Technology Assignment

EDU O3 ASSIGNMENT Topic : Approaches of educational technology – Hardware Software and Systems approach Submitted To : Ms Radhika R K Submitted By Submitted On : 28/11/2022 Aswathy Suresh S1 English Christ Nagar College Of Education,Thiruvallom

Content Sl Topic Page No No 3 1 What is Educational Technology 4-7 Why is Educational Technology in Education Important? 2 Advantages of Technology in Education 3 Disadvantages of Technology in Education 8-11 4 12 Approaches Of Educational Technology 5 Three approaches 13-14 6 Difference between Hardware and Software 15-18 Approach 7 Advantages And Limitations 19 8 Conclusion 20 9 Reference 21 2

What is Educational Technology? Educational Technology is the field of study that investigates the process of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating the instructional environment, learning materials, learners, and the learning process in order to improve teaching and learning. It is the combined use of computer hardware, software, and educational theory and practice to facilitate learning. When referred to with its abbreviation, ed-tech, it often refers to the industry of companies that create educational technology. In addition to the practical educational experience, educational technology is based on theoretical knowledge from various disciplines such as communication, education, psychology, sociology, artificial intelligence, and computer science. It encompasses several domains including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and m-learning where mobile technologies are used. Why is Educational Technology in Education Important? Educational technology in education is important because it helps today’s teachers to integrate new technologies and tools into their classroom. Teachers are able to upgrade and improve the learner- centeredness of their classroom. It enables teachers to engage their students in unique, innovative, and equitable ways. Teachers are also able to expand their network and connect with other teachers and educators nationally and globally. 3

Advantages of Technology in Education 1. It provides credibility for the teacher Today’s students have never known a world without advanced technology. They didn’t need to wait 45 minutes for a new website to load over a slow dial-up modem. The joys of being in an AOL chat room will never be known. Teachers who embrace technology bring a level of credibility to their knowledge for this generation that allows for educational applications in numerous subjects. Even just a single technological tool can make a major impact on the modern student. 2. It provides access to numerous resources instantly It wasn’t that long ago when students were forced to drag heavy textbooks to class with them every day. Now most of those textbooks are available online and can be accessed through a computer. Organizational platforms complement the e-books and other tools that are available through technology so that the learning process is streamlined and effective. 3. It automates the boring stuff For teachers, technology in the classroom is important as well. There are engagement tools available today that can begin to automate the grading process. Software platforms make it easier to track the performance of individual students, identifying learning gaps with greater speed. By automating more of the tedious work that teachers do every day, there is more time for actual teaching and less time spent at home reviewing work. 4

4. It creates a collaborative learning approach When students of any age are in a learning environment that is based on a lecture format, the amount of information they retain can be as low as 5%. For many students, the classroom experience was based on an “expert” using their classroom soapbox to disseminate knowledge. Technology has brought collaboration into the classroom. Students who learn in a collaborative environment can retain up to 80% of the information they study. And, if interactive practice is included in the classroom environment, information retention levels can reach 95% for some students. 5. It is an easy way to learn core vocational skills Just about everyone has an online connection today. Students get to learn how to limit personal information in a safe environment when technology is introduced to the classroom. They can learn proper writing etiquette when it comes to online communication. They get to create presentations. The write documents using formatting guidelines. They learn how to research new subjects and how to properly source the data they find. These are all vital skills for the modern workplace and today’s students have the opportunity to master them before they even start looking for a job. 6. It allows the classroom to reflect modern times Students should be able to look to the future when they enter into their classroom every day. Stepping back into the past might provide some joy in the nostalgia of it, but it will not prepare students for the challenges of a society that is rooted in technology. We can certainly learn from the lessons of the past, but we must also be ready for what the future may hold when its veil is lifted. 5

7. It can put all the needed data into one location Technology provides various platforms and apps that allow teachers to combine and use all information about their students that may be useful. This might include everything from their attendance history to their mathematics proficiency. Once gathered, this information can be used to identify places where an intervention may be useful. It can also help teachers group together students who may benefit more from learning together than learning apart. 8. It allows students to work at their own comfortable pace Schools still have rigid schedules, but technology takes some of the rigidity out of the framework. Technology allows students to work at a pace that is comfortable for them. Curriculum demands or programs can be adjusted easier to meet individualized needs to enhance the learning process. It can even be used for remote learning opportunities if the stimulus of a classroom is too much for the student. 9. It provides an opportunity to learn different ways Students have more control over the learning process when technology is used in the classroom. It is a chance for students to embrace their natural curiosity to see what their interests, talents, and skills happen to be. Technology also provides an opportunity for students to try different things that may not have been possible in the past. That allows them to discover, on their own, which strategies work best to help them effectively learn new materials. 6

10. It can boost learning motivation Technology in the classroom can boost learning motivation. Most kids enjoy using technology in some way. It allows active learners to remain engaged with the lessons and encourages not-so-active learners to find something that they might classify as “fun.” One of the best advantages that technology provides to the classroom is an increased level of motivation. 11. It is more affordable to do than many people may realize Technology in the classroom does have a cost, but it is a minimal one. Some families may not be able to afford the cost of such a computer on their own, but many schools could help to subsidize these costs so students could have access to the computer in the classroom – if not take it home every day as well. 7

Disadvantages of Technology in Education 1. It can be distracting to students Technology access can be just as addicting as alcohol, drugs, and other vices. In the United States, the average person checks their smartphone about 100 times per day. That action occurs even if there are zero notifications for them to check on. Students may find themselves trying to access other components of the online experience instead of the learning experience. Only clear boundaries and expectations to follow can counter this issue so that technology can provide a needed learning opportunity. 2. It can disconnect students from face-to-face relationships Interacting with people online is a very different experience than interacting with them face-to-face. When people feel like they can be anonymous, they begin to lose the filter that they have over their words and conduct. Some people even disconnect from regular social interactions for the comfort of a screen, words, and emojis. That is why technology should be used as a tool in the classroom. It cannot be the only component of the learning process for students. 3. It can make it easier to cheat Technology allows for easier communication between people and that is a definite positive. That ease of communication also makes cheating more likely. All it takes is a single group email broadcast to share the answers to a quiz or test, especially if the teacher is not monitoring student interactions on the computer. An easy way to counter this issue is to provide assignments which require an individual perspective. Encouraging thought instead of memorization typically reduces the urge to cheat. 8

4. It could put some students at a disadvantage In the United States, there are 1 in 5 children who live in households that do not have regular food security. The idea of incorporating modern technology into their lives is secondary. It’s better to have a pantry stocked with essential groceries than to have a new iPhone in the pocket. Schools must provide technology access that is equal to everyone for it to be an effective learning tool. Free resources, such as computer access at a library, must have barriers to access removed. Only through sharing can this issue be negated. 5. It could cause students to use unreliable resources for learning There is a lot of good stuff that can be found on the internet today. There is also a lot of misleading and outright false data that can be found as well. Students must learn how to identify a quality information source from something that might be labeled as “fake news.” Drawing opinions on questionable content could put students at a disadvantage when it comes time to carve out a spot for themselves with the rest of society. 6. It can make curriculum planning more difficult or expensive Not everyone knows how to use the modern tools that keep teachers better organized today. Learning how to use a new tool can be just as labor-intensive as getting through a tough class to earn a teaching degree or certification in the first place. Some school districts may not help with the costs of these tools either, but expect them to be in the classroom. That means the costs come right out of the teacher’s paycheck. 7. It can replace the teacher Many software learning tools provide teaching mechanisms within the program itself. Apps do the same thing. With a program like ABC 9

Mouse, students can interact with a programmed online teacher as they complete learning lessons. That forces the teacher into a role of observer or manager. Teachers may never become obsolete, but technology in the classroom can replace much of what they have done in the past already. That means the future of teaching may lie in being involved in the creation of new technologies instead of designing a personalized curriculum to implement. 8. It can create issues of privacy Identity theft is a major problem in today’s world. In 2016, an estimated $16 billion was stolen from 15.4 million people in the United States. According to research from Javelin Strategy and Research, identity thieves have stolen over $107 billion from people between 2011-2016. Putting students into advanced technology puts their privacy at-risk every day. Even though most apps and software have strict privacy measures in place, there is no way to completely eliminate the risks that are involved in this area. 9. It could create medical issues for some students Staring at a computer screen, a smartphone screen, or a tablet screen can create eye strain. When this occurs, the symptoms may include irritation of the eye, feelings of fatigue, and even blurred vision. It may also lead to a more severe condition that is called “Computer Vision Syndrome.” According to reporting from CBS News, heavy computer use among children puts them at-risk of suffering early myopia. In people 12 years of age or old, the prevalence of myopia is nearly 60%. 10

10. It may cause children to lose track of time Children are uniquely adaptable to changing environments. What they see is what they think is normal, even if what they see is problematic. That includes more than just their eyesight. Children often lose track of time when they are using a device with a screen. This leads to prolonged periods of sitting, which could lead to hyperactivity, obesity, and other issues. It can also interfere with sleep patterns as the child disengages with their natural circadian rhythm. 10. It is often limited Technology in the classroom is often limited to word processing needs or basic research. The numerous uses of modern technology are either not permitted or partially excluded, often for political or personal reasons. That limits the effectiveness of technology and alters the learning opportunities that students have in a negative way. 11.It can create a dependence If you’re asked a question and don’t have an immediate answer, what is your first instinct? Do you try to pull the information out of your memory? Or do you perform a web search or ask a virtual assistant like Siri to find the answer for you? Technology can provide access to a vast amount of data, but it can also create a personal dependence upon that access. Students using technology every day might feel offended by the idea of picking up a real book to read. They might even resist going outside for recess or to participate in family activities. 11

APPROACHES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY The scientific investigations of technological developments have influenced every walk of human life. The educational process does not remain untouched by these advances. There is rapid mechanization in field of education. It has resulted the introduction of technology in field of education. Many different approaches of technology can be used to support and enhance learning. Various approaches of Educational technology deliver different kinds of content and serve different purposes in the classroom. Each approach of technology is likely to play a different role in students’ learning . There are several educational approaches in technologies and there is great overlap among them. The educational process does not remain untouched by these advances. It has necessitated introduction of these approaches in technology in the field of education. 12

There are mainly Three approaches of Educational Technology. They are as follows :  Hardware Approach  Software Approach  Systems Approach HARDWARE APPROACH: The hardware approach is based on the application of engineering principles for developing electro-mechanical equipment for instructional purposes. Motion pictures, tape recorders, television, teaching machines, computers are called educational hardware. Hardware approach mechanises the process of teaching so that teachers would be able to deal with more students with less expenditures in educating them. Human knowledge has three aspects:  Preservation,  Transmission and  Development. The history of preservation of the knowledge is believed to exist since the printing machines started. The knowledge is preserved with these machines in the form of books which are shelved in the libraries, tape recorders and films. The second aspect of human knowledge is its transmission. A teacher can impart knowledge himself to his pupils. Now a days, transmission of the knowledge is supported by machine like mike, radio and television. With these, thousands of pupils enjoy this home-delivery of such benefits. 13

The third aspect of human knowledge is its development. For this aspect, provisions are made for research work. In the research programmes, the main function is the collection and analysis of data. For this purpose, presently the researcher uses the electronic machines and computers. Hence, all the three aspects of knowledge allow the use of machines. In short, the teaching process has been mechanized. The mechanization of teaching process is termed as the Hardware Approach. SOFTWARE APPROACH: The software approach used the principles of psychology for building in the learners a complex repertory of knowledge or modifying his behavior. It originates from behavioral sciences and their applied aspects concerning psychology of learning. Psychology of learning provides solid technology for bringing desirable behavioral changes in the pupils and thus serves the cause of education of laying down definite instructional procedure, teaching behavior and behavior modification devices. The pioneering work in software approach was done by Skinner and other behaviorists. The programmes which such a technology produces are often called software. Software Approach is also termed as Instructional Technology or Teaching Technology or Behavioural Technology. Newspapers, books, magazines, educational games, flash cards may also form part of software. Software approach is characterised by task analysis, writing precise objectives, selection of appropriate learning strategies, immediate reinforcement of responses and constant evaluation. Hence Software Approach is concerned with teaching objectives in behavioral terms, principles of teaching, methods of teaching, reinforcement of instructional system, feedback, reviews and evaluation. Software approach tries to develop all the three basic components of technology, i.e. Input, Process and Output. 14

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES Hardware Technology Software Technology 1. Hardware technology has its origin 1. Software technology has its origin in physical sciences and applied in behavioral sciences and their engineering. applied aspects concerning psychology of learning 2. Here we are more concerned with the production and utilization of audio 2. Here we try to make use of visual aid material and sophisticated psychology of learning for the instruments and mass media for production and utilization of helping teacher and learners in their software techniques and materials in task. terms of learning material, teaching- learning strategies and other devices 3. It tries to adopt product-oriented for smoothening the task of teaching approach. What is produced through learning. software technology in the shape of teaching-learning material and strategy 3. It tries to adopt a process-oriented in being utilized by the hardware technique or approach for the instruments and gadgets for effective production of teaching-learning teaching learning. material and strategies. The material produced here is made available for 4. It is based on the concept of service being used by the hardware meaning hereby that it provides application. services in the field of education much in the same way as provided by 4. Software technology does not telephone, electric heater, bulb etc. in provide direct services to its users as the sphere of our day to day life. In this provided by hardware technology sense hardware technology clearly and applied engineering. It helps in stands for making use of technology in the production of software material education. being used by the hardware applications and gadgets for 5. As examples of the appliances and delivering their service to the users gadgets being used in hardware i.e. teachers and learners. technology service we can name radio, television, tape recorder, video, slides 5. As examples of the material and film projectors, teaching machines produced through software technology we can name, programmed learning material teaching learning strategy on 15

and computer etc. psychology of learning (put into practice in the shape of charts, 6. Hardware technology needs the pictures, models, slides filmstrips, services of software technology for its audio and video cassettes, software use and functioning. It can’t go without packages etc.) the aid of software technology e.g. computer hardware in the shape of a 6. Software technology proves most machine like device is of no use if it useful and productive in the case if it does not make use of software services is assisted and made into use by the both for its operation as a machine and hardware applications and gadgets. its multi-dimensional utilities. The use However, it can go alone for of application and utility software is in delivering its services to the users fact must for taking any service from without calling aid from the the hardware technology of the hardware technology i.e. you can computer. make use of programmed learning material a graph a text, etc. directly 7. Hardware technology has its mass for the individualized as well as appeal and utilization. It can contribute group instructions. a lot in handing over the educational benefits to masses with greater case 7. Software technology has no such and economy. wide application and appeal to masses as found in the case of 8. Hardware technology has resulted in hardware appliances like radio, improving the efficiency of educational, telephone, computer application, etc. means and reducing the cost of education. A teacher may handle a big 8. Software technology also works for class with the help of hardware increasing the efficiency of the appliances like microphone, slide and teachers as well as learning. film projectors etc. However, it lags behind in the task of improving efficiency and reducing the cost of education. 16

SYSTEMS APPROACH: System approach is a systematic attempt to coordinate all aspects of a problem towards specific objectives. Webster’s dictionary defines a system as “a regularly interacting or independent group of items forming a unified whole.” The characteristics of a system of may be explained with the help of an example – various parts of the digestive system may be called as components of digestive system. Every component of the digestive system contributes to as supports in functioning of the digestive system as a whole. In the context of education, system is a unit as a whole incorporating all its aspects and parts, namely, pupils, teachers, curriculum, content and evaluation of instructional objectives. The teaching-learning process is viewed as communication and control taking place between the components of a system. In this case, the system is composed of a teacher, a student and a programme of instruction, all in a particular pattern of interaction. The System Approach focuses first upon the learner and then course content, learning experiences and effective media and instructional strategies. Such a system incorporates within itself the capability of providing continuous self-correction and improvement. It is concerned with all elements of instruction including media, including hardware and software. Its purpose is to ensure that the components of the organic whole will be available with the proper characteristics at the proper time to contribute to the total system fulfilling the objectives. In the systems approach to instruction, the teacher has to plan completely the utilization of selected resource material and the classroom activities. The teacher should have a good overall view of the subject, know his/her limitations, know all about his/her pupils and the individual differences in their learning capacities and plan accordingly. The system approach involves continuous evaluation of learning outcomes and utilization of knowledge gained by analysis of results of 17

evaluation to suitably modify the plan of approach to achieve the stated objectives. Major steps in the systems approach in education are: 1. Formulating of specific instructional objectives to be achieved and defining instructional goals 2. Deciding appropriate media to achieve these goals 3. Defining learner characteristics and requirements, 4. Selecting appropriate methods suitable for effective learning to take place 5. Selecting appropriate learning experiences from available alternatives, 6. Selecting appropriate materials and tools required, 7. Assigning appropriate personal roles for teachers, students and supporting staff, 8. Implementing the programme, 9. Evaluating the outcome in terms of original objectives measured in student performance and 10. Revising to improve efficiency of the system to improve students’ learning. 18

ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMS APPROACH i. Systems approach helps to identify the suitability of the resource material to achieve the specific goal. ii. Technological advance could be used to provide integration of machines, media and people for attaining the defined goal. iii. It helps to assess the resource needs, their sources and facilities in relation to quantities, time and other factors. iv. It permits an orderly introduction of components demonstrated to be required for systems success in terms of student learning. v. It avoids rigidity in plan of action as continuous evaluation affords desired beneficial changes to be made. LIMITATIONS OF SYSTEMS APPROACH i. Resistance to change. Old ways are difficult to erase. There is always resistance to any new method or approach. ii. Involves hard work. Systems approach requires hard and continuous work on the part of school personnel. Some are not prepared for the extra load. iii. Lack of understanding. Teachers and administrators are still not familiar with systems approach. Though it has been successfully implemented industry, it has still to make headway in education. 19

CONCLUSION From the above discussion, it is understood that system approach is a systematic attempt to coordinate all aspects of a problem towards specific objectives. In education, this means planned and organized use of all available learning resources, including audio-visual media, to achieve the desirable learning objectives by the most efficient means possible. Education technology is designed to improve the learning experiences for all the educators and students who are engaging in remote , hybrid, and even in person learning. It is an industry that will surely continue to evolve as tech continues to pay a roll in our classrooms. Technology could open more doors and introduce new experiences. It will also create new discoveries about the world. Those benefits must outweigh the risks involved and, for some, they may not. 20

Reference 1) file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/AN_INTRODUCTION_TO_EDUCATIO NAL_TECHNOLOG.pdf 2) https://www.slideshare.net/SAFNAKV/approaches-to-educational- technology-pdf 3) https://ebooks.lpude.in/arts/ma_education/year_1/DEDU403_EDUCA TIONAL_TECHNOLOGY_ENGLISH.pdf 4) https://www.slideshare.net/atulunik/hardware-software-and-systems- approach-to-educational 5) https://edmonger.com/2021/07/31/types-of-educational-technology/ 6) https://johnparankimalil.wordpress.com/2015/01/22/approaches-to- educational-technology/ 7) https://www.bestcollegesonline.org/faq/what-is-educational-technology/ 8) https://educationaltechnology.net/educational-technology-an-overview/ 9) https://elearningindustry.com/how-important-is-technology-in-todays- education-industry 10) https://tophat.com/glossary/e/educational-technology/ 21