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2 1 urban livelihoods India is a land of diversity. Here people not just follow different religions, customs or practices but also follow different occupations to earn their livelihoods. The difference is not just in their dressing style, but they also have different lifestyles and professions. Urban Livelihoods There are more than five thousand towns and twenty-seven big cities in India. Cities like Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, etc have more than a million people living and working here. In urban areas, people do all types of jobs. The educated people either do business or service whereas uneducated or less educated people do all sorts of low profile jobs to make their living like rickshaw pulling, becoming a vendor, working at construction sites, tailoring, hair cutting, selling tea, snacks, tiffin and grocery, etc. Types of Urban Jobs (i) Work in Shops In cities, everything, that one needs, has to be bought. Therefore, a large number of people have their own shops and they appoint some people as salesmen. A Shopping Mall They sell a variety of things such as clothes, books, stationery, toys, food items, electronic goods, Jewellery, cars, etc. Now in big cities, there are several shopping malls. These are large buildings with different kinds of material shops, offices, picture hall on different floors. People work in shops and showrooms as managers, cashiers, assistants, peons, cleaners, watchmen, guards, etc. (ii) Work on the Roads Some people work on road side as vegetable vendors, hawkers, cobblers, garment and cloth sellers, utensil sellers, etc. These vendors move from street to street and door to door and supply different kind of materials to citizens at their door step. (iii) Work in Factories In a city, there is a separate area where factories are located, usually this area is situated away from the residential area. People come everyday for work and go back to their homes, sometimes they work day and night and get wages as overtime. In factories, people work as Social Studies 6 101

managers, designers, engineers, machine operators, mechanics, accountants, clerks, labourers, watchmen and so on. (iv) Work in Offices Urban people have a variety of employment opportunities. They look for an appropriate job to suit their qualifications and skills. In cities, many types of jobs are available in offices. These offices are private or government and provide variety of jobs. These office workers are mainly employed on a permanent basis. They get regular monthly salary and allowances. Professionals like doctors, lawyers, teachers and professors serve the society in their own way. In an institution or office, people from different income groups work. For example, one may work as a manager, a salesperson, an accountant, a clerk, a security guard, a peon, a gardener, depending on his or her skill and level of education. Many people employ drivers and cleaners for their own service. Advantages of Working in Urban Areas There are many advantages of working in urban areas: • Regular salaries : In urban areas, people into services have regular salaries and often have permanent jobs with a bright future. • Savings for old age : A part of salary that is kept in a government fund, earns them a regular interest. The provident fund can be utilised after retirement for old age. • Medical Facilities : Company pays the medical expenses upto a certain amount for an employee and his family members. • Paid Holidays : One gets leave on sundays and national holidays and also get some days as annual leave. Apart from it, one can take medical leave if he or she falls ill. • Perks : The perks, incentives are paid to the employees in urban areas for excelling in their job. • In towns and cities, people generally earn their livelihood from activities other than farming. • In urban areas, people do all types of jobs. The educated people either do business or service whereas unedu- cated or less educated people do all sorts of low profile job to make their living like rickshaw pulling, becoming a vendor, working at construction sites, tailoring, selling tea, and snacks, etc. • In cities, we find people working in offices, shops, factories, in people’s homes and even on the roads. • There has been a change in the structure of the work force in India. • The people who are not more educated, have low incomes and cannot hold high posts. They may be self-em- ployed or hired employees. • Through various schemes, the government takes initiatives to generate employment directly or indirectly. 102 Social Studies 6

A. Tick () the correct option : 1. People have a variety of employment opportunities in: (a) rural areas (b) urban areas (c) (a) and (b) (d) none of these 2. Occupations in urban areas are: (a) service (b) business (c) (a) and (b) (d) agriculture 3. The Government of India launched Prime Minister Rozgar Yojna in: (a) 1990 (b) 1991 (c) 1992 (d) 1993 4. People in urban areas are engaged in: (a) agricultural activities (b) non-agricultural activities (c) both (a) and (b) (d) only (b) B. Fill in the blanks : 1. India is a land of _____________________. 2. In _____________________ areas people do all types of jobs. 3. In urban areas every road has _____________________ and _____________________. 4. In a city, the economic development is related to _____________________. 5. The shops in the markets are mostly _____________________. C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false : 1. Professions are same in the rural and urban areas. 2. People are engaged in business and service in urban areas. 3. Cities like Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are called rural areas. 4. Rural and urban areas have different ways to earn their livelihoods. 5. Shifting from rural areas to urban areas, is called migration. D. Match the following : Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ 1. A person selling small items (a) migration 2. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojna (b) Vendor 3. Moving from one place to another (c) 1993 E. Answer these Questions : 1. Who is a self employed person? 2. What is a shopping mall? 3. What are different occupations in urban areas? 4. In what ways the urban livelihood is different from rural livelihood? 5. What are the main advantages of working in urban areas? Life Skills & Values • Visit five different work places near your home. List different types of jobs that you find people doing at each place. (i) A bus stand (ii) A hospital (iii) A bank (iv) Your school • Make a project on the occupations in urban areas. Social Studies 6 103

2 2 local self-government in urban areas Urban area includes small towns, cities and big cities. Businessmen, office workers, officials, shopkeepers, professionals like doctors and lawyers etc, inhabit urban areas. Their needs and lifestyles are quite different from those of villagers. They need the services like garbage collection, street lighting, water and electricity supply, hospitals, schools for their children, etc. The question arises who provides them these services. The answer is local self-government. The local self-government in a small town having a population of 10,000 to 20,000, is called Town Area Committee. In a city, it is called Municipality. In big cities, it is called Municipal Corporation. One thing which is common to all the three bodies is that they look after the local needs of the people of their areas. In this chapter, we shall study only Municipal Committee and Municipal Corporation. Composition of the Municipal Corporation The Municipal Corporation are established in cities having a population above two millions, for the welfare of the city community. Big cities of India like Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bengaluru, Vadodara, Agra, etc have Municipal Corporations. In some cities, the Municipal Corporation is also known as Mahanagar Nigam or Mahanagar Palika. Municipal Corporations are elected bodies. The elections are held after every four or five years. All adults whose names are recorded in the list of voters, have a right to vote. Seats are also reserved for the scheduled castes. There are some Aldermen. After the election of the councillors is over, the election of Aldermen, whose number is predetermined is held and the Mayor and Deputy Mayors are also elected by the Councillors on the basis of single transferable vote system. They are elected every year. Mayor and Deputy Mayor are the representatives of the people and are responsible to the Corporation. The Mayor is the first citizen of the city and holds a dignified position. He arranges civic reception in honour of foreign visitors. The Deputy Mayor works in the absence of the Mayor and besides this, he contributes to the functions of day-to-day administration. The Mayor runs the Municipal Corporation. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief executive, who implements the scheme and supervises the function of the Corporation. He distributes work among the officers of the Corporation and also supervises their work. The Municipal Commissioner acts as a link between the citizen, (who come to him with complaints and requests) and elected members. Composition of the Municipal Council/ Committee A municipal Council or Committee is established for those towns and cities, which are smaller in size than the big cities having a population of more than twenty thousand, popularly known as 104 Social Studies 6

Municipalities. The number of members of a Municipal Council or Committee is fixed by the State Government. They are elected by the voters of that town or on the basis of adult franchise. The town is divided into many wards and one member is elected from each ward. In each Municipal Council or Committee, some seats are reserved for the members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Out of these seats, one-third seats are reserved for women belonging to these castes. The Municipal Office members of a Municipal Council elect from amongst themselves, a Chairman and Vice Chairman. The Chairman (Mayor) presides over its meetings and guides the deliberations. In his absence, the work is done by the Vice-Chairman. Besides them, a Municipal Committee has a Chief Executive Officer called the Municipal Commissioner and a Secretary, who are appointed by the State Government. The Chief Executive Officer also acts as a link between the State Government and the Municipal Corporation. Various officers, such as the officers incharge of the departments of health, education, engineering and sanitation help him or her in this work. The Municipal Commissioners co-ordinates their work and has the power to appoint employees at the lower level. Additional Joint Commissioners and the Deputy Commissioners are also appointed to look after the administration work. Besides the Commissioner and Secretary, there are also Health Officers, Sanitary Inspectors, Municipal Engineers, Junior Engineers, Octroi Inspectors and Education officers who help the Municipality in discharging its duties. Fact Time Important towns like Ferozpur, Bhatinda, Karnal, Rohtak, Aligarh, Ajmer, Alwar, etc. have Municipal Committees. Nagar Panchayat or Notified Area council Nagar Panchayat is constituted for a transition from a rural area to an urban area. Nagar Panchayat performs functions similar to a Municipal Council. The Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council and Nagar Panchayat together constitute the urban local self governing bodies. Functions of Municipal Corporation All corporations have a large number of functions for the welfare of their citizens. Registration of Births and Deaths • To provide for and maintain graveyards, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums. • To maintain records of births and deaths and issue certificates for the same. Public Health • To provide vegetable markets, food grain markets and other consumer goods. Social Studies 6 105

• Locating and developing lands for industrial units, market places, etc. • To grow plants and trees along the roadside for better environment. • Supply of fresh drinking water. • Free vaccinations and inoculation for prevention of diseases like smallpox, cholera, polio and tuberculosis, etc. • Construction of urinals and toilets at busy public places. • Supply of electricity. • To build and maintain roads and bridges within the city limits. • Construction of subways near busy road crossing. • Opening of hospitals and dispensaries in different localities for treatment of diseases. • Prevention of adulteration in food stuffs. Fact Time • Maintenance of proper sanitation and cleanliness The waste dumped and including removal of rubbish and garbage and cleaning decaying in public places is a of drains. potential health hazard. • Public Conveniences. Recreation : The Municipal Corporation provides recreation to the public in different manners. It makes public parks, museum, zoo, cinema halls and playgrounds. It arranges fairs and exhibitions, gymnasium and music centres. Education • Providing scholarship to the poor and female students. • Providing free and compulsory education. • Construction and maintenance of reading rooms, public libraries and auditoriums, etc. • Opening of primary and secondary schools for children and to appoint teachers in those schools. • Opening of vocational education centres. Public Security The convenience of the people, Corporation has the responsibility to protect people and property from any kind of hazards and disasters. For this purpose, the Corporation provides fire brigades. There is arrangement of police for public safety. The police serves the people and sees that the people are not harassed by thieves, dacoits and any other anti social elements. Though the police works under the district administration. Besides, the Mayor of the city and Municipal Commissioner have the right to provide financial help to the poors, students, widows and orphans. Homes for helpless women and children are also set up by the corporations. 106 Social Studies 6

Sources of Income In order to provide and run so many services and facilities, a Municipal Committee needs substantial sources of income, which are as follows: • Water and sewer tax. • Entertainment tax. • Property or house tax, land tax. • Toll tax for using roads and bridges. • Rental income from markets and municipal property. • Tax from hotels and shops. Fact Time • Education tax and conservancy tax. • Tax on procession, fairs. A State Finance Commission is appointed • Electricity tax and charges. every five years to review the financial • Registration fees position of the urban local bodies. • Grants from the State Government, which is a substantial amount. • Municipal Committee looks after the needs of local people in cities. • Three types of local self-governing bodies are Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council/Committee and Nagar Panchayat. • The mayor presides over the meetings of the Municipal Corporation whereas Municipal Committee presides over the deliberation officer of a municipalities called the Municipal Chief Commissioner. • Main sources of income of the local bodies are taxes like house tax, water tax, entertainment tax, etc. • The members form various committees to focus on various kinds of work, such as health services, water supply, maintenance or street lights, etc. A. Tick () the correct option : 1. Urban areas includes: (a) villages (b) cities (c) towns (d) (b) and (c) both 2. The _____________________ presides over the meeting of the Municipal Corporation. (a) Mayor (b) Deputy Mayor (c) Chairman (d) Vice-Chairman 3. Which one is a form of a municipality? (a) Gram Panchayat (b) Panchayat Samiti (c) Municipal Council (d) Nyaya Panchayat 4. The members of a Municipal Committee are: (a) nominated (b) elected (c) employed (d) none of these Social Studies 6 107

5. A local self government in a small town is called: (a) Municipal Committee (b) Town Area Committee (c) Nagar Mahapalika (d) none of these B. Fill in the blanks : 1. _____________________ is also known as Mahanagar Nigam or Mahanagar Palika. 2. Municipal Corporations are _____________________ bodies. 3. _____________________ is the first citizen of the city. 4. _________________ acts as a link between the State Government and the Municipal Corporation. 5. Nagar Panchayat performs functions similar to a _____________________. 6. The city is divided into several _____________________. C. Match the following : Column ‘B’ Column ‘A’ 1. Nagar Mahapalika (a) Municipal Committee 2. Mayor (b) Municipal Co-orporation 3. Chairman (c) Source of income 4. Health officer (d) Big city 5. House tax (e) Adultration in food D. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false : 1. The members of a Municipal Committee are nominated. 2. A Municipal Corporation operates in a big city. 3. A vice-chairman always presides over the meetings of a Municipal Committee. 4. Mayor and Deputy Mayor are the representatives of the people and are responsible to the corporation. 5. The elections of Municipal Corporation are held after every four or five years. E. Answer these Questions : 1. How and why is local self-government in urban areas different from that in rural areas? 2. Describe the composition of a Municipal Corporation. 3. What are the sources of income of a Municipal Corporation? 4. In what type of city does Municipal Corporation operate? 5. Which important records are Maintained by a Municipal Committee? 6. Mention any one educational function of a Municipal Committee. 7. Why are special committees formed in a Municipal Committee? Life Skills & Values • Make a project report on the role of the local bodies in providing facilities to a slum near your locality. • Find out how your municipal body disposes off garbage. Present a report to the class. • Make a poster showing the health services provided by a Municipal Committee. 108 Social Studies 6

Model Test Paper-1 (History) A. Tick () the correct option : 1. History is a systematic description of: (a) Present events (b) Recent events (c) Past events (d) None of these 2. Prehistoric age is also called the: (a) Stone age (b) Wood age (c) Metal age (d) None of these 3. Where is the site of Harappa located? (a) Larkana (b) Dholavira (c) Atharvaveda (d) Rupar 4. Later Vedic Aryans worshipped: (a) Vishnu (b) Agni (c) Prithvi (d) None of these 5. Jainism accepted: (a) Truth (b) Ahimsa (c) Austerity (d) both (a) and (b) B. Fill in the blanks : 1. A person who studies history subject as a profession is called _____________________. 2. The Neolithic age is also known as the _____________________. 3. Indus Valley Civilisation is also called the _____________________. 4. The Atharvaveda deals with knowledge in general and _____________________ in particular. 5. There are about _____________________ Upnishads. C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false : 1. AD is always counted backwards. 2. Palaeolithic men are also called Quartzite men. 3. Mohenjodaro and Harappa are situated in India. 4. Women were given high status during Aryan period. 5. Mahavira died around the age of 80 at Patna. D. Match the following : Column ‘B’ Column ‘A’ 1. Jantripka (a) Magadh’s ruler 2. Vajji (b) a town 3. Magadha (c) Magadha republic 4. Bimbisara (d) one of the 16 mahajanapadas E. Answer these Questions : 1. How does the study of history help us? 2. Which was the first metal discovered by man? 3. Describe the main features of town planning of Harappan Civilisation. 4. How was the social life of the Vedic people? 5. What are the essence of the Upanishads? Social Studies 6 109

Model Test Paper-2 (Geography) A. Tick () the correct option : 1. Name the largest planet of the solar system: (a) Jupiter (b) Saturn (c) Mercury (d) Earth (d) None of these 2. The motion of the earth on its axis is: (d) all of these (d) 52% (a) Rotation (b) Revolution (c) Both of these (d) eight groups 3. Political maps show: (a) cities (b) towns (c) states 4. How much surface of the earth is covered with water? (a) 71% (b) 80% (c) 59% 5. Mainland of India is divided into: (c) two groups (a) six groups (b) five groups B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Pluto, Ceres and Eris are called _____________________. 2. The earth takes _____________________ hours to complete one rotation. 3. Maps of countries, big cities are _____________________ maps. 4. _____________________ is formed by the joining of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. 5. The northern part of the eastern coastal plain is called the _____________________. C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false : 1. The sun is the biggest and the brightest of all the stars in the universe. 2. We feel winter season in Southern Hemisphere on 22nd December. 3. A sketch is drawn with the help of a scale. 4. Madhya Pradesh has the highest population. 5. The Brahmaputra valley lies in eastern India. D. Match the following : Column ‘B’ Column ‘A’ (a) Island continent 1. Arctic ocean (b) Includes all living things 2. North America (c) Earth’s solid surface, rocks and soil (d) Isthmus 3. Australia (e) Icebergs 4. Biosphere 5. Lithosphere E. Answer these Questions : Social Studies 6 1. Why is the earth called a unique and blue planet in the solar system? 2. Name any four main seasons? 3. What is the use of a compass? 4. What is penisular plateau? 5. Why is Lakshadwep known as a coral island? 110

Model Test Paper-3 (civics) A. Tick () the correct option : 1. Bihu is a famous folk dance of: (a) Tamil Nadu (b) Kerala (c) Gujarat (d) Assam (d) None of these 2. The law making body of the government is the: (d) None of these (a) Legislative (b) Judiciary (c) Executive (d) 30 years (d) agriculture 3. In India, the basic occupation of villagers is: (a) agriculture (b) fishing (c) crafting 4. A member of a Panchayat should not be less than: (a) 18 years (b) 21 years (c) 25 years 5. Occupations in urban areas are: (a) service (b) business (c) (a) and (b) B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Ghoomar is a famous dance in _____________________. 2. _____________________ is the main function of the government. 3. ‘Phulkari’ work is the traditional craft of __________. 4. The tenure of Block Samiti is of _____________________ years. 5. In _____________________ areas people do all types of jobs. C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false : 1. Food habits are different in different regions. 2. In India, every citizen has equal political rights. 3. Women in villages do not work outside their homes. 4. Maintaining the health care centres is not the function of the Gram Panchayat. 5. Cities like Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are called rural areas. D. Match the following : Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ 1. Stereotype (a) negative opinion 2. Uncomfortable (b) with people different from us 3. Untouchables (c) fixed idea or image 4. Discrimination (d) lower caste 5. Prejudice (e) treat person or group differently than other E. Answer these Questions : 1. What is diversity in religions in India? 2. Differentiate between a Monarchy and a Democracy. 3. What are the various crafts in which rural people are engaged? 4. What are the sources of income of Zila Parishad? 5. In what ways the urban livelihood is different from rural livelihood? Social Studies 6 111

SUSTAINABLE G ALSDEVELOPMENT 1 NO 2 ZERO 3 GOOD HEALTH 4 QUALITY 5 GENDER POVERTY HUNGER AND WELL-BEING EDUCATION EQUALITY 6 CLEAN WATER 7 AFFORDABLE AND 8 DECENT WORK 9 INDUSTRY, 10 REDUCED AND SANITATION CLEAN ENERGY AND ECONOMIC INNOVATION AND INEQUALITIES GROWTH INFRASTRUCTURE 11 SUSTAINABLE 12 RESPONSIBLE 13 CLIMATE 14 LIFE 15 LIFE CITIES AND CONSUPTION ACTION BELOW WATER ON LAND COMMUNITIES AND PRODUCTION 16 PEACE, JUSTICE 17 PARTNERSHIPS AND STRONG FOR THE GOALS INSTITUTIONS These 17 Sustainable development Goals (SDGs) are an urgent call for action by all countries (developed and developing) in a global partnership. The 2030 Agenda of a Sustainable Development was adopted by all United Nations Member State in 2015, and its provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. 112 Social Studies 6