Fundamentals Of English Grammar(Answer Key)

9. A dogis suppcnedto obey ire trajaes. 10. Peop19 who Livc in aparunent6 are suppasea c their mt on rime. . EXERCISE 39, p.309. 1. An accident wee happened at t h -~*- 2. Thinpen 4e -tome, 3. I n m v e r y ~ b y t h c n m a s . 4. I'm inttroeted in rhPr abject. 5. Heismsrri#ltomycowin. 6. Thailand iplocated in SoutheastAsia. 7. Msry's dog wee died last week. -8. WareyoufPIPiiWxlwhsnyouoawhim? 9. When I weat (go) downtown, I got @et) lost. 10. h t n i g h t i w w v a y t i r e d 11. Thbtia-mre-dwdtarminufesLaa. la, 1 d i i ( d ) with that ~ a n a l t . 13. Our claw is eompwal O P ~ t s . 14, I am not acaustamcd to cold weather. 15. We're not sujtgmsed to have p@ts in our sparrment.





10. I'mamdying ieh I&@sh. 11. My couain in hinglivenin &z United States. 12. Only twelve ntudents wen in claps yeat&y. 13. I need nome advice. University ofArimna. 14. We dl have a few im,blams iq-tba fife. 4. T h e Nile River flarrn'itrmthe Mediterranean Sea. 5. Iohn is a Catholic Ali is a Moslem. ..15. Thm w m no lobs, and. much mmrsy. . .16. . animals except for chkltonr. 17. WhenIwnsa child,... with-tbahorms. I & Ilivewirhtwofrlends. Oneisfrom &+Chile... from & Saudi Arabia. 19. I thhk -&a- 3ugM.t is a language. EXERCISE 1 wc 3. The p d friendly. 4. mwai 5. T h e people whom Imet af tl% garN fast &t







membexing dof quitting doi~ ating ~illing 3hg















The numbers following the words listed in the I (Look on pages 312 through 313 and on index refer to page numbers in the text. Consonants, 13fn. The lettersfn. mean \"footnote!' (Look at thefootnote on page 13.) Footnotes are at the bottom of a page or the bottomof a chart. _.A ,. ,' .: midsentence (still, already), 102fn. Alan, 312-313, 326-327 :--3 , , . ., negative (seldom, never), 9 A vs. an, 312 .,, .. ., Afewla little, 318 Accustomed to, 303 ...- .' After, 48,65,161 Active verbs, 276 A littlelafew, 318 Adjective clauses (a man who lives), A little (bit), 258 343-367 A lot, m u c h , far, 258 .--.. ,,, . , Adjectives (good, beautiful), defined, 166, A lot (of), 318 , 343 Aliko, 271 .\\ '. .. ., , , . / .: ' following be, 166,292 Ahnost, 248 Alrea*, 88fn.,102 comparative (morel-er) and superlative (mostl-est), 252-253 Although, 241 I with much, a lot,far, 258 Alwcrys, etc. (frequency adverbs), 9 followingget (get hungry), 300 Am, is, a r e + -ing (am eating), 4 nouns used as (aflower garden), 168 And, 226,228 participial (interesting, inrerested), 297 auxiliary verbs following, 233 possessive (my, our), 176 with parallel verbs, 76 Adverb clauses, 239 with so, roo, either, neither, 235 with because, 239 with subject-verb agreement, 165 with even thoughlalthough, 241 Another, 181,186 if-clauses, 65 Anymore, 102 since-clauses, 95 Apostrophe (Tom's), 173 time clauses (before he came), 48,65,95 Articles (the, a, an), 326-327 Adverbs (quickly): As.. .as comparisons, 248 ..not as. as vs. kss, 259 comparative (more/-@) and superlative (mostl-est), 252-253,257,265 A s k if, 425 frequency (always,sometimes), 9 A s soon as, 48,65

B Capitalization, 226,339 Clauses, defined, 48fn.,343fn.(SEEALSO Be: in questions, 19 Adjective clauses; Adverb clauses; If- simple past (was, were), 26 simple present (am, is, are), 4 clauses; Noun clauses;Tie clauses) Commas: Be about to, 74 with adverb clauses, 48,239 Be + adjective, 166,292 in connecting ideas: followed by that-clause (am sorry that), with and, 226 415 with but and or, 228 vs. periods, 226 Be m i d , 415,41751. in quoted speech, 420 Because, 239 in a series, 228 Comparatives (mod-er), 252-253,257 Before, 48,65,161 with adjectives and adverbs, 253 Be going to, 56 double (the more. ..the more), 263 vs, will, 63 with modiiers, 258 Be +-ing (islwas eatink,, 4,39 with nouns, 261 repeated (more and more), 262 Be + past participle fie interested in), 277, Comparisons, 248-275 292 (SEE ALSO Passive) as.. .as, 248 followed by noun clauses (be w r l e d comparatives(morel-er), 252-253,265 that), 415 same, similar, different,like, alike, 271 Be supposed to, 307 superIatives (most/-est), 252-253,265 Better: Conjunctions (and, but, or, so), 226,228,230 Consonants, 13jh and best, 253 Continuous verbs (SEE Progressive verbs) had better, 190,203 Contractions of verbs: with nor: like ...better, 218 hasn't, haven't, 85 Be used to/accustomed to, 303 isn't, aren't, 4 But, 228,230 mustn't, 207 By: shouldn't, 202 w m 't,wren 't, 26 followed by -kg (by doing), 384 won't, 59 with passive (by-phrase), 276,282 with nouns: with reflexive pronoun (by myselfi, have, has, 87 will, 59 178 with pronouns: vs. with, 384 am, is, are, 4 had, 113,203 have, has, 85,87 will, 59 would, 199,218 with question words, 128 who's vs. whose, 135,359fn. use of, 128fi. Could, 190 past ability, 191

in polite questions, 197, 199 For (someone) to do (sumethind, with it (It possibility, present/future, 195 is importantforyou to study), 388 Countlnoncount nouns, 313-342 noncount nouns, 313-3 15,322 Frequency: adverbs (always,somerimes), 9,102 D expressions (a lot, every day), 139 questions about, with how o m , 139 Dependent clause, defined, 343fn.(SEE ALSO Adjective clauses; Adverb From, to, to express distance, 140 clauses; Noun clauses) Full stop (period), 226fn. Future time, 55-82 fiFerentfrom, 271 Direct speech (SEE Quoted speech) be going to and will, 56,59,63 in if-clauses, 65 Distance (to ...&m, howfar), 140 immediate @e about to), 74 using present verbs to express (It begins Do as main verb in what-questions, 130 Does, do, did: tomorrow), 70-73 in time clauses (Before he comes, we in negative (I don't. ..), 4,26 will.. .), 65 with have to, 207 G ...in questions (Did you ?), 4,26, 121, Gerunds (riding, working), 368 123 followingprepositions, 381 with what, 130 as subjects (Riding horses isfun), 387 in short answers Wes,I do), 19,26,121 verbs followed by (enjoy working), 368, Double comparatives (the sooner, the bettm), 374 263 Get + adjectivelpastparticiple (get hungry, E get rired), 300 Get used tolamrstornod to, 303 -Ed (nsked,played), 25,32 past participle, 32,84 Go + -ing (go shopping), 372 as adjective (a confucedperson), 297 pronunciation, 28 Gonna (going to), 56 spelling, 29 7 Either, 235 Enough, 394 H -Erlmore and -estlmost, 252-253,257 Etc., 245fn. Habitual past (used D do something), 52 Even though, 241 Had: Ewr, 9 Ever-y., 165 contracted with pronouns, 203 Expressions of quantity (some, many), 318, in past perfect (She had already eaten), 326 112-1 13 Had better Wou'd b e w study), 190,203 F Hanged vs. hung, 92fn. Have, auxiliary in present perfect (Thq, Far, much, a lot, 258 Farthorl~rther2,53fn. have eaten), 85 (A) fi?w, 318 progressive vs. non-action, 17 For (purpose) (I went to the storefm milk), in questions, main verb, 122)~. Hove got to, 190,206 5 391 Have to, 190,206 For and since (time) (I stayed fm two do not have to, 207 Helping verbs (SEEAuxiliary verbs; doy), 86-87,95,98 Negatives; Questions; individual items)

Hors, 138,143 L hourBbout, 149 hoeu far, 140 The least, 265 howlong, 141 how many (times), 139,322 Less.. . than, 259 how much, 318,322 how ofren, 139 Lot's, 215 Lied vs. Lay, lain, 3lfn. I Like, alike, 271 u-clauses, 65 L i k e . .. better, 218 expressing funwe time in, 65 as noun clauses, 409,425 (A) littk, 318 Logical conclusion, 210 ~ l t u b h inr noun clauses, 409,425 Immediate future (be about to), 74 M Imperative sentences (St@!), 213 In, as preposition of time, 163 Main clause, 48,239,343fn. Independent clause, defined, 343fi. Manylmuch, 318 Indirect speech (SEE Reported speech) May, 190,193 In6nitives (w eat), 373-374 permission, 193,197 withit (Itisu(syo&eggs), 141, polite question, 197 387-388 possibility, 60,193 Maybe, 60,202 with m o d a l s w~st&), 190 vs. may be, 193 Measure, units of (a cup of,a pzece on, 324 purpose (in order w), 391 Midsentence adverbs ( d y , seldom), 9,102 with tw and wan& 394 Might, 190,193 Modal auxiliaries, 190-2 10 (SEE ALSO verbs followed by, 373-374 Information quescio88,129 individual items) in passive, 288 4np: Morel-er ... than, 252-253,257 gerund (Swimming isfun), 368 present participle (They are swimming), The most/-eat, 252-253,265 Much, a lot,far, 258 32 Must, 190 as adjective (an interesting book), 297 in tenses (SEE Progressive verbs) logical conclusion, 210 s p e l l i i 29,32 necessity, 206 In orde+ to, 3P1 Must not, 207,210 Interested vs. inteesthag, 297 Intrsnsitive and transitive verbs. 280 Nearly, 248 Irregular noun plurals (roma&,fih), 158, Negatives: 173 adverbs (seldom, never), 9 Irregular verbs (ear, a,earn), list, 33 be + not, 4 be + not + going w, 56 ..It, to express distance (It is au,miles .), past progressive (waslwere not), 39 140 present perfect (haslhave not), 85 +It infinitive (It is eagy w do), 387-388 +present progressive (amlislare not), 4 +It t a k (length of time), 141 should not (shouldn't), 202 I t . vs. it's, 176 simple past (did not), 26 simple present (doesldo not), 4, 19 1 INDEX +will not (won't), 59 (SEEALSO Contractions of verbs)

Na'ther, 235 modal auxiliaries (should be mailed), 288 Non-action (nonprogressive)verbs (know, stative (is married), 292 summary of forms, 277,287 want, belong), 17 Noncount nouns (furniture, mail), ..Past habit (I used im live in .), 52 313-315,322,324 Past participles, defined, 32,84 units of measure with (two cups of tea), as adjectives (be tired, be surprised), 292 followingget (get tired), 300 324 vs. -ing (interested vs. interestink,, used as count nouns (paper vs. a paper), 297 of irregular verbs, list, 33 322 in passive, 276-277 Not (SEE Negatives) Past perfect (had leji), 1 12-1 13 N o t a s ... as, 259 Past progressive (was eating), 39 Past time, 24-52 (SEEALSOTenses) Noun clauses, 403-4 15 Period, 226 with ifwhether, 409,425 Personal pronouns (she, him, they), 171 with question words (what he said), Phrasal verbs, list, 449-452 404 reported speech, sequence of tenses, 423 intransitive, 443 nonseparable, 432 with that (Ithink that.. .), 414-415 separable, 432 three-word, 446 Nouns: Phrase, defined, 4 0 3 h coundnoncount (chairslfurniture), Plural nouns, 12,158 (SEEALSO Singular 313-327 plural forms, 12, 158, 165 and plural) possessive (Tom's), 173 as subjects and objects, 159 Polite questions using modals (May R used as adjectives (a flower garden), 168 W€wldyou?), 197, 199,218 0 Possessive: Object pronouns, personal (him, them), 171 in adjective clauses (whose), 359 in adjective clauses (whom I met), 344,347 nouns (Tom's), 173 pronouns and adjectives (mine and my), Objects: of a preposition (on the desk), 159 176 of a verb (k reading a book), 166 h f e r , 218 Prepositional phrases (on the desk), 161 On, as time preposition (on Monday), 16'3 Prepositions (ar,f/om, under): One of + plural noun, 265 combinations with verbs and adjectives, 453 Or, 228 Other, 181,183,186 followed by gerunds, 381 Ought to, 190,202 list, 161,463- 464 objects of, 161 P as particle in phrasal verbs (put off,put Parallel structure with and, but, or, 226, on), 432 228 of place, 162fn, 164 with verbs (walks and talks, is walking vs. time, word order, 164 and talkin&, 76 placement in adjective clauses, 355 placement in information questions, Participial adjectives (interested vs. interesting), 297 l26fn in stative passive (be married to), 292 Particles, in phrasal verbs (put away), 432 of time (in, on, aZ), 163 Partitives (SEEUnits of measure) Passive (It was mailed by Bob), 276 INDEX 5 by-phrase, use of, 276,282

P r e s e n ~ & d p k (eatink,, 32 present perfect progressive Fawe they as djective finf~e~Ebrk)2,97 been driving?), 98 vs. gerund, 368 present progressive (are you doing?), 4 Present perfect (hawe eaten), 84-1 13 simple past (did you do?), 26 defined, 87 simple present (do you do?), 4 with will ( d y o u do?), 59 Pteauu. time, 4-19 (SEEALSO Tenses) Questions, 121-152 Principal parts of a verb (cas,a,~aren, information (why, when), 123 polite (wouldyou please?), 197, 199,202 eaaiq), 32 tag (You know Bob, don't you?), 152 h b a b b , 60 yeslno, 19, 121, 123 Progressive verb T[M +-in&, 32 Question words, 123, 128 (SEEALSO Noun in passive (ic being &Me), 287 clauses; individual items) past(wus doirPkt,39,287 Quite, 248 Quotation marks, 420 present @ &i&4,70&,98,2,87 Quoted speech, 4 2 M 2 2 presenmpufect &as been doink,, Reflexive pronouns ( m y e m , 178 98-100 Relative clauses (SEEAdjective clauses) Reported speech, 422-423 vn, non-adon (Iam thinkingvs. I think), -S/-es: 17 with plural nouns @ids), 12, 158,313 Pronouns: pronunciation, 157 with simple present verbs (eat), 4 in adjective clauses (do, wlbiclr), 344, spelling, 13 347-348 Same, similar, dflerent, like, alike, contractionswith (REEContractions) 27 1 used as expressions of@mtitJr (mwy, Say vs. tell, 425 sonrs), 3Z6 Sequence of tenses, in noun clauses, 423 personal (I, them), 171 Several, 318 Shall, 56 possessiw (kb,drrin), 136 Short answers to questions, 19, 26,85, reflexive (mysaZt; th&&a),178 Pronunciation: 121 -ed, 28 Should, 190,202 -s/-R(J 157 Simple form of a verb, 32 Pnoacllton: Simple past, 25-26 apostrophe (Tom's), 173 (SEE ALSO vs. past progressive, 39 Conuactions) vs. present perfect, 87 comma: Simple present, 4, 19 to express future time, 73 in adverb dau8es, 48,239 in future time clauses, 65 Since andfor, 86-87,95,98 vs. a p&&, Z26 Singular and plural: nouns (a bird, birdr), 158-159, 313 in quoted speech, 420 inasuieswkhmd,226 period, 226 quotation marks, 420 Purpose (koniLlto,fbr), 391 Q Quantity, expressions of @ lot, s d ) , 318,32qlh. Question %nus, 123 p ~protgressive (were ~ mdroing?), 39 pl%mperfe~t( h V 8 YOU &?If$, 85 6-

nouns used as adjectives flower gardens), present perfect (have worked), 85-87, 168 95 personal pronouns (I, we), 171 possessive nouns (student's, studenu'), present perfect progressive (have been 176 workink), 98-100 present tense verbs (eat), 4,12 verbs in adjective clauses (man who ir, present progressive (is workink), 4 men who are), 354 future meaning, 70 So: simple future (willwork), 56 with and (and so do 0,235 simple past (worked), 25-26, 32, 39, conjunction (It was late, so we lefr), 87 230 substituted for that-clause (I think so), simple present(works), 4 418 future meaning, 65,73 Some, 313,326 Soltoola'therlneither, 235 Than: Spelling: in comparatives (morel-er), 252,257, -ed, 29 -erl-est, 253-254fn. 260 ing, 29 -s/-es, 13, 158 r following like better, would mther, 218 Stative (non-action) verbs, 17fn. Stative passive (is married), 292 That: StiN. 102 Stop (stop doing it vs. stop to do it), in adjective clauses (a book that I read), 3701%. 347-348,355 Subject pronouns, personal (I,she, they), .in noun clauses (He said that. .), 171 in adjective clauses (a man who is, a book 414-415 which was), 344 The, 252,326-327 Subjects, verbs, objects, 159 with names, 338 transitive vs. inuansitive verbs, 280 Subject-verb agreement, 165 Their, they're, there, 176 in adjective clauses, 354 +Thsrs be, 165 Superlatives, 252-253,265 Supposed to, 307 Think, progressive vs. non-action, 17 S-V-0-P-T,164 Three-word verbs, 446 (SEE ALSO Phrasal Tag questions (You know Bob, don't you?), 152 verbs) ,',,.,: ' :i Take, with it to express length of time, Time clauses, defin,'ed,. 239jh. : , I, 141 form, 48 future, 65 '. ...~.;., . . Tell vs. say, ask, 425 past, 48 .. Tenses: ., , .-.,~, past perfect (had worked), 112-1 13 .. past progressive (were workink), 39 with since, 95 To,,Srom, to express distance, 140 +'Zb simple form (infinitive), 373-374 (in order) to, 391 (excess amount), 394 with and (and I do too), 235 Transitive and intransitive verbs, 280 lko-word verbs, 432 (SEE ALSO Phrasal verbs) Units of measure (a cup of, a piece ofl, 324 Until, 48,65,67fn. Used to (past habit), 52 vs. be used to, 305 INDEX 7

v While, 39,48,65 Verbs: Will,190 principal parts of, 32 reporting, 423,425 vs. be going to, 63 vs. subjects and objects, 159,280 forms, 59 transitidinuansitive, 280 future, 56 (SEEluso Auxiliary verbs; Modal in polite questions, 199 auxiliaries; Passive; Phrasal verbs; with probably, 60 k e s ; individual items) Withvs. by, 384 Wholwho(m): WV2,58 in adjective clauses, 344,347-348, Vowels, 13h. 355 in noun clauses, 407 W in questions, 123,125 who's vs. whose, 135,359fn. Hbs, were, 26,39 Whose: in adjective clauses, 359 + -ing (maseating), 39 in noun clauses, 407 in questions, 135 What, 125 Why, 124 in noun clauses, 403-415 Why don't, 215 what about, 149 Word order (s-V-0-P-T), 164 Wuld, 190 +what a form of do, 130 conuactions with pronouns, 218 in polite questions, 199 what kind of, 132 in reported speech, 423 what rime vs. when, 124 Wuld rather, 218 whem in questions, 124 Y in time clauses, 39,48,65 Wkorr, I24 Yeslno questions, 19,121,123,409 Wkotksr, 409,425 k t , 102 which: in adjective clauses, 348 in noun clauses, 403-407 in questions, 133

I FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMARwith ANSWER KEY Third Edition Betty S c h r a m p f e r h r &@ - I A classic developmental skills text for laver-intermediate and intermediate students of English as a second or foreign language,hmdamentals of English Gmmmaris a reference grammar as well as a stimulatingand teachable classroom text. I While keeping the same basic approach and material as in earlier editions, the third edition more fully develops communicative and interactive language-learningactivities. Some of the new features are: Numerous \"real communication\"opportunities More options for interactive work in pairs and groups Additional open-ended communicative tasks for both speaking and writing Expanded error-analysis exercises Interestingand lively new exercise material New appendices for phrasal verbs and prepositions ADAMENTALSOF ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Third Edition, includes: I Shdent Book Full Edition: ISBN 0-13-013631-X Volume A: ISBN 0-13-013646-8 .Volume B: ISBN 0-13-013652-2 Full edition with Answer Key: ISBN 0-13-049447-X Workbook,consisting of self-studyexercisgs for independent work Full Edition: ISBN 0-13-013633-6 Volume A: ISBN 0-13-013647-6 Volume B: ISBN 0-13-013653-0 Chartbook, a reference text consisting of only the grammar charts ISBN 0-13-013635-2 Teacher's Guide,with teaching suggestions,grammar notes, and answers ISBN 0-13-013634-4 I m AzarIGrammar Exchange Companion website http://www.longman.com/azar h!tp://www.longman.com/grammarexchange I L IEducation