Just Enough English Grammar Illustrated

Expanded Sentence Subject + Verb + Direct Object Andy loves hamburgers. The actio82n passes from a subject to a receiver of the action. In the example above, the noun hamburgers is the direct object. It receives the action expressed by the verb loves. The direct object names the receiver of an action. It completes the meaning of the sentence. Direct objects are most commonly people, animals, places, or things. Here are two examples: or Andy loves his mom his school. A direct object is usually a noun or a pronoun. Please refer to Chapter 1, Nouns, and Chapter 3, Pronouns, to review explanations about direct objects. 4.16 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Verbs taking direct objects can also express physical action. Examples are fast-moving, energetic, action-packed verbs like run, swim, and jump. 88

A transitive verb has a direct object. Expanded Sentence with a Direct Object Subject + Verb + Direct Object Jake swims a lap. Transitive Verb The direct object is the noun a lap that receives the action expressed by the verb swims. Jake swims is a basic sentence that can stand alone. If you add the direct object, a complete unit is formed by the subject, verb, and direct object, as indicated above. The verb swims takes the noun a lap as a direct object, and it is labeled as a transitive verb. ! Hint: A verb is transitive when an object is necessary to complete its meaning in the sentence. The action of the verb is transferred to the object. Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive, depending on the meaning of the sentence. The next example illustrates the verb swims as an intransitive verb. An intransitive verb does not have a direct object. Expanded Sentence with a Prepositional Phrase Subject + Verb + Preposition + Object of Preposition Jake swims in the pool. Intransitive Verb Here, the verb swims does not have a direct object completing the sentence. Again, Jake swims is a basic sentence that can stand alone, but it can also be extended to include a prepositional phrase: in the pool. The noun pool is the object 89

of the preposition in. In this sentence, the verb swims is an intransitive verb with no direct object. No action is transferred to an object in this sentence; the object of the preposition does not receive the action of the intransitive verb swims. ! Hint: When an object is not needed to complete its meaning, the verb is intransitive. You will learn later why it is important to recognize transitive verbs. Learning about objects of prepositions is also important and is covered in Chapter 6, Prepositions. 4.17 Verbs Expressing Commands A sentence that gives a command is called an imperative sentence. Help! Place orders here. A complete sentence You often find these verbs on signs can be just one word, that give orders. What is the subject? like the command It is you. The listener or reader knows Help! that the word you is understood. Use imperative sentences to give commands or make requests, such as Please pass the hamburgers and Go to the pool now. 4.18 Overview of Verbs Congratulations! The following charts summarize the Four Principal Parts of a Verb. Use these charts for a final review. Following the charts, you will find a list of 20 common irregular verbs and a Venn diagram that highlights the important concepts of helping verbs and main verbs. 90

Four Principal Parts of a Verb Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs 1 Base Form Subject Pronoun Main Verb Subject Pronoun Main Verb 1I walk 1I write 2 you 2 you 3 he, she, it walks 3 he, she, it writes (or Singular Noun) (or Singular Noun) 1 we 1 we 2 you walk 2 you write 3 they 3 they (or Plural Noun) (or Plural Noun) Note: The verb form used with third-person singular subjects shows a spelling change to the base form when it expresses an action in the present tense. 2 Past Form Subject Pronoun Main Verb Subject Pronoun Main Verb 1I 1I 2 you 2 you 3 he, she, it 3 he, she, it (or Singular Noun) (or Singular Noun) 1 we walked 1 we wrote 2 you 2 you 3 they 3 they (or Plural Noun) (or Plural Noun) 3 Present Participle Subject Helping Main Subject Helping Main Pronoun Verb Verb Pronoun Verb Verb 1 I am 1 I am 2 you are 2 you are 3 he, she, it is 3 he, she, it is (or Singular Noun) walking (or Singular Noun) writing 1 we are 1 we are 2 you are 2 you are 3 they are 3 they are (or Plural Noun) (or Plural Noun) 4 Past Participle Subject Helping Main Subject Helping Main Pronoun Verb Verb Pronoun Verb Verb 1 I have 1 I have 2 you have 2 you have 3 he, she, it has 3 he, she, it has (or Singular Noun) walked (or Singular Noun) written 1 we have 1 we have 2 you have 2 you have 3 they have 3 they have (or Plural Noun) (or Plural Noun) 91

Common Irregular Verbs Verb 12 3 4 Infinitive Base Form Past Form Present Past 1. to be* of Verb of Verb Participle Participle be was/were being been 2. to become become became becoming become 3. to bring bring brought bringing brought 4. to come come came coming come 5. to do* do did doing done 6. to drink drink drank drinking drunk 7. to drive drive drove driving driven 8. to eat eat ate eating eaten 9. to give give gave giving given 10. to go go went going gone 11. to have* have had having had 12. to know know knew knowing known 13. to leave leave left leaving left 14. to make make made making made 15. to see see saw seeing seen 16. to sleep sleep slept sleeping slept 17. to speak speak spoke speaking spoken 18. to swim swim swam swimming swum 19. to take take took taking taken 20. to write write wrote writing written *Indicates a helping verb. 92

Main Verbs and Helping Verbs Venn Diagram 1 2 Base Form Past Form of Verb of Verb walk write -ed or Irregular Form walked wrote Forms of Main Verbs 3 4 Present Participle Past Participle -ed or Irregular Form -ing Form walked written walking writing To do To be do, does, did am, are, + is, was, were + Main Verb Main Verb Helping Verbs Need Main Modals Verbs can, must, may, To have could, would, will have, has, had + + Main Verb Main Verb 93

4.19 Review Exercises A Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the present tense. 1. He ______________ two brothers. (to have) 2. They ______________ sixteen years old. (to be) 3. I ______________ very tall. (to be) 4. Do we ______________ dinner at 6:00 p.m.? (to eat) 5. The picture ______________ blurry. (to be) B Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the present continuous. 1. They ______________ in the park. (to walk) 2. Anna ______________ the package. (to send) 3. You ______________ with a pen. (to write) 4. He ______________ to music. (to listen) 5. I ______________ a picture. (to draw) C Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the past tense. 1. Jake ______________ the box. (to open) 2. They ______________ excited. (to be) 3. She ______________ three laps. (to swim) 4. We ______________ a goldfish. (to have) 5. You ______________ three hot dogs! (to eat) D Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the present perfect. 1. I ______________ in New York. (to live) 2. Susan ______________ the milk. (to spill) 3. They ______________ their mother. (to call) 4. He ______________ home. (to hurry) 5. We ______________ the museum. (to visit) E Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the future tense. 1. You ______________ a steak. (to order) 2. She ______________ famous. (to be) 3. I ______________ my homework. (to do) 4. He ______________ money. (to earn) 5. We ______________ football. (to play) 94

F Underline the helping verb in the sentence. Circle the main verb. 1. He is typing. 2. We must study. 3. I have eaten. 4. You may enter the room. 5. They are singing. 6. She must dance. G Write the past form of the verb. Example: talk Y talked 1. look ________________ 2. march ________________ 3. rub ________________ 4. race ________________ 5. warn ________________ 6. try ________________ H There are three periods in time: present, past, and future. Determine whether the verb or verb phrase in red type illustrates an action in the present, past, or future. Write present if the action is in the present, past if it is in the past, or future if it is in the future. 1. He shall play the piano. ________________ 2. She has lived here for a year. ________________ 3. I eat a sandwich for lunch. ________________ 4. They won’t sit on the bench. ________________ 5. We wrote on the board. ________________ 6. She is shopping. ________________ I Rewrite the statements below as questions by changing the word order and/or adding a form of “to do.” Examples: I am happy. Y Am I happy? They like pizza. Y Do they like pizza? 1. The dog is fast. _________________________________ 2. He plays soccer well. _________________________________ 3. We are at the theater. _________________________________ 4. I have three sisters. _________________________________ 5. She is writing a book. _________________________________ 6. You have blue eyes. _________________________________ 95

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CHAPTER 5 ADVERBS 5.1 What Is an Adverb? 98 5.2 Five Groups of Adverbs That Modify Verbs 98 5.3 Adverbs Used to Form Questions 100 5.4 Placement of Adverbs 100 5.5 When Adjectives Become Adverbs 101 5.6 When Adverbs Modify Other Adverbs 101 5.7 When Adverbs Modify Adjectives 102 5.8 Comparison with Adverbs and Adjectives 102 5.9 Overview of Adjectives and Adverbs as Modifiers 104 5.10 Review Exercises 105 Nouns Adjectives Pronouns Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections 97 Copyright © 2008 by Gabriele Stobbe. Click here for terms of use.

5.1 What Is an Adverb? Adverbs act as modifiers. The prefix “ad-” in the word adverb means “to,” “toward,” or “in addition to.” An adverb is a word that is used with a verb to expand its meaning. walk write eat swim quietly terribly slowly quickly Adverbs add to or modify the meaning of verbs and are classified as adverbs of time, location, manner, degree, and frequency. Adverbs have many jobs to do. This section of the chapter introduces the main job adverbs perform: to modify verbs. Later in the chapter, we will cover how adverbs are used to modify both adverbs and adjectives. 5.2 Five Groups of Adverbs That Modify Verbs Adverbs of Time Adverbs of time tell when an action happened, happens, or will happen. Some of the most commonly used adverbs of time include early, today, now, yesterday, before, soon, and tomorrow. Pool opens When? Halloween is coming soon. today! Today tells you when the Soon indicates when the pool opens. Not just opens, holiday is coming. Not just coming, but coming soon. but opens today. Adverbs of Location Adverbs of location tell where an action happened, happens, or will happen. Here are some examples of adverbs of location: above, inside, here, there, and everywhere. 98

Where? Hot dogs sold here! Andy is walking inside. Inside tells you where he Here tells you where the is walking. Not just walking, hot dogs are sold. Not just but walking inside. sold, but sold here. Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of manner tell how something happened, happens, or will happen. Some commonly used adverbs of manner are loudly, carefully, well, quickly, and slowly. How? I eat slowly. Walk carefully around the pool. Slowly tells you how he eats. Not just eat, but eat slowly. Carefully tells you how to walk. Not just walk, but walk carefully. Adverbs of Degree Adverbs of degree tell to what extent an action happened, happens, or will happen. Here are some examples of this group of adverbs: completely, nearly, too, almost, very, and fully. I nearly To what I almost extent? hit the bottom forgot my of the pool! flippers! Not just hit, but nearly hit. Not just forgot, but almost forgot. The examples above show the importance of understanding adverbs: They tell you that the action did not happen in the end. 99

Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of frequency tell how frequently an action happened, happens, or will happen. Some commonly used adverbs of frequency are always, often, sometimes, seldom, and never. How often? Swimmers must always The friends often walk shower before entering to the pool. Not just walk, the pool. Not just shower, but often walk. but always shower. These five groups of adverbs are the most commonly used adverbs that modify verbs. 5.3 Adverbs Used to Form Questions The question words that help you to identify the time, location, or manner of an action are called interrogative adverbs. “When,” “where,” and “how” are used to form questions. They help you to identify the time, location, or manner of an action. When does the swim meet begin? Adverb identifying time Where are the balls? Adverb identifying location How does he write? Adverb identifying manner 5.4 Placement of Adverbs The placement of adverbs can vary greatly. Adverbs are usually placed directly after the verb. However, as the example I almost forgot my flippers shows, adverbs can also be placed before a verb. In the sentence She walked around the pool carefully, the adverb is placed after an object noun. 100

5.5 When Adjectives Become Adverbs Most adjectives become adverbs by adding the suffix -ly. This -ly suffix is a useful indicator to help you identify adverbs. Adcjaercetlievsess Acdbasvarqkeediullrleflibycussklsllylyy bsakdillful quick Even though the majority of adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective, not all adverbs have this suffix. Some examples of adverbs that cannot be identified as adverbs by looking at a suffix are seldom, again, soon, almost, fast, and now. 5.6 When Adverbs Modify Other Adverbs The meaning of an adverb can be made stronger by adding a second adverb. In the examples below, the adverbs very and really are used to modify other adverbs. Subject Verb Adverb Adverb Maria swims very well. well modifies swims (how the action was done) very further modifies the adverb well (not just well, but very well) Subject Verb Adverb Adverb Jake writes really terribly. terribly modifies the verb writes (how the action was done) really further modifies the adverb terribly (not just terribly, but really terribly) 101

5.7 When Adverbs Modify Adjectives “Too” and “very” are commonly used adverbs of degree. They can modify adjectives as well as other adverbs. Adverbs can be used to add more meaning to adjectives that describe a noun. Here is an example, expanded step by step. Ben is a swimmer. Ben is a bad swimmer. Ben is a very bad swimmer. Subject Linking Article Adverb Adjective Noun Verb bad modifies the noun swimmer very modifies the adjective bad In this example, the adverb very modifies the adjective bad. It explains to what extent Ben is a bad swimmer. Adverbs of degree can modify both other adverbs and adjectives. 5.8 Comparison with Adverbs and Adjectives The form of an adverb or adjective sometimes changes to show degrees of quality. In grammar, these changed forms showing a difference in degree constitute the comparative form. There are three degrees of comparison in English: 1. The positive degree of an adjective or adverb describes a noun without comparing it to anyone or anything else. The positive degree of an adverb or adjective does not make a comparison. 2. The comparative degree shows that the quality as expressed by the adjective or adverb exists to a greater degree. 3. The superlative degree shows that the quality as expressed by the adjective or adverb exists to the greatest degree. When adverbs or adjectives are used to compare, they change form or add new words to indicate degrees of quality. 102

The following chart shows two ways in which adjectives and adverbs form the comparative and superlative degrees. You can compare any person, place, thing, or idea to another one, or to a group of people, places, things, or ideas. Adjectives Adverbs The Positive Degree Quality Quality Modify one noun Modify one Verb a big/good/bad writes fast/well hamburger walks quietly a helpful sign The Comparative Degree Greater Amount of Quality Greater Amount of Quality Compare two Compare two Add -er to the adjective Add -er to the adverb (or use an irregular form) (or use an irregular form): before the noun: writes faster/better a bigger/better/worse Place more hamburger before the adverb: walks more quietly Place more before the adjective before the noun: a more helpful sign The Superlative Degree Greatest Amount of Quality Greatest Amount of Quality Compare more than two Compare more than two Add -est to the adjective Add -est to the adverb (or use an irregular form) (or use an irregular form): before the noun: writes fastest/best the biggest/best/worst Place most before the adverb: hamburger walks most quietly Place most before the adjective before the noun: the most helpful sign 103

The previous chart includes adjectives and adverbs of comparison that have irregular forms. Irregular adjectives of comparison include bad, worse, worst and good, better, best. A common irregular adverb of comparison is well, better, best. There are many other forms of adjectives and adverbs not mentioned in this summary. Make sure you continue to expand this list in order to use comparatives correctly. 5.9 Overview of Adjectives and Adverbs as Modifiers Who or What? Does What? friends NOUN VERB walk dear ADJECTIVE very makes dear stronger ADVERB very very my ADJECTIVE MODIFIERS ADVERB slowly Adjectives never modify verbs; they only modify nouns. Adverbs never modify nouns, but they can modify adjectives, as well as verbs and other adverbs. 104

5.10 Review Exercises A Identify the adverb in each sentence and underline it. 1. They swim slowly. 2. Mr. Miller cooks the meal well. 3. I almost fell down the stairs! 4. Dinner is nearly ready. 5. Anna really loves her family. 6. When is the test? 7. He eats breakfast early. 8. I read books quickly. 9. The sun shines brightly. 10. Do I write well? B Determine whether the word in red type is an adverb or an adjective. Write adv if it is an adverb or adj if it is an adjective. 1. Shadow is a cute dog. ________ 2. She is very happy. ________ 3. We ask many questions. ________ 4. Ben really likes to surf! ________ 5. Where does he study? ________ 6. He talks more loudly. ________ 7. The directions are clear. ________ 8. Susan is swimming now. ________ C Determine whether the adjective in red type is comparative or superlative. Write C for comparative or S for superlative. 1. I am the slowest runner. ________ 2. This pool is deeper than that pool. ________ 3. His dog is smaller than my dog. ________ 4. She is the nicest girl in the school. ________ 5. Jake is faster than Ryan. ________ 6. He is the most boring teacher! ________ 7. Maria is taller than Anna. ________ 8. Susan is the best swimmer. ________ 105

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CHAPTER 6 PREPOSITIONS 6.1 What Is a Preposition? 108 6.2 What Prepositions Express 109 6.3 Frequently Used Prepositions 110 6.4 Single-Word and Compound Prepositions 111 6.5 Prepositional Phrases with Nouns and Pronouns 111 6.6 Extended Units with Direct Objects and Objects of a Preposition 113 6.7 Some Words Are Both Prepositions and Adverbs 114 6.8 Review Exercises 116 Nouns Adjectives Pronouns Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections 107 Copyright © 2008 by Gabriele Stobbe. Click here for terms of use.

6.1 What Is a Preposition? This chapter deals with another group of little words you need to understand: prepositions. Previous chapters showed how adverbs and adjectives add details to verbs and nouns. Prepositions are words that are placed before nouns or pronouns; they show a relationship in a sentence. A preposition is a word or group of words that is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show a relationship in a sentence. the food cart inside Open at 9:00 a.m. Today on top of the road In the illustration above, the phrases inside the food cart, on top of the road, and at 9:00 a.m. can be added to a basic sentence containing a subject and a verb, thus extending the sentence. Example: Fred is inside the food cart. The word inside is a preposition. It shows the relationship between Fred and the cart. Example: The food cart sits on top of the road. The words on top of function as a preposition and show the relationship between the food cart and the road. Example: Fred’s Foods opens today at 9:00 a.m. The word at is a preposition and shows the relationship between Fred’s Foods and 9:00 a.m. As we explore the next section, you will see that each preposition shows a slightly different type of relationship. 108

6.2 What Prepositions Express Here is an introduction to some of the prepositions in this chapter. around on top of to, into the pool the locker the locker room at in on 10:20 a.m. the United States Monday A closer look at these prepositions indicates that some prepositions express direction or movement. Other prepositions express location or time. In this section, examples will help you learn how to distinguish between these three categories: direction or movement, location, and time. Note that the same preposition can be used in more than one category. Direction or Movement Example: Andy walks Example: Andy walks into the locker room. out of the locker room. The prepositions into and out of often express direction or movement of someone or something, usually from one place to another. 109

The question words where and to where can help you identify prepositions that express direction or movement. Location Joey sits under the umbrella. The pep rally is in the school. The preposition in often describes a location. Use in when the meaning is within. Place can refer to specific locations, such as at your house, or it can refer to a surface, such as on top of the road. The question word where can help you identify prepositions that express a location or a place. Time Pool Hours 9:00 a.m. – 10:00 p.m. My birthday is on Easter. The pool opens at 9:00 a.m. The preposition at can be used to express both an event in time and time shown on a clock. The most common prepositions referring to time are in, at, and on. Other examples are Graduation is in May and The party takes place on Saturday. Use the question word when to identify prepositions that express time. 6.3 Frequently Used Prepositions There are a great many prepositions. Only a few of the most common prepositions are shown in the list below. Frequently Used Prepositions across down into out after for near out of at from of over before in off to behind inside on with 110

6.4 Single-Word and Compound Prepositions Prepositions can take the form of a single word. At, in, out, and for are some examples of single-word prepositions. Multiple-word prepositions are called compound prepositions. Out of, in front of, and across from are examples of prepositions that are composed of more than a single word. 6.5 Prepositional Phrases with Nouns and Pronouns A prepositional phrase consists of two distinct parts. The first part is the preposition itself. The second part, which follows the preposition, is a noun or pronoun that is called the object of the preposition. Together, these two parts form what is called a prepositional phrase. Prepositional Phrases with Nouns Example: Susan swims with Jake. Preposition Object (Noun) with Jake = prepositional phrase In this example, with Jake is a prepositional phrase. The preposition with is a single-word preposition. It is followed by the noun Jake. Jake is called the object of the preposition. A noun does not change in form when it becomes an object of a preposition. A preposition and the object of the preposition form a prepositional phrase. Example: The balls are on top of the locker. Preposition Object (Noun) on top of the locker = prepositional phrase The preposition on top of is a compound preposition composed of three words. The noun locker represents the object of the preposition. By combining the preposition on top of with the object noun the locker, you form a prepositional phrase. 111

Prepositional Phrases with Pronouns Example: Susan swims with him. Preposition Object (Pronoun) with him = prepositional phrase In this example, the preposition with is followed by the object pronoun him. A pronoun used as the object of a preposition must be an object pronoun; it cannot be a subject pronoun. In the chart below, subject pronouns are listed on the left, and object pronouns are listed on the right. When you want to use a pronoun as the object of a preposition, you must choose it from the object pronouns in the chart on the right. Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Singular Plural Singular Plural 1I 1 we 1 me 1 us 2 you 2 you 2 you 2 you 3 they 3 them 3 he, 3 him, she, it her, it Using Object Pronouns In order to form a correct prepositional phrase with a pronoun, you must be able to recognize and use object pronouns. To help you identify an object pronoun, try placing the preposition with before a pronoun to see if it makes sense. Using with before he does not make sense. You must select an object pronoun, in this case, the pronoun him. Any object pronoun listed on the chart above can be combined with a preposition. 112

6.6 Extended Units with Direct Objects and Objects of a Preposition Direct objects and objects of a preposition are both used to expand the basic unit of a subject and a verb. Note, however, the differences in structure for the two examples that follow. In the first example, the direct object is the noun note. It receives the action of the verb write. As an object, it is a building block and cannot stand alone. By adding a note to Susan writes, you expand the basic unit of subject and verb to include a direct object. Susan + writes + a note. Baatck5! Subject and Verb form a Unit, extended to include a Direct Object. The sentence Susan writes a note is an extended unit. The second example shows how a preposition combines with a noun to form a prepositional phrase. The preposition under and the noun umbrella form a prepositional phrase. This, too, is a building block that cannot stand alone. Joey + sits + under + the umbrella. Subject and Verb form a Unit, extended to include a Prepositional Phrase. The prepositional phrase under the umbrella establishes a relationship between Joey (the subject) and the umbrella (the object of the preposition under). Although Joey sits could stand alone as the smallest type of sentence, when you add under the umbrella, you extend 113

the basic unit of subject and verb to include a prepositional phrase. You have now formed an extended unit. A prepositional phrase must have both a preposition and an object. Look for more examples of direct objects and prepositional phrases in this chapter as well as in Chapters 1, 2, and 3, so that you will be more familiar with these common ways to form extended units. 6.7 Some Words Are Both Prepositions and Adverbs A preposition always has an object. Example: Susan walks around the pool. Preposition Object around the pool = prepositional phrase When you include the pool as the object of the preposition around, you have formed a proper prepositional phrase with both a preposition and an object. However, some words can be used as prepositions when they have an object, but they can also be used as adverbs when they do not have an object. Example: Susan walks around. Adverb This example illustrates when the word around cannot be called a preposition, because there is no object of a preposition. In this case, the word around is used as an adverb instead of as a preposition. You have already covered adverbs in Chapter 5. An adverb never has an object. 114

Look again at the phrases walks around and around the pool in the examples on the previous page. The following chart highlights the use of the word around as an adverb on the left and as a preposition on the right. Some words can be used as more than one part of speech. ADVERB PREPOSITION walks VERB PREPOSITION around + + around ADVERB OBJECT OF the pool PREPOSITION 115

6.8 Review Exercises A Underline the prepositions in the following sentences. 1. The book is on the shelf. 2. She gardens in the morning. 3. He does not walk to school. 4. Anna swims in the pool. 5. School starts at 8:00 a.m. 6. The ball goes in the net. 7. They sleep late on Saturdays. 8. She sits in the chair. 9. The plane flies over the ocean. B Fill in the blank with the appropriate preposition. Refer to the list of frequently used prepositions in this chapter. 1. He runs _____________ the street. 2. She sleeps _____________ the bed. 3. He plays _____________ his friends. 4. Dinner is _____________ the table. 5. They eat lunch _____________ 12:00 p.m. C Determine whether the preposition in each sentence is a single-word or a compound preposition. Write S for a single-word preposition or C for a compound preposition. 1. The cat is on top of the chair. _____ 2. Music plays on the radio. _____ 3. Ben walks out of the room. _____ 4. The sun sets at 7:00 p.m. _____ 5. The car is in front of the house. _____ 6. He drives on the road. _____ 7. Susan buys gifts for her family. _____ 8. Ryan sits across from Anna. _____ 9. Her birthday is on Friday. _____ 10. The dog eats off the floor. _____ 116

CHAPTER 7 CONJUNCTIONS 7.1 What Is a Conjunction? 118 7.2 Joining Words 118 7.3 Joining Phrases 119 7.4 Joining Sentences 120 7.5 Review Exercises 121 Nouns Adjectives Pronouns Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections 117 Copyright © 2008 by Gabriele Stobbe. Click here for terms of use.

7.1 What Is a Conjunction? This is the final group of important words for forming sentences that we will study. The most common conjunctions that will be introduced in this chapter are and, or, and but. A conjunction joins words or a group of words of the same type. and or but A conjunction is a word used to join similar elements in a sentence. These elements can be words, phrases, or sentences. The conjunctions introduced in this chapter are also called coordinating conjunctions, because they coordinate elements that are similar. 7.2 Joining Words Here are examples that illustrate how conjunctions join words— first, nouns with nouns, and then, adjectives with adjectives. • and expresses addition The following example shows and used as a conjunction between two words. Example: Anna and Jake Noun Conjunction Noun Two nouns —in this case, the names of people—are joined by the conjunction and, making it possible to form a sentence such as Anna and Jake are friends. • or expresses a choice The next example shows or used as a conjunction between two words. 118

Example: Maria or Anna Noun Conjunction Noun Two nouns are joined by the conjunction or, indicating a choice in a question such as Can Maria or Anna come over? Conjunctions can be used to join adjectives as well. Example: green or pink bikini Adjective Conjunction Adjective Two equal elements—adjectives—are joined by the conjunction or. A full sentence could read Maria wears her green or pink bikini almost every day during the summer. 7.3 Joining Phrases In addition to joining two words of the same kind, conjunctions can also be used to join two phrases. • and expresses addition The following example shows and used as a conjunction between two prepositional phrases. Example: For Jake and for Maria Prepositional Conjunction Prepositional Phrase Phrase Here, two prepositional phrases are joined by the conjunction and. A full sentence could read The hula girl performed for Jake last week and for Maria this week. • or expresses a choice The following example shows or used as a conjunction between two prepositional phrases. Example: Near the pool or in the locker room Prepositional Conjunction Prepositional Phrase Phrase 119

Two prepositional phrases joined with the conjunction or could form the question Is the lifesaver near the pool or in the locker room? 7.4 Joining Sentences Conjunctions can also combine two sentences, just as they join words or phrases. • and expresses addition The following example shows and used as a conjunction between two sentences. We went to the pool. The Miller family went to the parade. We went to the pool, and the Miller family went to the parade. Sentence Conjunction Sentence In this example, two equal elements — in this case, two complete sentences —are joined by the conjunction and; they are now combined into a single sentence. • but expresses contrast The following example shows but used as a conjunction between two sentences. All the friends came. Maria was not there. All the friends came, but Maria was not there. Sentence Conjunction Sentence 120

The conjunction but is also used to combine two sentences into one. However, the use of the conjunction but expresses contrast in the sentence, while the conjunction and expresses addition. !Hint: When using conjunctions, make sure to join words or groups of words of the same type. Later in your studies, other conjunctions will be introduced that combine elements that are different. These conjunctions have different rules. 7.5 Review Exercises A Underline the conjunction in each sentence. 1. Does Ben have a brother and a sister? 2. She plays the piano and the guitar. 3. Jake eats hot dogs or pizza for dinner. 4. Anna and Andy play outside. 5. The flowers are blue and pink. 6. He does not like eggs or bacon. 7. She sings and dances. B Determine whether the conjunction in red type expresses addition, a choice, or contrast. Write A for addition, CH for a choice, or C for contrast. 1. Ben likes ice cream, but Susan likes popsicles. _____ 2. She will go to the party or to the beach. _____ 3. Maria and Jake watch television. _____ 4. They see the stars and the moon. _____ 5. The dog barks, but the cat purrs. _____ 6. Ben walks or takes the bus. _____ 7. He dives and jumps in the water. _____ C Complete each sentence with the appropriate conjunction. Choose one of the following: and, or, but. 1. He enjoys reading _____________ running. 2. Will he dance with Susan _____________ Maria? 3. Anna has brown hair _____________ blue eyes. 4. He wants to swim, _____________ she wants to surf. 5. Ben _____________ Maria go to school together. 6. Does she like roses _____________ tulips? 7. He likes football, _____________ he prefers soccer. 121

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CHAPTER 8 INTERJECTIONS 8.1 What Is an Interjection? 124 8.2 Review Exercises 125 Nouns Adjectives Pronouns Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections 123 Copyright © 2008 by Gabriele Stobbe. Click here for terms of use.

8.1 What Is an Interjection? Interjections are sudden, interrupting words or phrases that are also known as exclamations. Common interjections include wow, well, hey, bravo, and oh. An interjection expresses strong emotion or surprise; it functions independently within a sentence. Wow! Free Look at that! Hot Dogs Example: Wow! Look at that! Interjection In the example above, we see that the interjection Wow! stands apart from the rest of the sentence and adds an element of surprise. Interjections are often signaled by an exclamation mark. Example: Bravo! You won the race! Interjection Interjections can also be signaled by a comma. Example: Oh, they are late. Interjection 124

8.2 Review Exercises A Determine whether each statement is true or false. Write T for true or F for false. 1. Interjections are never signaled by an _____ exclamation mark. _____ 2. An interjection functions independently within the sentence. _____ _____ 3. Interjections are also known as exclamations. _____ 4. Interjections do not express strong emotion. 5. An interjection can be signaled by a comma. B Fill in the blank with the appropriate interjection from the choices given. 1. ___________, that dog is huge! (Wow | Bravo | Oh) 2. ___________! We get to go to the beach! (Oh | Hooray | Well) 3. ___________, can you hear me? (Hey | Bravo | Wow) 4. ___________, I hope they can come. (Oh | Gosh | Uh-oh) 125

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Congratulations! Dear Student, You have learned the basics of the English language, which is a major accomplishment. Now that you have been exposed to the fundamentals of English grammar, you have a strong foundation for future studies. Don’t forget that learning a language is an ongoing process. It doesn’t end when you close this book. In fact, it is just beginning! We hope that this book has equipped you with tools that will help you as you progress in your studies. We wish you the best of luck as you expand your knowledge of the English language. 127

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ANSWER KEY 1 NOUNS A 1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. Y 5. N 6. N 7. N 8. Y 9. N 10. Y B 1. rings 2. leaves 3. beaches 4. clouds 5. berries 6. lives 7. birds 8. patches 9. nails 10. skies C 1. a 2. an 3. a 4. a 5. an D 2. Anna, swims 3. father, drives 1. He, runs 5. cat, jumps 4. They, sit E 1. trees’ 2. bike’s 3. Chris’ 4. building’s 5. cars’ F 2. dog, brown 3. He, short 4. name, Andy 1. house, big 5. sky, blue G 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 2 ADJECTIVES A 1. loud 2. American 3. brown 4. small, full 5. orange 6. tired 7. cold 8. sad 9. colorful, beautiful B 1. a, I 2. the, D 3. an, I 4. A, I 5. the, D C 1. His 2. three 3. my 4. every 5. my 6. that 7. her 129 Copyright © 2008 by Gabriele Stobbe. Click here for terms of use.

3 PRONOUNS A 1. 3rd 2. 1st 3. 2nd 4. 1st 5. 3rd B 1. S 2. P 3. P 4. S 5. S 6. P 7. P C 1. P 2. X 3. X 4. P 5. P 6. X D 1. SP 2. OP 3. OP 4. SP 5. OP 6. OP 7. SP E 1. It 2. whom 3. ours 4. I 5. Those 6. her 4 VERBS A 1. has 2. are 3. am 4. eat 5. is B 1. are walking 2. is sending 3. are writing 4. is listening 5. am drawing C 1. opened 2. were 3. swam 4. had 5. ate D 1. have lived 2. has spilled 3. have called 4. has hurried 5. have visited E 1. will order 2. will be 3. will do 4. will earn 5. will play F 4. may enter 1. is typing 2. must study 3. have eaten 5. are singing 6. must dance G 1. looked 2. marched 3. rubbed 4. raced 5. warned 6. tried H 1. future 2. past 3. present 4. future 5. past 6. present I 1. Is the dog fast? 2. Does he play soccer well? 3. Are we at the theater? 4. Do I have three sisters? 5. Is she writing a book? 6. Do you have blue eyes? 130

5 ADVERBS A 1. slowly 2. well 3. almost 4. nearly 5. really 6. When 7. early 8. quickly 9. brightly 10. well B 1. adj 2. adv 3. adj 4. adv 5. adv 6. adv 7. adj 8. adv C 1. S 2. C 3. C 4. S 5. C 6. S 7. C 8. S 6 PREPOSITIONS A 1. on 2. in 3. to 4. in 5. at 6. in 7. on 8. in 9. over B 1. across 2. in 3. with 4. on 5. at C 1. C 2. S 3. C 4. S 5. C 6. S 7. S 8. C 9. S 10. S 7 CONJUNCTIONS A 1. and 2. and 3. or 4. and 5. and 6. or 7. and B 1. C 2. CH 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. CH 7. A C 1. and 2. or/and 3. and 4. but 5. and 6. or 7. but 8 INTERJECTIONS A 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T B 1. Wow 2. Hooray 3. Hey 4. Gosh 131

About the Author Gabriele Stobbe, a native of Düsseldorf, Germany, began her professional career as a kindergarten and art teacher. Having decided to pursue proficiency in foreign languages, she lived in France and Spain for several years. Travels with her husband took her to South America and South Africa, where she began her undergraduate career at the University of South Africa in Pretoria, completing it at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After years of teaching languages in high schools and for the Bayer Corporation, she formed her own company to provide language services and private tutoring in German, French, and Spanish. A move to Washington, D.C. brought her prestigious assignments at the Goethe Institute, the Foreign Service Institute for the Department of State, and the Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies. Gabriele’s lifelong passion has been to provide effective learning materials that will assist students throughout the critical early stages of their language learning. You may visit her Web site at elingopro.com. Copyright © 2008 by Gabriele Stobbe. Click here for terms of use.