SOUTH AFRICA APRIL 2022 On sale 28 March – 25 April 2022 GARDEN DESIGN Gourmet To DIY or Autumn & rather not? Winter veg Absolutely Abelia! Why do leaves change colour? HEDGE YOUR Decorate BEDS WITH indoors 5 TALL with EVERGREENS Fragrant R48.50 Other Hyacinths INCL VAT countries 42.17 10 Houseplants for 2022
WELCOME If any of you need to feel inspired or both have attention deficit issues and like to And that’s it guys – keep uplifted, please do yourself a favour and do 100 different things at once. So keep an gardening and we’ll see you watch The Green Planet on BBC. It’s a David eye out on future magazines and our social next month. Attenborough production and explores media for more with Justin. the beautiful, dramatic plant life on Earth. Izolda and I watched the first couple of episodes the other night, and WOW! If you ever thought that plants were dumb and inert, think again, because they can communicate, strategize, hunt and feel. And they can count! I’ve read loads of books about this in the past, but to actually see this all portrayed in such spectacular footage, with slow-motion and time lapse, under water and in jungles or deserts is simply mind-blowing. I cannot recommend it enough, and if you ever wanted to convert someone into a plant lover, just show them this. More inspiration can be found on these pages, especially in the article on Waterford Hall. This is a special grand old dame, and if you ever have the opportunity to visit it during open gardens, grab it with both hands. The owner and landscaper have done a great job together in transforming this property into something reminiscent of great Italian gardens with a local twist. Come to think of it, there seems to be something inspirational on almost every page of this issue. If you’re into indoor plants (and everyone seems to be these days!) take a look at our Top 10 for 2022. The cover image will also have captured your eye, and we can’t blame you. The variegated Monstera we feature on the cover is sublime but hard to track down and in great demand. You will battle to find it in your usual nursery, so look online at specialist indoor plant suppliers and you might get lucky. I simply love variegated plants and need to collect every single one I see! I also have some exciting news for the future: Izolda and I went foraging in the Transkei with Justin Bonello and he has agreed to contribute to our magazines! It was such a treat to be able to spend time with someone who is my hero, doing such incredible stuff with cooking on TV, especially since I love braaiing so much. To be out there, in one of the most beautiful places in the world, fishing and foraging and cooking and eating and arguing with a like-minded person, was so special. He’s like my brother from another mother – we
Contents 18 24 36 42 APRIL 2022 Inspiration DIY What to do now 57 Herb of the month Calendula 10 Garden feature 68 Make it yourself 49 Planning and actions Old world charm Savvy storage for the garden this 58 Succulent month Velvet daisies 18 Garden design Regulars To DIY or not to DIY 49 Bedding plants 59 Preserving spinach 6 Garden Galleria The charm of 40 Nature Awesome Autumn snapdragons 60 Plant now Why leaves change Juncus ‘Blue Dart’ colour in Autumn 70 Plant by the moon 50 Lavender and roses April lunar guide 61 Pest control Plants 52 Bulbs Italian cypress aphid 72 Stoep Story Using hyacinths as 4 Trusty trio Blight or blessing? indoor decor 62 Time for hardwood Potted fruits of the sun cuttings Food Gardening 53 Plant now 24 Plant feature Russelia 63 Your rose garden Absolutely Abelia 42 Vegetables Go gourmet with 54 In the veg garden 64 Direct sowing 30 Plant feature Autumn and • Sowing guide Flower scatterings 5 Tall evergreen hedges Winter veggies • How to condition compact soil 67 Checklist 36 Indoor plants • Garden tasks 10 houseplants for 2022 53 Plant now Thunbergia alata www.thegardener.co.za l 3
TRUSTY TRIO Here is a short lowdown on potted citrus trees: Use roomy pots and make sure that Potted fruits of they have ample drainage holes, as citrus the sun trees in containers detest constantly wet feet due to bad drainage. Use a bark-based Add a little zest to your herb garden, sunny patio or balcony with potting soil and add some river sand to it, to some smart potted trees that will give you a crop of bright little help with drainage and also hold moisture citrus fruits in winter (but basically all year long!) to use in the for longer. You can mix a water-retention product into the potting medium too. Citrus kitchen for all kinds of delicious delicacies. in general like temperate climates, but the ones recommended below will take some winter cold and will even tolerate light frost. The best growing position is full sun, to encourage a generous crop, although light shade during the day will not be harmful. Watering should be regular in containers, but take care not to overdo it. As citrus are heavy feeders, a monthly dose of balanced fertiliser is needed. Bearss lime Variegated calamondin Makrut lime This is a heavier-bearing, and more cold- Regarded as a natural hybrid and a cross Also known as the cooking lime leaf (Citrus hardy, selection of the Tahitian lime (Citrus between a kumquat and a mandarin, it hystrix), this is a very unusual citrus plant x latifolia). Limes are delicious citrus is a small (2 x 2m) evergreen tree with that is valued for its highly aromatic leaves, fruits with a tasty zing that adds flavour marbled leaves edged in cream. Although which are used extensively as a flavouring to food and drinks. The fruits are greener calamondins are mainly grown for in Southeast Asian cooking. The essential and smaller than lemons, with a milder ornamental reasons, like training them into oil is used in perfumery. Every leaf on this citrus taste and a very high vitamin C standard topiary specimens so suitable evergreen tree looks like two ovate leaves content. They are seedless and can appear for pots, their tart fruit is edible and can fused together. The small, white, highly year-round. Pick them when they have a be used in jams and marmalade. The fragrant flowers are followed by green fruits vibrant green colour and are juicy. If left variegated calamondin’s small round fruit with a knobbly skin. Fruit rind is candied on the tree they will turn from dark green turns golden orange when ripe in winter, and used to flavour curry pastes. to yellow. while immature fruit is interestingly striped with green. As this is a small (2 x 1.5m), thorny tree Mature size in the ground is about 5 x with a spreading or sprawling growth 5m, but this will be inhibited in containers. This cutie pie is quite cold tolerant and habit, a regular pinching out of growing Only light pruning is needed to shape this will handle light to moderate frost. It can tips and cutting back of spindly growth to evergreen fruit tree. also be grown as a novelty indoor plant in a encourage a bushy form is beneficial. warm spot with lots of light. 4 l www.thegardener.co.za
Safe and easy-to- AWESOME AUTUMN use fly traps New tech in compound mitre saws Keep flies under control with Protek’s reusable and disposable The Kapex Sliding Compound Mitre Saws from Festool take mitre Flyzone traps and bait. They saws to a new level with new technology including variable speed, contain a non-toxic, organic wide-spaced rails to add stability, and a magnesium alloy base that protein bait that is safe to use. makes it lightweight. There are two options available, the KS 60 and The attractant is activated when KS 120. These will allow users to measure and cut inside and outside water is added to the bag. Lured corners without complex calculations. These sliding compound by the scent, flies enter the trap mitre saws offer great features and value. through the top cap and drown in www.vermontsales.co.za the water. www.protek.co.za Easy nutrients for New pest and disease controls potted plants Makhro Home and Garden has launched some new products to Starke Ayres Nutri Stix is a plant- sort out those pesky pests and diseases in the garden. Because food stick with highly nutritive certain pests might have developed resistance against your elements to nourish plants currently overused insecticide, it is time for a change. Mikka is an during the autumn into winter. organophosphate, making it the perfect solution to re-establish The plant-food sticks should be complete control of various insects on your ornamentals and roses inserted completely into the soil and in flower gardens. between the plant and the edge of the pot. The sticks dissolve and Halo is a granular weedkiller in conveniently pre-measured provide plants with the necessary packaging, and has the ability to control nutsedge and other types nutrients. of broadleaf weeds. www.starkeayres.com Sulfostar is an excellent product certified for organic farming CANNA Coco (or gardening). Its low toxicity is not harmful to bees and natural predators such as predatory mites and ladybirds. Still, it provides One of the finest coco substrates to grow your crops, CANNA control of various fungal diseases as well as certain mites and thrips. Coco Professional Plus is washed and buffered to ensure a perfect www.makhro.co.za substrate. It is free from soil diseases and has an excellent water/air system, providing ideal conditions for rapid development of plants. Available in loose coco or a compressed brick. Read more on canna.co.za 6 l www.thegardener.co.za
New herbs for autumn Safe and effective ant Just in time for autumn, MayFord is releasing the first batch of traps several new herb varieties. Check out: • Garden Rocket – milder than our pungent Wild Rocket and one AnTrap® is a ready- to-use ant trap with of the easiest, fastest foods to grow. Perfect in pesto, delicious bait for indoor and in dips, perfect on pizza, and the slightly peppery flavour aids outdoor use. The digestion. unique formulation • Catnip – an extreme treat for cats! When they sniff, lick, rub eradicates the entire or roll on the leaves, they release aromatic oils that produce a nest, including the queen. The two 10g euphoric or calming effect. Catnip: the ‘happy pill’ for cats! traps offer easy and safe application as • English lavender – this herb has many culinary uses and makes there is no contact with the insecticide. a stunning fragrant addition to borders, providing sweeping They provide up to two months control. drifts of colour from early summer into autumn. It is also ideal www.protek.co.za for creating informal hedges and may be harvested for fragrant vase arrangements, sachets and potpourri. www.mayford.co.za Avo ripening bag Highly effective fertiliser Grow Veggies has launched the Avocado Ripening Bag, Guanoflo is a certified organic which makes ripening avos fertiliser made from seabird guano. easy and gets it done in It supplies your plants with macro half the time. The hormone and micro nutrients ethylene, which ripens avos and improves carbon and bananas, is trapped in levels in the soil. Dilute the fibres of the bag and one litre of Guanoflo gets to work immediately to in 40 litres of water ripen what is in the bag. An and apply weekly to all added attraction is that the plants, directly to the bag is made from recycled soil or as a foliar feed. plastic. To order email geoff@ www.protek.co.za thetradepost.co.za or call 073 224 7878. Make and win! Winter flower mega packs What’s more fun than an Easter Egg Hunt with the Mayford recently launched their new mega kids! Stand a chance to win pack range of winter flowers with new easy- this awesome Easter Bunny to-see indicators, including ‘Throw & Sow’ Basket or the Fragram (indicating easy to sow), ‘Waterwise’ (low water tools we used to make it. user), ‘Indigenous’, ‘Bee Friendly’ (attractive Scan the QR code below to pollinators), ‘Cut Flower’ (good for the or visit our website www. vase), as well as ‘Enough for’ 5m2. The sowing thegardener.co.za to see instructions have been revamped on the back the DIY and find out how to of the packet to show how to measure out the enter the competition. square metres of the sowing area. Look out for these at your local garden centre. www.mayford.co.za www.thegardener.co.za l 7
GARDEN FEATURE Old World CHARM Amidst rolling hills, vleis and forests lies Waterford Hall, a sparkling gem of a garden brimming with clever plantings, delightful lines and quite a few surprises. 10 I www.thegardener.co.za
IN BRIEF: What: Farm garden Where: 7km from Howick, KZN Size: Approximately ½ acre Climate: Mistbelt in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands Designer: Mike Hammersley J ust over eight years ago the owner of Waterford Hall decided to give her house a facelift and knew that it was the perfect time to do the garden as well. She brought in landscaper Mike Hammersley to do the honours. The property is situated on the side of a hill, and apart from a handful of trees and shrubs it was pretty much virgin land. In the few years since the ground was first broken, Mike has managed to transform this blank canvas into something quite spectacular, so much so that it was one of the highlights of the KZN Open Gardens of 2021. TEXT AND PHOTOGRAPHS Connall Oosterbroek
ABOVE The enticing entrance beckons you to come in and explore. Making an Entrance BELOW An intricate box parterre has been placed just below a low balcony as it is best viewed from above. When it comes to entrances, Waterford Hall certainly does it with style and panache. 12 I www.thegardener.co.za Visitors are greeted by an enticing set of stairs that draws you up the terraces and into the landscape. Your first impression is dominated by the Italianate homestead where climbing wisteria both softens the Baroque architecture and adds to the overall theatre, further beckoning you to enter and explore. Mike wanted to create a feeling of excitement and escapism when exploring the garden, and he certainly achieved this. By using a play of light between shade and sun, the sound of falling water, the reflection from ponds and the colour and scent from the perennials and roses, all your senses are stimulated as you move from one secret garden into the next. “My client gave me almost complete carte blanche when it came to the design and choice of planting material. We did pore over lots of books for inspiration and identified pictures of other gardens that we both liked. She was particularly taken with the formal baroque garden on Isola Bella,” says Mike. This world-famous garden was created on a tiny island on Lake Maggiore, Italy, way back in the 1600s and has delighted visitors, including Napoleon, ever since. The Baroque style of the house, reminiscent of the buildings on Isola Bella, with its theatrical flourishes and enchanting lines, had a major influence on the design. “We wanted a flow from inside out and then back indoors, with some of the drama of the architecture spilling over into the landscape. I brought this in with a combination of terraces, stairs and formal paths connecting the garden rooms, pavilions and gazebos,” he explains. Rooms with a View The landscape is broken up into a multitude of rooms, each one a standalone garden in its own right. The rooms are connected by a warren of paths that tease you with an oblique glimpse of what’s ahead and demand that you follow to see what is to come. Working off an axis is a very powerful tool in garden design. An axis is an imaginary line that divides a garden into two or more parts, while also connecting the different points. It can be presented in the form of a path, line of hedging or trees.
ABOVE Softened by roses and perennials, this axis path leads the eye through the gate and over the borrowed landscape of the dam and distant forest. RIGHT Flowering cherries and a sculptural piece of driftwood lend a Japanese feel to this section of the garden. FAR RIGHT A combination of Spiraea arguta and the more traditional Buxus sempervirens make for perfect small hedges. www.thegardener.co.za I 13
To ensure an even flow through the garden, Mike used an axis extensively in his layout. “An axis controls the movement through the garden from room to room. In a garden it is directional, orderly and can even be slightly dominating, but its overall effect is to unify the landscape,” he explains. Defining axes helped break a daunting project into manageable bites, allowing Mike to create one room at a time. The boundary of each room is defined by the addition of a new axis formed by a path, a hedge or a combination of the two. Judging by the comments from the Open Day visitors, it was difficult to gauge which of the rooms was the favourite. Many insisted that it was the white garden at the rear of the house, where a combination of white flowers and roses leads you up to a domed gazebo. Others were completely taken with the Chinese pavilion, so named because the inside walls are painted emperor yellow. Whatever your favourite space is, this garden is a perfect example of just what can be created in small spaces and how to seamlessly connect them. What would a garden be without somewhere to sit? There is ample seating throughout the garden, inviting all to sit down and soak up the views or escape into the pages of a good book. RIGHT A private garden terrace close to the house centres around a large box topiary. FAR RIGHT Another good example of using an axis in garden design, this garden path leads you up and through a ‘tent’ of Chinese jasmine. BELOW LEFT Old terracotta tiles and aged cast-iron furniture give this room a sense of permanence and history. BELOW RIGHT There are several fountains carefully placed throughout the garden, both to add sound and to attract the movement of birds. BOTTOM LEFT Giant gunnera and sculptural agave leaves add interest as you approach the stairs. BOTTOM RIGHT This paved terrace has excellent views over the gardens and is just waiting to be covered by a white wisteria. 14 I www.thegardener.co.za
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ABOVE This little manicured terrace, filled with white roses and perennials, affords a view of the large dam. RIGHT A garden nymph, backed by the yellow/green foliage of Acer ‘Kelly’s Gold’, acts as a focal point at the end of a path. Planting Pallet Although the soil is a bit on the clayey side, it is very rich and the addition of compost and the sloping nature of the property ensured that the drainage is good. Combine this with the climate of the Midlands and your planting pallet really opens up. Mike selected a diverse mixture of plants that thrive in this environment, concentrating on a rich mix of roses, perennials, and flowering shrubs and trees. “I wanted to bring in a gentler, English aspect to the beds in order to soften some of the hard lines of the formal hedges and straight, gravel-lined paths.” There’s no getting away from it: this is a labour- intensive garden. The hedges need to be kept neat and clipped, there are always weeds popping up, and the plants, particularly the roses, want regular feeding and spraying. There is a dedicated gardener on the property but Mike visits once a month at the very least. “And before the Open Day it’s almost daily,” he chips in with a wry smile. Credit – Mike Hammersley Landscapes 083 6633384, [email protected] 16 I www.thegardener.co.za
PLANT GALLERY Rose ‘Dark Lady’ (David Austin) Rose ‘Pat Austin’ (David Austin) Rose ‘Sophy’s Rose’ (David Austin) Berberis ‘Orange Rocket’ Iris sibirica Lonicera etrusca ‘Superba’ Prunus serrulata (Japanese flowering cherry) Clematis montana Gunnera manicata (giant rhubarb) www.thegardener.co.za I 17
GARDEN DESIGN To DIY or not to DIY Before you break out the TEXT Mike Rickhoff tools and get started on a DIY garden project, honestly gauge your skills versus the difficulty of what you’re about to undertake. Here are some points to help you with the decision.
Whenever we see a beautiful garden, whether it’s in person or in the pages of The Gardener, we see elements that we would love to recreate in our own gardens. This could be something as simple as a low stone wall or a garden path or something as complicated and spectacular as a retaining wall or water feature. Once we’ve decided we want to recreate such an element, we need to decide how to do it – is it a viable DIY project or should we call in the experts? Remember: sometimes the cheap route ends up expensive! While this is a design article, and so the aesthetics of a project need to meet the expectations, many projects also need to be correctly designed and installed to be safe and useful. Paved surfaces, garden floors and walkways Garden floors, driveways, paths and walkways are practical elements, and so structural integrity, stability and ergonomic utility are key. While most homeowners can easily place the odd stepping stone in the garden, installing a driveaway or properly paved path or patio can require professional expertise in both design and application. A poorly laid surface can unravel very quickly and become unsightly, uncomfortable and unsafe, and so it is best to consult a properly qualified, reputable paving contractor to carry out this type of work. Retaining walls, terraces and sunken areas Retaining walls are an ideal solution for terracing a sloped area in the garden or for creating raised beds, but care needs to be taken when constructing them. Walls of any sort need some sort of foundation, which ultimately determines the quality and integrity of the wall itself. Building a small raised garden using cinderblocks, poles, sleepers or bricks is well within the skill set and capabilities of the average home gardener. Sunken areas are no more than retained spaces and, apart from structural integrity of the retaining walls, the other main consideration would be drainage. The degree to which expert advice www.thegardener.co.za I 19
is needed for this type of feature will depend on how extensive it is, but at the very least a competent builder should be involved in the construction. Where slopes and retaining walls are concerned, however, it is probably best to consult an experienced designer, engineer or contractor. Steps Apart from a few simple steps up a gentle slope in the garden, steps that are appropriate for purpose, safe, ergonomically comfortable and robust require a measure of careful planning, design work and suitable construction skills. While it is true that many step designs are simple affairs, some are much more complex. In both cases the same principles apply to 20 I www.thegardener.co.za
their arrangement, structure and layout. The most basic relationship that exists in the structure of a step is the relationship between riser (height) and tread (depth) and this relationship needs to be taken into account when designing the step. Length (what we call the run) as well as height (or the fall) of the area into which a series of steps must fit forms the basis of the design of a full set of steps. Steps forming part of the same flight must be consistent for ergonomic comfort and not of varied and diverse dimensions. Steps must be safe, non-slippery, comfortable and visible. Moreover, certain rules apply to appropriate inclusion of landings for pause where staircases comprise many steps, as well as the minimum sizes of such landings. So once again, there are many examples of installing simple steps that are well within the reach of most of us, but when it comes to more complex challenges the best option may be to speak to the experts. Water features Water features can range from bird baths and easy-to-install pre-formed ponds to involved cascades, fountains and swimming pools. This family of garden features includes many pick-up- and-put-down products that require little or no installation expertise and carry virtually no risk of something going wrong. Having said this, it is perhaps also true to say that much heartache and unwarranted expense has been caused by shoddy or ill-advised water feature installations. As we move on to more complex and larger features involving water, the need to consult reputable specialists increases exponentially. Cognisance must be taken of levels and levelling, position, size, function, complexity, configuration as well as ongoing cleaning and maintenance. Importantly, health and safety issues specifically relating to water feature elements must be fully understood and put in place by the homeowner. Over and above this, we need to bear in mind that water is heavy and structures designed to hold water – especially in larger volumes – must be strong, sound and reliable. Surrounding areas that support such structures must likewise carry unfailing structural integrity. Water elements that require movement or reticulation of water and complicated pump and filtration systems are especially vulnerable to glitches – particularly in the hands of the uninformed. A word to the wise – electricity and water are uncomfortable bedfellows, so even relatively simple self-contained features that require water movement via pumps will necessarily require outdoor electrical connections that should be carried out by a suitably qualified electrical practitioner. www.thegardener.co.za I 21
Mike Rickhoff is the faculty head of Lifestyle College as well as a landscape Irrigation consultant. He can be contacted at Lifestyle College on 011 792 8244, [email protected] or at Michael Rickhoff Landscape Irrigation systems can seem deceptively simple, Consulting on 083 408 1610, [email protected]. and yet the more we know about how they function, the more we may come to realise how 22 I www.thegardener.co.za much we have yet to learn. There are many garden watering systems that operate on simple DIY kits and seem to get the job done satisfactorily, especially in small, uncomplicated spaces. Larger and more diverse spaces are a different story, however, where efficiencies and effectiveness need to be taken into account. Applied correctly, irrigation should be efficient, trouble-free and cost-effective. Efficiency relates to applying water to areas in the garden according to the needs of the plant group in that area. Properly designed systems also help to eliminate excess overspray and avoid ‘rain shadows’ – areas that somehow get no water from the system. Then there’s the operating pressure in the system that needs to be taken into account, and this is by no means a hit-and-miss exercise but a carefully measured and planned practice. Trouble-free irrigation calls for correct installation of infrastructure such as pipes, valves, controllers and nozzles to help to avoid damage or breakdown. Finally, a system can be considered cost- effective when it saves money over time. A system that appears to be a bargain upfront but that operates inefficiently will probably prove more expensive in the long run than one where the appropriate investment has been made up front. All things considered, the design and installation of sophisticated and properly designed irrigation systems does indeed require degrees of knowledge, skills and expertise that invariably call for the intervention of a specialist in the field. Lighting and other electrical installations Electricity is lethal. Consult an expert or use a specialist for electrical installations unless, of course, you are one. A final word We have explored some of the more prominent elements found in a garden of landscaped area but there are many that cannot be specifically touched on given the vast range of possibilities. The choice of whether to DIY or call in the experts is often not always clear-cut, and sometimes we allow budget and cost to sway us – not always with the best results. More often than not, a little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing. Perhaps we should allow ourselves to follow a simple rule of thumb when it comes to DIY and going it alone – when in doubt, don’t!
PLANT FOCUS Absolutely Abelia! TEXT Anna Celliers Long-living shrubs that manage to maintain the look of their pretty foliage in all seasons are a strong framework against which seasonal plants can play their temporary roles in a well-planned garden. Modern abelia hybrids are part of the stalwart list to plant. 24 l www.thegardener.co.za
‘Francis Mason’ In places where the climate could be a challenge, like with cold winters or drying out coastal winds in summer, we can always rely on the good old glossy abelia, Abelia x grandiflora. But it is a large plant that grows into a sprawling size of 2 x 1.5m if left unchecked. Small gardens just can’t accommodate such large shrubs, especially if you would like a bit of variety along with dense and more manageable sizes. Luckily the clever hybridisers have taken all the best attributes of the old glossy abelia and developed more compact varieties with interesting foliage colours, which intensify in the winter months when the plants are not in flower. Abelia x grandiflora 5 of the best… ‘Francis Mason’ (golden abelia) has leaves that sometimes turn completely gold, and can also be speckled in yellow and green. In cold weather the colour intensifies to bronze. The slender stems clothed in their multi-coloured leaves last well in a vase and are loved by floral artists. Masses of pale-pink to white trumpet-shaped flowers appear in summer. ‘Francis Mason’ www.thegardener.co.za l 25
‘Kaleidoscope’ is a dwarf hybrid (70 x 90cm) with ever-changing foliage. New growth in spring is edged in bright yellow with light green centres. Summer shades are a rich old gold and dark green. In autumn it changes to orange, and winter brings a fiery red. 26 l www.thegardener.co.za
Growing abelias • Full sun gives the best foliage colours, but morning sun and afternoon shade is also good – this makes abelias handy to use in small gardens surrounded by tall walls that create different shade patterns during the day. • Any soil type will do as long as drainage is good and it has been enriched by compost and bonemeal for good root development. • Abelias have a medium to low water requirement once established well. Regular watering will, however, keep them lush. • Feed the plants every spring with a balanced slow-release fertiliser. ‘Lemon & Lime’ is a new addition which Things to do with is referred to as the ‘golden wonder’, with abelias bright lemon-yellow foliage with reddish undertones. An increase in temperatures • Mainly relax! – they are pest and and day lengths in spring and summer turn disease-free; the small leaves on this dense and compact plant to a strong lime green. Size about • As they all flower abundantly in 1.5 x 2m. summer with softly fragrant white tubular flowers, they attract bees and butterflies; • They are very suitable to plant as single specimens in pots, or to use as filler shrubs; • Perfect to use as formally pruned low hedges or to turn into interesting topiary shapes, if you are prepared to forgo the flowers. ‘Dwarf Gnome’ perfectly resembles its ‘Radiance’ is another dwarf form (50 margins in spring, slowly softening to bigger cousin Abelia x grandiflora in every x 50cm), with vivid crimson stems and silvery-green with creamy margins. Winter way, but is a miniature selection that will contrasting white variegated foliage that foliage is tinged with soft pink to lilac. only reach a convenient size of 50 x 50cm. emerges medium green with creamy yellow www.thegardener.co.za l 27
In combination with Abelia x grandiflora other plants… Abelias go well with many other plants. Socialise your pretty abelias this autumn with: Liriope ‘Evergreen Giant’ – a lilyturf with Lobularia maritima (alyssum) – a trusty Nandina domestica ‘Obsession’ – a small dark green straplike leaves that can reach annual to use as a floral border. It loves but intensely coloured, upright-growing a height of nearly 1m. They are a great cool weather and will form large, fragrant heavenly bamboo with fiery red young contrast to the bright winter foliage of the and flowery cushions in delicate shades of foliage that is retained all year while the abelias. white, pink, lavender and purple. plant is actively growing. Mature foliage is deep green. Nandinas are known for their striking autumn colour, hardiness and many uses in a garden. Mature size is approximately 60 x 70cm. 28 l www.thegardener.co.za
PLANT FOCUS 5 Tall Evergreen HedgesTEXTAnnaCelliers Surrounding your garden with an imposing hedge is like planting a ‘neighbour’ you have chosen yourself and like a lot! You would not normally associate a tall basic solid boundary wall. The choice of definitely consider your neighbour when and formally pruned privacy hedge with a plant was correct, as it suits a dry and windy planning a very tall hedge. It could affect moderately sized or small suburban garden, coastal climate where water restrictions the microclimate in their garden too.) but it is quite possible to train a row of large are often a reality – you seldom irrigate the evergreen shrubs and even small upright- hedge in the background as regularly as My hedge, which is part of a wide shrub growing trees into a dense and enveloping you would do other plants. bed, also created a good backdrop for the screen up to 2.5m high (or as high as a other plants that I planted in the foreground regular ladder might comfortably reach) It is also known as a hasty grower that and successfully blocks out the prying eyes and with a width of only 1m or less. Any tolerates pruning to encourage a dense, of leisurely strollers in the street. It has higher or wider can become a nuisance, as albeit a less ‘natural’, growth form. Within turned my garden into an intimate space. very tall hedges can cause too much shade a short period, the plants that arrived in and are normally supported by vigorous small 4-litre nursery bags had created a Fabulous favourites roots competing against those of other serene green corridor between me and the plants. neighbouring property, in which the birds When choosing tall hedge plants to define love to flutter and even nest in. Whereas borders and boundary lines, keep in mind Planting a row of camphor bushes my side is often cut formally to keep it in that they should be evergreen with a (Tarchonanthus camphoratus) along the check, the neighbour leaves his side of the naturally upright and dense growth habit. ugly wire fence of my small front yard was hedge’s branches escaping through the They should also tolerate regular pruning. one of the best decisions I have ever made. wire fence, mostly uncut so that we and You need not forfeit the flowers on those the wildlife can enjoy a flowering phase. that flower in specific seasons; as it is simply The advantages: This symbiosis along the fence seems to a matter of knowing when to do a good work well, although it is obviously not the prune and when to wait around a bit. The plants were much, much cheaper than norm as far as formal hedging is concerned! the quotes I received for even the most (I have to mention this as you should Here are a few trustworthy tall hedges or screening plants: 30 l www.thegardener.co.za
Tarchonanthus camphoratus Syzygium paniculatum system does not damage structures. recommended. (eugenia) • Creamy powder-puff flowers appear • On a cautionary note: densely- • A very popular evergreen hedge plant with dense foliage and a rapid growth early in summer, followed by edible growing eugenia hedges can often rate, it will reach up to 4m in height if left unchecked. dark pink fruit. become infested with aphids that • It has a natural pyramid shape and • Eugenias are sensitive to extreme cold secrete a sticky black substance called attractive fresh green, small leaves. and frost. honeydew. This spoils the hedge’s • Great choice for small gardens that need plants that can provide height in • Any soil type will do, but good good looks and attracts ants, which in a restricted space, as the shallow root drainage and compost-enriched soil turn spread the aphid eggs to other will ensure lush plants. plants. To curb this, use a systemic soil • Watering requirements are medium, drench like Koinor annually around and a frequent dose of nitrogen-rich the plants. This will ensure prolonged fertiliser in spring and in late summer is protection from aphids. Pruning tricks: Unless you want to use the fruit to make jelly, rather prune a eugenia hedge regularly to encourage a dense hedge. You can even go as low as 1m if a high hedge is not what you need. www.thegardener.co.za l 31
Viburnum tinus ‘Lucidum’ (laurustinus) Viburnum odoratissimum • Evergreen with a naturally dense growth habit to use as a windbreak or for noise reduction, with a mature size of between 2 – 4m high and 1 – 2m wide, depending on the climate. • Fast-growing, with at least 40 – 60cm growth per year. • The leaves are oval and mid- to dark green. • Tight pink flower buds appear in late winter, opening up into flat flowerheads of softly fragranced, small white flowers followed by red and bluish-black berries. • This sun-loving shrub will also tolerate partial to even full shade, and any soil type will do. Note: Another good choice to consider is Viburnum odoratissimum (sweet viburnum), which has the same growing requirements but slightly bigger, mid-green leaves. Pruning tricks: It can be formally and regularly pruned at any time of the year, but if you want to see some flowers give it a breather from late autumn, as it will start blooming in late winter, before giving it another haircut in early summer. If a viburnum hedge is ailing for some or other reason, you can prune it back quite hard as it generates new growth from old wood. 32 l www.thegardener.co.za
Cupressus x leylandii (Leyland cypress) • Very popular conifer that is used mainly for hedging and screening the world over. • It is a smart and stately evergreen with a tapering growth habit and sprays of dark green needle-like foliage. It is also a good nesting and sheltering plant for birds. • Although the root system is shallow, it can be far-reaching - controlling this giant’s natural height will inhibit its size below ground too. Care should be taken not to plant a Leyland hedge too close to buildings. • Growth is fast and can be up to 1m per year, which means that a Leyland hedge would need trimming at least 2 – 3 times a year. • It will grow in any soil type with good drainage. Since root disease and aphids can sometimes cause problems, it is recommended that the hedge be treated preventatively at soil level with systemic products every year. • Established Leyland cypress trees are quite resistant to drought, wind, cold and frost. Pruning tricks: Since conifers grow actively in the cooler months, the sides of a hedge should then be trimmed lightly to encourage denseness, but never too hard or beyond green foliage. Topping the hedge to control its height would cause no damage.
Photinia x fraseri ‘Red Robin’ Brachylaena discolor Photinia x fraseri (coast silver oak) ‘Red Robin’ (Christmas berry) • Dense and spreading multi- stemmed evergreen tree that • A fantastic screening plant with a naturally branches out low down. natural height of between 3 – 6m depending on growing conditions. • This fast grower can reach a height of 8m or more in a garden, but • It is relatively fast growing and not can easily be trained into a dense fussy about soil type. screening hedge. • Its best attribute is young leaves • The foliage is very showy with a that are reddish to coppery orange dark green, leathery and glossy in colour, turning to vibrant sheen on top and a silvery-white bronze before maturing into flipside. glossy dark green. • Masses of nectar-rich creamy white • Panicles of white flowers appear in flowers in terminal panicles appear summer and are followed by dark from late winter to spring. fruits loved by birds. • The root system is non-invasive and • ‘Red Robin’ is cold and frost hardy. the plant is extremely resistant to drought, wind and frost. Pruning trick: To enjoy a coppery ‘head’ on your hedge you can • It will grow well in full sun or shade sometimes leave the top of the hedge and will tolerate heavy clay soil. unpruned from late winter to spring, before shaping it more formally again Pruning tricks: If pruned formally after the leaves have turned green. If (which is recommended to tame its an old photinia hedge is not looking width and height), allow the top of the well due to neglect, it can be severely hedge to remained unpruned from early cut back to knee-high in spring without autumn to enable you and the bees to any fear of killing it. enjoy some flowers during winter. Prune back at the end of September. Brachylaena discolor 34 l www.thegardener.co.za
Photinia x fraseri ‘Red Robin’ Tall hedging in a nutshell 1. The shape should be narrower at the top and wider at the bottom, like an upside-down V. Why? This is done to allow the maximum amount of light to reach the whole area of the plant, which will ensure density. 2. Don’t be intimidated by pruning. Why not? It is simply a case of using shears with long scissor-like blades or a power or battery-operated trimmer to take off branch tips to stimulate new buds. If anything more drastic is needed, it means that the hedge has been left to its own devices for too long. 3. How to obtain a perfectly geometric and straight hedge: • Digging a trench when planting a hedge goes a long way to ensure that a hedge is straight. Soil preparation in a trench, with ample compost and root fertiliser to sustain the fast- growing plants, can be achieved far more easily than in individual planting holes. • Precision cutting can be done by running a string line between stakes to ensure an even line, but rather relax and trust your eyes and gut feel. It works well once you realise that spending time shaping your hedge can be very therapeutic… 4. Spacing distance? This is a tough one to work out, but since you need filling in as fast as possible, planting should be between 60cm and 1.2m apart, depending on the plant choice. www.thegardener.co.za l 35
Alocasia sanderiana Strelitzia reginae Alocasia PLANT FEATURE Known for their striking leaves, 10 alocasias are unlike any other houseplant on the market. Also Houseplants known as elephant’s ear due to the For 2022 TEXTMadisonMoulton shape of the leaves, these plants have wonderful colours and captivating patterns that make them instantly stand out. They can be trickier to care for, especially if you’re after the massive foliage this plant is beloved for, but they are well worth the extra effort. Alocasia cuprea The houseplant craze Pachira aquatica shows no signs of dying down. In fact, it is currently experiencing a revival or revolution: no longer are easy-to-find, beginner friendly plants the go- to. Now, houseplant enthusiasts want a taste of the unique, the unusual and the colourful, with some old favourites thrown in to balance the collection. These are the must-have houseplants for 2022.
Strelitzia South Africans are very familiar with the staple garden plant bird of paradise, sporting stunning orange flowers in the classic crane shape. But, these plants have only recently taken centre stage around the world, where they are now one of the most sought-after houseplants. The towering leaves make for an interesting feature, easily filling out corners. Plus, if you give them enough light, you’ll get to enjoy their flowers indoors too. Syngonium Syngoniums may seem somewhat common and almost boring to experienced gardeners who are familiar with their mottled green leaves and ability to thrive almost anywhere. But when it comes to indoor gardens, the standard green Syngonium is not what collectors are after. Instead, look out for the colourful or variegated varieties that have stunning foliage, from almost pure white to blush pink. Try the cultivar ‘Red Heart’ to add a pop of colour to your space. Syngonium ‘Red Heart’ Syngonium podophyllum Money tree Philodendron ‘Pink Princess’ Experiencing a revival in popularity, the money tree is an indoor garden favourite ‘Pink Princess’ is the new houseplant and the hand-shaped glossy leaves collector’s item – if you can manage to and strong branches quickly make you find one. Following in the footsteps of the realise why. Much like the popular Ficus, variegated Monstera craze, ‘Pink Princess’ this braided tree loves indoor conditions features fascinating pink variegation with and thrives in a container, making it an spots of greyish green. This colour change ideal houseplant. Plus, it may just bring is the result of a mutation in the cells of you some luck and financial prosperity if the plant, not intervention through dyeing you pop it in the right spot, according to or colouring. They can be pricey and quite Feng Shui principles. hard to find so make sure you give yours the best care if you get your hands on one. ‘Pink Princess’ www.thegardener.co.za l 37
Palms Ficus Nothing says tropical paradise like Fiddle-leaf figs (Ficus lyrata) dominated a palm. These plants have remained social media feeds at the start of revived on popular houseplant lists for houseplant interest. While these are still years, beloved for their ease of incredibly popular, it is their other Ficus care and dramatic foliage. There cousins that are beginning to take centre are many options to choose from, stage. Ficus benjamina has always been but this year’s favourites are kentia second best, followed by Ficus elastica, palms and bamboo palms. Place the rubber plant. This year, the focus is them in a sunny corner and watch on a different member of the Ficus genus the shadows turn your living room – Ficus umbellata. This tree has massive into an instant resort. umbrella-like leaves that fit the large- foliage trend perfectly. Unfortunately, they Ficus ‘Audrey’ are incredibly hard to come by (especially in SA), but you can get your hands on another new Ficus favourite instead – ‘Audrey’. This tree has a thick white stem and structural leaves that suit any space. Plus, it’s incredibly easy to care for. Kentia palm Bamboo palm Carnivorous Pitcher plants plants Carnivorous plants have a mysterious allure that draws lovers of the unusual. Since their needs are quite different from standard houseplants, they are perfect for experienced indoor gardeners looking for a challenge. The classic Venus flytrap has always been a go-to for those starting out but pitcher plants are undoubtedly the new favourite. Their pitchers come in stunning colours with an interesting evolutionary backstory to boot. 38 l www.thegardener.co.za
Hoyas With thick, juicy leaves, glossy colours and fascinating shapes, it’s hard not to love hoyas. This genus of plants has always been popular in indoor gardening, but the push to grow flowering houseplants has catapulted them to the top of the list. Not only do they sport clusters of white or pink waxy flowers, but they also have unique leaf shapes. Look for Hoya compacta as a prime example of what this genus has to offer. Hoya carnosa variegata ‘Krimson Queen’ Hoya carnosa Ficus elastica Epipremnum aureum ‘Marble Queen’ Anything variegated The biggest trend of 2022, continuing from previous years, is variegation. It may be the unique colour patterns, the unpredictability or the challenge of growth that makes them so popular, or a combination of all three. These plants are pricier than others and harder to find due to the difficulty of propagation, but they are certainly worth the wait. Try any cultivars of variegated Monstera, Ficus, Philodendron or Epipremnum to join in on this trend. Variegated monstera www.thegardener.co.za l 39
TEXT Wendy MoultonWhy leaves change colour in autumn Have you ever wondered why certain trees change leaf colour in autumn, and why some leaves are more red or yellow than others? Let’s explore this interesting topic. 40 l www.thegardener.co.za
As we know, trees can be divided into two fall, the trees have already stored enough The colour-making chemicals in leaves categories: evergreen and deciduous. energy to get through the coming colder are always present, just hidden by the season. The production of chlorophyll is chlorophyll, and some play important roles Evergreens now no longer needed and production in repelling pests and protecting the tree drops. When this happens, the other against cold. When the temperatures reduce Evergreen trees lose and replace their leaves chemicals in the leaves emerge and perform enough and the days are shorter, their job gradually all year round, as each one ages specific functions. is over. The production of hormones in and falls off. Evergreens in the tropics have the tree reduces, which causes the union broader leaves than their cousins in very Specific carotenoids and flavonoids are between the leaf and the stem to weaken cold climates, because they don’t need to responsible for yellow to orange colours in and eventually break, which is when the cope with cold. Most of the evergreens in leaves, and anthocyanins are the pigments leaves drop to the ground. Once all the colder areas have long and thin needles that produce spectacular pinks and reds. leaves have dropped, all of the tree’s energy rather than leaves, which enables them to The more anthocyanins present in the and moisture are stored in the trunk, ready tough it out in strong winds, heavy rain and leaves, the redder the leaves will be. The for any harsh winds or cold snaps, and it can snow. Some needles are infused with a resin process of chemicals changing over is done settle in until the spring when it will once that resists cold and rain, and some of these slowly over autumn, so different parts of again explode with fresh leaves. trees are able to move water out of the cells a tree may have a mix of greens, yellows in the needles if a big freeze comes along. and reds at different times, which changes Fallen leaves are free garden This allows the cells to remain undamaged as the season moves on. Each tree variety food. Watch our video on from the freezing conditions, and after a has a different quantity of each of these Garden Tube for tips on how to thaw the plant can continue to grow. chemicals, which is why each variety has use these leaves in the garden. a different way of showing off its colours. Deciduous trees This is why one tree will be more yellow and another startling red, or a combination of all Trees that lose their leaves in winter (which colours, before the leaves drop off. is done to preserve energy and protect the tree from the cold) are usually the ones that give us the iconic autumn display of colours. The leaves of trees in this category contain certain chemicals that are responsible for colour. The chemical responsible for green is the easy one – chlorophyll. Trees rely mainly on chlorophyll in the leaves to convert sunlight into energy (through photosynthesis) that the tree needs to grow. By the time the temperatures start to www.thegardener.co.za l 41
GOURMET VEGGIES TEXT Alice Spenser-Higgs Go gourmet with autumn and winter veggies Google the term ‘gourmet’ and the general consensus is that it refers to any food that is nicer, more unusual, of better quality or more sophisticated than its ordinary counterparts. And yes, veggies can definitely be gourmet! There are plenty of autumn and winter veggies to choose from. Think of the lime-green cauliflower ‘Romanesco’ that looks as ornate as a Papal sceptre, the jewel-like red-and- gold beetroot, the heavily veined Savoy cabbage or the crisp red-and-white leaves of radicchio. Brussels sprouts may not be on everyone’s list of gourmet vegetables, but freshly cooked spouts have the most delectable nutty flavour, especially when enhanced with a dab of butter. Kohlrabi is another unusual vegetable that is approached with caution because we never quite know what to do with it! Purple broccoli is a royal colour, while Broccoli Raap ‘Spring Rapini’ is a sprouting broccoli with many side shoots but no central head, and many small, tasty leaves that are more like those of mustard. These days, carrots come in so many colours, a veritable rainbow blend of red, purple, orange, yellow and white, that we dare not exclude them. The common denominator of the above is that all are heirloom veggies, with a pedigree of centuries. There is a certain thrill in growing a vegetable with an ancestral lineage longer than your own, or veggies that come from a region endowed with romance. All these vegetables can be sown in April, with the brassicas, especially Brussels sprouts, getting into the ground as early as possible.
Cauliflower ‘Romanesco’ Cauliflower ‘Romanesco’ is believed to be a 500-year-old heirloom brassica, and it is not actually a pure cauliflower but a cross with broccoli. The flavour is sweet and nutty. It originates from Italy’s Lazio region, and is named after Rome, the capital of the province. Its lime-green colouring provides additional phytochemicals that stimulate the immune system and protect the body’s cells from damage. To grow: Like all brassicas, it needs fertile, compost- enriched soil that drains well, and full sun. Sow in seed trays and plant out seedlings when they are 10 - 25cm tall, spaced 45cm apart. Keep the soil consistently moist and the plants free of aphids. When the plant starts to develop its head, fertilise with a water-soluble fertiliser. Heads should be ready to harvest 75 - 100 days after transplanting. Cut off the heads and remove the plants as they don’t produce side shoots. To prepare: Cut out the central stalk so that the ‘curds’ fall away. They can be served raw, steamed or boiled in salted water for five minutes. Flavour with salt and pepper, butter, shavings of Parmesan cheese, a squeeze of lemon or roasted garlic cloves. www.thegardener.co.za I 43
Broccoli Raap ‘Spring Rapini’ Broccoli Raap ‘Spring Rapini’ is Savoy cabbage another Italian heirloom veggie, also known as ‘friarielli’ in Naples. Although related to broccoli, it is closer to a mustard with more pungently flavoured leaves in addition to the sprouts. It has a stronger, nuttier flavour than broccoli with a slightly bitter aftertaste. To grow: It has the same growing requirements as cauliflower and broccoli. It is usually sown directly into the ground, spacing plants 20cm apart. It is an early spring crop that is quick to harvest, within 50 - 60 days. The trick is to sow smaller quantities more often and pick early, before the leaves get bitter. To prepare: Cook as greens: either steam, grilled or sautéed with a dash of olive oil and garlic. Savoy cabbage is believed to have originated in Europe in the 1500s, in a region ruled by the Italian house of Savoy, bordering Italy, Switzerland and France. It is a large, very cold-hardy cabbage with a sweet, earthy flavour. To grow: It needs sun, fertile soil and regular watering. Space plants 30cm apart because they grow large, 1 – 2kg in weight. Protect from pests like cabbage caterpillars, slugs, aphids and cutworm. Harvest within 80 - 100 days. Can also be grown in containers; one plant per container, which should be at least 30cm deep and wide. To prepare: The outer leaves are firm and crunchy and withstand braising, adding to soups, stews and curries. The inner leaves are more tender and are good for salads, especially coleslaw. The leaves can also be used as wraps or shredded for stir-fries, and they pair well with herbs. In other words, it is a very versatile cabbage.
Brussels sprouts are believed to Brussels sprouts have originated in the Brussel’s area in Belgium, with the first mention of them To grow: Plant in a well composted sunny bed going back to the 13th century. and space 20cm apart. Keep plants well-watered To grow: They have the same growing because drying out increases the bitterness. requirements as other brassicas. Once Radicchio is shallow rooted, so avoid disturbing the sprouts start forming, remove the the soil around the plants when weeding. Young lower leaves, leaving at least 1⁄3 of leaves leaves are less bitter and can be harvested at the top. Earth up or stake the plants individually. Harvest heads when they feel firm, as they grow. Pick the sprouts from the about 65 – 75 days from sowing. If the head bottom upwards when they are firm and is cut off carefully above ground level, it will well-sized, usually 90 – 100 days regenerate. from sowing. The flavour of To prepare: Serve raw in salads, grill, sauté or the sprouts improves with steam. When cooked, the flavour is more mellow cold or frost. and less bitter. To prepare: Boil in salt water or steam for Radicchio ‘Red 5 – 10 minutes so Treviso’ that the sprouts are tender but still firm. Can also be sautéed and roasted (wrapped in bacon) or shredded into salad. Radicchio ‘Red Treviso’ is grown primarily around the cities of Treviso, Padua and Venice. Its origin is not clear, but it is generally believed a Belgium horticulturalist introduced it by applying his country’s horticultural techniques to Italian chicory. It has tender, slightly bitter red leaves with a white mid-rib, and forms a slender, cabbage like head.
Beetroot ‘Red Kale ‘Dinosaur’ is an Italian and Gold’ heirloom vegetable also called Beetroot ‘Red and Gold’ is a mix of Detroit Dark ‘Cavolo Nero’ (black cabbage) in Italy. It has very ruffled leaves Red and Golden Detroit; Detroit Dark Red is sweet with an earthy, nutty flavour, while Golden Detroit has a slightly honeyed flavour and is also sweeter and less and keeps its colour when cooked. The original beet bitter than other types of came from the Mediterranean coast and it was the kale. The leaves are rich in leaves, not the root, that were eaten by the ancient vitamin A and K. Romans and Greeks. To grow: The plant To grow: Plant in light soil that drains well. Beetroot produces long, narrow can grow in sun or semi-shade. Sow directly into the blue-green leaves that ground and thin out to 10cm between seedlings. Water grow from the base. Space regularly. The younger the roots are when harvested, plants 50cm apart, as the sweeter they are. plants grow 90 – 100cm high To prepare: Boil, steam or roast or grate raw into and wide. Germination takes salads. Golden Detroit does not bleed when cooked. 10 – 20 days, and the leaves can 46 I www.thegardener.co.za be harvested when they are 30cm long. To prepare: The kale leaves can be cooked whole, chopped or shredded, sautéed in olive oil with garlic and chilli, stewed in a broth, blanched, or used as wrappers with a filling and baked. Seeds are available from Kirchhoffs or RAW. For more information visit www.rawliving.co.za. or www.kirchhoffs.co.za
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