the theater empty- (investigators started with the be- pation of the swing era of the big handed (the Oscar had gone to lief that it was “a fag killing”), or bands. His own life also had much Englishman Peter Ustinov for his possibly both. At the L.A. Sheriff ’s in common with Krupa’s. They performance in Spartacus.) Office in May 1977, the investiga- were Italians, sons of immigrants, tion of Sal Mineo’s murder was who had found their life’s calling Though he found himself not stone-cold until a woman named as boys and had steadfastly and only on Hollywood’s A list for par- Theresa Williams came forward. passionately pursued it against all ties, Mineo’s life hurtled downward Her husband was Lionel Raymond odds. They’d each achieved amaz- after the second Oscar award loss. ing success, some people said, me- He discovered his finances were teorically. Krupa was so impressed teetering on bankruptcy. When by Sal as a drummer that when the tax returns for several years were film was completed, he gave Sal a questioned by the federal govern- set of Krupa’s drums. ment, a review of records revealed his accounts were in shambles. His Regarding Sal Mineo, no better hired maid and butler and his big proof of his popularity was need- house in Beverly Hills would have ed than a joke in a monologue by to go. The house in Mamaroneck, Bob Hope on his TV show. “No New York, would have to go. The school tomorrow, kids,” he said. speedboat. The cars. Gone. “It’s Sal Mineo’s birthday. All those Sal Mineo made several minor Summer 2022 History Magazine 25

ENTERTAINMENT Williams, a former pizza delivery- but was soon back in prison, still the film’s premiere in New York; man. On the night of 12 Febru- proclaiming he didn’t kill Mineo. Natalie Wood accidentally dro- ary 1976, Theresa told a sheriff ’s Many of Sal’s friends believed him wned. Sal Mineo was murdered. detective her husband had come (while the prosecution presented home with blood on his shirt. He a very shaky case founded on cir- Perhaps the admirable thing explained that he’d just stabbed cumstantial evidence, there has about Mineo is that the Bronx someone. been no other plausible suspect or product never gave up believing motive proposed.) in his talents. Because Sal’s life was On 17 January 1978, seven days cut off in a moment of promise, after what would have been Sal Occasionally, film apprecia- his murder was an offense against Mineo’s 39th birthday, 22-year-old tion societies screened Sal’s films. all of us who’d learned from mov- Lionel Raymond Williams stood Several presented Rebel Without ies the lives of good people deserve before Judge Andrew J. Weitz in a Cause to mark the 50th anni- happy endings. Hm Beverly Hills Municipal Court for versary of its making. Sal’s most a pretrial hearing and he was asked memorable film was regarded as a BRIAN D’AMBROSIO to enter a plea to ten counts of rob- milestone in the history of motion bery, one attempted robbery, and pictures and a defining moment in lives, works in, and writes from first-degree murder. On 16 March the creation of the youth culture Missoula, Montana. 1979, Williams, whose criminal re- that Elia Kazan had cited in the cord began when he was 14 years 1950s as a distinct demographic He contributes regularly to old, was sentenced to 11 consecu- power. Many people who admired multiple publications on a vast tive sentences amounting to 51 Rebel Without a Cause believed years to life. In 1981, an appeal in a Rebel “curse.” Since the film’s variety of subjects. His most based on a claim that he had been completion in 1955, violent death recent contribution to History wrongly convicted was denied by had overshadowed it. James Dean the California Supreme Court. He was killed at dusk along a Cali- Magazine was a piece on made parole in the early 1990s, fornia highway four days before Maurice Hilleman in our SPRING 2021 edition. Tracing Your Germanic Ancestors This edition of our Tracing Your Ancestors series is authored by Leland K. Meitzler and contains a wealth of information on resources to help you locate your Germanic ancestors. Articles include: Finding the Place, The Hail Mary Genealogical Search, Using German Maps and Gazetteers, Passenger and Immigration Records, Online Database and Family Tree Sources, German Parish and Civil Records, Census Records of Germany, Reading Fraktur German Printing, Calendars and Religious Feast Days, Reading Old German Gothic Handwriting, and more. 68 Pages. Magazine format. $9.95 + $3.00 Shipping Call 1-888-326-2476 or Visit Our Online Store CDN orders subject to GST/HST. Please allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery Final Cover and Contents Subject to Change www.internet-genealogy.com/shop.htm 26 History Magazine Summer 2022

HEROINES HARBOUR Amelia Earhart statue and photo insets. Photo collage by Alan Luke GRACE HEROINE Atlantic Ocean 90 years ago. Amelia Earhart weathered the journey HONORING ONE OF AVIATION’S GREATS across the Atlantic in 14 hours IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR and 56 minutes when she landed in a cow pasture in Londonderry, Story & Photos by Alan Luke & Jacquie Durand Northern Ireland. “Lady Lindy” (due to her resemblance to the avi- “Women, like men, should try to do the impossible. And ator) achieved this on the fifth an- when they fail, their failure should be a challenge to niversary of Charles Lindbergh’s others.” This was a prophetic statement, indeed, by solo flight. the “Queen of the Skies” who took to the air, leaving an indelible impression on a Newfoundland coastal Major Edwin Aldrin, the father community. Amelia Earhart’s prominence has since characterized the of Apollo astronaut “Buzz” Aldrin, town of Harbour Grace. was responsible for determin- ing the correct fuel mixture for A “Historic Harbour Grace” welcome sign depicts a ship and a her flights to and from Harbour plane representative of a town defined by a prominent pirate and pi- Grace. The Kansas-born Earhart lot. The latter was a lady who lifted off in her Lockheed Vega from did not drink coffee or tea, so she Harbour Grace Airfield on 20 May 1932, for her solo flight across the stayed alert during long flights by using smelling salts. She also did not drink alcohol, so when she was invited for a dinner engagement Summer 2022 History Magazine 27

HEROINES demonstrations in her honor be waived with the funds diverted Plaque commemorating Amelia Earhart’s solo flight across the Atlantic in 1932. to unemployed American wom- Photo by Alan Luke en. “Amelia pushed the envelope and advanced both aviation and Photo of Amelia Earhart statue and plane at Harbour Grace, Newfoundland and women in general,” noted Daphne Labrador. Photo by Jacquie Durand Mercer, Harbour Grace Tourism Coordinator. with King George V, she toasted following her solo flight, Earhart him with buttermilk. designed a clothing line which was For the 75th anniversary (1932 sold in the renowned Macy’s De- – 2007), a bronze plaque and a Receiving worldwide recogni- partment Store. statue honoring the aviatrix can be tion, this feat became a stepping- viewed at Kearney Memorial Park. stone for her attempt to circle the During Earhart’s career, she This was funded by Roger Pike, world five years later. Following had set several records, however, who also donated a 1943 DC-3 this historic flight, she published promoting equal opportunity plane nearby. Named the “Spirit of a book entitled: “The Fun of It.” for women in aviation was para- Harbour Grace”, the Douglas Air- Earhart stated that “flying may not mount. As an exceedingly hum- craft was formerly utilized by the be all plain sailing, but the fun of ble individual, she asked that any U.S. Airforce in North Africa dur- it is worth the price.” Two years expenses incurred due to public ing World War II and then subse- quently as a cargo plane. Five years later in 1988, the plane was retired, and the Pike family generously donated it to the town. This year marks the 85th anni- versary of her disappearance on 2 July 1937, in which she attempted to be the first female pilot to cir- cumnavigate the globe. Earhart had completed more than two- thirds of the journey with her nav- igator (Fred Noonan) when, a few weeks shy of her 40th birthday, they lost contact in the South Pacific Ocean. Many theories surround the disappearance with the possi- bility of her being financed by the navy in exchange for her reports of suspicious Japanese activity in the Marshall Islands. Enhanced photographic analysis has indicated evidence of landing gear consistent with her Lockheed Electra protruding from the water off the remote island of Kiribati. Earhart was befriended by Eleanor Roosevelt who she in- tended to teach how to fly. Consequently, FDR (President Roosevelt) deployed 10 ships and 65 planes over a 16-day period in an extensive search, unprecedent- ed by the U.S. Government for a civilian. “Amelia dared to reach new heights, and like Icarus, fell 28 History Magazine Summer 2022

SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION into the sea, and will always remain a legend.” It would be another 27 years before a woman Q UA R T E R LY would achieve her goal of world flight. Guarantee New/Renewal Subscriptions Earhart is honored in one of the theme rooms If History Magazine fails to meet Your subscription expiration date at the Conception Bay Museum, occupying a your needs, you are entitled to is printed just above your name former 1870s Custom House. The Earhart ex- a refund on all unmailed copies on the mailing label. To renew, hibit in the Aviation Room displays replicas for any reason or no reason. Any you have three options: of her aviation attire and literature and pho- refund will be made promptly tographs illustrate her successful flight from and cheerfully. However, we do 1) Visit our online shopping cart the Harbour Grace Airstrip. A model and his- not issue refunds for amounts and make your selection for tory of the 1,220 meter-long (4,000 foot-long) less than $5.00. the term of the subscription gravel landmark are provided. Pioneering relics and complete the necessary from Trans Atlantic Aircraft and text about pi- Delivery ordering information. If avail- lots utilizing this acclaimed take-off point are Once we receive your order, we able, enter the six digit sub- among the artifacts identified. process it immediately. Your sub- scriber code from the mailing scription will begin with the next label (upper left corner) in the Just down the road along the “Historic issue and the standard delivery comment area of the order Water Street District” is the Hotel Harbour time can be anywhere from 4-8 form. Grace (formerly Archibald’s Hotel) where she weeks depending on where we stayed. Earhart received a thermos bottle of are in the publishing schedule. 2) Call our toll free number at soup and a can of tomato juice from the pro- You can always call our subscrip- 1-888-326-2476. prietor, Rose Archibald, for her flight. tion department during regular business hours to get the status 3) Mail a check or international In 2009, a biopic featuring the iconic aviatrix on your order. money order (payable to History was released. Simply titled Amelia, the film stars Magazine) to our office. See Hilary Swank and Richard Gere (as her hus- Payment Options the bottom of this page for band, George Putnam). This is the eighth time We accept check, Money Order, USA and Canadian addresses. Earhart has been cinematically immortalized. PayPal, VISA, MasterCard, Discover and American Express. Please Address Change, Temporary A student providing a museum tour ad- be advised that credit card pay- Redirection or Cancellation mitted to us that “many people are aware of ments are processed through Notify the Circulation Depart- Amelia Earhart’s famous solo flight but don’t our Canadian office and some ment by calling 1-888-326-2476, realize that it originated in our town.” Mayor USA credit card issuers charge a or write to the applicable address Don Coombs asserted: “We are proud as a town foreign transaction fee. below. Please allow 3-6 weeks for to have Amelia Earhart as part of our history, to your address change to appear be able to walk where she walked and relive her Gift Subscriptions on your subscription. USA sub- stories with visitors, knowing it all happened Visit our online shopping cart scribers please note, the maga- here in historic Harbour Grace.” Hm and make your selection for the zine will not be forwarded by the term of the subscription, and post office if you move, so please PRACTICAL INFORMATION complete the necessary ordering let us know of your move at your information and recipient’s com- earliest convenience. For tempo- Harbour Grace Tourism: Internet plete name and mailing address rary redirection of delivery, it is ~ www.hrgrace.ca in the appropriate area of the important that we have the most form. You can even enter a short up-to-date address and dates of Conception Bay Museum: Phone message in the comment field redirection on file. ~ (709) 596 – 5465: Open June to September of the order page and History Magazine will send a card to the History Magazine Back Issues Newfoundland & Labrador Tourism: gift recipient. You may also call our Back issues are available in PDF Internet ~ www.newfoundlandandlabrador.com toll free number at 1-888-326-2476 format only. To order by phone, (please have your VISA, Master- contact the Circulation Depart- This article is dedicated to History Card, Discover or American Express ment toll-free at 1-888-326-2476 Magazine contributor ALAN G. LUKE handy). or visit www.history-magazine.com. who passed away suddenly in late 2021. USA ADDRESS: Godspeed, Alan! Jacquie D. Durand is a History Magazine, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY, 14304 freelance writer/photographer from Ajax, CANADIAN ADDRESS: Ontario, Canada. History Magazine, 33 Angus Dr., Ajax, ON L1S 5C4 Summer 2022 History Magazine 29 Toll-Free Customer Service Line: 1-888-326-2476 www.history-magazine.com

IRELAND On the lower slopes of Slieve Gullion. Keith Ruffles, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license TOP TORY St. John family rebuilt and took over the O’Hanlon family seat, The Count of Armagh Tandragee Castle, in County Ar- magh in 1610. The last of the BY ERIC BRYAN O’Hanlon lands in Co. Armagh were confiscated in 1653 during Redmond O’Hanlon was perhaps Ireland’s greatest 17th centu- the Cromwellian conquest. ry Tory (outlaw or highwayman). He was born circa 1640 at Aughantaraghan near Poyntzpass (or, alternately, at the foot of There isn’t a complete picture Slieve Gullion) of a family which, through several stages, lost of O’Hanlon’s early life, but he its lands to the English Crown over a period spanning from reportedly attended school in Eng- about 1560 to 1653. These events kindled the fire and fury in O’Hanlon’s land where he mastered upper- soul, which set him on his path as a Tory. Sir Francis Brewster, who class ways and manners and the was Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1674-75, wrote in 1680 that Redmond English language. He worked as a O’Hanlon “earned unequal notoriety as a highwayman in Ireland.” footboy for Sir George Acheson of Markethill, though was sacked for Redmond O’Hanlon was a de- Coat of arms of the Royal O’Hanlon attempting to sell a stolen horse, scendant of the last O’Hanlon dynasty which ruled the Kingdom of which he’d tried to pass off by Chief of the Name, master of Airghialla (Oriel). Jembob, Creative disguising it with an artificial tail. O’Hanlon (Tandragee) Castle. Sir Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Supposedly present during a quar- Oghie O’Hanlon allied the clan Unported license rel that resulted in the murder of with Queen Elizabeth I during a man, O’Hanlon fled abroad, the Nine Years War (1593-1603). eventually to France, where he James I bestowed seven town- joined the army. His military lands on the O’Hanlons in 1606 service, heritage and education in accordance with the surrender led the French to refer to him as and regrant policy. But after Sir Count O’Hanlon. Oghie’s son and other relatives joined O’Doherty’s Rebellion, the O’Hanlon returned to Ireland Crown rescinded the O’Hanlon sometime following the ascen- land grant. English and Scottish sion of Charles II to the kingships planters (settlers) moved onto of Britain and Ireland in 1660. the O’Hanlon properties, and the Stuart-supporting landowners such as the O’Hanlons soon discovered the new King would not return their properties, leading some such as O’Hanlon to strike out into the hills and mountains and join the Tories. Upon his return to Ireland, O’Hanlon was fluent not only in Gaelic and English but also in French. His linguistic ability, mili- tary experience, refinement as an educated gentleman, and his tal- ent for mimicry made O’Hanlon adept at impersonating characters from all walks of Irish society be they countrymen, merchants, or king’s officers. Indeed, O’Hanlon’s talents and accomplishments made him ideally equipped to be 30 History Magazine Summer 2022

A typical Co. Down switchback road. These minor roads tend to go over, rather As with other famed highway- than around, the hills. This one is the Tullymore Road between Poyntzpass and men, O’Hanlon was known for his Loughbrickland. Robert Ashby, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 cleverness and ingenious strata- Unported license gems. In one escapade, O’Hanlon disguised himself as a country a formidable highwayman and peddlers required a pass issued by gentleman and requested of the guerrilla fighter in Ireland. O’Hanlon to journey unmolested authorities that he be granted a by other highwaymen through military escort, as he claimed he As a Tory, O’Hanlon’s hideouts his lands. O’Hanlon protected the feared a Tory would steal the gold included woods around Slieve animals of those who paid the an- he was carrying. O’Hanlon had Gullion, the Mourne Mountains, nual fee, retrieving and returning his request granted, and the group and the Fews Mountains of South those which had been rustled, and set out on the journey. At a prear- Ulster. He applied a military type of paying for those which he failed to ranged location, O’Hanlon’s gang precision and organization to the recover. set upon the military men and operations of his gang of about 50 confiscated their arms, money, men, whom he deployed in several Small-time criminals of the area and clothes. brigades – one for each district. rarely meddled in O’Hanlon’s do- O’Hanlon ran a protection scheme ings or broke his rules, such was In another episode, a disguised in counties Armagh, Down, and the Tory’s reputation and his near O’Hanlon got the soldiers of a Tyrone, extorting money from sovereignty of his territory. Those Mullaghbane landlord’s army es- landowners, rich merchants, and who violated O’Hanlon’s laws re- cort drunk. Once they were in sometimes from members of the ceived warnings for the first two a celebratory mood, O’Hanlon general population. He levied a offenses and a death sentence for convinced them to fire off their fee of 2s 6d on farmers to assure the third. O’Hanlon was known to guns to mark the happy occasion. the safety of their livestock and scrupulously keep his end of any After their firearms were emptied, horses, and some travelers such as bargain or agreement. O’Hanlon’s gang pounced, rob- bing the landlord and taking the soldier’s uniforms. One clever ruse employed by O’Hanlon and his men was the wearing of reversible jackets. When worn reversed, the Tories appeared to travelers and the au- thorities to be redcoats. On one occasion, a young man outsmarted O’Hanlon. He’d been entrusted with a large amount of money to be delivered to his master. Suspecting that O’Hanlon would hold him up, the young man filled a second purse with ei- ther a lesser sum or simply junk and stones and chose an espe- cially disagreeable horse to ride on his errand. As anticipated, O’Hanlon accosted the young man at gunpoint and demanded the purse of money. The would- be victim threw the second purse into an adjacent marsh and told the highwayman to fetch it. While O’Hanlon searched the marsh, the young man dismount- ed, leaped on the Tory’s horse, and fled, leaving O’Hanlon with the Summer 2022 History Magazine 31

IRELAND Carlingford Lough, which in legend Redmond O’Hanlon swam in order to escape the pursuing Johnstons. Keith Ruffles, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 disagreeable mount, and so un- O’Hanlon were always outmaneu- a Catholic priest based at Kil- likely to give chase. vered by the Tory. Dublin authori- leavy, Co. Armagh, to deliver anti- ties put a £10 price on O’Hanlon’s O’Hanlon sermons from the Living by the philosophy that head in 1674, and it is at this point pulpit. Murphy alleged O’Hanlon loyalty inspires loyalty, O’Hanlon that the outlaw steps out of leg- warned the priest to cease this dispersed his funds amongst his end and into the official records activity, but Murphy ignored the followers and supporters, rather of Irish history. In 1676, wanted caution. The Tory then issued a than hoard them for himself. He posters advertised for the outlaw’s threat to parishioners to avoid allowed his men to eat well and capture, dead or alive. Murphy’s services, warning that drink good liquor while he prac- a third offense would result in ticed temperance and frugality. Archbishop Oliver Plunkett di- death. When this fate befell two These habits surely were partially rected Father Edmund Murphy, intended to be conducive to self- preservation. O’HANLON AND THE TITUS OATES PLOT The rise in Toryism made boun- In 1678 Titus Oates, a former Catholic seminarian, publicly alleged ty hunting a popular activity. Ac- that there was a Catholic conspiracy to assassinate Charles II and cording to tradition, Tory-hunting murder British Protestants. The claim was untrue, but in 1680 Father members of the Johnstons, a plant- Edmund Murphy agreed to give false testimony at the trial of er family, once pursued O’Hanlon Archbishop Oliver Plunkett, who was charged with high treason. to the edge of Carlingford Lough. Faced with no option but to swim British soldiers in Armagh who had an alliance with Redmond for his life, O’Hanlon plunged into O’Hanlon sought to murder Father Murphy in retaliation. The priest the waters, and the Johnstons sent was placed in protective custody in Dublin Castle, so the soldiers in a massive hound after him. The killed one of Murphy’s informants and presented his head to the dog caught up to the outlaw, and Lord Deputy for a bounty. the two fought in the water until O’Hanlon drowned the beast and The Anglican Bishop of Meath, Henry Jones, offered O’Hanlon then made his escape. a full pardon if he would give evidence against Plunkett. Though Plunkett had publicly spoken against the Tory, O’Hanlon (like many Those who attempted through- others) believed that Plunkett was obviously innocent, and so out the 1670s to apprehend refused to testify against him. 32 History Magazine Summer 2022

Killeavy residents, Murphy vowed Canal Bank near Poyntzpass. This stretch of the minor road serves newish revenge against O’Hanlon. housing built beside the canal. In the canal’s earlier working days before the modern houses were built this probably was just a towpath. Robert Ashby, Murphy plotted with one of Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license O’Hanlon’s former co-conspir- ators, a man named O’Murphy, O’Hanlon’s enemy James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, by William Wissing (died to capture or murder the Tory. 1687), painted c.1680-85. National Portrait Gallery, Public Domain O’Murphy had already been re- belling against O’Hanlon by rob- bing the traveling peddlers despite them carrying the Tory’s passes. To Father Murphy’s astonishment, those in command of the local British Army garrison were dis- inclined to support him because of their own mutually profitable agreements with O’Hanlon. The plan came to naught, as O’Murphy was murdered by another associ- ate before the scheme against O’Hanlon could be enacted. In 1679 landowners tried to get O’Hanlon out in the open by cut- ting down his Poyntzpass hide- out, Glen Woods, but to no avail. In May of that year, landlords of Armagh, Down, and Monaghan hired 30 mercenaries for three months to track down O’Hanlon and his gang. These soldiers of fortune each earned 9p per day, and the bounties stood at £30 for O’Hanlon and £20 for any of his men, but when the allotted time ran out, O’Hanlon remained at large. Henry St. John, an Anglo-Irish landowner and member of the family which had taken over Tan- dragee Castle, defied O’Hanlon and was brutal to anyone he sus- pected of assisting him. O’Hanlon retaliated by ordering the highway robbery of St. John’s rent collec- tors and factors, and the large- scale rustling of his cattle. St. John mounted a private war against O’Hanlon, which became more frenzied when St. John’s 19-year- old son died from an illness con- tracted while on a quest for the Tory. On 9 September 1679, St. John, in company with Reverend Lawrence Power, the Vicar of Tan- dragee and a manservant, was Summer 2022 History Magazine 33

IRELAND riding on the Tandragee estate Down Anglo-Irish landlord, for and Lucas a lieutenant’s com- when a gang of Tories (without “the Apprehending, Killing, and mission. Lucas, with Arthur O’Hanlon) rode in and seized St. Destroying of proclaimed Rebels O’Hanlon’s assistance, continued John. The raiders warned the vicar and Tories.” Lucas, whose family as a bounty hunter, slaughtering that a rescue attempt would cause had long had a profitable relation- many supposed Tories and ter- St. John’s death, but then a group ship with O’Hanlon’s gang, was rorizing the native Irish in several of St. John’s tenants galloped onto granted military support for the counties. According to a 29 May the scene and opened fire on the task. Lucas was further authorized 1681 letter written by Captain Tories. In the melee, St. John was to bestow royal pardons on any Thomas Whitney to the Duke of mortally shot in the forehead. Tories who turned against their Ormonde, the bounty hunting Power claimed the Tory who was brethren and aided in the capture had degenerated into indiscrimi- leading St. John’s horse fired the or destruction of them. Lucas met nate butchery committed under shot, but the rumor amongst the with Arthur O’Hanlon (reported- the authority of the Duke. Armagh gentry was that the fatal ly Redmond’s foster brother and wound resulted from friendly fire. lieutenant) and offered him a par- Sir Walter Scott was so im- There were also whispers that St. don and half of the bounty (which pressed with the tales of O’Hanlon John’s death was just deserts for by then had skyrocketed to £200) that he planned to write a novel his dishonorable treatment of the for the assassination of Redmond based on his life and adventures. Tories. O’Hanlon. Lady Olivia Sparrow of Tandragee compiled material on O’Hanlon At St. John’s funeral, the vicar On 25 April 1681, possibly after which Scott would have used, but denounced the Tories, and all the two men had words, Arthur the project never came to fruition. who had dealings with them, and O’Hanlon shot the outlaw leader in However, readers interested in a called on Protestants to revolt and the chest with a blunderbuss while fictionalized account of the story eradicate the outlaws. Power sent he slept in a cabin at Eight Mile of O’Hanlon can turn to Redmond letters to the Lord Deputy of Ire- Bridge near Hilltown, Co. Down. Count O’Hanlon; The Irish Rap- land, James Butler, the 1st Duke of O’Hanlon’s loyal men removed the paree, a novel by William Carleton Ormonde, informing on local of- Tory’s head from the body and hid published in 1862. Hm ficials and aristocrats who had alli- it to prevent it from being publicly ances with Tories and begged him displayed, but it was discovered ERIC BRYAN is a freelance to destroy O’Hanlon. Power com- and mounted on a spike at Down- plained that annual contributions patrick Prison. O’Hanlon’s remains writer originally from Burlingame to O’Hanlon amounted to more were interred in an unmarked than that collected in the King’s grave at Relicarn Graveyard in the Hills, California. His work has taxes, an income that enabled the Parish of Ballymore. outlaw to bribe officers, clerks, been published in The Saturday and their masters. Besides sharing the bounty for the deed, Arthur O’Hanlon re- Evening Post, The Globe and Mail, In Ulster oral tradition, ceived the promised full pardon, O’Hanlon went to earth at Let- The London Magazine and many terkenny, where his family was established as merchants. Here the others in North America and O’Hanlons lived under the pro- tection of Sir John Conyngham Europe. and the Chief of Clan O’Doherty. O’Hanlon stayed in hiding un- FURTHER READING til the furor over the death of St. John subsided. In at least one ver- Two pamphlets that purported to give accurate details about O’Hanlon sion of the story, O’Hanlon had a were published soon after his murder: Count O’Hanlan’s Downfall, a true romance with St. John’s daughter account of the killing of that arch traytor and Tory Redmond O’Hanlan – a state of affairs that would have (1681); and The Life and Death of the Indefatigable Outlaw Redmond added another dimension and nu- O’Hanlon (1682). merous complications to the feud between St. John and O’Hanlon. In the next century was published the book The Lives and Actions of the Most Notorious Irish Highwaymen, Tories and Rapparees; from Redmond In 1680 the Duke of Ormonde O’Hanlon to Cahier Na Gappul (1747), by J. Cosgrave. enlisted William Lucas, a Co. In 1840 a chapbook, The Surprising Life and Adventures of the Gentleman-robber Redmond O’Hanlon, appeared; and in 1927 Irish Tories, Rapparees and Robbers; With Some Account of the Most Notable, by John J. Marshall was published. A more recent work that includes material on O’Hanlon is The Irish Highwaymen (2001), by Stephen Dunford. 34 History Magazine Summer 2022

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SURGERY CUTTING OUR LOSSES JULIUS BONELLO, MD AND SCOTT PAINTER, MD LOOK AT LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE HISTORY OF AMPUTATIONS Today, surgeons can operate on every organ and enter every British surgeon who in 1867 in- body cavity because of advances in anesthesia. However, before troduced antisepsis to decrease the discovery of anesthesia (the 1840s), surgery was usually the high rate of infection. Lister limited to the extremities. Amputation is probably the oldest would have the patient’s limb, major operation that has been practiced for therapeutic, puni- the surgeon’s hands, instruments tive, and sometimes ritualistic reasons. Archaeological artifacts found and dressings soaked in phenol, show that acquired amputations have been performed since Neolithic decreasing amputation mortality times, at least since 4300 BCE, and prostheses have been used since at from 60% to 15%. Since the 16th least 1500 BCE. The first extant leg prostheses was a bronze lower leg century, surgeons have attempted found at Capua, Italy dated 300 BCE. This was unfortunately destroyed to improve and standardize the in an air raid on the Royal College of Surgeons Museum in London amputation procedure. during WWII. Both Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) and the Roman Aulus Celsus (25 BCE-AD 50) wrote about the need for amputations In pre-anesthetic days, two es- for gangrenous extremities. Hippocrates documented the use of cautery sentials were required to perform to control hemorrhage and dressings soaked in ointments to alleviate the operation: adequate assis- the odor of gangrene. Amputees were still plagued with a high morbid- tance and a speedy technique. ity and mortality rate, which would not change until sterile technique Five assistants were required to became the more common medical practice in the 1860s. hold the limb and to restrain the conscious patient. The straight The severity of extremity inju- MEDICAL ADVANCES knife became the most popular ries drastically changed with the AND PIONEERS instrument for amputation. Some advancement of projectile weap- surgeons would start kneeling onry. Before the advent of gun- There are many famous names and rise to the standing position powder, battle wounds were associated with battle wound am- as the knife was swept around the usually caused by cutting, stab- putations. Ambroise Paré (1510- limb. However, Jacques Lisfranc bing, or clubbing. With the intro- 1590), the French barber-sur- de St. Martin (1790-1847), who duction of gunpowder in China geon to Kings Henry II, Francis could amputate a foot in less around AD 900, injuries became II, Charles IX, and Henry III, in- than a minute, discouraged the much more severe with wounds troduced ligatures in 1564 to stop practice because of the time lost to the muscles, vessels, and nerves. bleeding. Dominique Jean Larrey, rising to the standing position. In fractures with the bones pro- a French surgeon in Napoleon’s Robert Liston (1794-1847), who truding (compound fractures), Grande Armée (1766-1842), in- in 1835 was a professor of surgery injuries were almost invariably fa- troduced triage in 1802 to spe- in London, was reported to carry tal. By the year 1500, gun powder ed up the care of the wounded. out amputation of a leg within 2 was used in all European battles. Baron Larrey, Napoleon’s chief 1/2 minutes. It was said that part At first, only the protruding bone surgeon, holds the record for the of his technique that enabled him was removed, and then the wound greatest number of amputations to use both hands was to hold the was dressed. Because of the tech- performed in a single battle. At knife in his teeth. After introduc- nique’s high mortality rate, am- Borodino (1812), Larrey per- ing anesthesia, (nitrous oxide in putation of the entire limb soon formed 200 amputations in 24 1844; ether in 1846; chloroform became the treatment of choice. hours: one every seven minutes. in 1847) Liston performed the Joseph Lister (1827-1912) was a same operation in 30 seconds. Summer 2022 History Magazine 39

SURGERY NOTABLE AMPUTEES OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR Jackson’s Amputation – J37 Virginia historical marker is on the north side of Plank Road, Virginia Route 3. https://stonesentinels.com/chancellorsville/ The greatest number of amputa- monuments-historical-markers-chancellorsville/jacksons-amputation-j37 tions were performed during the American Civil War. Northern and clear road around the thick woods other limbs, he wrapped it in a southern surgeons performed ap- that entered Hooker’s right flank. blanket and carried it two miles to proximately 80,000 amputations. After conferring with Lee, Jackson his brother’s estate where he bur- A contributor to the high num- took his 30,000 men and attacked ied it in the family cemetery after ber was the popular French Minié Hooker. Hooker’s men, taken by a proper Christian burial. No one ball bullet, conical in shape, and surprise, retreated to the Rappa- consisted of grooves that allowed hannock River. Later that night, https://boundarystones.weta.org/2013 the bullet to expand in the rifle. Lee and Jackson were wondering /05/01/where-stonewalls-arm The increased velocity, distance, exactly where the Northern troops and accuracy of the bullet lead were. He sent out Jackson and his to devastating injuries. Despite aides to spy on Hooker’s position. Hollywood’s depiction showing When Jackson returned, he was screaming patients held down for mistaken for Northern troops and amputations, almost 99% of all fired upon by his own man. His amputations during the Civil War aid was killed, and Jackson was hit were performed under anesthesia. in the hand and twice in his left This enormous number of ampu- arm. The following day, he under- tations account for the largest Fed- went an amputation. eral budget expenditure at the end of the Civil War - prosthetics. Jackson’s chaplain, Reverend Tucker Lacy, was passing through Of the almost 1,000 generals the operating room when he saw who fought during the Civil War, Jackson’s arm in the pile of limbs. 124 died from their wounds and Thinking that Jackson’s arm was almost half sustained injuries, too precious to be buried with the most of them life-threatening. The amputation stories of two generals, one Northern and one Southern, have become part of America’s curiosities and folklore. THOMAS J. “STONEWALL” JACKSON (1824-1863) Born in Virginia, Lt. General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson graduated from West Point Mili- tary Academy in 1846. He served in the army during the Mexican- American war. When the Civil War broke out, he joined the Confed- erate army. He was involved in almost all the battles in the East- ern Theater and quickly became Robert E. Lee’s right-hand man. In May 1863, Jackson and Lee faced General Hooker at Chancellors- ville, Virginia. The forest between the two armies was too thick to cross, but Lee’s scouts found a 40 History Magazine Summer 2022

knows if it is still there, but it has a gravestone. As for Jackson, he did well at first, but on the eighth day died of pneumonia. His body was buried in a family plot in Lexing- ton, Virginia. DANIEL EDGAR SICKLES (1819-1914) Born to a wealthy New York fam- ily, Sickles studied law and passed the bar in 1846. He was elected to the New York Assembly in 1856 and the U.S. Congress in 1857. Sickles was known for personal scandals throughout his career. Most notably, he shot Philip Barton Key II in 1859, in a duel in Lafayette Square across from the White House, for sleeping with his wife. Philip was the son of Francis Scott Key who authored the American national anthem. Sickles’ attorney successfully used the defense of temporary insanity, the first time used in the United States, and Sickles was found to be Portrait of Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, officer of the Federal Army (1860-1865), innocent. Wikipedia During the 1850s, Sickles had been a member of the New York politicking feverishly for two Corps on the left flank on Cem- Militia attaining the rank of gen- months, Congress voted 19 – 18 etery Ridge in Gettysburg, Penn- eral. In March 1862, the U.S. that Sickles would regain his rank sylvania. The Northern troops Congress refused to confirm his and command. had been defeated the day before, commission and forced him to On 2 July 1863, Sickles found just west of the town, and had relinquish his command. After himself at the head of the III regrouped along an elevated ridge south of the town’s cemetery. The south had regrouped along a line south of a Lutheran seminary one and a half miles west of the North- ern troops. Sickles was under the command of General George Meade and this was Meade’s first battle. Sickles did not like his position. His troops were in a depressed area on the field, and he thought it was not an ideal position to defend. He preferred an elevated area 2,000 feet west of his present position, and he went to Meade to argue his point. To Meade, Sickles described his position as “unfit for infantry and impractical for artillery,” and proposed to move The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup. Wikimedia Commons his troops at his discretion. Meade Summer 2022 History Magazine 41

SURGERY The amputation of a limb is ar- guably one of the oldest surgical Amputation being performed in front of a hospital tent, Gettysburg, July 1863. techniques, with evidence as far www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/lifeandlimb/images/OB1210.jpg back as 4300 BCE. As weaponry evolved, the battlefield has seen a drastic increase in the number of extremity injuries requiring rapid intervention. The amputa- tion procedure has transformed historically fatal wounds into sur- vivable injuries. Anesthetics have made amputation a more toler- able and controlled process, and sterile techniques have improved post-operative outcomes. Today, amputations are performed for a wider variety of indications, the most common still being gangre- nous wounds and traumatic inju- ries. While the devastating effects of projectile weaponry continue to change, patients are living well beyond the amputation and the focus has turned to reha- bilitation and post-amputation functionality. Hm stated, “certainly within the limits overran Sickles’ troops. Retreat- JULIUS P. BONELLO, MD, of the general instructions I have ing, a cannon ball struck Sickles’ FACS has taught students and given to you.” Sickles returned to right leg. To reassure his troops, residents for the last 45 years his men and moved his men 2,000 he smoked a cigar while being feet to the west which violated carried off the field. That after- at the University of Illinois Meade’s general instructions. noon and surrounded by his fel- College of Medicine. He now low generals, Sickles underwent Later that day, the Southern an amputation. holds the title of Professor army under Longstreet attacked Emeritus of Clinical Surgery. the northern position, thinking The severed leg was too im- He has eight children and that all the troops were on the portant to be tossed away with lives in Peoria, IL with his wife Cemetery Ridge. They quickly all the rest of the limbs so it was wrapped up and preserved. of 33 years. Sickles’ amputated leg and a Sickles sent his leg in a glass- cannonball on display at NMHM. covered coffin to the new Army SCOTT PAINTER, MD is Wikipedia Medical Museum in Silver Spring, originally from Wheaton, Illinois, Maryland, (founded 1862) now called the National Museum of and he graduated medical Health and Medicine. Sickles school from Indiana University would often visit the museum on the anniversary of the battle. On School of Medicine. He is a personal note, I’ve been to the currently in his fourth year of a museum twice. The first time I general surgery residency at visited was in the 1990s. When I the University of Illinois College asked the curator about the leg, of Medicine in Peoria, Illinois she said it was the most visited with a strong interest in pursuing specimen in the museum. vascular surgery. He currently lives in Peoria with his wife and two girls. 42 History Magazine Summer 2022

Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURALS in 1865. Public Domain Roosevelt’s First Inaugural’s “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself;” and John F. Kennedy’s “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” Other Inaugurals are more notable for the swearing-in ceremony, the Inaugural parade, or evening balls. CELEBRATIONS 18TH & 19TH CENTURY OF DEMOCRACY INAUGURALS Memorable Moments in Presidential Inaugurals started, of US Presidential Inaugurals course, with George Washington. Arriving in New York City (then BY TERRENCE COOLEY the nation’s capital) on 23 April 1789 as President-elect, to much The American tradition of democratic and peaceful transfer public fanfare, he did not take of national political power is displayed every four years at the oath of office until 30 April. the Presidential Inauguration. Since the establishment of the Though Inauguration Day had U.S. Constitution – which makes scant reference to Inaugu- been set as 4 March by the outgo- rations other than precisely laying out the Presidential oath ing Congress under the old Ar- of office – there have been 230 years of quadrennial Inaugurals, 59 in ticles of Confederation, the first total, highlighting and celebrating the democratic basis and nature of Inauguration was postponed, giv- the American form of government. (There have been nine other, solemn ing members of the new Constitu- swearings-in of Vice Presidents to the office of President, vacated eight tion-created Congress time to get times by death and once by resignation.) to New York. As the Constitution is mostly si- for the Inaugural celebrations we Having prepared a 73-page ad- lent on what Inauguration Day know today. dress for the occasion, Washington should look like, incoming Presi- reassessed the situation, delivering dents have made it their own: usu- Some Inaugurals are famous for a 20-minute speech in the Senate ally a celebration but occasionally phrases in Inaugural Addresses chamber. Then he raised his right a response to national or world that shaped the nation: Lincoln’s hand and took the new Constitu- events. Inaugurals have created “the better angels of our nature” tionally prescribed oath of office. memorable moments, and Presi- from his First Inaugural, and “with There are repeated claims that dents have established precedents malice toward none, with charity added at the end “So help me for all” from his Second; Franklin God,” setting a precedent for his successors. There was no Inaugu- ral ball despite Washington’s love of dancing. At his Second Inau- gural, 4 March 1793, Washington gave an Address of 135 words, the shortest in history. In 1797, John Adams’s inaugura- tion was the last time three Found- ing Fathers – outgoing President Washington, incoming President Adams, and Vice President Thomas Jefferson – appeared on the same platform. Adams’s Address includ- ed a 700-word sentence five times Summer 2022 History Magazine 43

PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURALS elect, Martin Van Buren, to and from the Inaugural ceremony. On The 1829 Inauguration for Andrew Jackson. Public Domain the way there, Jackson was on the left, Van Buren on the right, but on as long as Washington’s entire March 1809, gave a quiet Address the way back they switched, with Second Inaugural Address! lasting only six minutes. A group the new President on the left. It of Madison’s friends threw him a became an established tradition. On 4 March 1801, outgoing party, which became the first offi- President Adams didn’t even at- cial Inaugural ball. William Henry Harrison, inau- tend Jefferson’s Inauguration. He gurated on a cold, windy March would not be the last to jilt his James Monroe took the oath day in 1841, without hat, gloves, or successor on their important day. in 1817 in an open-air ceremony, overcoat, gave an outdoor speech His son, John Quincy Adams, was in front of a Capitol still burned lasting an hour and forty minutes “conspicuous by his absence” at out by the War of 1812. Fortu- which resulted in the 68-year-old the 1829 Inauguration of Andrew nately, the weather was “glorious.” becoming ill and dying a month Jackson. Adams could not stand Monroe’s outdoor precedent and a into his term. (Forty-eight years the man, and Jackson had “per- performance by the Marine Band, later, on an Inauguration Day sonally ignored” him. Likewise, were followed at future Inaugu- pummeled by torrential rains, Andrew Johnson did not attend rations. At his 1825 Inaugural, Harrison’s grandson, Benjamin, the 1869 Inaugural of Ulysses S. John Quincy Adams used a book wore a “chamois undersuit” to Grant because of how Grant had of Laws of the United States on keep dry during his Inaugural, to treated him during Johnson’s im- which to take his oath – the only avoid his grandfather’s fate.) peachment battle with Congress. President not sworn in on a Bible. Donald Trump followed these On Inauguration Day, 4 March precedents of presidential dis- Andrew Jackson’s First Inau- 1861, the country was in turmoil; appearing acts by not attending gural in 1829 – sometimes called several southern states already had the 2021 Inauguration of Joseph the first “People’s Inaugural” – is seceded from the Union. The city Biden. famous for the post-Inaugural of Washington was tense and, to “invasion” of the White House by avert the possible assassination In 1801, Jefferson famously a large mob of enthusiastic sup- of the incoming President, sharp- walked to his Inaugural and was porters, “a near riot” with fistfights shooters were on rooftops. Earlier, sworn in by newly appointed Chief over refreshments, torn draperies Lincoln, riding a train into town, Justice John Marshall (the first of and food dumped everywhere. nearly lost his written Address, nine Presidents Marshall would “The people” trashed the place entrusted to his son Robert. It was swear in). Jefferson delivered his while cheering their popular hero. eventually recovered, and Lincoln Address in a barely audible voice, prepared to speak. When he didn’t as he did again four years later. In 1837, a carriage conveyed know what to do with the tall hat James Madison, inaugurated on 4 outgoing President Jackson and he had taken off, his former oppo- his Vice President, now President- nent Stephen Douglas held it for him, later saying, “Well, if I can’t be President at least I can hold the President’s hat.” Lincoln delivered his Address to a quiet and attentive crowd of about 30,000, sensing the gravity of the day and the possibil- ity of a coming war. By Lincoln’s Second Inaugural in 1865, the war was winding down and the atmosphere in the capital more relaxed. Perhaps too relaxed. Vice President Andrew Johnson, staving off illness, drank too much brandy and slurred his oath and speech. Lincoln’s Sec- ond Inaugural Address, calling for “malice toward none” and “charity 44 History Magazine Summer 2022

for all,” recovered the important forecasting Garfield’s assassination. contrasted with a three-and-a- tone of the day, as did a procession When President-elect Grover half-hour parade including rowdy including, for the first time, Afri- cowboys and members of his for- can American soldiers. But then, Cleveland was inaugurated in mer Rough Riders on horseback the White House opened up for 1885, he joined Franklin Pierce with lariats, plus Geronimo and a public reception reminiscent of as the only president to give In- other Native-American leaders in Andrew Jackson’s 1829 disastrous augural Addresses from mem- “war paint and feathers,” carrying event. The crowd stampeded, ory. Cleveland repeated the feat “spears and tomahawks.” Other overran a buffet set out for digni- in 1893 when he became the parade participants included Civil taries, and grabbed fine china and only president to serve two non- War veterans, “Negro Republi- candlesticks as souvenirs. Amidst consecutive terms. cans,” and former Filipino scouts the turmoil, African American from the annexation of the Phil- abolitionist Frederick Douglass, On Inauguration Day 1897, as ippines – a record 35,000 partici- seeking out the President, had William McKinley’s fragile wife, pants in all. to push past the mob and obstruct- Ida, convalesced, his 87-year-old ing police, finally getting close mother, Nancy Allison McKinley, Warren G. Harding’s 1921 to Lincoln who, seeing him, picked up the slack, walking out Inauguration ride with Woodrow shouted “Here comes my friend of a Washington train station Wilson. Public Domain Douglass,” as the two united in with her arms full of roses, mak- conversation. ing her the darling of the media. The 1921 Inaugural revealed a She “became the belle of the Ebbitt study in contrasts. Outgoing Pres- There had been processions be- House” where the McKinleys ident Woodrow Wilson, withered fore, but the first official Inaugural were staying, chatting and wav- and debilitated, rode aside vig- parade was at Ulysses S. Grant’s ing cheerfully to all. Spry and in- orous President-elect Warren G. 1869 Inaugural, complete with dependent, she was called “cute” Harding. Wilson was described as a military marching bands hon- by newspapers. McKinley’s In- ghost-like “pathetic figure,” whom oring the Civil War hero. James augural parade expanded to in- the youthful-looking Harding Garfield’s 1881 Inaugural included clude groups of women, Native helped in and out of the car. As a huge military parade, including Americans and others, followed by Wilson used a wheelchair to en- a band led by the “March King,” various animals and floats. ter the Capitol, Harding bounded John Philip Sousa. There was a up the Capitol steps. Ironically, foreboding moment in the pro- 20TH & 21ST CENTURY two and a half years later, in Au- cession when a hearse went astray, INAUGURALS gust 1923, the cadaverous-looking ending up in the Inaugural parade, Wilson rode in the funeral pro- “and rolled grimly along,” eerily Theodore Roosevelt’s 1905 Inau- cession that carried the casket gural was boisterous and festive. of Harding, who had died in of- His six-minute Inaugural Address fice, from the White House to the Capitol. The “ghost” was giving his Grover Cleveland’s 1885 Inaugural Address. At the time, only Grover Cleveland respects to the body of the man and Franklin Pierce gave their Inaugural Addresses from memory. Public Domain who had so recently bounded up the steps in front of him. On 4 March 1925, Calvin Coolidge gave the first Inaugural Address broadcast on the radio. Coolidge was sworn in by Chief Justice William Howard Taft, the first time an ex-president did Summer 2022 History Magazine 45

PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURALS the honors. The second time was four years later when Taft guided Herbert Hoover in the oath. Eisenhower lassoed by cowboy during the 1953 Inaugural parade. Public Domain The 1929 Inauguration, first new First Lady Mamie Eisenhower successors. Ronald Reagan brought recorded on newsreels, was tem- jumped up and down with glee. Hollywood glamor to his 1981 porarily stopped as outgoing Pres- Her actions were reported by the and 1985 Inaugurals, and evening ident Coolidge and President-elect Washington Herald’s 24-year-old balls became more numerous and Hoover impatiently waited on the “Inquiring Camera Girl” who also glamorous in later years. Inaugural platform for their wives, drew sketches to include with the Grace Coolidge and Lou Hoover, story. She was Jacqueline Bouvier. The new century witnessed the who somehow got lost on their Within eight months she would be Inauguration of the first black way to the festivities. Eventually, Jackie Kennedy, and in eight years, President, Barack Obama, in 2009. they surfaced, rushed to their as- First Lady herself, watching the The 2021 Inaugural installed the signed seats, “out of breath and Inaugural parade from the same first woman, and woman of color, giggling,” and the ceremony to in- reviewing stand. Vice President Kamala Harris. It stall a new president was allowed was held at a time of great divisive- to continue. When that time came in 1961, ness in the country, and during a at John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural, worldwide pandemic that created President Harry Truman was events seemed to conspire against a totally different social distancing inaugurated on 20 January 1949 a smooth-running celebration. and face mask-wearing event. But (the date was changed from March A smoking lectern on the Inau- with this latest Inaugural, as was by the 20th Amendment to the gural platform nearly disrupted true throughout all, the purpose Constitution). It was the first in- the Address, and blinding sun- and thrust of Inauguration Day tegrated Inaugural, with African light prevented 86-year-old Rob- was a celebration of democracy Americans invited to all main Inau- ert Frost from reading the poem and the American tradition of the gural events, and the first televised. he wrote for the occasion, forcing peaceful transfer of power. During the Inaugural parade, him to recite an older poem from the President welcomed onto the memory. An interesting post- That continues to be a cause reviewing stand a woman argu- script: The 1961 Inaugural was the worth celebrating. Hm ing with a policeman about not only one in history that involved having a ticket; she was actress four (consecutive) presidents: TERRENCE COOLEY is a Tallulah Bankhead, daughter of Eisenhower and Nixon on the way former Speaker of the House out, Kennedy and Johnson on the retired local government William Bankhead. Truman radi- way in. ated throughout the long parade, administrator residing in except on two occasions: when In 1977, President Jimmy Carter segregationist South Carolina walked part of his Inaugural pa- Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a Governor Strom Thurmond rode rade, a precedent followed by past “waving happily” and Truman presidential history buff, and just stared at him, and when white supremacist Georgia Governor a regular contributor to Herman Talmadge rode past, and Truman turned his back on him. History Magazine. On 20 January 1953, at President -elect Dwight (“Ike”) Eisenhower’s Inaugural, an incredible five-hour parade included a cowboy on horseback who lassoed the new President; though Ike was annoyed, the horseman had been given a green light by the Secret Service so didn’t get into trouble. During the parade, as cadets from West Point – where Ike had graduated – marched past the viewing stand, 46 History Magazine Summer 2022

DRYLLIAD Y TEVIOTDALE SHIPWRECKS – THE WRECK OF THE TEVIOTDALE DR. STEVE WARD RECOUNTS THE HARROWING TALE OF A WRECK OFF THE SOUTH COAST OF WALES Ihave always had a fascina- Ferryside before the arrival of the railway in 1852. Watercolour. Unknown artist. tion with words, how they are (Courtesy of Maris Watkins) written, and how they sound when spoken. It is amazingly Salem Baptist Chapel circa 1900. Postcard. Courtesy of Maris Watkins magical the way a few marks on a paper can convey so much place of his birth. He lived his whole life at this address and my great meaning. As a child, I was an avid grandfather was also born there. The cottage still stands today, although reader. I would read anything I it is now a holiday let. could lay my hands on. I also liked to write, sometimes too much. Of- ten a simple instruction at school to write a story would lead to me filling a complete exercise book! So I suppose it was no surprise that words became my life; first training in theater, then moving into teaching, and since retiring, as a researcher and writer. I often wondered where this interest in language came from. Was it some- thing born with me or did I inherit it from a previous generation? It was only when I began research- ing my family genealogy that I dis- covered that my maternal x2Great Grandfather was a poet of some renown. John Ivor Edwards was born in 1844, in the small coastal town of Ferryside, Carmarthenshire, Wales, in the community of St Ishmael, and a population of 846 at the time of his birth. Ferryside had been for several centuries a ferry crossing point across the mouth of the river Twyi, off which lie the notorious Cefn Sidan sand- banks. John Ivor’s grandfather, a stonemason, built Ivy Cottage, the Summer 2022 History Magazine 47

SHIPWRECKS LEFT: The Edwards family outside of Ivy Cottage 1895. The adult male is John Ivor Edwards, the boy far right is my Great Grandfather. Courtesy of Maris Watkins RIGHT: Ivy Cottage as it is today. Courtesy of Maris Watkins Although he worked as a laborer/ and damage; trees were uprooted, buildings were damaged, and crops contractor, John Ivor was a stal- ruined. On the evening of 14 October, the steel-hulled vessel named the wart of the Salem Baptist Church Teviotdale left Cardiff with a full cargo of Welsh coal bound for Bombay in the village, as well as being a in India. Onboard were James Smith, the Master (Captain) and a crew clerk to the local council. Unfor- of 29 hands. The crew was a very diverse group and came from all over tunately, the parish records of his the world; Scotland, England, Sweden, Germany, Denmark, America, period have not survived. The Greece, Norway, and the Seychelles Islands. By 10:30 p.m. the wind was Edwards family was well known growing into a raging storm. During the night, the ship lost most of its in the village, but perhaps it was canvas sails, and early the next morning it took a roll, the cargo shifted John Ivor’s way with words that to starboard, and the vessel took on water. By mid-morning, the Master brought him to be called upon tried to head back towards Cardiff, but the wind and the swell drove the to record all the notable local ship onto the dreaded Cefn Sidan sands. The vessel keeled over onto its happenings in verse. John Ivor starboard side and the sea washed over it. Ifor Ishmael vividly sets the Edwards penned many poems un- scene in the poem; der the bardic name of ‘Ifor Ish- mael’, the term bardd being Welsh Aeth dau ddeg naw o ddynion dewr ati i wynebu’r cefnfor. Roedd pob un for a poet. There is an ancient tra- yn hapus ac yn ysgafn ond yn fuan daeth pob calon hapus yn drist ac er dition of literary poetry that is an gwaethaf eu holl ymdrechion holltodd y llong. integral part of Welsh culture and there are distinct classes of poetic Yng nghanol eu holl galedi roeddent yn credu y byddent i gyd yn cael eu meter that must be followed. The boddi. Nid oedd unrhyw ffordd i roi arwydd i unrhyw un ar dir. Nid oedd rich content of the poetry and the lleuad. Nid oedd sêr i ysgafnhau’r nefoedd ac roedd yr holl elfennau yn meticulous craft can only be fully erbyn y dynion dewr. appreciated in the original Welsh language. Direct translations into Cafodd y llong ddiflas fel babi gwan ei hyrddio o don i don nes iddi ddod i English are difficult and are often lan Cefn Sidan. interpretations, appearing more like prose poetry. Yn ofidus ac yn cwyno, cefnodd y criw ar bob gobaith. The most famous of Ifor Ishmael’s Twenty nine brave men set out to face the ocean. All were happy and light works, and the only one extant, hearted but soon every happy heart became sorrowful and in spite of all was written in 1886 and titled their efforts the ship split. Drylliad y Teviotdale or The Wreck of the Teviotdale in English and I In the midst of all their hardship they believed they would all be drowned. am fortunate to have a copy. He There was no way to signal anyone on land. There was no moon. There wrote it in response to the events were no stars to lighten up the heavens and all the elements were against of the 15 and 16 October of that the brave men. year when a tremendous storm lashed across the south Wales The miserable ship like a feeble baby was hurled from wave to wave til it coast causing extensive flooding came to the shore of Cefn Sidan. Distressed and moaning, the crew abandoned all hope. (unattributed translation) A fog descended but the shoreline could be made out in the distance 48 History Magazine Summer 2022

and the Master ordered the boats put him in the boat, but the sea some form of cork flotation jacket to be lowered around mid-day. washed him away, and I did not see as their only safety device. We can Unfortunately, three of them had him after. I and another man and only imagine the bravery needed been stove in due to the storm and the two deceased stuck to the boat to face the worst of storms to aid the fourth was damaged but ser- until she grounded, and we got fellow seamen in distress. viceable. The Master, the second ashore’. and third officers, twelve men, and Ifor Ishmael lists the brave crew four young apprentices crammed Back on the Teviotdale, the re- in the poem; themselves into the boat, and de- maining crew was trying to attract spite the Chief Officer’s protest, attention by firing rockets and William Thomas, - cadben medrus left the stricken ship. Within min- lighting fires. It was not until the A John Jones y gwron craffus, utes, the little boat was caught mist had lifted that those on shore Evan Arthur a John Davies, broadside by the waves and cap- realized that there was a vessel in Parod a bob pryd: sized. One of the two survivors distress. They attempted to launch gave the story of what happened at the Pembrey lifeboat, but the seas Herbert Thomas digri’, the Inquest into the deaths of the were running so high that it was Henaf o’r holl gewri only two bodies that were washed impossible to do so. Around mid- Gwna ei waith rhwng tonnau llaith ashore. These bodies were the only night on Friday they launched the En cadw dyn rhag boddi : ones to be found at the time of Ferryside lifeboat, named the City Simon Thomas, er ei gloffni those lost. The account appeared of Manchester, under the com- Cystal gwr ar un o’r teulu, in The Carmarthen Journal 22 mand of the coxswain William David Jones sydd raid ei enwi, October 1886; Thomas. Enwaf hwynt i gyd. John Martin, A.B. Seaman, of the Victorian lifeboats were a far cry Thomas William ddaw yn nesaf Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean from the high-powered machines George ei frawd – dau am y cryfaf said, ‘I was one of the men in the we see today. They would have been Edward Waters yno welaf Captain’s boat, which left the ship open wooden built boats powered Gyda’i rwyf a’i rif: after she struck. Soon after leaving by oars. Some, like the Ferryside Thomas Williams unwaith eto the ship the boat was struck on the boat, also had a foremast and sail Gyda’r blaenaf i anturio, side by a sea and capsized, all of used when the weather was right Nerthol wr pan fyddo taro,- us being thrown out. I righted the to do so. We think of lifeboatmen Hoew ac yn hyf. boat and put the four apprentices (and women) today with all their (all small boys about ten or twelve enhanced safety equipment as be- Er cael bod yn weddus, years old) in it, but the boat was ing very brave, and quite right Enwaf Tommy Davies, full of water, and they were washed too, but the Victorian lifeboatmen Eto ddau o’r dewrion rai,- out. The Captain called to me to were another breed. All volunteers, Sef Charlie Thomas hoenus, save him, and I caught him and as today, would turn out in their A George Thomas fachgen grymus, ordinary wear with possibly only Dyma grew y Lifeboat taclus, Ddaeth yn iach a’r deg truenes, Ferryside lifeboat and crew circa 1885. Courtesy of Maris Watkins Ffwrdd o’r Teviotdale. William Thomas able captain John Jones a wise hero Evan Arthur, John Davies always ready to rescue Herbert Thomas eldest of all the brave men risked his life in seas that caused the deaths of many men Simon Thomas in spite of his lameness was as good as any other member of the family and David Jones, I must mention these Next is Thomas Williams and George his brother two of the strongest seamen I saw Edwards Waters with his oar and number. Summer 2022 History Magazine 49

SHIPWRECKS its starboard side almost buried in the sand. Being nearer to the The launching of the Ferryside lifeboat circa 1890. Courtesy of Maris Watkins shore, once the storm had abated, it made it easier for local people to Thomas Williams a goodly brave o’clock on Saturday morning, the access the wreck. Carts and boats man among the first to venture out. remaining crew scrambled aboard were used to plunder the wreck the lifeboat and safely delivered to of its cargo of coal. Some survi- In order to be fair I also name shore. It had been a harrowing ex- vors returned to the ship, hoping Tommy Davis and another two of perience, but the gallant Ferryside to save their clothing and pos- the brave ones were Charlie and lifeboatmen successfully rescued sessions. When they arrived, they George Thomas, a powerful boy. all ten crew members. Sadly, one found their property had been These were the crew of the trim survivor from the capsized Cap- stolen. I am sure this tinged their lifeboat who came through safely tain’s boat died shortly after the gratitude with anger at the actions and rescued the ten sad men Inquest because of exposure, and of some of the local people. aboard the Teviotdale. one further body was later washed (unattributed translation) up on the shore. They found no The storm of October 1886 was trace of the remaining victims. one of the worst to rage across It took almost three hours for south Wales and the wreck of the the lifeboat to reach the stricken The ship drifted about a mile Teviotdale was the greatest loss of vessel; the men pulling valiantly on further towards the shore over the life in Carmarthen Bay. Ghosts of their oars and assisted by a raised following few hours and finally that disaster still exist today, for at foresail. Eventually, at about five came to rest on a sandbank with low water, the splintered remains of the Teviotdale can still be seen reaching out of the sands. The Drylliad y Teviotdale came out of the tragedy of that night, and I am proud to have discovered my poet ancestor, Ifor Ishmael. Hm DR. STEVE WARD is a social historian, genealogist, and author. He has written widely on family history matters and has published ten books on a variety of subjects. The final remains of the Teviotdale visited by the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society in the 1980s. Photograph by permission of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society 50 History Magazine Summer 2022