RMF-Centenary of Australian Submarines

1914 2014 THE CENTENARY OF AUSTRALIAN SUBMARINES SUBMARINESTHECENTENARY OFAUSTRALIAN • OFFICIAL COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE • 9 780473 298142 2014 NZ$15 INCL GST AU$10







WANTED TRUSTWORTHY, COURAGEOUS, PATRIOTIC AUSTRALIANS. REQUIRED TO TOLERATE: extensive work hours, arduous conditions and exceedingly confined quarters, long periods of profound isolation from general society. MUST BE: respectful of the sea; capable of performing to exacting professional standards; service oriented, tolerant, psychologically sound, physically fit and healthy; and willing to conduct hazardous and warlike at sea operations, independent of direct support, whilst crewing the nation’s principal strategic deterrent. HIGHLY DESIRABLE: strong aptitude for teamwork and leadership. IF YOU ARE ALL OF THE ABOVE CONTACT THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY AND SPEAK WITH A SUBMARINER. W: navy.gov.au

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014

CONTENTS SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF FOREWORD IN AUSTRALIA 7 Govenor General 1914-2014 9 Chief of Navy 11 Comm Peter Scott Intro SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF 13 Intro SIA CHECK PAGE NUMBER IN AUSTRALIA 14 SIA next 100 years 17 Intro SAA 1914-2014 23 Sub Ass Malcolm Hardy 18 SAA Alfred & Elsie SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF 22 SAAWF foundation IN AUSTRALIA 25 MinDefence Welcome Fremantle 27 City Fremantle Mayor 1914-2014 28 Fremantle List Sub 100 events 29 List of Events SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF 30 March Silent Service Martyn IN AUSTRALIA 32 Role of Subs Ray G Speech 36 Why Submarines Peter Horobin 1914-2014 INTRO INTO ERA HISTORY 1914-1915 SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 40-41 AE1 AND AE2 1914 - 1919 42 AE1 and AE 2 Peter Smith 1914-2014 44 Men of AE1 Kathryn Spurling 52 Reuben Mitchell DSM SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF 56 Dacre Stoker IN AUSTRALIA 58 Sub AE2 Foundation find 1914-2014 INTRO INTO ERA 1919-1939 SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF 64-65 1919 - 1960 IN AUSTRALIA 66 Gift of Subs J Class 69 Osborne House 1914-2014 1940 WW2 78 Century Silent Service Lloyd Blake 70 Comm Norman Shaw 80 Aust Subs X Craft Lloyd Blake 85 Tribute to Kiwis INTRO INTO ERA 1950-80s 90-91 1960 - 1990 92 Oberon class RAN 100 Oberon - One of the 300 Ian McDougall 103 Mystery Boats Geoff Barker 106 Life in O Boat Capt Bill Owen, by Geoff Barker 112 Otway Rescue 118 The Dolphins 120 Holbrook museum INTRO INTO ERA 124-125 1990 - 2014 126 Women In Subs K Spurling 130 Women in Subs Peter Clark 132 Greg Wyatt Collins Class Electronic Warfare Supv 134 Jimmy Durant Acoustic warfare officer Collins 136 James O’keefe Communications 138 PO John W ‘Pedro’ Peters Sub Escape Training 141 Submarine Escape and Rescue 145 My Journey now and then WOMTSM Mark Dixon OAM Memory Banks 149 single Memorial and Rememberance 150 Submariners Walk Heritage Brisbane 152 On Tap Tommo with cartoon 155 Traditions of the Trade - cartoons included Submariners Ditty AE1 and AE2 Commemorative Placques AE 1 Poem Tribute to all Submariners Poem Publishers Page

WE ORIGINALLY BUILT SUBMARINES. NOW WE BUILD FUTURES. Celebrating the Centenary of Submarines gave us pause to reflect upon our achievements over the past 30 years. We were established in 1985 to build submarines. Since that time we have evolved to become Australia’s largest specialised defence shipbuilder; maintaining and building submarines and continuing to innovate to a world-class level. Australia’s independence is vital and ASC is proud to be an integral part of our defence structure; employing thousands and ensuring our nation’s skills and technologies remain at the cutting edge. Looking back, there is a lot to be proud of. And looking forward there is a lot to be excited about. kwp!ASC10003

FOREWORD SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 -8M4 7 -2 -8M -6 -4 -2 -7M -8

Congratulations 100Years OF Submarines For over 100 years MacTaggart Scott has been a key supplier to the world’s navies. Today, MacTaggart Scott equipment is the preferred choice in over 60 leading navies. www.mactag.com

FOREWORD SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 CHIEF OF NAVY T he Royal Australian Navy is one of Unseen by most, they have stalked the the oldest operators of submarines seas and oceans around Australia and in the world, commissioning HMA the world. Their service is anything Submarines AE1 and AE2 in but ordinary and the pride with which February 1914. Our submariners they wear their Australian Dolphins is have served with distinction, well deserved. showing strength of purpose in difficult and adverse circumstances. Since the Looking toward our second introduction of the O-Boats in the 1960s, century of submarines in the Royal the first submarines whose capabilities Australian Navy, I am confident in truly matched Australia’s extensive strategic our modern Submarine Enterprise, geography, our submariners have shown the which brings together all the value of submarines in the defence of our elements of industrial, technical and nation and our national interests. Along operational capability, which are with their successors, the Collins class, required to manage these complex the Royal Australian Navy’s submarine and capable platforms. The Navy’s service has grown in capability and submariners will continue to serve stature, providing a strong and effective with distinction, demonstrating the conventional deterrent. power of their “Strength, Silence and Surprise.” As we mark a century of service to Vice Admiral the nation, it is appropriate to recognise, Tim Barrett remember and commemorate the efforts AO, CSC, RAN of all who have served in our submarines. -8M4 9 -2 -8M -6 -4 -2 -7M -8

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FOREWORD SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 MHEEASDSOAFGESUFRBOMMARINE PROFESSION I n this year of the Centenary of Australian Submarines, I am exceptionally proud in and around submarines today have to serve as the Head of the Submarine a shared purpose – to generate and Profession and be in a position to operate a submarine capability ready represent all those submarine qualified for service in the most persistently officers and sailors serving in the Royal hostile environment imaginable, the Australian Navy - the Submarine Arm.   depths and shallows of the sea. More critically, our submarines are prepared No submarine is a weapon of war to render service on operations, without a skilled and motivated crew. So, including combat operations. like every Australian Submariner before them, the men and women who crew For over a century Australian our boats today endeavour to know and submarine operations have had understand their mission, their environment, a significant impact on both the their platform, and, of course, their potential preservation of peace and on the adversaries. Our Submariners are possessed conduct of war at sea. As we celebrate with exceptional dedication, passion and the passing of one Centenary of professionalism. Being a Submariner is Australian Submarines and set sail for important to them; it is their Trade and it the next, our Submarine Arm stands is what distinguishes their service to family, ready to serve as the Nation’s principal friends, community and nation.  strategic deterrent! I am also privileged to serve so closely Dolphin 38 alongside the many other people, both P.M.J. Scott, CSC, within and beyond Navy and wider Defence, Commodore, Royal Australian Navy who contribute either directly or indirectly Director General Submarines to the submarine capability. Those that work Head of Submarine Profession -8M4 11 -2 -8M -6 -4 -2 -7M -8



SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 ISNUSBTMITAURTIENOEF AUSTRALIA in the fields of submarine widely recognised as one of the premier operations, engineering, submarine-focused events in the world. history and commercial sub-sea This year’s conference is the seventh in the engineering—otherwise known biennial series and will bring a historical as “submarine matters”. Its perspective to the discussion as we reflect on formation was stimulated by a the centenary and how to apply those lessons desire to provide independent to the years ahead. input to the consultative process surrounding the Membership of the SIA has grown from McIntosh/Prescott report into around 40 in 2001 to nearly 400 today. With Collins class submarines, as the that increase in membership has come a great incoming coalition government breadth of experience and perspective. Today, grappled with the emerging more than 80% of our members reside in President of the SIA, Peter Horobin addresses guests during the issues surrounding the first Australasia, 11% in Europe, 5% in North Centenary of Submarines Launch, at the Australian National submarines built in Australia. America and 1% in the Middle East and Maritime Museum, Sydney 2014 The SIA made a significant Asia. Their background and employment contribution to the 2009 are also diverse with around 80% being It goes without saying that 2014 is Defence White Paper, convincing its authors employed in industry, 10% in defence and an important year for submarines in that the submarine force should be increased 10% retired. A total of 22% of SIA members Australia. Not only does the year represent to 12. Since then, it has become a regular first are former submariners while 6% are the completion of a century in which point of contact from journalists and other currently serving. submarines have played an important thought-leaders as submarine news. part in the defence of Australia, but it also The Institute has held conferences since Membership of the Institute is open marks the beginning of the next century of 2001: initially on a biennial basis and, more to anyone with an interest in submarines submarines in Australia. recently, every year with two Science and and application is best completed using the The Submarine Institute of Australia Technology conferences having been held application form on submarineinstitute.com. (SIA) was formed in 1999 with a vision to in Adelaide. The biennial conferences have promote informed discussion and research a politico-strategic focus and have become Peter Horobin President Submarine Institute of Australia -8M4 13 -2 -8M -6 -4 -2 -7M

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SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 SUBMARINES, THE NEXT 100 YEARS T he arrival of the submarines AE1 and AE2 in Sydney on WORDS: PETER HOROBIN 24th May 1914 was a comparatively unremarkable event for Australia at that time. They had just completed the a formidable deterrent while operating unseen far from home. longest journey ever undertaken by a submarine up to that As we celebrate our Centenary year and commemorate those that time. But, there were a lot of firsts happening for the new country, and there were about to be a lot more. So AE1 went before us, it is time to reflect on what we’ve learnt over the past and AE2 quietly went about their business – as submarines 100 years and how that can guide us for the next 100. still do – largely un-noticed and un-reported, until their losses off German New Guinea and in the Sea of Marmara We have learnt that submarines have a disproportionate effect such a short time later put them on the front page. when operated stealthily in a ‘forward’ position – AE2, the WW2 patrols and Cold War Oberon operations have all shown this. We’ve Australia’s early submarine history was thus short also learnt that a small but skilled nation like Australia can punch and tragic but of great impact. Unfortunately very few Australians knew then (or even know today) that their above its weight to exert influence in the world, and new country was one of the first to adopt this cutting that well-operated long range submarines give Australia edge military technology. Even fewer know of the this ability. We have learnt that submarine construction heroism of the crews that took AE1 and AE2 to sea in the in Australia is an essential part of the capability. And opening days of the Great War and the impact of their we’ve learnt that we need to be able to look after operations. AE1 was the first loss for the fledgling Royal ourselves when it comes to defending the nation, even Australian Navy so soon after the start of the war and though we have close friends and strong allies. before the horror that was to follow. Very few Australians know of the effectiveness of AE2 – the first Allied submarine to Over the next one hundred years we need to transit the Dardanelles and start the submarine operation in the Sea keep in mind these lessons from our first century of Marmara. of submarine service. Australia will be more reliant on trade by sea now than at any time in our history, Submarines played a vital role in defending Australia during maritime forces will be increasingly important. The the Second World War also. 164 Allied (US, Netherlands and seas in which our Navy operates in are becoming more contested, British) submarines operated from Fremantle making it the so submarines may be the only platforms able to operate far from second largest Allied submarine base in the World. A significant home later in this century. There is lots of change in our region – the number of US submarines operated from Brisbane and the boats numbers of submarines are increasing by the month. This all paints from both bases conducted one of (if not the) most effective a picture where our submarines are more and more important to submarine operation in history. Australia over the next 100 years. The public discussion over Collins and Future Submarines has The devastating effectiveness of these submarines was achieved shown that Australians wish to know about their submarine force through the conduct of very long-range patrols north of the Equator and understand why it’s important to us. The need for capable long- in seas controlled by the enemy. No other ship could safely operate in range submarines is increasingly becoming much better understood. those areas. The Submarine Institute is proud to lead this debate and it will continue to advocate a strong Australian submarine capability that The effective conduct of very long-range operations is an builds on the lessons we’ve learnt since 1914. enduring feature of submarine operations in Australia’s defence. The SIA congratulates the Submarine Force on this 100th During and since the Cold War Australian submarines have provided Anniversary as Australian submarines continue to punch above their weight to defend our national interests. 15

SURBSFTYAATNODCE! SUBMARINES ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA The Association’s aims and goals are: • To liaise with kindred organisations, both • To keep alive the unique nationally and “esprit de corps” of internationally; and, submarine service; • To educate members • To establish and maintain about their entitlements a charitable trust, being a and provide access to welfare foundation; Department of Veterans’ Affairs advocates. • To assist one another as occasion may require and to encourage social activities Why should I join the SAA? There are many intelligent reasons to join SAA. Whether you actively attend our meetings or events is not important, being part of an Association that understands submariners and promotes the value of friendships and welfare of a unique group, submariners. Ours is a National Association, open to submariners of all nations. There are Branches in all states, managed locally to suit the needs unique to each state. The Association is for submariners of all generations and your membership strengthens the unique bond developed between ALL submariners. Deep down, you know it makes sense to become a Member! Full details on Membership can be found at: www.submarinesaustralia.org

FOREWORD SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 ASUSSBOMCAIARTINIOENS AUSTRALIA S ubmarines Association Australia its name to its current title; Submarines submarines Onslow and Ovens open to the (SAA) take this opportunity to Association Australia. public in Sydney and Fremantle respectively. wish both the Australian and Canadian Submarine Communities Today there is a branch of the SAA In our Centenary year the SAA a happy 100th Anniversary. in each state and territory of Australia. continues to work hard to ensure all A Century of Australian Queensland has two branches, one based in our submariners and submarines are Submarines is a wonderful milestone in Brisbane the other in North Queensland. remembered. We always remember and Australia’s naval history. The SAA is proud The National Body of the SAA has no salute those who lost their lives serving in to provide support and comradeship to permanent home. Holbrook in NSW is submarines. submariners and their families past, present recognised as the home of the Australian and future. The SAA is an organisation submariner. On behalf of the Submarines Association that prides itself in ensuring there is health Australia I commend this magazine to you and welfare support and guidance for SAA members have worked hard and acknowledge the hard work that has submariners and keeping them in contact to create and maintain a rich record of gone into producing this must-have once- with one another in Australia and overseas. the history of submarines in Australia. in-a-lifetime magazine about Australian Dedication of the informative Submariners submariners in their centenary year. July 1, 1937, the first meeting of the Walk in Brisbane (2013) records Australian then Submarines Old Comrades Association and allied submarine service to Australia. David Strangward, AM Sydney chapter was held. This branch was Holbrook Submarine Museum continues National President founded with the assistance of the London to grow and demonstrate world class Submarines branch, making it the second oldest in the standards in preserving and promoting our Association world. In 1980 the Association changed rich submarine history. Complementing the Australia Submarine Museum are the Oberon class 17

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA FOREWORD1 9 1 4 - 2 0 1 4 THEALFFORERDMANADTEILOSINE HOARFRTISHAENDSAA A lfred Meadows Harris was BY PETER SMITH born in Leicester, England a submarine tender for the ‘C’ class flotilla, on 15 February 1895. Upon which were training boats for the new intake completing his schooling, he of submariners. worked as a loom hand until 17 November 1911 when he At the completion of his submarine volunteered for service in the training, Harris volunteered to man one of Royal Navy. On 15 February the boats of the ‘J’ class fleet of submarines the British Government was giving to the Australian Navy. On 6 March 1919, he 1912, he entered HMS Ganges 2 at Shotley joined the submarine tender HMAS Platypus as a boy 2nd class. As a boy 1st class, Alfred and was transferred to HMS J4. was drafted to HMS Vivid on 24 July 1912. HMAS Platypus and her brood of ‘J’ Three months later, he was posted to boats left Portsmouth on 9 April 1919. the battleship HMS Venerable where he was The flotilla was joined in Gibraltar by the promoted to ordinary seaman on 15 February returning ‘Town’ class light cruiser HMAS 1914 and, on April 1, to Able Seaman. Sydney, which escorted the fleet to Australia. Early in his career, Alfred was given the The Australian Navy’s new contingent made nickname ‘Bogey’—one he was to carry for a grand entrance into Sydney Harbour on the rest of his life. Tuesday 15 July 1919. From 15 December 1914, Able Seaman Able Seaman Harris was promoted to ‘Bogey’ Harris was drafted to the depot ship leading seaman on 14 October 1921—the HMS Woolwich, where he was assigned day he transferred from the Royal Navy to for two years to the ‘I’ class destroyer HMS Alfred and Elsie Harris the Royal Australian Navy. Beaver. Later, he was transferred to the On 1 July, Leading Seaman Harris newly built ‘M’ destroyer HMS Pelican where he spent a further two was drafted to Flinders Naval Base for a leading torpedo operator’s years. During his four years in destroyers, he spent most of the war course. He became an acting petty officer on 6 December 1922. in the North Sea, including action off the Heligoland Bight and in Petty Officer Harris received exceptional marks during his training: the Battle of Jutland. For his war service, he was later awarded prize “This rating has had very large experience in secondary batteries, bounties and three medals. particularly those of a very large capacity; in addition to this, he Able Seaman Harris was drafted to HMS Vernon on 24 April is thoroughly competent to take charge of any small electrical 1918 where he qualified as a seaman torpedoman. While at Vernon, installation,” said one of his training officers. Alfred drafted out of he volunteered for submarines and was transferred to HMS Dolphin Flinders Naval Base and became a confirmed petty officer while for a week on 29 November 1918 to undergo medical examinations. serving on the light cruiser HMAS Adelaide. He left the cruiser on From 29 November to 5 March 1919, he was billeted on the ex- 25 April 1924. protected cruiser HMS Thames, which had been converted for use as On 10 June 1924, Alfred returned to England with a draft as an 18

RAN petty officer to HMS Dolphin. On 15 February 1925, while at Elsie had to run next door Dolphin, he re-enlisted for another five years in the RAN. Between to borrow a tin of salmon to 1925 and 8 February 1928, he was drafted from HMS Dolphin to make sandwiches for them. the submarine depot ship HMS Vulcan and back to HMS Dolphin The submariners enjoyed before transferring to Barrow in Furness to join HMAS Oxley as themselves so much they the leading torpedo operator, where one of his duties was also 1st vowed to do it again the Electrician. Oxley and her sister submarine, HMAS Otway departed following ANZAC Day. Portsmouth later in February 1928 for their long trip to Australia. On 1 July 1937, Alfred and his mates held the first Because of design faults in the engine columns of both meeting of the Australian submarines, Oxley and Otway were laid up at Malta for ten months Chapter of the Submarines with defects. On 28 March 1928, Alfred was paid a 20-pound long Old Comrades’ Association service and good conduct gratuity by his acting commanding officer, (SOCA)*. Commander F.E. Lieutenant F.E. Getting, RAN, although he did not receive his medal Getting, RAN was elected until 7 October 1928. President, while other members to hold office were HMAS Oxley and Otway finally left Malta in November 1928 W.C. Miller as the chairman, and arrived in Sydney on 14 February 1929. Having completed W. Briggs the secretary his five extra years, Alfred retired from the Navy, leaving from and J.F. Beauchamp as the the depot ship HMAS Penguin on 14 February 1930. After his treasurer. From its simple Petty Officer Harris discharge, he and his wife Elsie ran a greengrocer’s shop at Spit beginnings, SOCA continued Junction, Mosman. Later, his knowledge of batteries and electrical to grow; in August 1980, the members voted to change the name to installations stood him in good stead in securing a job working for Submarines Association Australia. the St George County Council. At the outbreak of World War Two Alfred tried to re-enlist into the Navy but, because he was well into his forties he was deemed too old During the ANZAC Day march in 1936, Alfred met up with for military service. He continued his work some old submarine mates and invited them back to his home for a with the County Council. few beers. Somewhat put out by the impromptu party, Alfred’s wife In recognition of his work on the HMAS Oxley and Otway committee, Alfred was made a life member of SOCA in 1947 and he continued to be involved with the Association until he was placed in a nursing home. His death, on 21 July 1978, was attributed to bronchitis and cancer of the lungs. (He was convinced his illness was an occupational hazard for early submariners who had to inhale fumes from recharging batteries, endure extremes of temperatures and live with other crewmen with bronchial problems). He was cremated on 24 July at the Woronora Crematorium. “This rating has had very large experience in secondary batteries, particularly those of a very large capacity; in addition to this, he is thoroughly competent to take charge of any small electrical installation” Oxley 19

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 Oxley Elsie Ellen Harris (nee Brighouse) Otway and Oxley was born in Leicester, England on 7 December 1899 and grew up next door lady who, during the later years of her life, always had the interest to her future husband. of the Association and its members at heart. Upon her death, Elsie bequeathed the sum of $10,000 to the Association. This has formed It was only when Alfred returned basis of the SAA Welfare Foundation, which is administered by from Australia that he found Elsie, with elected trustees to provide financial assistance to members and/or whom he had lost contact during his their dependants in time of need. oversea sojourn. Upon his return they renewed their friendship and he later With the assistance of SOCA London Branch, the oldest proposed and asked her to return to Submarine Association in the world (formed in the early Australia. 1930s), the Sydney chapter of the Submarine Old Comrades Association was only the second chapter to be formed. They were married in the Holy The other chapters of SOCA in both United Kingdom and Trinity Church in Leicester on 23 overseas, plus other international associations were not October 1924. Elsie left England by formed until after the Second World War. ship and arrived in Australia well before her husband. In Australia, Elsie found it difficult to set up a home alone in a strange country begged Alfred not to re-enlist into the Navy. The outbreak of World War Two found Elsie involved as the commandant of the Volunteer Aid Detachment in Hurstville, where she taught first aid. At the insistence of friends, she joined the Australian Army Medical Women’s Service based at 103 Convalescence Depot, Ingleburn and was promoted to lieutenant in charge of nurses. Elsie was awarded the War Medal and the Australia Service Medal. After the war, Elsie became involved with many service associations, giving time and expertise, but her favourite was her husband’s own association. Elsie was honoured with life membership to the SAA in 1975. In 1979, when the Association banner was lost, Elsie came to the fore and proudly donated a new banner. Elsie Harris JP died in St George’s Nursing Home in Sydney on 21 October 1990. Her request that her ashes be scattered at sea was carried out shortly before Christmas 1990. Elsie left us with the memory of a thoughtful and generous 20

Submarine Systems www.sonartech.com.au Honouring a Centenary of Submarines. Sonartech ATLAS is proud of its long association with the silent service, supplying Australian developed technology to both the Oberon and Collins Class Submarines. As we move towards the next chapter of Submarines, Sonartech ATLAS looks forward to working with the Royal Australian Navy to supply Combat and Sonar Systems that provides Australia‘s Capability Advantage. ... a sound decision SONARTECH ATLAS A company of the ATLAS ELEKTRONIK Group

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA FOREWORD1 9 1 4 - 2 0 1 4 TWHEESLUFBAMRAERISNEUACSSCOECSIASTIOONRAFUOSTURNALDIAATION I ntheBeginning—The Submarine Old Comrades’ Gordon Selby Australia and their families in Association (SOCA) When Mrs Elsie Harris (the widow of times of financial need, where Little is known, and less an ex-RN submariner) died in November such help and support could is documented, about the 1990, she bequeathed $10,000 to ex-CPO not generally be accessed by funding of this organisation Coxswain Gordon Selby—at that time, the other means. beyond the fact that it honorary secretary of the SAA—to use as was a somewhat informal he saw fit for the benefit of the Association. In 2012, Commodore Gordon Selby used this money as start-up Bob Trotter RAN (Rtd), was gathering based upon, and loosely capital to establish the SAAWF. instrumental in securing affiliated with, the SOCA in the With the guidance of ex-Submarine $100,000 for the Foundation United Kingdom. Its membership Squadron Commander Tim Duchesne, from the winding up of the consisted overwhelmingly of ex- Rockliffs Solicitors settled the trust deed Corps of Commissioners fund. Royal Navy (RN) submariners who on 5 July 1991, and this was subsequently settled in Australia after WWII, amended on 16 July 1991 to incorporate The Submarine Association most of whom had served in RN administrative inclusion into the SAA Australia Welfare Successor submarines based in Australia. constitution. Foundation (SAAWSF) Their objectives were to provide In accordance with the second paragraph mutual support and to maintain of the SAA-Constituted ‘Aims and With the increase in the comradeship that had been Objectives’, the SAAWF was inaugurated funds from the Corps of forged during the war. Their by trust deed with three trustees, Capt. Tim Commissionaires legacy, the monthly meetings took place in Duchesne RAN (Rtd), LCdr. Tim Everard trust deed was re-written by Royal Navy House (“Johnnies”) in RAN (Rtd), and ex-WOSM Dave Bryant. Rockliffs’ consultant, Mr Grosvenor Street, Sydney. When This extraordinary gift, and the foresight Peter Gell, MTax, to include the new submarine base HMAS of the then SAA Executive, established a additions and changes required Platypus was commissioned in charitable trust to be made available to by the Australian Taxation 1967 at Neutral Bay, their meetings members of the Submarines Association Office in order to satisfy tax- shifted to those premises. free and charitable status. The Foundation is now a registered The Submarine Association charity and, as such, donations Australia Welfare Fund (SAAWF) to it are tax deductable. In those early days, strong links existed The fund operates under between the RN’s Submarine Service and the a trust deed is managed by Royal Australian Navy’s (RAN) Submarine Honorary Trustees, who are themselves Arm. The 1st Australian Submarine members of the SAA. The trustees are Squadron’s (AUSSUBRON1) Oberon-class currently Capt. Tim Duchesne RAN (Rtd), submarines were built in Scotland, and all of LCdr. “Sid” Czabotar RAN (Rtd), and ex- the original four submarine crews did their WOSM Dave Bryant. training in the UK. Throughout the last 23 years, SAA branches, corporate bodies and individuals Over time, the balance of membership have been very generous in their support shifted towards an increasing majority of of the foundation and have donated more serving and retired RAN personnel, as than $35,000. Since its inauguration, the opposed to ex-RN. Sometime in the 1980s, SAAWSF has supported 27 SAA Members the SOCA lapsed and the SAA was formed, and/or their families with grants totalling with ‘Aims and Objectives’ including: more than $31,500. • to keep the unique esprit de corps of the The SAA majority membership is getting older, and it is likely there will be increasing Submarine Service alive; calls upon the fund to help those in dire • to establish and maintain a charitable trust, need or in emergencies. Donations to the Foundation are always welcome, especially being a welfare foundation; in the form of legacies from wills, and the • to assist one another as occasion may Foundation is worth remembering after such a function as the annual SUBCON require and to encourage social activities; get-together. • to liaise with kindred organisations, both Dave Bryant. Trustee, SAAWSF. nationally and internationally; and • to educate members about their entitlements and provide access to Department of Veterans’ Affairs advocates. 22

FOREWORD SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 MINMAEMLOCRIOAMLM ALEXANDER HARDY COMPILED BY PETER SMITH Malcolm Alexander Hardy, qualification and remained in a lot of time playing the piano in the Senior known as Max, was born Opossum until 1967. Sailors Mess and in ports visited by his in England. His family submarine. immigrated to Australia and Returning to Australia Max settled in Robe South Australia. joined HMAS Oxley in 1968. Max Warrant Officer Max Hardy retired Early in his Royal Australian joined the Submarine Old Comrades from the Navy, taking a position with Navy career Max volunteered for Association the same year. the Returned Services League. As Welfare submarine service. Max travelled to the UK Officer Max assisting many submariners in 1964 for submarine training at the Royal Following his service in Oxley make claims for Department of Veteran’s Navy Submarine School HMS Dolphin. Max completed further training Affairs services. On completion of his initial training Max and became a senior sailor. Whilst joined HMS Opossum in 1966 where serving in HMAS Onslow he was Max became a life member of the SAA he successfully completed his submarine promoted to Chief Petty Officer. in 2003 recognising his work within the Max served in Onslow until 1981. Association. Survived by his wife Janet and Ashore, Max served in the Submarine children Brandon, Chad, Nikki and Danny, Squadron as a Warrant Officer Coxswain and grandchildren Taylor and Lochie, Max until the Squadron moved to Western Hardy is remembered fondly by all who Australia. served with him. New South Wales Branch of the Submarine Association Australia was formed in 1990. Max was elected interim vice president. When the president and secretary resigned Max was elected President of the branch, a position he held until July 2004. During his tenure Max led the campaign to celebrate the Submarine Squadron 25th Anniversary. Max was a good pianist. Without formal training he played music by ear. Max spent -8M4 -2 -8M -6 -4 -2 -7M 23

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FOREWORD SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 SENATOR THE HON DAVID JOHNSTON Fremantle Offers Valuable History Lesson in Submarine Warfare P ointing out to sea on top of the From 1942-45, Minister for Defence, the Hon blustery knoll better known Fremantle served as a David Johnston MP addresses as Monument Hill Memorial major Allied base and guests and media during the Reserve in Fremantle, a World springboard for a fleet of Centenary of Submarines media War-2 era torpedo lies fixed in US, Dutch and British launch, at the Australian National permanent display. It serves as submarines, whose role Maritime Museum, Sydney both symbol and commemoration of the in helping turn the tide pivotal role played by US submariners, of war in the Pacific is whose presence helped transform the remembered to this day. historic port – at least for a few years - into the largest Allied submarine It is however, also a base in the Southern Hemisphere. lamentable fact that apart Following the bombing of Pearl from a gifted training Harbour and the fall of the Philippines boat, no Australian and Indonesia, submarines of the US submarines were part Navy’s Asiatic Fleet were withdrawn to of the wartime fleet. new bases at Brisbane and Fremantle. Under the command of USN Captain Pre-war concerns by John Wilkes and then Rear Admiral Canberra – no doubt Charles Lockwood, the Fremantle-based spurred by the economic submarines launched more than 350 depression – concluded combat patrols. They played a major that they were simply part in bringing an end to hostilities by too costly a capability to helping cripple Japan’s wartime economy. operate and maintain. But it came at a cost – at least six Fremantle-based American There would be a 23-year gulf before submarines never returned. the Royal Australian Navy again acquired a submarine capability. Defence Minister David Johnston. -8M4 25 -2 -8M -6 -4 -2 -7M -8

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FOREWORD SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 FMRESSEAMGEAOFNSUTPPLOERT’SFROMMAYOR I t is hard to believe that 100 years have passed since World War One major role Fremantle played in submarine the proud history and traditions built began and in some ways, even harder operations across both World Wars. up over the last 100 years remain for the to believe that it has been that long men and women of HMAS Stirling. since Australia’s first submarines, Many people to this day still aren’t fully AEl and AE2, were commissioned aware of how important Fremantle’s On behalf of the City of Fremantle, I into the Royal Australian Navy. submarine base was during WWII. I congratulate the Australian submarine From these first submarines followed was surprised myself to learn that more community on your centenary and welcome a proud history, which was developed than 150 submarines were based here submariners part and present, submarine over the next 100 years by the men and at different times throughout the war. enthusiasts and everyone else involved in the women of the Australian Submarine Couple this with historical evidence that SUB100 week celebrations to Fremantle. Force. Through two World Wars and suggests more than half of all Japanese Fremantle Mayor various other global conflicts, right ships sunk during WWII were as the Dr Brad Pettitt through to peacetime patrols and direct result of submarine operations, and For a full schedule of events on offer in humanitarian efforts, the work of Australian this importance is even more apparent. Fremantle as part of the City’s ANZAC submariners cannot be underestimated. Centenary visit www.anzacfremantle.com.au It is said that to be a submariner takes Although the Fremantle submarine base a special type of courage and that only was officially closed in August 1945, a submariners can truly know the hardship strong legacy remains, including memorials and perils that it entails. Perhaps that’s why at Fremantle’s Monument Hill to honour the international submarine community both US and British submariners. is so close and the culture so well defined, even across international borders; hence the The Allied Submarine Secret Fleet is magnitude of the SUB100 celebrations here an important part of Fremantle’s history in Fremantle and its global significance. and folklore and will continue to be so. I’m pleased and honoured that Fremantle The future for submarine operation in was chosen as the epicentre of the this part of the world is through our submarine centenary celebrations and, on local Naval Base HMAS Stirling, the behalf of the City of Fremantle, I extend largest naval base in Australia. I’m sure my welcome to the national and global submarine community. It is fitting that the SUB100 events are hosted here, given the 27

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 SALUTING THEIR SERVICE CELEBRATING THE CENTENARY OF AUSTRALIAN SUBMARINE SERVICE IN FREMANTLE: NOVEMBER 2014 In February 1914, Australia’s first submarines, AE1 and AE2, reception hosted by the Fremantle City Council; a reception at the were commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy. Both WA Maritime Museum hosted by the S ubmarine Association submarines contributed effectively in the early part of WWI but AE1 was lost with all hands on 14 September 1914 Australia for interstate and international guests; after taking part in operations leading to the occupation • G ala centenary dinner-dance at the Esplanade Hotel, Fremantle; of German New Guinea. AE2 was the first allied vessel to • State reception hosted by the WA Government at Fraser in Kings force the Dardanelles on 25 April 1915 on the day of the ANZAC landings, and proceeded to harass the supply lines Park; that were providing essential support to the Turkish Army on • Remembrance Day service in the WA Maritime Museum Gallipoli. She was hit by gunfire from a Turkish torpedo boat and was consequently scuttled without loss of life on 30 April 1915. precinct; Her courageous action provided the confidence for other British • S ubmariners’ Swap Meet in conjunction with the Festival of submarines to venture into the Sea of Marmara and attack the Turkish supply lines. Fremantle in the Fremantle Town Hall; • M emorial plaque celebrating the centenary of the Royal These actions formed the basis of a proud history and culture that the special men and women of the Australian Submarine Australian Navy Submarine Service will be unveiled at the Force have subsequently shared and developed for 100 years. The Remembrance Day Service on 11 November 2014 in front the centenary of the Australian Submarine Service will be celebrated Western Australian Maritime Museum; throughout Australia in 2014 with the main celebrations centred • Submarine Science Forum celebrating the contribution of in Fremantle, Western Australia, during the week 7–13 November Australia’s defence scientists to the development of Australia’s 2014. Fremantle was selected because it is the closest port to the submarines; and submarine base at HMAS Stirling and was also the home to the • T he 7th Biennial Conference of the Submarine Institute of Allied Submarine Secret Fleet in WWII. Planned activities for the Australia which will be held at the Esplanade Hotel from 11-13 celebration include: November. • Freedom of entry to the City of Fremantle for the RAN • O ther activities, including tours of HMAS Stirling and shopping Submarine Force who will parade to a specially composed March expeditions for submariners’ partners. of the Silent Service. The parade will be followed by a civic More than 700 people are expected to attend the gala dinner including international submariners from the UK, the USA, Canada and Russia. The Submarine Association Australia welcomes all visitors to the centenary celebrations and is confident they will enjoy the ambience of Fremantle and the environs of Western Australia. Experience outstanding hospitality and resort-style facilities in the heart of Fremantle 300 rooms & suites . 2 restaurants . bar . free WI-FI swimming pools & spas . 24 hour reception Special defence rates apply 28

Fremantle SUBWEEK 100 (2014) PROGRAM Day Date Submarine Association Australia Fri 7th Nov Freedom of Entry Ceremony for Submarine Squadron 1200-1300 Time to be confirmed   Fri 7th Nov Mayoral Reception Fremantle Town Hall 1400-1500 (TBC) By Invitation   Fri 7th Nov Registration ESPLANADE HOTEL 1300-1700   Fri 7th Nov Meet and Greet FREMANTLE Maritime Museum 1800-2000 Ceremonial Sunset 1845-1900 Sat 8th Nov Registration ESPLANADE HOTEL 1000-1200   Sat 8th Nov SAA AGM, 1000-1100 followed by “Up Spirits” Navy Club FREMANTLE.   Sat 8th Nov Submariners Gala Dinner 1900-2359 ESPLANADE HOTEL Sun 9th Nov Submariners Fair and Exchange Market in Fremantle Town Hall and Kings Square 0900-1500 Sun 9th Nov Festival of Fremantle Street Parade – Submarine Veterans to march 1500-1600   Mon 10th Nov Option 1: Tour HMAS Stirling . 1000-1200 BBQ Lunch at Combined Mess HMAS Stirling 1200-1400 Mon 10th Nov Option 2: Retail Therapy for Partners Discount Shopping Harbour Town West Perth Mon 10th Nov Option 3: Swan Valley Bus Tour of Honey Farm, Winery and Brewery Visit Caversham Wildlife Park, Cuddle a Koala, Warble with a Wombat, Crack on with a Kookaburra. See the Australian Wild Life in a 3-4 hour tour about 25km from Central Perth Mon 10th Nov Option 4: Wine Cruise from Fremantle to the Swan Valley and Return Mon 10th Nov State Government Reception “Frasers” in Kings Park. By Invitation Tue 11th Nov Remembrance Day Service 1030-1130 WA Maritime Museum Tue 11th Nov Post Service Lunch at Fremantle Navy Club. 1200-1400 Tue 11th-13th Nov 7th Biennial Conference of the Submarine Institute of Australia which will be held at the Esplanade Hotel Wed 12th Nov Hail and Farewell BBQ visiting Submariners Navy Club Fremantle 1100-1400 29

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 THE MARCH OF THE SILENT SERVICE It is a well-known fact that submariners are excused marching and that Australian Submarines’ commemorations, with Leading Seaman Musician Martyn Commanding Officers are adept at the alongside HMAS Onslow by the Minister Hancock CSM, presented Captain casing shuffle. Despite this, in 2012 of Defence, the Honourable Senator David Mark Potter a Shadow Box containing the SAA WA Secretary Paul Meakin Johnston, on Friday 7 February 2014. a photo of the Royal Australian Navy requested the Royal Australian Navy Band, a Master disk of the “March of The Band Director of Music to compose a The Submarines Association of Silent Service”, a Submarine Squadron march to celebrate the ‘Centenary of Australia congratulates Martyn for his Crest and badge as well as RAN Band Australian Submarines’. wonderful effort, in producing a rousing memorabilia. The Shadow Box will be on march to celebrate our Centenary of prominent display in the SUBFOR HQ. Leading Seaman Musician Martyn Australian Submarines. Hancock took up the challenge, developing, Captain Mark Potter thanked composing, and producing the ‘The March It is no coincidence that he also Sid and Paul for the shadow box and of the Silent Service’. His final version composed ‘The Jolly Roger March’ for the congratulated completed in April 2013 was playable as Royal Navy’s Submarine Centenary 2001. Martyn Hancock for the composition a parade march but also included extra of the “March of the Silent Service” He parts for additional instruments for concert Presentation of the “Shadow Box” also congratulated him for his award of performances. It also very subtly included the Conspicuous Service Medal in this emulated sonar pings. On Tuesday 24 June 2014, Sid year’s Queens Birthday Honours, for his Czabotar and Paul Meakin attended work in composing and arranging music The first public performance of ‘The COMSUB’s monthly ‘Clear Lower Deck for the Royal Australian Navy Band, March of the Silent Service’ was at the Safety’ presentation and barbecue at particularly for his symphony for the official launch of the ‘Centenary of Squadron Headquarters, HMAS Stirling. 2013 Fleet Review. On behalf of the Submarines Association of Australia, Sid, along Significant military music performances Leading Seaman Martyn Hancock has played in numerous international military tattoos including Brisbane, Edinburgh, Nova Scotia, Nanchang, and Brunei. Other performances include the following. • Horse Guards Parades • VE Day and VJ Day 50th anniversary celebrations • C losure of HM Dockyard Hong Kong (HMS Tamar) 1997 • S everal Royal Tournaments, including the final one in 1999 • Queen Mother’s State Funeral • Bastille Day Parade • 300th anniversary of St Petersburg • Several FA Cup finals • British Grand Prix • M enin Gate Armistice Day parade (as bandmaster RN Volunteer Band) • L angkawi International Defence Exhibition • A bu Dhabi International Defence Exhibition Music round the world During the 2001 Royal British Legion Festival of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall, the Queen Countries to which Leading Seaman Martyn Hancock has travelled to play include Austria, stood up and saluted the Submarine Service on Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, Channel Islands, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, its Centenary. The music used for this salute was Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, United Arab Emirates, United a short excerpt from Leading Seaman Martyn Kingdom, United States of America (mainland and Hawaii) Hancock’s march, ‘The Jolly Roger’. 30

LET’S HEAR IT FOR OUR SILENT SERVICE BAE Systems congratulates the Royal Australian Navy’s Submarine Service as it celebrates a centenary of operations. Throughout the past one hundred years we’ve been there as well, proudly supporting Australia’s submarine fleets, from HMAS AE 1 right through to today’s Collins Class. Now, as one of the world’s foremost submarine designers, builders and integrators, we’re ready to help deliver the next generation of Australian submarines. Visit baesystems.com/australia to see how we’re helping to build, train and sustain the navy of the future. baesystems.com/australia Image courtesy of Department of Defence © Commonwealth of Australia

SC EUNBTME AN IRAINL EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 IN ATMHEARORLIETOIFMSUEBSMTARRINAETSEGY ABRIDGED VERSION OF A SPEECH BY VADM RAY GRIGGS, CHIEF OF NAVY ASPI FUTURE SUBMARINE CONFERENCE 2014 Able Seaman Leon Bromley and Leading Seaman Scott S ubmarines are a critical element of our maritime strategy. Conolly on the Sonar and Track Motion Analysis consoles That they are worthy of such detailed individual consideration is onboard HMAS Dechaineux one indicator of their significance. Australia has operated submarines on and off for a century; 32 next month, it will be 100 years since the arrival of our first submarines AE1 and AE2 into Sydney Harbour. And we’ve operated large (amongst the largest in the world), long-range conventional submarines for almost 50 years. The reasons for this are a combination of our strategic geography, and the design challenge of balancing submarine size, endurance and power. The Oberon class submarines we purchased in the 1960s were amongst the largest conventional submarines in the world at the time. They were designed and built for operations around the world and had the range and endurance for that purpose. Subsequent classes of British submarine were nuclear powered, with the exception of the Upholder class, which were built for Cold War operations in the North Sea and the Greenland-Iceland-UK Gap. Given that large conventional submarines are the most appropriate for our circumstances, it is also important to understand the consequences of such a decision, particularly given how tightly integrated the submarine design process is. There are reasons why the largest conventional submarines in the world—most of which are operated by Japan and Australia—are about the size of a Collins class boat. Submarines of this size are an effective balance between propulsion capacities, the internal volume required to fit equipment, fuel, weapons and people, and the logistics to sustain them for long endurance

OVER 45 YEARS OF ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR INDUSTRY Est. 1969 Collins, though, was PROPULSION SYSTEMS INCLUDING ASSEMBLY & TESTING really ours from the start and with One of Australia’s largest family owned that ownership Precision Engineering and Gear Manufacturing came that logistic companies. Bringing Engineering knowledge support challenge from other industries to develop innovative, missions. If you change any one of these parameters, there are flow on value adding solutions to the defence sector. consequences—more internal volume means a longer or wider hull, which Hofmann Engineering is proud to support the needs more power, hence bigger engines, which takes up more of your internal Australian Defence Force and congratulates the volume … you can see how it goes. submarine service on its centenary year. This is not to say that there’s nothing more to be learned or that there are no developments in submarine design. We continue to develop relationships REPLACEMENT PARTS with other navies who share similar interests and obviously we are discussing some aspects of submarines with our Japanese friends, who also operate large conventional submarines. Submarine design and construction is a long-term commitment in time and resources. What does this mean for Australia and our current processes? The first thing to say is that we are not looking at trying to deliver a science project, which lives on the boundaries of the laws of physics. What we are looking at is probably best characterised as a contemporary version of the Collins class capability. The Collins class are very capable submarines, but they have not always been reliable submarines. That’s less to do with their construction and more to do with some particular component choices, an ambitious combat system concept, and some very poor logistic support arrangements and decisions. And it was these choices, which created the long-term reliability issues, which have flowed through operational availability and our ability to generate and sustain the submarine workforce. Building any submarine, even in a shipyard with extensive experience, is a demanding task and not without its challenges. INSITU MACHINING INHOUSE MEASURING & MACHINING Hofmann Defence business is ITAR COMPLIANT LLOYDS CERTIFIED AS9100 & ISO9001 Manufacturing Plants: HOFMANN PERTH (HEAD OFFICE) HOFMANN METALTEC (MELBOURNE) HOFMANN BENDIGO (Former ADI Plant) phone: (+618) 9279 5522 email: [email protected] www.hofmannengineering.3c3om

SC EUNBTME AN IRAINL EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 HMAS Dechaineux and HMAS Waller on exercise. capability that shapes or changes the behaviour of other nations and the calculus of their leaders. Notwithstanding, when you look at the scale and complexity of what was achieved from almost nothing, the building of the Collins There are many countries seeking the strategic weight that a class was quite remarkable. The difference between the O boats and submarine capability brings—and many countries in our region Collins is that for Collins, we were the parent navy. In the O boats, have recently acquired or are looking to acquire submarines. On we relied heavily on the support of the RN for maintenance regimes current projections, by 2030—if you leave ourselves and the US to and sharing of issues and challenges. There was always the RN to fall one side—about half of all the submarines in the world will be based back on. Being a parent navy is something we have rarely been for in the Indo-Pacific; significantly more if you include the US and major combatants. The ANZACs were the first class we faced this ourselves. More than half of the world’s submarines operate in the challenge in, and even then we had the MEKO User Group nations region through which all of our maritime trade passes—90 percent to share challenges with. of everything for us and for our allies, partners and neighbours passes through this region. Collins, though, was really ours from the start and with that ownership came that logistic support challenge I have spoken of. And what are submarines designed for? They are an offensive We have learnt much from this and, given the challenges of the capability, intended to sink ships and other submarines. Yes, they do submarine life cycle, there will be more to learn ahead, I am sure. other tasks, but this offensive capability Understanding this parent navy mindset and the attendant support is the bread and butter of ‘the trade’. arrangements that we know are needed will stand us in good stead Because of their potency, our submarines for the future submarine. One of the most important features that can have a powerful conventional have taken a while to sink in is the need for the key submarine deterrent effect. players to act as an enterprise. We are seeing encouraging signs of enterprise activity but more work is needed and we cannot afford to This deterrent effect operates in bathe in the reflected glory of the Coles Phase 4 report. two distinct ways. The first is fairly well known—their offensive capacity means So why persist? Because a capable submarine force gives us a potential adversary must consider strategic weight. For Australia, our submarines provide us with whether the use of force against strategic weight in a way that no other ADF asset, or combination Australian interests is wise, achievable, of ADF assets does. By strategic weight, I mean submarines are a or without risk of an Australian response. This is an immediate, direct 34 deterrent effect. But there is also a much longer-term deterrent impact. By having such capable submarines in the ADF order of battle, any potential adversary must be able to defeat our submarine capability. And, as many in navies and air forces around the world can testify, anti-submarine warfare is one of the more complex maritime warfare disciplines at which to be effective. It takes a range of expensive high-end capabilities—surface, air and sub-surface units—which must be developed and maintained over many years.

The Australian Submarine Force patch that the members of the Fleet Logistics Support Element wear on their DPNUs at HMAS Stirling As we contemplate the direct cost of the new submarine program we need to keep coming back to the strategic impact of different for Australia, I think we should always balance that against the decisions. Decisions around capability, stealth, range and endurance considerable cost impact that the investment we make imposes on all have an effect on the strategic weight we gain from our submarine others to try and counter the effect of our submarine capability. This capability. For over a century, submarines have had a significant impact aspect of the submarine discussion is largely absent in the public on both the preservation of peace and on the conduct of war at sea. domain; if we are truly thinking strategically, it needs to be there, The biggest military conflict to come close to Australia—WWII in front and centre. the Pacific—had a large and influential submarine campaign. While this was a campaign largely fought by large, conventional American Submarines provide the Australian Government with options to submarines—many of which operated from Australia—we should take action in our national interest. Importantly, the Government not forget the strategic impact of that campaign. We can’t say exactly can exercise these options to act at any time of Australia’s choosing, where or when Australia will need its future submarines and all the under almost any conceivable threat scenario. And we can act as our strategic weight they bring. But their deterrent effect will continue to interests dictate, either as part of an alliance, within a coalition or play a significant role in contributing to the security of our inherently unilaterally. maritime region—through their preparedness to fight and win at sea. So, as we discuss all the different characteristics of our submarines, Control Room onboard A member of the Attack Party being briefed in the weapons stowage compartment HMAS Dechaineux during diving stations. 35

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 HMAS Waller and HMAS Dechaineux have been involved in an extensive training exercise which has tested both the crew and machine LOFNOG RRAANGUESSTUBRMAALRIIANES BY PETER HOROBIN HMAS Rankin, HMAS Waller and HMAS Collins transitting in formation through Gage Roads, Cockburn Sound 36

Submariner Trainee Able Seaman Electronic Technician Damian Hamlyn on the Track Motion Analysis console in the control room onboard HMAS Dechaineux T he submarine’s primary This gives them a unique surveillance and characteristic is stealth—the strike capability in areas that an adversary ability to operate covertly considers to be his own. close to an adversary’s forces, to observe and report, or to The submarine capability’s primary react and respond to changing characteristics—stealth, asymmetry and circumstances. A well-positioned access—make it a significant deterrent for an and covertly operated submarine adversary who threatens Australian interests in our area of strategic interest. A strong is able to strike an adversary hard and and credible submarine force demonstrates without warning, without support from our ability to impose prohibitive costs on other ADF forces. potential aggressors and hence influence A covert submarine capability gives events in this area. the Australian government a broader range of military response options. Submarine Increasing strategic uncertainty forces can be deployed to monitor Australia has an enormous area of developing events, remain poised to strike strategic interest. Our economic security for long periods then withdraw covertly if depends on our ability to trade by sea so circumstances improve. The deployment defending that ability has to be a core focus of submarine forces to a theatre of for the ADF. Our most important trading operation can be declared—as subterfuge to Submariner trainee Seaman Electronic partners are in Asia but that trade passes influence an adversary’s actions—or remain Warefare Darcy Twentyman is attack party along sea lines of communication (SLOC) undeclared. during a fire exercise onboard traversing the Indonesian and Philippine The covert nature of the submarine HMAS Dechaineux. archipelagos, the South China Sea and makes it an asymmetric capability for beyond. Maritime security along our SLOC Australia—one where its ability to influence events far outweighs is therefore a core interest. the size and weight of the force. A force able to deploy and sustain The balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region is shifting as capable submarines on covert patrol anywhere in Australia’s area China and India grow and the US rebalances its posture in response. of strategic interest requires a disproportionate response from an Historical disputes remain unresolved and have the potential to adversary seeking to counter it; the cost to develop and sustain an resurface as nations grow in economic and military strength. Smaller effective counter-force would be significant. This asymmetric nature nations will have to review their own posture in response to changing gives an Australian government the ability to influence events in our power structures, with potential for friction or conflict, which could region in a way that cannot be achieved by the conventional forces easily impact on our SLOC. The future strategic environment in the that Australia can afford. Indo-Pacific theatre is thus a more uncertain one than the stability of Submarines enjoy the advantage of access—the ability to the past half-century. operate independently in sea areas where other ADF platforms Submarines are proliferating in our region as nations recognise cannot, because air and sea control has not been established. the value of operating their own covert maritime forces. 37

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 HMAS Vision of HMAS Farncomb sitting on the sea floor Waller, HMAS is relayed back to the ROV (Remotely Operated Dechaineux and Vehicle) control module onboard ADV Ocean HMAS Sheean in Shield during Ex Black Carillon 2013 formation. Countering the threat of these submarines will be an increasingly Conducting forward-deployed submarine operations using difficult task for the future ADF, increasing the importance of shorter-range submarines operating from a forward base or tender Australia’s strategic surveillance and warning capability. ship is also a high-risk strategy. Australia has no ‘forward’ territory, so our submarine operations would be entirely dependent on the good Maintaining strong military capabilities, able to achieve will of host nations. A tender ship would also require the approval of asymmetric influence along our SLOC, is a vital hedging strategy as a host nation in port and would require protection in transit to the Australia moves ahead into a more uncertain security environment. forward port and on site, particularly when submarines were being replenished or maintained alongside. Why long range submarines? The most significant consequence of the selection of these Australia’s size, location and far-reaching interests lead logically forward deployment options would be the reduction in strategic to its strategy of defence in depth. Our defence strategy involves uncertainty for the adversary, narrowing the area in which Australian targeting an adversary’s forces as far from Australia as possible, close submarine operations were being conducted. to the adversary’s bases and transit areas. The US Navy currently conducts forward-deployed submarine The submarine’s unique characteristics are maximised when it operations in our region from forward operating bases in Japan and is operated in an offensive or ‘forward’ posture. In our context, this Guam. We note, however, that while operating from these bases is means that Australian submarines must be capable of sustained a cost-effective strategy in the current threat environment, the USN deployed covert operations well north of the Equator. Submarine has no expectation that they will remain accessible in a higher threat operations in these forward areas maximise Australia’s ability to future and that US submarines are more than capable of conducting influence events in our area of vital strategic interest and hence the their operations from US mainland and Hawaiian bases.2 deterrent effect of the submarine capability. The ability to sustain such operations—indefinitely, if needed—increases their asymmetric Future force size value and capitalises on the access developed by a consistent presence. Additionally, the strategic warning provided by a forward-deployed Strategic deterrence and an adversary’s strategic uncertainty submarine force allows governments to adjust strategy to avoid are clearly maximised by a larger submarine force. Force structure conflict. modelling 3 shows that a minimum of 12 submarines are needed to keep two submarines continuously on station at long range and one Since the introduction of submarines in the early 20th century, at shorter range. This is considered to be the minimum force size successful campaign strategies have invariably been those that have needed to provide a credible strategic deterrent. employed them offensively at long range from their bases.1 Self Reliance Planning that limits the deployment of Australian submarines to the sea-air gap in a simple sea denial role against an adversary’s forces Australia’s defence strategy is one of self-reliance within the is a fundamentally flawed strategy. It is a defensive strategy that does context of the ANZUS alliance and regional cooperation. To the not exploit the submarine’s attributes in situations short of this most greatest extent possible, we expect to be able to deter and defeat unlikely scenario, denying government the ability to influence events armed attacks without relying on the combat forces of another beyond the sea-air gap. Such a strategy would surrender the initiative country. and severely constrain the military options open to government. Australia expects direct combat support from the US if Conventional submarines do not have the same tactical mobility threatened by a major power with capabilities far beyond our own, as nuclear submarines, surface ships or aircraft. This means that they so must be prepared to provide combat power in return when called operate most effectively where the enemy must be and go—his own on. A force of 12 capable submarines would be half of the US Navy’s bases, focal areas and choke points—rather than in ways which could Pacific submarine force (25 attack submarines in 2040) and therefore give him the potential to evade the underwater threat outright. The would represent a significant contribution to any US-led operation. passive ‘point defence’ construct, implicit in submarine defence of the sea-air gap, lacks understanding of the geography of our vast A strong submarine force is also a very substantial and useful northern areas and of the mobility of conventional submarines. There contribution to any future regional maritime security coalition, would be significant risk that our limited number of conventional putting Australia in a leadership role amongst its regional partners. submarines patrolling the sea-air gap would be in the wrong place at the wrong time. Submarine technologies are amongst the most closely held. No nation allows export of its best submarine technologies and even 38

Able Seaman Electronic Technician Brad Clarke gets some rest in a rack below Mk 48 torpedoes in the weapon storage compartment on HMAS Dechaineux close allies share only some, although our alliance with the US does give us privileged access to USN submarine weapons and sensor technologies. Long- range conventional submarines are not available in the world market now and are unlikely to be in the future. In these circumstances, Australia has little choice but to develop the submarines it needs and to ensure that it can sustain and upgrade them through life. The SIA advocates that Australia designs, builds and sustains its submarine force using Australian industry, supported by the US Navy and overseas suppliers. Such a self-reliant strategy is consistent with our broader defence strategy and is the right one for the nation’s primary deterrent capability. Conclusion Submarines have unique advantages Acting Watch Leader Lieutenant Heath that make them a formidable deterrent to Crawford looking through the attack potential adversaries. Australia depends periscope in the control room onboard on its ability to trade by sea, and the HMAS Dechaineux security of our distant SLOC is vital to us. A middle power like Australia can influence events far from home by employing asymmetric capabilities such as long-range submarines. A large force of long-range submarines would be a significant contribution to the US alliance and could give Australia a leadership role in regional coalitions. Reference Explanations 1.Notably the early periods of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany in both World Wars until the Allies’ counter-measures became effective, and the USN Pacific Submarine Force campaign against Japan that sank about 66% of Japanese ships in WW2. The WW1 allied submarine campaign in the Sea of Marmora (where HMAS AE2 was sunk) is another example of a successful forward strategy that limited the Turkish Army’s ability to expel the Allied expeditionary force on the Gallipoli Peninsula. 2.Note that the Australian ports of Fremantle and Brisbane were forward operating bases for the USN Pacific Submarine Force, as well as British and Dutch submarines in World War 2. 3. SIA submission to DWP2009 dated 31st Aug 2008 39

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-2014 1914-1915INTRO INTO ERA HISTORY 40

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SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-19151 9 1 4 - 2 0 1 4 FIRST SUABUMSTARARLIIANNE’SS AT WAR PETER SMITH OUTLINES THE FORMATION AND THE CAMPAIGNS OF AUSTRALIA’S FIRST SUBMARINE FLOTILLA, AUSTRALIAN SUBMARINES AE1 AND AE2 W hen the Royal Australian Navy was formed in HHGD Stoker RN, were rushed through their refitting and joined 1911 it was envisaged that the Navy would the second convoy to leave Sydney, consisting of the light cruiser have at least three sea-going submarines. An HMAS Protector and the requisitioned steamer HMAS Upolu, order was placed with Vickers Limited at which acted as tenders to the submarines. The convoy left Sydney Barrow-in-Furness, England, for two of the on September 2, 1914, to join the Australian Fleet in New Guinea new improved E class, a development of the waters in operations against the German Pacific Colonies. D-class submarine. They were larger, better armed and had a greater radius of action. At 1530 hours on September 14, AE1 was seen patrolling to the HMS AE1 was laid down on November 3, 1911, and HMS south-east of Duke of York Island by the officers and crew of the AE2 on February 10, 1912. The submarines were commissioned destroyer HMAS Parramatta, and it was assumed the submarine was into the RAN at Portsmouth on February 28, 1914, and arrived returning to harbour at Herbershohe on the island of New Britain in Sydney on May 24 of the same year. for the evening. At 2000 hours AE1 had not returned. During the night and all next day searches were made along the coasts of New Both boats had a displacement of 725 tons surfaced and 810 tons Ireland and New Britain, and neighbouring waters. No trace of the submerged. Statistically they were 55.17 metres (181 feet) overall submarine was found, not even escaping oil. The fate of AE1 — the in length and carried 1193kW (1600hp) diesel engines for surface first Allied submarine to be lost in World War One — and its cruising and 626kW (840hp) electric motors when submerged. They three officers and 32 men is still unknown. However, German had an average speed of 15 knots surfaced and 10 knots submerged, propaganda at the time insisted the submarine had been destroyed with a range of 4848km (3000 miles) at 10 knots on the surface. by its gunfire. The E class carried four torpedoe tubes – one in the bow, one in In December 1914 the Australian Government offered the the stern and two in the beam – with a total of eight torpedoes carried. service of AE2 in European waters. The offer was accepted, and the submarine AE2 joined the second AIF convoy and was towed by the After the arrival of the Navy’s two new boats to the Australian requisitioned armed merchant cruiser HMAT Berrima. The convoy eastern coast, both were docked at Cockatoo Island Dockyard, left Albany, Western Australia on December 31, 1914 and arrived Sydney, to make good the defects which became evident on their in the Mediterranean in early February 1915. AE2 joined the Royal delivery voyage. Navy’s submarine flotilla, and shared the duties of the Dardanelles Patrol in keeping Turkish warships bottled up in the Straits and the With the outbreak of war on August 4, 1914, HMS AE1, Sea of Marmora. under the command of Lieutenant Commander TF Besant RN, and HMS AE2, under the command of Lieutenant Commander 42

.Portsmouth first Allied submarine to be lost in than one submarine was in the area. He . . .World War One — and its three continued the harassment of shipping until officers and 32 men is still unknown. a second submarine, HMS E14 under GtHiibmorwaelteianvresirs,tGedertmheansMupablrmtoaparaignaenhdaadatbtehene command of Lieutenant Commander destroyed by its gunfire. Suez EC Boyle RN, arrived. Boyle, being the senior officer, suggested they meet the In December 1914 the Australian following day, on April 30, in the same Government offered the service of area. Unfortunately for Stoker and his crew AE2 in European waters. The offer of AE2, they were surprised on the surface was accepted, and the submarine AE2 .Aden .Columbo at the rendezvous point by the torpedo joined the second AIF convoy and boat Sultan Hissar, which proceeded to was towed by the requisitioned armed attack. Stoker dived the boat but had merchant cruiser HMAT Berrima. difficulties with the trim. The boat began The convoy left Albany, Western going down fast by the bow, past the safety Australia on December 31, 1914 and . . .limit. With the motors running full speed arrived in the Mediterranean in early HMAS AE2 February 1915. AE2 joined the Royal astern AE2 began to rise rapidly stern first Navy’s submarine flotilla, and shared Jakarta to the surface. When AE2’s stern broke the duties of the Dardanelles Patrol in keeping Turkish warships bottled up in the Straits and the Sea of Sthuerasbuaryfaace, shells fired from the toTrhpuerdsdoay Is. Marmora. boat began to pierce the submarine and .impinged, Lieutenant Commander Stoker had At 0300 hours on Sunday, April 25, 1915, AE2 entered the Dardanelles Strait, dived off the mouth of the Suandere River and abandon ship and scuttle the boat. The officers continued up the strait, passing under five lines of mines. Having land in the engine room. With the submarine’s watertight integrity passed the town of Chanak, Lieutenant Commander Stoker ran nanodoTcportweiownnsvwibleluerte to into difficulties when AE2 grounded twice in the Narrows, and was interned in Prisoner of War camps for the duration ofMthoerewtoanr.Bay .In his book Smoke on the Horizon, Vice Admiral CVBUrissbbaonrene RN wrote the following. “The effect of this gallant effort cSayndnnoetybe almost rammed by Turkish warships. Moving out of the Narrows, .measured by the vessels Stoker had sunk. He had led the way into the Marmora, and started the paralysis which was soon to sweep over the Stoker spotted a gunboat, a target too good to miss! With care he Turkish communications, and his exploit must rank in the annals of lined his boat up for a torpedo shot. Within minutes Stoker brought naval achievement.” the Australian participation in the war to the other side of the With the loss of AE2, Australia’s first submarine flotilla ended. Gallipoli Peninsula when the torpedo hit, and made the Turks aware that their rear was still vulnerable. In the early hours of Monday morning AE2 entered the Sea of Marmora. With the Bibliography forcing of the Dardanelles, Stoker sent a Akermann, Paul. The Encyclopaedia of HM Submarines 1901-1955. Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe signal detailing his success to Rear Admiral Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. C Thursby RN aboard the dreadnought Jose, AW. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918 Volume IX – The Royal Australian Navy. HMS Queen Elizabeth. Being the only University of Queensland Press in association with the Australian War Memorial. .submarine in the sea, Stoker decided to Stoker, HG, DSO. Straws in the Wind. Herbert Jenkins Limited, 3 York Street, St James, London SW1. Usborne, CV, CB, CMG. Smoke on the Horizon – Mediterranean Fighting 1914-1918. Printed in Great Britain harry the Turkish shipping by re-entering for Hodder and Stoughton Ltd, London, 1933. the DarPdoarntsemlleosustuhbmerged, and coming to the surface to give the impression that more . . Malta . Suez Gibraltar . .Aden Columbo . .Jakarta . Thursday Is. Surabaya .Townsville HMAS AE2 Moreton Bay .Brisbane .Sy4d3ney

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-19191 9 1 4 - 2 0 1 4 THOGEOFNDAEIEWS1AITAHPNOPUDETAACRTRRAEANWCECE DR KATHRYN SPURLING When Robyn Rosenstrauss used to visit her grandmother in Balmain, Sydney, the elderly lady would gesture to a small timber chest of drawers that took pride of place in her home: “That’s Jimmy’s box,” she would say. As a child, Robyn never knew who ‘Jimmy’ was; she simply accepted that he and the box he had carved were very important to his sister, Margaret Nobel (nee Fettes). Later, Robyn became interested in ‘Jimmy’ and, 100 years later, she continues to ask where and how her great uncle, Chief Engine Room Artificer James Alexander Fettes died. It is a question asked by all the descendants of the officers and men of Australia’s first submarine: what or who killed the crew of AE1? Where do they lie? And why has Australia shown so little interest in solving the mystery surrounding the nation’s first military unit lost in war? I t was the morning of 4 October 1913 when ships of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) entered Sydney Harbour for Admiralty was reluctant to offer support. Nonetheless, a navy the first time. It had taken more than a decade for the new symbolising nationhood and nationalism was a strong motive. This Commonwealth of Australia to afford a navy of its own. A was liberally mixed with fear of Asia, and the perception of Australia Royal Navy (RN) Australian Squadron had sailed the oceans as a besieged white outpost at a time when the British naval presence surrounding the southern continent. Loyalty to Britain, the was diminishing. British Empire and Australia were inextricably tied. Some considered a separate navy as anti-British and the British On the day the first Australian warships; HMA Ships Australia, Sydney, Melbourne, Encounter, Warrego, Parramatta and Yarra steamed up Sydney’s Harbour, large crowds clung to every vantage point to 44

wave and cheer. One front-page media report announced: “From AE1 leaves Portsmouth Harbour the morning mist, the long grey line came in … we were conscious of the pride of ownership.” Another declared the fleet represented: May 1913 and commissioned on 28 February 1914. AE2 was laid “Australian patriotism … a love of country and empire”. down on 10 February 1912, launched on 18 June 1913 and also Regardless, dissension and antipathy remained within the corridors commissioned on 28 February 1914. With a full complement of of power, destabilising the RAN and jeopardising the safety of three officers and 32 men each, the submarines displaced 660 tons those who served. surfaced and 800 tons dived. They were 181 feet (55 m) long with a beam 22 feet 6 inches (6.86 m) at the extreme width of their saddle Australia’s first two submarines took a little longer to arrive. tanks and had a draught of 12 feet 6 inches (3.81 m). It was a brave decision for Australia to include submarines in its nascent navy because their capabilities were still largely unknown. Propulsion was by way of two 8-cylinder, in-line, non-reversing Built by Vickers at Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, England, the ‘E Vickers diesel engines, producing 1,750 horsepower each when Class’ submarine was first launched on 9 November 1912. Those surfaced, and two battery-driven electric propulsion motors manufactured for the RAN were distinguished by an ‘A’ being placed producing 550hp when dived. Speed when surfaced was 15 knots in front of the ‘E’ on their bows. AE1 was boat 80 and AE2 was boat (28 km/h) on two shafts, 10.5 knots on one shaft and, when dived, 81, and each cost the Australian Government £105,415 ($160,000). was 10 knots (19 km/h) on two shafts. Surfaced, their range was 3,225 nautical miles (5,973 km) at 10 knots (19km/h) but was only AE1 was laid down on 14 November 1911, launched on 22 25 nautical miles (46 km) at 5 knots (9 km/h) when dived. Armament consisted of four 18-inch (457 mm) Whitehead 45

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF pneumatic/hydraulic mounting later enhanced the ‘E class’ IN AUSTRALIA submarines’ armament. Unfortunately, this was for the English submarines only and the lack of the 12-pounder gun would prove 1914-19191 9 1 4 - 2 0 1 4 crucial for Australia’s submarines. ‘Jimmy’ Chief Engine Room Artificer The Australian Government’s wisdom in purchasing two new James Alexander Fettes class submarines manufactured for Northern Hemisphere operations was questionable; in addition, there were inevitable problems— It was a brave decision for Australia typical with any new class ship or boat—which could not be rectified to include submarines in its nascent quickly by the manufacturer across the world. navy because their capabilities were still largely unknown Sea trials and trimming exercises were conducted in haste. When the trimming experiment on AE1 disclosed a defect, it was torpedo tubes; one tube facing forward, one tube aft, and two tubes recommended that the test be repeated as soon as possible. When amidships—one facing out to either side. One torpedo reload was authorities ignored this advice, it was suggested that this be rectified carried for each tube, giving a total of eight weapons. The spare on arrival at Sydney. The RAN Representative in Britain, Captain torpedoes were carried above the tubes with warheads carried Francis Fitzgerald Haworth-Booth, RN, publicly lauded the RN and separately. The torpedoes had a range of 2,500 yards (2.3km) at the Admiralty for their assistance and said it was likely the Australian 35 knots (65 km/h) and carried 320lb (145kg) of TNT in their Government would undoubtedly purchase more British submarines. warheads. Retrofitting a 12-pounder deck gun on a retractable Privately, he believed the ‘E Class’ boats were “just too small to be thoroughly efficient … for fleet work and distance from base” and he had serious concerns about whether AE1 and AE2 were mechanically ready for their long journey. His words would prove prophetic. Lieutenant Commander Thomas Fleming Besant, RN, was given command of AE1. Born in Liverpool, England, on 22 December 1883, Besant joined the RN as a cadet midshipman on 15 September 1898 and was promoted to midshipman in May 1900. He saw service in the Boxer Rebellion and was promoted to sub-lieutenant in May 1903, before deciding to specialise in the exciting new sphere of hydro-aeroplanes and submarines. By November 1907, he was in charge of submarine C12. On 4 September 1913, he agreed to be ‘loaned’ to the RAN for three years. Besant added another half stripe to his uniform with the promotion to lieutenant commander on 31 December 1913 and assumed command of the Australian Submarine Squadron. The captain of AE1 was an intellectual with a broad taste in literature. Books on public speaking, the law and practice of chess, Shakespeare, the works of Rabelais and Voltaire in French, texts on the motor car and engines, and The Death of Hiawatha, travelled with him on the submarine support ship. AE1’s crew was a mixture of youthful enthusiastic Australians and experienced RN submariners. Petty Officer Henry Hodge—born on 28 April 1881 in Preston, Lancashire, England—was a colourful character. He had a peacock tattooed across his chest and butterflies and animals decorating both forearms. He re-enlisted in the RN in Celebrate 100 years of the Australian Submarine Service with commemorative Australian coins 1oz Pure Silver Coin and Replica Badge Set 2014 ANZAC Day Submarine Service LIMITED EDITION $1 Coin in Card only 3,000 sets 1800 098 817 perthmint.com.au/military 46

Lieutenant Commander Thomas Besant Petty Officer Henry Hodge Petty Officer Tom Guilbert 1911 and was ‘lent’ to the RAN in November 1913. It was a difficult March, the towrope parted more than once. On 19 March, AE1 was decision because it meant an extended time away from wife, Ida again under-tow, when the rope parted. It had also been found that Louise, three-year-old Henry and one-year-old Lawrence. Fellow “bearing oil coolers were started but found to be of little use, only Petty Officer Tom Guilbert (RN), and wife Violet felt a similar reducing temperature by 2 degrees.” The heat was already oppressive; wrench. Tom was born on Guernsey in the Channel Islands and the engine room was described as “unbearable and all the steelwork had a dash of French blood in his veins; he entered the RN as a boy was burning hot to touch.” seaman and his keenness and sense of duty saw him rise through the ranks as a torpedo specialist. Tom was offered the position of The more superstitious within AE1 were becoming increasingly coxswain on Australia’s first submarine and the responsibility and troubled. When the second coxswain of AE1, Petty Officer Henry adventure were too enticing for this man who had made the navy his Hodge, fell overboard while the submarine was traversing the Suez life. The Guilbert and Hodge families were just two of AE1’s crew Canal, one crewmember wrote, “Nearly had our first calamity.” who lived in that most ‘Navy’ of cities, Portsmouth. Navy wives and Fortunately, Hodge cleared the propellers and was picked up about their children needed to be resilient. They needed to survive long a quarter of a mile astern by a Canal Authority steamboat. Another absences of husbands and fathers and sometimes, the word ‘survive’ incident near Singapore resulted in a near grounding. was the most appropriate. Non-navy families could never understand and often the only succour forthcoming was from other navy wives Men were being tested to their very limit. There was no escape; and families. their personalities, their characters, their professionalism—all were under the closest scrutiny by those with whom they shared this small Human habitability received only minimal consideration space. They wore the same uniform but they came from diverse on submarines. Officers shared one bunk on watch changes. A backgrounds. They quickly became familiar and needed to appreciate very cramped crew quarters on a platform over the main motors differences and forgive annoyances as they realised fully that each included an electric stove. Sailors ate and slept between torpedoes. man in the submarine determined their shared destiny. The days Although smoking on board was banned, it took little time before and months at least offered an opportunity for RN submariners to the air became foul. Food tasted the same, flavoured with engine become more familiar with the idiosyncrasies of Australians. oil. The toilet (‘heads’) was a bucket. Every piece of clothing was impregnated with that distinctive submariner scent. For the crews, The Australians were from most states. Some had served with the journey was onerous; never before had submarines travelled colonial navies and had progressed through the Commonwealth between England and Australia. naval forces into the RAN. Able Seaman Jack Jarman, from Victoria, enlisted for five years in the month the RAN training syllabus was By the time the submarines reached the Mediterranean, living enacted. Cast into the role of the man of the family by the premature conditions within the black-hulled boats were so oppressive the death of his father, Jack struggled with the sense of responsibility for decision was made to paint the hulls white. (They were repainted his mother and sister’s welfare, and his secure, regular navy salary black on arrival in northern Australia.) AE2 stoker, Charles Suckling, proved invaluable. described the voyage as one filled with “mechanical difficulties and mishaps overcome by hook and crook, the miles were pushed astern, The secure employment, training and travel opportunities the weariness of it but lightly relieved by a few days in ports of call”. attracted Able Seaman Cyril Lefroy Baker. Baker’s middle name The boats continued on their journey because of the knowledge and was in honour of the place of his birth, Lefroy, Tasmania. When round-the-clock expertise of engine-room artificers such as AE1’s he was born on 29 November 1892 the township was prosperous chief ERAs Joseph Wilson, Thomas Lowe and John Marsland, three and basking in the glint of gold. His father was a miner and it was a of the RN’s most experienced technical submariners. profession Baker—known to his family as ‘Buds’—was expected to pursue, but by the time he entered his teenage years, the vein of gold Three days out of Port Said, AE1’s steering gear jammed hard in Lefroy had all but disappeared and employment opportunities starboard. A brass sleeve on AE1’s starboard engine drive shaft seized eroded in the dust. Baker signed on as a boy seaman for five years on and the engine clutch could not be engaged and it was reported: “had 19 October 1911. This Tasmanian teenager undertook a naval career she not been astern of station she would have hit the tow.” On 18 as one of the first telegraphists and he visited places and saw things his Lefroy mates could never have envisaged. But Cyril Baker never 47

SC EUNBTME NAARRINY EOSF IN AUSTRALIA 1914-19191 9 1 4 - 2 0 1 4 By the time the submarines reached the Mediterranean, had never been so luminous. The living conditions within the black-hulled boats were so Australians on board were fit to oppressive the decision was made to paint the hulls white burst with pride and relief. They entered Sydney Harbour in time to join in the celebrations of Empire Day, 24 May 1914. The voyage had taken 83 days—60 of which had been spent at sea. returned to grow old in Tasmania. AE1 and AE2 had sailed 13,000 miles (20,800 kilometres)—some ERA John ‘Jack’ Messenger, from Ballarat, the eldest of eight 9000 miles (14,400) under their own power. This shattered any children, originally began training to be a draughtsman. His swift previous record. The London Times declared it: “Manifestly the most career change was not exactly foreseen or intentional; he got into remarkable (voyage) yet performed by a submarine.” a fight in a Melbourne pub and beat his opponent so badly it was AE1 Able Seaman Fred Dennis, RN, wrote to his sister in thought the man might die. Jack’s uncle hurriedly signed his nephew England of how happy he was to finally arrive: “It’s a long way,” he on as a seaman on a merchant ship bound for England. The other said. Fred was delighted with Sydney and its residents: “It’s a splendid party in the argument survived and Jack decided to join the RN place … it is just the same as home all English people and everything in 1908, undoubtedly hoping to return home. While stationed in is supplied (sic) from England.” Dennis began to contemplate giving England, he was delighted to receive the call for Australian submarine up his return passage to bring his family to Australia and transfer volunteers and quickly transferred to the RAN. permanently to the RAN. The Australians had assured him, that Born in April 1887, Gordon Corbould grew up in a comfortable this young nation and navy were not so hide-bound with pomp and Sydney family home and epitomised the bronzed Aussie. Corbould circumstance and class division. loved everything about the sea and became a member of the Able Seaman James Thomas and Arthur Fisher, RN, lost no time Tamarama Surf Life Saving Club. As soon as he could, he enlisted in in sending for their families. Soon, eighteen of AE1’s RN crew called the Navy. He had little difficulty passing his examinations for leading Australia home and 32 children were on the RAN dependants list. seaman in November 1912 and, at a time when overseas travel was only for the rich, Courbold travelled to England for further training AE1 in Sydney Harbour and returned as a member of the AE1’s commissioning crew. On 6 June 1914, celebrations were marred by the death of AE1 Gordon Corbould watched the early morning sun shining on Leading Stoker, ‘John’ Groves. A steam pinnacle belonging to HMAS the craggy Sydney cliffs as his submarine moved gracefully through Penguin was proceeding from Cockatoo Island to Garden Island. It the slight chop toward Garden Island Dockyard. Back in his home was 14:30 and the 303-ton Sydney Ferry Kai Kai left Milson’s Point city after years away, he wondered if the waters of Sydney Harbour for Circular Quay. The navy helmsman altered course to avoid Kai 48