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ADOBE – Adobe Bricks – Adobe is created using natural mate- Bricks made from adobe are usually rials from the earth and other organic made by presenting the mud mix- matter. Adobe basically means mud ture into a box like structure which bricks. is mould for the brick . The mixture Adobe structures look similar to struc- is moulded into the frame, which is tures made used cob or rammed instantly removed after the mixture earth. takes shape. The bricks are kept and Adobe is among the oldest and ear- turned on all edges to ensure it dries liest building materials to be used up. around the word and is widely used in Slow drying which is done in shade re- kutches bhungara. adobe bricks are duces the risk of cracks. The bricks are small and dry up faster and a adobe covered with polythene sheets and mud is used as an alternative to ce- should be kept like that for 48 hours. ment as joinery After 48 hours the bricks should be removed and kept in a shaded area performance- which has a good circulation of air. In dry climates adobe is widely used Water is sprinkled over them for about as it proves to be more durable. They 4 weeks so they can harden adn are are not a grat option for humid areas kept away from direct sunlight and may be extremely susceptible to earthquake and storm damages Advantages – Biodegradable Adobe is made of earth which is mixed Fireproof with water and organic materials such Non-toxic as straws, dungs, etc. The composition Excellent thermal mass of the soil which is generally used in Good water resistance adobe typically contains sand, clay Easy to work with and silt. The addition of straws helps the brick dry up easily and thus pre- vents cracks.Modern usage of adobe is usually stabilised using cement. Along with being inexpensive, adobe serves as a significant heat reservoir due to thermal properties in the mas- sive walls in typical adobe wall. Adobe is great in hot and arid region as it helps maintain temperature as when the sun sets the temperature drops, the warm wall will transfer her and provide warmth to the structure. 102 RED KUTCH 2022

fig 10.3 Adobe process COLORS OF RESILIENCE fig 10.4 Adobe finsihed bricks 103

Wattle and Daub – Wattle and daub is used to make walls. A woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky mixture usually made of clay, dung and water. It is an ancient method, which has been used for around 6000 years. Material Used – The mixture which is to be daubed on the wattle is made of clayey soil, dung and water. The wattle is made of wooden strips, sticks, bamboo, or iron roda=s also can be used Process – fig 10.5 wattle and daub process First a wattle is amde out od the de- sired materials and then daub is ap- plied to it in such a way that it is even- ly distributed . multiple layes are doen of the same material and a exterior waterproof coat or texture coat is done as a choice Merits of Wattle and Daub – Easy construction Natural raw materials High durability No special skill requirement Can take any shape Demerits of Wattle and Daub – Labour intensive Long construction period Recommended to limit contact with water 104 RED KUTCH 2022

CSEB - COMPRESSED STABILIZED Merits of CSEB – EARTH BLOCK Introduction - It is a biodegradable product. Compressed earth blocks are defined No burning process is necessary for as earthen bricks by means of com- the production of these bricks. pression using hydraulic machines, Energy efficient. or usually, hand operated machines. Eco-f riendly It is called stabilised earthen bricks Does Not require a skill because of a stabilising agent,usually It is cost efficient cement. Materials used – Demerits of CSEB – The base mixture is made out of clay- ey soil and sand, in which cement is Machinery required is quite heavy added. Untrained workers result in bad quali- The final mixture contains approxi- ty products. mately 30% soil, 10% cement and 60% Proper identification of soil is difficult. sand. Availability of required soil is scarce. A labour intensive job Process – The mixture of the soil is made and dried 3 times, it is then spread on the ground so that water can be sprinkles and maximum water is absorbed this is done 3 times and is mixed constantly. Once the mixture is ready it first measured with an measuring tool ( 5.240 kg of material is required for one brick) The machine is loaded with the given mixture and compressed properly and once the bricks are ready they are re- moved and kept in direct sunlight for them to dry for 2 days. It will be a total process of three days after the bricks are removed out of the machine before they are ready and available for construction usage. The weight of a single brick rounds up to about 5.240 kilograms. COLORS OF RESILIENCE 105

fig 10.6 measuring the mixutre fig 10.7 process of CSEB 106 fig 10.8 Finshed CSEB product RED KUTCH 2022

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Jal Yatra RED KUTCH 2022 108

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Jal yatra Fig.11.1 Dunaraja catachment The city of Bhuj is an arid region and water is scarce- with an average rainfall of 330mm and only 14 days of rain in 2020. Providing water for Bhuj was a challenge with the nearest major river being miles away. There is a 450-year-old Hamirsar Lake named after Jadeja ruler Rao Hamir, the creator of Bhuj. This lake was an oasis in saline and arid Kutch, and it took decades to build canals and tunnels to bring water from three river systems together and recharge an aquifer to meet Bhuj's needs. The lake is 28 acres in size and features a love- ly mid-lake garden, similar to Ahmedabad's Kankaria Lake. When the lake and water system was first built back when it was ruled by king Rao hamir, the whole city was designed in such a way that the water channels and catchments. number of small lakes are spread around the whole city and near the city like Dhobi lak, hamisar lake, chhattedi lake and pragir lake. The lakes are connected by the haripan canal, Mochiral canal and Bhuj irrigation canal. When water issues are faced in the city of bhuj and when hamirsar lake dries up these canals are opened up with screw gates. Several wells have been created near the lake hoping that the well will be filled with water but no water was ever found. Fault lines created by the earthquakes of the past are to be blamed for this unbalance of groundwater system around the lakes The major fault line caused by the 1819 rann of kutch earthquake called Allah bund which was 6m high and 80-150 km long, it also created a natural dam on Puran river. There is a unique relationship between the people of Bhuj and the hamirsar lake. For generations, traditions have been followed that anytime the lake overflows the next day is a cel- ebration in and city and because of it the whole city is shut 110 RED KUTCH 2022

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Rann Of Kutch 112 RED KUTCH 2022

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Rann of Kutch Rann of Kutch is a large area of salt marshes spread around the Indo-Pa- kistan border in the district of kutch. It is mainly located in Gujrat but also spreads to Pakistan. It is divided into great rann of kutch and little rann of kutch and it is spread across an area of 26,000kms (roughly 30,000 miles) The area was part of the Arabian sea but due to a geographical shift it was closed off from the Arabian sea. over the years the region has become a salt marsh. The great rann of kutch is a large part of the rann it has the Thar desert to the north and low hills of kutch to the south. The Little Rann of Kutch lies southeast of the Great Rann and ex- tends southwards to the Gulf of Kutch In monsoon season the rann of kutch which is approx 15 meters above sea level is filled with water and on rainy years the wetlands extend to the gulf of kutch. A number of rivers originating from Rajasthan and Gujarat flow into the rann of kutch. Rivers such as Luni, Bhuki, Bharud, Nara, Kharod, Banas, Saraswati, Rupen, Bambhan, and Machchhu. 114 RED KUTCH 2022

The Rann of Kutch is a large flooded The great rann of kutch is a major grasslands zone. The area has desert tourist attraction because of the flat on one side and the sea on the other salt desert and is often called the enabling various ecosystems, having white desert as there is salt marshes mangroves and different types of de- around for miles together. The gujarat sert vegetation. tourism hosts a 3-month long annual Utsav called rann Utsav near the city The climate here is subtropical, tem- of dhordo. During this 3-month long peratures here can vary between period tents are set up for people to 42degrees celsius and 50 degrees live in and activities are provided for during summer and in winter tem- people to experience kutch the best peratures during the night can drop way possible. The rann is well known below the freezing point. The rann is for its beautiful sunsets and sunrises- fry most of the year and rains during the reflection of the sun reflecting off monsoon season i.e July to Septem- the moist salt marshes is just beautiful ber. The rann is dried up during the summer. 115 COLORS OF RESILIENCE

Fig. 12.2 Rann of kutch RED KUTCH 2022 116

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Fig. 12.3 Rann of kutch lake RED KUTCH 2022 118

Fig. 12.4 Rann of kutch 119 COLORS OF RESILIENCE

People of RED KUTCH 2022 kutch A Photo Gallery 120

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Lu Scan for a short video on Kutch 130 RED KUTCH 2022

Bibliography u- https://parkerlab.bio.uci.edu/nonscientific_adventures/Rann_of_Kutch.ht- m#Dhaneta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jats_of_Kutch#:~:text=The%20Jats%20of%20 Kutch%20are,the%20Banni%20region%20of%20Kutch. www.khamir.org https: //www.reuters.com/news/picture/reeling-f rom-bhuj-aftershocks-idIN- RTXX4U0 http://www.hunnarshala.org/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Awareness-generation-programs-conduct- ed-by-ACT_fig6_350145080 https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/religious-places-/bhujs-lake-of-life http://setufoundationindia.org/ https://banni.in/#:~:text=The%20Banni%20Pashu%20Uchherak%20Mald- hari,gained%20membership%20in%20the%20association. https://homesinthecity.org/en/contact/ https://khamir.org/artisans/bhavnaben-vankar https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/indian-subcontinent/ku- tch-jat-embroidery https://www.sahapedia.org/fakirani-jats-nomads-great-rann-kutch- h#lg=1&slide=14 https://www.peopleincentre.org/rus/182/ http://cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/Slum_Free_Bhuj_Anandiben%201-Sandeep%20 Virmani.pdf https://www.peopleincentre.org/rus/182/ COLORS OF RESILIENCE 131

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Rural exposure and documentation - RED KUTCH 2022 Colors Of Resilience Authors - Rushi Godhani Dhaval Gajjar 134