Foundation Bhawan Bharti Biology

148 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 19. Balloon-like structures present inside the lungs are III. Write Yes/No. called 1. Do plants exchange gases through stomata? (a) alveoli (b) bronchioles 2. Is pyruvate formed in mitochondria? (c) bronchi (d) alveolar ducts 3. Does the breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen take place in mitochondria? 20. Haemoglobin, the respiratory pigment is not found 4. Is it true that the organisms that live in water do not in use the oxygen dissolved in water? (a) WBC (b) RBC 5. Are the balloon-like structures present in our lungs called alveoli? (c) platelets (d) plasma 6. Does our chest cavity become smaller when we 21. As compared to CO2, carbon monoxide binds to breathe in? haemoglobin 7. Is haemoglobin present in WBC? (a) loosely (b) very strongly 8. Are lungs a pair of spongy organs lying in the chest (c) either loosely or strongly (d) without any force cavity formed by the ribs? 22. A pair of spongy organs lying in the chest cavity is 9. Does the actual exchange of gases between air and the human body take place in the alveoli? called 10. Do different parts of the plant respire (a) hearts (b) kidneys independently? (c) lungs (d) bronchioles 23. Which of the following structures increase the total surface area for the exchange of gases in the lungs? (a) Bronchi (b) Alveoli (c) Bronchioles (d) Trachea IV. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F). II. Fill in the blanks. 1. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. 1. Pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and CO2 2. Anaerobic reactions after glycolysis produce lactic during ...... . acid, or ethanol. 2. ATP is the ...... for most cellular processes. 3. As compared to aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration produces more energy. 3. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of ...... . 4. ATP is formed in the cytoplasm. 4. The complete process of anaerobic respiration takes 5. The build-up of ethanol in our muscles causes place in ...... . cramps. 5. Glucose is completely oxidized into CO2 , H2O and 6. The energy released during cellular respiration is energy during ...... . not used immediately to synthesize ATP. 6. In plants, respiration occurs at a much ...... rate than 7. Rings of cartilage are present in the throat. in animals. 8. The lungs always contain residual volume of air. 7. Human lungs have ...... of air sacs for the exchange of gases. 9. Carbon monoxide binds more strongly to haemoglobin than oxygen. 8. ...... are respiratory organs found in aquatic animals. 10. All alveoli are not covered by web of blood 9. When air passes through the nose, it is warmed, capillaries. moistened and ...... . V. Match the columns. 10. The opening leading to the larynx is called ...... . AB 11. From the larynx air goes to ...... . (i) Glycolysis (a) Fermentation 12. Each bronchus divides and branches out in the form (ii) Human muscles (b) 3-carbon compound of thinner tubes called ...... . (iii) Mitochondria (c) Gills (iv) Yeast (d) Epiglottis 13. The oxygen picked up by haemoglobin gets ...... (v) Pyruvate (e) Cytoplasm with blood to various ...... . (vi) Fish (f) Lactic acid (vii) Larynx (g) Lungs 14. The first step of aerobic respiration takes place in ......, (viii) Trachea (h) Balloon-like while the second step takes place in the ...... . (ix) Mammals structures 15. Accumulation of excess ...... in the muscles causes (x) Alveoli (i) Cartilage rings pain. (j) ATP synthesis 16. Terrestrial animals use ...... of the atmosphere for respiration. 17. Reptiles, birds and ...... have lungs for the exchange of gases. F

Question Bank 149 • ANSWERS • A. 1. Anaerobic respiration 2. Glycolysis 7. (d) 8. (a), (b), (c) 9. (c) 10. (c), (d) 3. Cytoplasm 4. Yeast 5. Mitochondria 11. (a), (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a), (c), (d) 15. (b) 6. Stomata and intercellular spaces in the leaves, and 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a), (c), (d) lenticels 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b), (c) 7. Lungs, trachea and gills 8. They filter the air entering our nose. II. 1. fermentation 2. energy currency 9. Pharynx is located just behind the nose. 3. blood vessels 4. cytoplasm 10. Epiglottis 5. aerobic respiration 6. slower 7. millions 11. So that the walls of the trachea do not collapse 8. Gills 9. filtered 10. glottis 11. trachea 12. Trachea branches out to form bronchi. 13. Bronchioles divide to form alveolar duct. 12. bronchioles 13. transported, tissues 14. Haemoglobin 14. cytoplasm, mitochondria 15. lactic acid 16. oxygen 17. mammals D. Down: 1. Larynx 3. Fermentation 5. Gills Across: 2. Tracheae 4. Pyruvate 5. Glottis III. 1. Yes 2. No 3. Yes 4. No 5. Yes 6. No 6. Glucose 7. No 8. Yes 9. Yes 10. Yes F. I. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b), (c) 6. (c) IV. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. F V. 1. (i)(e) (ii)(f) (iii)(j) (iv)(a) (v)(b) (vi)(c) (vii)(d) (viii)(i) (ix)(g) (x)(h) v 3. Transportation A. Very-Short-Answer Questions 6. Write an essay on the role of corpuscles in circulatory system. 1. Which chamber of the heart receives impure blood from the body? D. Objective Questions 2. Where does blood go from the right ventricle? I. Pick the correct option/options. More than one option 3. What is the function of heart valves? may be correct. 4. What is the relation between heart and lungs? 5. Define single heart. 1. Which of the following is/are correct about heart? 6. Define double heart. 7. Define transitional heart. (a) Left ventricle receives pure blood. B. Short-Answer Questions (b) Right ventricle pumps impure blood. 1. Differentiate between artery and vein. (c) Left atrium has thicker wall than the right 2. Differentiate between atrium and ventricle. ventricle. 3. What is the difference between heart of fish and that (d) Right atrium opens into the left ventricle. of frog? 4. Write down the essential features of fish heart. 2. When heart contracts to pump blood, the flow has 5. In what respect is double-circuit heart better than to be unidirectional. This is ensured by single-circuit heart? (a) valves (b) muscles 6. Why is the wall of the ventricle thicker than that of (c) SA node (d) pericardium the atrium? 7. Why is the force of blood greater in arteries than in 3. Single circulation is shown in which group? veins? (a) Sharks, whales 8. What is the function of pacemaker? 9. What is the role of haemoglobin in transport? (b) Flying fish, bats C. Long-Answer Questions (c) Tree frogs, climbing perch 1. Explain the advantages of double heart. (d) Gold fish, carps 2. What is the significance of blood vascular system? 3. What are the components of circulatory system? 4. Double circulation can be seen in 4. Describe the heart of a mammal and compare it (a) turtle (b) chimpanzee with that of a fish. 5. What is the role of sinoatrial node? (c) boa (d) dog 5. Which is/are incorrect? (a) Right ventricle has the thickest wall. (b) Left ventricle has the thickest wall. (c) Valves are located in the left side. (d) Pacemaker lies in the right side of the heart. 6. What is correct about pulmonary artery? (a) It contains pure blood. (b) It contains impure blood.

150 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 (c) It sends blood to the gills. 2. Blood capillaries are lined with cuboidal cells. (d) It sends blood to the walls of the heart. 3. Cardiac muscles are voluntary. 7. What is correct about pulmonary vein? 4. Pericardial fluid is called lymph. (a) It supplies blood to the valves. 5. In fish, the heart receives only pure blood. (b) It is the longest vein. 6. The velocity of blood in veins is greater than that in (c) It has pure blood that comes from the liver. arteries. (d) It brings pure blood to the left atrium. 7. Lymph and plasma have the same chemical composition. 8. How is a vein different from an artery? (a) In carrying deoxygenated blood (b) In having greater elasticity IV. Match the columns. (c) In having valves AB (d) All of the above 9. Pacemaker of the heart is (i) Right atrium (a) Oscilloscope screen (a) nervous tissue (b) situated in the left atrium (b) Amphibia (ii) ECG (c) Vena cava (c) muscular tissue (d) none of the above (d) Fish (iii) Auricle 10. Heartbeat depends upon (e) Atria (iv) Three-chambered (a) size of the animal (b) physical activity heart (c) pacemaker (d) all of the above (v) Two-chambered heart II. Fill in the blanks. V. Put tick marks in appropriate boxes. 1. Heart is situated in the middle of the ...... cavity. SA Single Left Plasma Pulmonary 2. The membrane that surrounds the heart is called ...... . node heart ventricle vein 3. Right side of the heart contains ...... blood. Blood without 4. Heart of fish pumps ...... blood, whereas the heart of corpuscles bird pumps ...... blood. Fish 5. Heart is largely composed of ...... muscles. Pure blood 6. Valves prevent ...... flow of blood and are also present in ...... . Part of heart with the 7. Cardiac cycle is divided into ...... and ...... phase. thickest wall 8. Crocodiles have ...... heart, but in turtles the heart is ...... . III. Mark the statements true(T) or false(F). Pacemaker 1. Arteries are more muscular than veins. F • ANSWERS • A. 1. Right atrium 2. Lungs 8. four-chambered, transitional 3. Prevention of backflow of blood III. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 4. Heart sends impure blood to lungs, and lungs IV. (i)(c) (ii)(a) (iii)(e) (iv)(b) (v)(d) sends back oxygenated pure blood to heart. V. 5. The heart with two chambers only, one atrium and SA Single Left Plasma Pulmonary one ventricle, is called single heart. node heart ventricle vein 6. The heart with four chambers, two atria and two Blood without ventricles, is called double heart. corpuscles 3 7. The heart which has two atria and one ventricle Fish 3 (sometimes incompletely divided) is called transitional heart. 3 D. I. 1. (a), (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b), (d) 5. (a), (c) Pure blood 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d) Part of heart 3 with the II. 1. thoracic 2. pericardial membrane 3. impure thickest wall 4. deoxygenated, oxygenated 5. cardiac Pacemaker 3 6. back, heart 7. systolic, diastolic v

Question Bank 151 4. Excretion A. Very-Short-Answer Questions (c) water content in urine would be higher (d) uric acid will not be excreted 1. How does Hydra throw out excretory matter? 2. Which part of haemoglobin is excreted with bile? 5. Correct route of the passage of urine is 3. What is the process of artificial purification of blood (a) collecting tubule—ureter—urinary bladder— urethra called? (b) convoluted tubule—loop of Henle—urinary 4. What are alkaloids? bladder (c) ureter—urethra—urinary bladder B. Short-Answer Questions (d) urethra—urinary bladder—ureter 1. Describe the other excretory organs than kidneys in 6. Where does the pelvis of kidney lie? human beings. (a) In cortex (b) In medulla 2. Write a short note on the different methods of excretion in plants. (c) In ureter (d) In urinary bladder C. Long-Answer Questions 7. Mammalian kidney is (b) cylindrical (a) oval (d) trilobed 1. Give an account of some excretory products of plants that are useful to man. (c) bean shaped 2. Describe how dialysis is carried out. II. Fill in the blanks. D. Objective Questions 1. The unit of kidney is called ...... . I. Pick the correct option/options. More than one option 2. The bunch of blood capillary in nephron is called may be correct. ...... . 1. The unit of kidney is called 3. The duct that emerges from kidney is called ...... . (a) Bowman’s capsule (b) glomerulus 4. ...... is the reabsorption of water to maintain the balance of water in human body. (c) nephron (d) collecting tubule 5. The dialyser works as kidney except ...... . 2. Which is not the function of kidney? (a) Synthesis of urea (b) Excretion of urea (c) Reabsorption of water (d) Secretion III. Mark the statements true(T) or false(F). 1. Kidney produces RBC. 3. The colour of urine is due to 2. Bowman’s capsule is the unit of kidney. 3. Distal convoluted tubule opens in the loop of Henle. (a) phytochrome (b) cytochrome 4. Filtrate is hypotonic in proximal tubule. 5. Afferent arteriole brings blood to the nephron. (c) haemochrome (d) urochrome 4. If the loop of Henle is abolished (a) tubular secretion will not take place (b) bile will not be excreted F • ANSWERS • A. 1. Hydra excretes through its mouth. II. 1. nephron 2. glomerulus 3. ureter 2. The pigment “haem” 3. Haemodialysis 4. Osmoregulation 5. selective absorption 4. A group of toxic waste products III. 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T D. I. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) v 5. Control and Coordination A. Very-Short-Answer Questions 7. Name the part of the brain which controls intelligence. 1. Name the hormone which contains iodine. 2. Name the hormone produced by the ovaries. 8. Name the part of the brain which controls 3. Name the phytohormone that inhibits growth. involuntary action. 4. Name the cells that produce insulin. 5. Specify the location of the olfactory lobe. 9. Mention the number of cranial nerves. 6. Specify the location of the pituitary gland. B. Short-Answer Questions 1. Describe the effects of imbalance in the secretion of growth hormone.

152 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 2. Describe chemotropism giving one example. 7. Which of the following is/are not due to hormone? (a) Diabetes 3. Describe the significance of the words positive and (b) Arthritis negative regarding tropism. (c) Gigantism (d) Reflex action 4. Describe the structure and function of islets of Langerhans. 8. The fluid that lies above and below the meninges of the brain is called 5. Where is cerebrospinal fluid present and what is its (a) lymph function? (b) serum (c) plasma 6. Describe any one function of spinal cord. (d) cerebrospinal fluid C. Long-Answer Questions 9. Which is a correct statement? (a) Olfactory lobes and optic lobes lie in the same 1. Write an essay on pituitary gland and the hormones region. produced by it. (b) Cranium is covered by cerebrospinal fluid. (c) Cerebrum controls intelligence. 2. Write an essay on the dysfunction of thyroid gland. (d) Cerebellum controls intelligence. 3. Give an account of the function of adrenal gland. 10. Grey matter is (a) a fluid 4. Give detailed account of any two phytohormones. (b) cluster of cytons (c) a hormone 5. Describe how tendrils twine around a support. (d) a network of blood vessel 6. What does the nervous system of man consist of? 11. Pineal gland is situated on the (a) dorsal surface of the hindbrain 7. Give an account of the function of human brain. (b) dorsal surface of the forebrain (c) ventral surface of the midbrain 8. Describe the mechanism of transmission of nerve (d) ventral surface of the forebrain impulse. 12. Medulla oblongata is D. Objective Questions (a) a part of the forebrain (b) a part of the midbrain I. Pick the correct option/options. More than one option (c) a part of the hindbrain may be correct. (d) last part of the hindbrain 1. Gigantism results from 13. Synaptic terminal is the end of (a) growth hormone (a) cyton (b) thyroxine (b) dendrite (c) adrenalin (c) axon (d) testosterone (d) none of the above 2. Goitre results from 14. Gustatoreceptors lie (a) gibberellin (a) on the tongue (b) iodine deficiency (b) in the nose (c) calcium depletion (c) in the ear (d) thyroid dysfunction (d) in the eyes 3. Secondary sexual characters are influenced by 15. Reflex arc is formed by (a) thyroxine (a) ventral sensory nerve and dorsal motor nerve (b) adrenaline (b) dorsal sensory nerve and ventral motor nerve (c) testosterone (c) neither of the above (d) oestrogen (d) both (a) and (b) 4. The hormone responsible for anger is II. Fill in the blanks. (a) adrenaline (b) growth hormone 1. The pituitary gland lies on ...... . (c) oestrogen (d) insulin 2. The thymus gland is ...... in children. 5. Which is/are correct correct about insulin? 3. The cells of the islets of Langerhans produce ...... . (a) It controls blood sugar. (b) It is produced by islets of Langerhans. 4. ...... is plant’s response to contact with hard surface. (c) It is produced by parathyroid gland. (d) It is called the fight and flight hormone. 5. ...... is the master gland. 6. Plant growth is/are promoted by (a) cytokinin (b) auxin (c) gibberellin (d) abscisic acid

Question Bank 153 6. ...... and ...... protect the brain of mammals. 6. Sensory nerve connects the dorsal root of the spinal 7. Cerebellum is the centre of ...... action and cerebrum cord. controls ...... . IV. Match the columns. 8. In a nerve cell, ...... receive the stimulus and ...... A B transmits the impulse. (i) Diencephalon (a) Coordinating cerebellum III. Mark the statements true(T) or false(F). (ii) Spinal nerves and cerebrum 1. Ovaries produce only one hormone. (iii) Algesireceptors 2. Testosterone produces femaleness. (iv) Pons (b) Rapid loss of water 3. Parathormone is produced by adrenal gland. (v) Auxin (c) Apical meristem 4. Human brain and spinal cord are solid. (vi) Turgor change (d) Controls hunger, thirst 5. Spinal cord arises from the medulla. (e) Feeling of pain (f) 31 pairs • ANSWERS • A. 1. Thyroxine 2. Oestrogen 3. Abscisic acid 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 4. A cluster of cells called islets of Langerhans 5. Cerebrum II. 1. diencephalon 2. present 3. insulin 6. Attached to the diencephalon in cerebrum 4. Thigmotropism 5. Pituitary 7. Cerebrum 8. Medulla oblongata 9. 12 6. Cranium, meninges 7. involuntary, intelligence D. I. 1. (a) 2. (b), (d) 3. (c), (d) 4. (a) 5. (a), (b) 6. (a), (b), (c) 7. (b), (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b) 8. dendrons, axon III. 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T IV. (i)(d) (ii)(f) (iii)(e) (iv)(a) (v)(c) (vi)(b) v 6. Reproduction A. Very-Short-Answer Questions 19. Write down the function of seminal vesicle. 1. Give an example where multiple fission is found. 20. What is the meaning of gestation period? 2. Give two examples where spore formation is the 21. What is the meaning of parturition? common mode of reproduction. 3. Name the male and female reproductive organs of a B. Short-Answer Questions flower. 1. As compared to dry slice of bread, bread moulds 4. Why are petals brightly coloured? grow luxuriently on a moist slice of bread. Why? 5. Where are pollen grains produced? 6. Where is ovary located in a plant? 2. If a Spirogyra filament is broken into two pieces, 7. Give two examples where self-pollination takes place. what will be the result? 8. Where do pollen grains germinate? 9. Where is zygote present in the flower after 3. If in a flowering plant, the male gametes have 8 chromosomes, what will be the chromosome fertilization? number of the zygote and the plant itself? 10. What does an embryo in a plant contain? 11. When does embryo germinate? 4. The bisexual flower produces fruit even if stamens 12. Where are sperms produced? are removed before pollination. Why? 13. Name the protective covering of testes. 14. Where are ova produced? 5. Why do colonies of yeast multiply in sugar solution 15. What is umbilical cord? but not in water? 16. What is the importance of tubectomy? 17. Describe the parts of a sperm. 6. Collect information about the chromosome numbers 18. What is the reproductive organ of a male flower? of four common plants and four common animals from your school library and correlate the following: (i) number of chromosomes and the size of the organisms (ii) number of chromosomes and the rate of reproduction (iii) number of chromosomes and the complexity of the organisms

154 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 7. Is there any possibility of fertilization without 5. Discuss the functions of different whorls of a pollination in a flower? Explain with reason. flower. 8. Is cell division a type of reproduction? Explain. 6. In human beings, fertilization can take place once in a month. Explain whether it is true. 9. How does chromosome number remain constant in zygote, embryonic cells and adult individuals? 7. Discuss the statement that reproduction is essential for the stability of a species. 10. What is the reason behind the remarkable similarities among offspring produced after asexual 8. How does fertilization take place in human beings? reproduction? What changes will be exhibited after fertilization? 11. Differentiate between sexual maturation and 9. Give an account of female reproductive system in general growth of an individual. human beings. 12. Are chromosome numbers of parents and offspring 10. Give an account of male reproductive system in the same? Explain how it is so. human beings. 13. How is reproduction linked to the stability of 11. Discuss different types of vegetative propagation. population of a species? Explain. 12. Explain the mechanism of fertilization and 14. Is there any genetic difference between sperm and implantation. egg? What will be the ratio of chromosome number between a sperm and a zygote? 13. Discuss the role of hormones in human reproduction. 15. Mention the glands and their functions associated with male reproductive system. What will be the 14. Why is sexual mode of reproduction superior to path of sperm during ejaculation? asexual mode? 16. Mention the changes taking place in the uterus after D. Crossword Puzzle the implantation of young embryo. 1 35 17. Why are mechanical barriers used during sexual act? 2 18. What is placenta? What is its role? 4 19. Define self-pollination. 6 20. Define cross-pollination. Down 21. What is the function of calyx. 1. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma 22. Why do wind-pollinated flowers produce light pollen grains? 3. The muscular lower portion of the uterus 5. The zygote develops into a baby here 23. Write a short note on artificial modes of vegetative propagation. Across 24. What is the difference between self-pollination and 2. A disclike organ through which the embryo absorbs cross-pollination? food and oxygen 25. How is embryo formed? 4. Female reproductive organ producing gamete, in both plants and animals 26. Describe the structure of the ovary in a plant. 6. The outermost whorl protecting the floral whorls in 27. Define puberty. the bud stage 28. How is ovum released from the ovary? E. Diagrammatic Questions 29. What will be the characteristics of the seminal fluid 1. Draw labelled diagrams to show budding in Hydra. of a vasectomised person? 30. Explain the importance of uterus in the development of embryo. 31. Define vasectomy. C. Long-Answer Questions 1. Differentiate between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Why does sexual reproduction result in variations among offspring? 2. Why are fragmentation, spore formation, fission and budding considered asexual reproduction? 3. What are the differences between gametes and zygote? How do they help during sexual reproduction? 4. Differentiate between pollination and fertilization. What happens in a flower after fertilization?

Question Bank 155 2. Draw diagrams to demonstrate binary fission in 9. Which of the following factors is/are responsible for Amoeba. rapid spread of Rhizopus (bread mould) on bread? (a) Presence of round-shaped sporangia 3. Draw a neat diagram of a flower and label different (b) Formation of numerous spores parts. (c) Availability of moisture in bread (d) Availability of nutrients in bread 4. With the help of a clean diagram show the path of pollen tube from stigma to ovary. 10. Why is reproduction essential for living organisms? (a) To maintain growth 5. Draw a labelled diagram of male sex organs of (b) To maintain number human beings. (c) To continue the species from generation to generation 6. Draw a clean diagram of female sex organs of (d) To provide variations human beings and label different parts related to the following: 11. The chromosome number in parents and offspring (i) Entry of sperms of a particular species remains constant due to (ii) Site of fertilization (iii) Site of implantation (a) halving of chromosome number during gamete (iv) Production of egg formation F. Objective Questions (b) doubling of chromosome number during gamete formation I. Pick the correct option/options. More than one option may be correct. (c) doubling of chromosome number after gamete formation 1. In vegetative propagation, new plants are produced from (d) multiplication of chromosomes during gamete (a) root, stem and flowers formation (b) root, stem and seeds (c) root, stem and leaves 12. Why do offspring formed by asexual reproduction (d) root, leaves and flowers look very similar among themselves? (a) Because asexual reproduction is a common 2. The example of multiple fission (ability of a cell to method of reproduction (b) Because asexual reproduction takes place after divide into many daughter cells) is seen in maturing of individuals (c) Because asexual reproduction involves one (a) Hydra (b) Plasmodium parent and does not involve gametes (d) Because asexual reproduction takes place in all (c) Paramoecium (d) Spirogyra the conditions 3. Which of the following structures is responsible for 13. The characters that are transmitted from parents to offspring exhibit transmission of characters from parents to (a) only variations (b) only similarities offspring? (c) both variations and similarities with parents (d) mixed and independent characters (a) Centrosome (b) Ribosome 14. Sexual reproduction results in more variations in (c) Cytoplasm (d) Genes the offspring because 4. Which of the following organisms reproduce (a) genetic material comes from many parents through asexual means? (b) genetic material is brought from two different species (a) Goat (b) Yeast (c) genetic material comes from two parents of the (c) Dog (d) Banana same species 5. Fragmentation (breaking up of filaments into (d) it is a long process involving two parents smaller pieces) is the common method of asexual 15. Which of the following statements are true? reproduction in (a) Gametes are formed during sexual reproduction. (a) yeast (b) Spirogyra (b) Gametes fuse to form zygote. (c) Amoeba (d) Plasmodium (c) Offspring formed after sexual reproduction are 6. Which of the following statements is common for similar to each other. Hydra, yeast, Spirogyra and Amoeba? (a) They are unicellular. (d) DNA from two different individuals are (b) They are multicellular. combined during sexual reproduction. (c) They reproduce asexually. (d) They cannot multiply. 7. Rhizopus and Mucor reproduce mainly by (a) producing spores (b) producing buds (c) fragmentation (d) multiple fission 8. The tubular threadlike structures bearing sporangia at their tips in Rhizopus are called (a) roots (b) rhizoids (c) hyphae (d) filaments

156 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 16. The male and female gamete-producing organs of a flower is called (a) ovary and ovule (b) stamen and anther (c) stigma and stamen (d) anther and ovary 17. Which of the following do not represent the correct sequence of reproductive stages? (a) Zygote ® Gametes ® Embryo ® Seedling (b) Gametes ® Zygote ® Embryo ® Seedling (c) Gametes ® Zygote ® Seedling ® Embryo (d) Gametes ® Embryo ® Seedling ® Zygote 18. Which of the following sequence of events do not represent the correct sequence of sexual reproduction in higher plants? (a) Pollination ® Embryo formation ® Fertilization (b) Embryo formation ® Pollination 25. The following figure shows ® Fertilization (a) binary fission in Hydra (b) budding in yeast (c) fragmentation in Hydra (d) budding in Hydra (c) Embryo Formation ® Fertilization ® Pollination 26. The following diagram represents (a) budding in Hydra (d) Pollination ® Fertilization (b) fragmentation in Spirogyra ® Embryo formation (c) binary fission in Spirogyra (d) budding in yeast 19. Which of the following statements are correct? (a) Bisexual flowers contain either stamen or pistil. (b) Unisexual flowers contain either stamen or pistil. (c) Bisexual flowers possess both stamen and pistil. (d) Unisexual flowers exhibit cross-pollination. 20. Choose the correct statements among the following. (a) Flowers always have both the sex organs. (b) Flowers are the reproductive organs of the plants. (c) All plants bear flowers. (d) Flowers give rise to fruit after fertilization. 21. Pollen tube grows out of pollen grain and reaches the ovary finally through (a) anther (b) stigma (c) germ cell (d) style 22. Length of pollen tube exhibits the distance from (a) pollen grain to stigma (b) pollen grain to style (c) pollen grain through the style to the ovule (d) stigma to style 23. The following figure represents (a) fragmentation (b) binary fission (c) multiple fission (d) budding Nucleus Daughter cells 27. In the following figure the parts A, B, C and D are sequentially 24. Which of the following processes is represented in (a) stigma, anther, petal and pistil the following figure? (a) Multiple fission (b) Binary fission (b) anther, pistil, petal and stigma (c) Sporulation (d) Vegetative propagation (c) anther, petal, pistil and stigma (d) stigma, anther, pistil and petal

Question Bank 157 31. Which of the following changes occurs during adolescence in boys? (a) Cracking of voice (b) Increase in weight (c) Breakage of milk teeth (d) Increase in height 32. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of organs for transport of sperms in man? (a) Ureter ® Testis ® Urethra (b) Vas deferens ® Urethra ® Testis (c) Testis ® Vas deferens ® Urethra (d) Testis ® Ureter ® Urethra 28. In the following figure parts A, B, and C represent 33. Why does testes lie in the scrotum outside the body (a) radicle, plumule and cotyledons respectively cavity in human males? (b) plumule, radicle and cotyledons respectively (c) radicle, cotyledons and plumule respectively (a) Because it helps in transfer of gametes (d) cotyledons, plumule and radicle respectively (b) Because it helps in storage of sperms (c) Because it helps in mating 29. In the following figure parts A, B and C represent (d) Because it helps in formation of sperm (a) stigma, pollen tube and ovary wall respectively (b) stigma, pollen grain ad ovule respectively 34. Sperms from the testis pass through (c) pollen grain, pollen tube and ovary wall respectively (a) urinary bladder (b) vas deferens (d) pollen grain, ovary and pollen tube respectively (c) scrotum (d) prostate gland 35. Which of the following functions are not related to testes? (a) Formation of placenta (b) Secretion of male hormone (c) Formation of male gametes (d) Secretion of oestrogen 36. The reproductive organs in human females include (a) ovary, uterus, testis and vagina (b) uterus, vagina, prostate gland and urethra (c) ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina (d) ovaries, uterus, vagina and scrotum 37. An event that represents the onset of reproductive phase in human females is called (a) adolescence (b) menstruation (c) implantation (d) fertilization 38. The process by which embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus is called (a) implantation (b) adolescence (c) menstruation (d) parturition 39. What are the means of reproduction in unfavourable conditions? (a) Budding (b) Multiple fission (d) Fragmentation (c) Spore formation 40. Which of the following does not occur in the female? (a) Prostate gland (b) Urethra (c) Uterus (d) Vas deferens 30. Which of the following diseases is/are transmitted 41. What is applicable with respect to the Fallopian tube? through sexual contact? (a) The embryo is implanted here. (b) It is ligated in vasectomy. (a) AIDS (b) Gonorrhoea (c) Fertilization occurs here. (d) Oestrogen is secreted from here. (c) Syphillis (d) Hepatitis

158 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 42. Where does cervix lie in the female? 13. Sperm formation requires ...... temperature than the (a) Above the vagina normal body temperature. (b) Above the uterus (c) Below the Fallopian tube 14. The ...... forms a common passage for both the (d) Behind the ovary sperms and urine. 43. Which organ(s) lie(s) outside the abdominal cavity? 15. The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through ...... . (a) Testis (b) Seminal vesicle 16. Sperms travel upwards and reach the ...... where (c) Prostate gland (d) Penis they may fuse with the egg. 44. Sperms are produced in (b) the vas deferens 17. The ...... prepares itself every month to receive and (a) the penis (d) none of the above nurture the growing child. (c) the prostate gland 18. Placenta is embedded in the ...... wall. 45. The female sex organ of a flower consists of 19. The development of the child inside the mother’s body takes approximately ...... . (a) sepals (b) pollen sacs 20. ...... is the result of non-fertilization of egg. (c) ovary (d) stigma 21. The embedding of embryo in the wall of the uterus 46. Parturition occurs is called ...... . (a) before gestation (b) after gestation 22. The embryo is connected to the ...... by ...... . (c) before implantation (d) during menstruation 23. Gonorrhoea is caused by ...... . 47. Conception occurs 24. Mechanical barriers do not allow ...... between (a) before ovulation sperm and egg. (b) after ovulation when sperm is not there (c) after ovulation when sperm fertilizes the ovum 25. Both vasectomy and tubectomy ensure that ...... will (d) when the ovum lies in the ovary not take place. 48. Which one is due to bacterial infection? III. Write Yes/No. (a) AIDS (b) Gonorrhoea 1. Will the process of copying DNA have some variations each time? (c) Cancer in cervix (d) Tumour in ovary 2. Is variation unimportant for the survival of species 49. What is contraception? over time? (a) Promotion of conception (b) Promotion of sterility 3. Is multiple fission common in Plasmodium? (c) Prevention of conception (d) None of the above 4. Does Spirogyra reproduce by any other means than fragmentation? II. Fill in the blanks. 5. Is regeneration a common feature in Planaria? 1. Small fragments of ...... filament grow into new individuals. 6. Can we say that grafting is not useful for agriculture? 2. Hydra reproduce commonly by ...... . 7. Are plants produced by vegetative reproduction 3. Plants raised by ...... can bear flowers and fruit genetically similar? earlier than those produced from seeds. 8. Is spore formation the common method of sexual 4. All plants produced by vegetative propagation are reproduction in Rhizopus? ...... similar. 9. Do DNA from two different individuals combine 5. The spores of Rhizopus are covered by ...... that during sexual reproduction? protect them until they come into contact with moist surface. 10. Can stamens and petals be called reproductive parts of a flower? 6. Pollen grains are produced in ...... . 11. Does the ovule develop into seed before 7. The terminal part of carpel is called ...... . fertilization? 8. Pollen tube reaches the ovary through ...... . 12. Is fruit formed from ovary? 9. After ...... the zygote divides several times to form 13. Is the period during adolescence called puberty? an ...... within the ovule. 14. Do testes secret testosteron? 10. The ovule gradually develops into a ...... . 15. Is an egg produced daily by one of the ovaries in 11. The period during ...... is called puberty. human beings? 12. During sexual reproduction ...... from two 16. Is it true that bacterial diseases are not transmitted individuals fuse. through sexual act?

Question Bank 159 IV. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F). V. Match the columns 1. Binary fission is the simplest method of sexual reproduction. 1. A B 2. Buds may be unicellular or multicellular. 3. If Planaria is cut into pieces, each piece can (i) Budding (a) Mechanical regenerate into an entire individual. barrier 4. The stamens are collectively called gynoecium. (ii) Rhizopus 5. The radicle forms the shoot while the plumule (iii) Pistil (b) Fruit forms the root. (iv) Sexual reproduction (c) Binary fission 6. The prostate gland adds its secretion to the (v) Copper-T (d) Cross-pollination seminal fluid. (vi) Ovary of a flower (e) Regeneration 7. A fertilized ovum develops into a baby inside (f) Vegetative the uterus. (vii) Fertilized egg 8. The period of menstruation usually lasts for nine (viii) Amoeba reproduction months. (g) Multiple fission 9. AIDS is a bacterial infection. (ix) Grafting (h) Spore formation (x) Planaria (i) Hydra 10. Gonorrhoea and syphilis are common sexually (xi) Unisexual flower (j) Zygote transmitted bacterial diseases. (xii) Plasmodium (k) Gametes (l) Female 11. Oral pills do not disturb hormonal balance in human body. reproductive part of a flower 12. Surgical methods are safe contraceptive methods. 13. Surgery can be used for removal of unwanted 2. A B pregnancies. (i) Testis (a) Sperm duct 14. Implantation of embryo occurs in uterus. (ii) Vas deferens (b) Scrotal sac 15. Fertilization occurs in the Fallopian tube. (iii) Condom (c) Contraception 16. Vasectomised male will not ejaculate. (iv) IUCD (d) Lower part of vagina 17. Seminal vesicle secretes sperms. (v) Cervix (e) Prevention of STD • ANSWERS • A. 1. Multiple fission is found in Chlorella. 16. Tubectomy prevents the passage of ova down the Fallopian tube, thus ensuring fertilization does not 2. Rhizopus(bread mould) and Mucor reproduce by happen. spore formation. 17. The sperm has a head and a tail. 3. Male and female reproductive organs of a flower are androecium and gynoecium, respectively. 18. Androecium 4. Brightly coloured petals attract insects and so help 19. Seminal vesicle stores sperms and secretes semen. in pollination. 20. The time from fertilization to birth, i.e., the total 5. Pollen grains are produced in anthers. period of embryonic development, is gestation period. 6. Ovary in a plant is located at the base of carpel in gynoecium. 21. The expulsion of baby from the uterus by the contraction of uterine muscles is parturition, or birth. 7. Self-pollination takes place in pea and Hibiscus. D. Down: 1. Pollination 3. Cervix 5. Uterus 8. Pollen grains germinate on the stigma. Across: 2. Placenta 4. Ovary 6. Calyx 9. After fertilization zygote is present inside F. I. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b), (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) the ovule. 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b), (c), (d) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a), (b), (d) 16. (d) 10. The embryo contains plumule, radicle and 17. (a), (c), (d) 18. (a), (b), (c) 19. (b), (c), (d) cotyledons. 20. (b), (d) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a), (b), (c) 11. The embryo germinates when it finds favourable 31. (a), (b), (d) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (a), (d) environmental condition. 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (b), (c) 40. (a), (d) 41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (a), (d) 44. (d) 45. (c), (d) 12. Sperms are produced in the testes. 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (c) 13. Testes are protected by the scrotum. 14. Ova are produced in the ovaries. 15. The tube that connects the embryo and the placenta is the umbilical cord.

160 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 II. 1. Spirogyra 2. budding III. 1. Yes 2. No 3. Yes 4. No 5. Yes 6. No 3. vegetative propagation 4. genetically 7. Yes 8. No 9. Yes 10. Yes 11. No 12. Yes 5. thick walls 6. stamen 7. stigma 8. style 9. fertilization, embryo 10. seed 13. Yes 14. Yes 15. No 16. No 11. adolescence 12. germ cells 13. lower 14. urethra 15. Fallopian tube 16. oviduct IV. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F 17. uterus 18. uterine 19. nine months 9. F 10. T 11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 20. Menstruation 21. implantation 22. placenta, umbilical cord 23. bacteria 17. F 24. fusion 25. fertilization V. 1. (i)(i) (ii)(h) (iii)(l) (iv)(k) (v)(a) (vi)(b) (vii)(j) (viii)(c) (ix)(f) (x)(e) (xi)(d) (xii)(g) 2. (i)(b) (ii)(a) (iii)(e) (iv)(c) (v)(d) v 7. Heredity and Evolution A. Very-Short-Answer Questions (c) cell division (d) all of the above 1. Define allele. 2. When does duplication of DNA take place? 4. Mendel was (b) an American 3. Name the book in which Lamarckism is mentioned. (a) an Englishman (d) an Austrian 4. Name the book in which Darwinism is described. 5. Who gave the first scientific theory of organic (c) a German evolution? 5. What was used by Mendel for his experiments? 6. Who gave the first modern theory of organic (a) Fruit flies (b) Pea plant evolution? (c) Rice plant (d) Rabbits B. Short-Answer Questions 6. What does a dominant character mean? 1. Differentiate between dominant and recessive (a) It is expressed first. characters. (b) It suppresses the recessive character. (c) It remains unaffected by the recessive character. 2. What do you understand by the law of independent (d) All of the above assortment? 7. What is an allele? (b) A protein 3. What do you understand by the law of segregation? (a) A gene (d) None of the above 4. Which law of Lamarck was disproved and how? 5. In what respect is Darwinism deficient? (c) RNA C. Long-Answer Questions 8. In a monohybrid cross done by Mendel 1. Write an essay on Mendelism. (a) F1 had 75% tall plants and 25% dwarf plants 2. Explain the law of use and disuse given by (b) F1 had all tall plants (c) F1 had all dwarf plants Lamarck. (d) none of the above was observed 3. Explain how Lamarckism is different from 9. Which is correct about autosomes? Darwinism. (a) They contain genes for sexual characters. 4. Write a short note on molecular phylogeny. (b) They contain genes for both sexual and 5. Why is variation considered to be the raw material vegetative characters. (c) They contain genes for vegetative characters. of organic evolution? Explain. (d) None of the above D. Objective Questions 10. What is applicable for Y chromosomes? (a) They lack DNA. I. Pick the correct option/options. More than one option (b) They lack histones. may be correct. (c) They contain genes for maleness. (d) They contain genes for femaleness. 1. Heredity refers to (a) passing of characters from parents to offspring (b) sterility 11. Struggle for existence was explained by (c) the study of the pattern of passing of characters (a) Lamarck (b) Hugo de Vries (d) none of the above (c) Charles Darwin (d) none of the above 2. Heredity is opposed by (b) environment 12. Inheritance of acquired characters refers to (a) variation (a) inheritance of adaptive and nonadaptive characters (c) genes (d) none of the above (b) inheritance of somatic characters as well (c) inheritance of germinal variations 3. Variations may be due to (d) none of the above (a) mutation (b) environmental factors

Question Bank 161 13. Gene mutation means III. Mark the statements true(T) or false(F). (a) change in base pairs of the gene 1. Mutation can occur due to X-rays. (b) addition of a base pair in the gene 2. Vestigial organs are nonfunctional. (c) removal of a base pair in the gene 3. Genes do not maintain their purity, said Mendel. (d) all of the above 4. Genes assort independently. 5. Most mutations are beneficial. 14. Who was not involved in the study of the origin of 6. Struggle for existence is always active. 7. Nature selects favourable characters and eliminates life? unfavourable ones. (a) Miller (b) Urey IV. Match the columns. (c) Morgan (d) Oparin 15. What is meant by gene flow? AB (a) Floating of genes (b) Exchange of genetic material (c) Melting of genes (d) None of the above 16. Which of the following constitutes an example of (i) Natural selection (a) Lamarck Homologous organs? (b) Phenotype (a) Wings of bat and wings of butterfly (ii) Inheritance of (b) Forelimbs of horse and wings of bat acquired characters (c) Darwin (c) Eyes of insects and eyes of man (d) Legs of cockroach and hindlegs of frog (iii) Homozygous (d) Molecular phylogeny condition (e) TT II. Fill in the blanks. (iv) Physical traits 1. Allele is another name of ...... . (v) Study of DNA 2. DNA is hereditary material because it is ...... and sequence ...... . V. Put tick marks in appropriate boxes. 3. Mutation is generally ...... to animals. Mutation Evolution Genotype Palaeontology 4. Genes that are not expressed are called ...... . theory 5. According to Darwin the power of reproduction is Genetic ...... and this will lead to ...... for food and shelter. constitution 6. In a monohybrid cross, one of the alleles is ...... and Analogous another, ...... . organs 7. The real source of variation is ...... . Hugo de Vries 8. As it stands today, characters ...... are not inherited, and in this regard theory of ...... is not sustainable. Study of fossils • ANSWERS • A. 1. Unit factor responsible for genetic character, III. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T named by Mendel IV. (i)(c) (ii)(a) (iii)(e) (iv)(b) (v)(d) 2. Just before cell division V. 3. Philozophie Zoologique 4. Origin of Species Mutation Evolution Genotype Palaeontology 5. Lamarck 6. Darwin theory D. I. 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) Genetic 3 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b) constitution 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) Analogous 3 II. 1. gene 2. replicated, transmitted 3. beneficial organs 4. recessive 5. enormous, struggle Hugo de 3 Vries 6. dominant, recessive 7. mutation Study of 3 8. acquired, Lamarck fossils v

162 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 8. Our Environment A. Very-Short-Answer Questions 10. Why can the pesticides not be removed from food grains by washing? 1. Give a scientific term for each of the following: (a) The component which includes physical 11. What are the effects of ozone-layer depletion on environment, nutrients and climatic factors human beings? (b) The physical and biological world where the organisms live 12. Why is improper disposal of waste harmful to (c) Organisms which eat both plants and flesh of environment? other animals (d) A position in a food chain 13. Suggest some measures to replace commonly used (e) Accumulation of chemicals at successive nonbiodegradable products with biodegradable trophic levels of a food chain ones. (f) Organisms which obtain food from other living organisms C. Long-Answer Questions 1. Differentiate between food chain and food web 2. Why do herbivores occupy a position next to with one example. producers in a food chain? 2. Define decomposers. Explain their role in an ecosystem. 3. Give one example each of herbivore, carnivore and 3. Why is the flow of energy unidirectional? Explain it omnivore. with the 10% law of transfer of energy. 4. Categorize some of your daily activities as 4. Do microorganisms like bacteria play any role in an ecofriendly. Suggest some more ecofriendly ecosystem? activities which we should adopt in day-to-day life. 5. Discuss different biotic components and their 5. Why do only autotrophs capture the energy present importance in an ecosystem. in the sunlight? 6. Describe those agricultural practices which are harmful for environment. 6. Why is straight line food chain not common in the 7. Divide the wastes generated from your house into natural ecosystem? biodegradable and nonbiodegradable categories and suggest methods for their disposal. 7. Fertilizers and pesticides are used in the soil. How 8. How do industrial wastes affect our environment? do they reach the food grains and vegetables? 9. Discuss possible methods to manage garbage and sewage. 8. What is the position of human beings in any food chain? D. Crossword Puzzle 9. What is the main function of ozone layer of the 3 atmosphere? 5 10. Name the chemical which is mainly responsible for 2 ozone-layer depletion. 1 11. Where are CFC found? 4 12. What is UNEP agreement of 1987? Down B. Short-Answer Questions 1. Common nonbiodegradable substance 3. Organism which breaks down complex compounds 1. What is a food chain? Write the common food chain into simpler ones of a pond ecosystem. 5. Organism depending on other organism for food 2. We should carry cloth bags every time we go to the market. Why? 3. What are the abiotic components in an ecosystem? 4. What are the differences between primary consumers and secondary consumers? 5. Why does a food chain always begin with producers? 6. What positions do producers, herbivores and carnivores occupy in a food chain? 7. What is ten per cent law of energy transfer? 8. How does the concentration of pesticides and fertilizers increase in the water bodies? 9. Why do we consider crop fields as artificial ecosystems?

Question Bank 163 Across 7. If 10 kilocalories of energy is available to snakes (fourth trophic level), what will be the available 1. Photosynthetic plant energy at producer level in the following food chain? 2. Gaseous layer which protects us from ultraviolet Grass ® Grasshopper ® Frog ® Snake rays (a) 100 kilocalories (b) 1000 kilocalories 4. The flow of ...... is unidirectional. (c) 1 kilocalory (d) 10,000 kilocalories E. Diagrammatic Questions 8. A network of interconnected food chains is called 1. Draw diagrams to represent a common food chain in a grassland ecosystem. (a) ecological pyramid (b) food web 2. With the help of flow charts show a food web (c) ecosystem (d) trophic level operating in an ecosystem. 9. Which of the following groups of organisms do not 3. Draw a diagram to represent pyramid of numbers synthesize carbohydrates from solar energy and in any ecosystem. inorganic compounds? 4. With the help of diagrams explain how ozone layer (a) Producer (b) Herbivores gets depleted by CFC. (c) Consumers (d) Decomposers 5. Draw a pond ecosystem showing its different 10. Which of the following represents an artificial components. ecosystem? F. Objective Questions (a) Forest (b) Grassland I. Pick the correct option/options. More than one option may be correct. (c) Lake (d) Crop field 1. An ecosystem consists of 11. Why should we not use plastic cups and plates? (a) nonliving things only (b) living organisms only (a) Because they are costly. (c) both living and nonliving things (b) Because they are biodegradable. (d) water, gases and soil (c) Because they are very light. (d) Because they are nonbiodegradable. 2. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are mainly responsible for (a) global warming 12. Which of the following groups of organisms convert (b) acid rain (c) biomagnification organic materials to inorganic forms? (d) ozone-layer depletion (a) Producers (b) Consumers 3. Which of the following effects on humans will be caused by excessive exposure to UV-rays? (c) Decomposers (d) Green plants (a) Skin cancer (b) Damage to immune system 13. What will be the result if in the following food chain (c) Damage to heart and lungs goat population is decreased considerably? (d) Peptic ulcers Green plant ® goat ® Lion 4. Choose the correct statement(s). (a) Green plants will die. (a) Green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy. (b) The population of lion will increase. (b) Substances that are broken down by biological processes are nonbiodegradable. (c) The population of green plants will increase (c) DDT and plastic are nonbiodegradable. and the lion population will decrease. (d) Producers synthesize food from inorganic compounds. (d) Lion will start consuming green plants. 5. Which trophic level is occupied by carnivores in a 14. In which form is the 10% energy available for food chain? (a) First (b) Second (c) Third (d) Fourth transfer from one trophic level to the next in an 6. If a frog eats a grasshopper, then the energy will be ecosystem? transferred from (a) Light energy (b) Mechanical energy (a) consumer to producer (b) primary consumer to secondary consumer (c) Heat energy (d) Chemical energy (c) secondary consumer to primary consumer (d) secondary consumer to tertiary consumer 15. Why is the number of trophic levels limited in a food chain? (a) Because there is increase in energy at each level. (b) Because there is succesive decrease in energy at higher trophic levels. (c) Because trophic levels are connected. (d) Because producers constitute first trophic level. 16. What percentage of solar radiation is absorbed by all the green plants for photosynthesis? (a) 0.1% (b) 1% (c) 10% (d) 100%

164 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 17. In the following diagram which trophic level will 6. Human beings occupy the ...... position in any food chain. have the maximum energy? 7. The ozone at the higher levels of atmosphere is a (a) T1 (b) T2 product of UV radiations acting on ...... molecule. (c) T3 (d) T4 8. The various components of an ecosystem are ...... . 18. What does the following diagram represent? 9. There is ...... of energy when we go from a trophic level to the next trophic level. (a) Pyramid of energy (b) Pyramid of biomass 10. Human activities have an impact on the ...... . (c) Pyramid of number (d) Biomagnification 11. A position in a food chain is called a ...... . 19. Omnivores are one type of 12. A series of interconnected food chains representing (a) producers (b) consumers the feeding relationship of the organisms within an (c) decomposers (d) abiotic component ecosystem is called ...... . 20. Bacteria and fungi do not act as 13. The top ...... is not killed and eaten by other animals of the ecosystem. (a) producers (b) consumers (c) autotrophs (d) decomposers 14. In a grassland ecosystem a hawk represents the ...... . 21. The herbivores are not 15. The substances formed in decomposition are released into the ...... and the ...... . (a) consumers (b) decomposers (c) producers (d) autotrophs 16. ...... wastes can be broken down into simpler substances by decomposers. 22. Organisms which feed on dead plants and animals are called 17. The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the ...... . (a) consumers (b) producers (c) decomposers (d) heterotrophs 18. Producers always contain ...... pigments. II. Fill in the blanks. III. Write Yes/No. 1. Substances that are broken down by biologial 1. Does an ecosystem consist of both biotic and processes are called ...... . abiotic components? 2. Gardens and ...... are artificial ecosystems. 3. ...... constitute the first trophic level. 2. Do gardens represent artificial ecosystem? 4. Autotrophs capture the energy present in sunlight 3. Are living plants and animals decomposed by and convert it into ...... . decomposers? 5. The flow of energy is ...... . 4. Are herbivores, carnivores and omnivores classifications of consumers? 5. Do autotrophs constitute the first trophic level in an ecosystem? 6. Are herbivores the secondary consumers? 7. Can the flow of energy be bidirectional? 8. The green plants in a terrestrial ecosystem capture about 1% of the energy of sunlight. Is it true? 9. Can we say that there is progressive increase in energy level in successive trophic levels? 10. Does the accumulation of nonbiodegradable pesticides in food chain result in biological magnification? 11. Is it true that ozone, the deadly poison it is, shields the surface of the earth from UV radiation? 12. Do carnivores that feed upon herbivores belong to the second trophic level?

Question Bank 165 IV. Mark the statements true (T) or false(F). V. Match the columns. 1. Forests are artificial ecosystems. AB 2. All animals which eat plants or other animals are (i) Biotic components (a) Metals consumers. (ii) Garden (b) Abiotic component 3. The frog that eats the grasshopper is a secondary consumer. (iii) Nonbiodegradable (c) Carnivore substance 4. Decomposers are also called saprotrophs. (iv) Decomposers (d) Snake 5. Energy and materials are not transferred from one trophic level to another. (v) Primary consumer (e) Plants and animals 6. DDT is a nonbiodegradable substance. (vi) Tiger (f) Accumulation of chemicals at 7. Tertiary consumers form the fourth trophic level. successive trophic level 8. Solar energy is converted into chemical energy by heterotrophs. (vii) Tertiary consumer (g) Skin cancer 9. Food chains generally consist of three or four steps. (viii) Biomagnification (h) Ozone-layer depletion 10. CFCs are used as refrigerants and in fire (ix) Exposure to UV-rays (i) Natural aquatic extinguishers. ecosystem 11. Aquarium cannot be treated as an ecosystem. (x) Chlorofluorocarbon (j) Artificial ecosystem 12. All green plants and blue-green algae are (xi) Physical environment (k) Grasshopper producers. (xii) Lake (l) Bacteria and fungi 13. Sewage may be used to produce biogas. • ANSWERS • A. 1. (a) Abiotic component (b) Ecosystem 12. To freeze the production of chlorofluorocarbon at (c) Omnivores (d) Trophic level the 1986 level (e) Biomagnification (f) Carnivores D. Down: 1. Plastic 3. Decomposer 5. Consumer 2. Because herbivores eat only plants,i.e.,producers Across: 1. Producer 2. Ozone 4. Energy 3. Rabbits are herbivores, tigers are carnivores and human beings are omnivores F. I. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a), (b) 4. (a), (c), (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b), (c), (d) 10. (d) 4. Microorganisms act as decomposers in an 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b) ecosystem. 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a), (b), (c) 21. (b), (c), (d) 22. (c) 5. Because autotrophs have chlorophyll that absorb solar energy II. 1. biodegradable 2. crop fields 3. Autotrophs 4. chemical energy 6. Because many animals eat more than one kind of 5. unidirectional 6. top 7. oxygen food 8. interdependent 9. loss 10. environment 11. trophic level 12. food web 13. carnivore 7. Plants absorb chemicals along with nutrients from 14. top carnivore 15. soil, atmosphere soil. 16. Biodegradable 17. sun 18. chlorophyll 8. Human beings occupy the top position in any food chain. III. 1. Yes 2. Yes 3. No 4. Yes 5. Yes 6. No 7. No 8. Yes 9. No 10. Yes 11. Yes 12. No 9. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays from sunlight, protecting us from its harmful effects. IV. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T 11. F 12. T 13. T 10. Chlorofluorocarbon V. 1. (i)(e) (ii)(j) (iii)(a) (iv)(l) (v)(k) (vi)(c) (vii)(d) 11. In air-conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays, (viii)(f) (ix)(g) (x)(h) (xi)(b) (xii)(i) fire extinguishers v

166 Foundation Science: Biology for Class 10 Additional Questions 1. During a football match, Ankit fell on the ground (a) What determines the sex of a child? and shrieked in pain as he had cramps in his right leg. His friend Ojas started massaging Ankit’s calf (b) How did Hitesh show his ignorance? muscles. After a while Ankit felt better and was able to move without support. (c) What values did Ramesh show? (a) What was the cause of Ankit’s muscle pain? 7. Harshita found that for every 100 males, there were only 65 females in her village, as many couples (b) Name the process which was responsible for aborted female foetuses. Despite opposition from this pain. the villagers, she decided to speak out against this practice at the village panchayat. She even got her (c) Do you think Ojas was helpful? Why? teacher to explain the importance of a healthy sex ratio to the villagers. 2. Rishav had been feeling tired and weak for the past few weeks. His teacher noticed this and advised his (a) What was the sex ratio in Harshita’s village? parents to take Rishav to a doctor. The doctor asked Rishav to get a few blood tests done. She advised (b) What was the cause of the poor sex ratio in him to include apples, pomegranates and milk in her village? his diet. She also prescribed iron tablets for him. (c) What qualities did Harshita show? (a) Why was Rishav feeling tired and weak? 8. Shankar was happy to notice that the (b) Why did the doctor advise a blood test? municipal corporation of his city had installed separate garbage bins for biodegradable and (c) What values did the teacher show? nonbiodegradable waste. He explained the importance of the separate garbage bins to his 3. Akash took a short cut through a slum while going to family. He showed them the leaflets that the school. He noticed that some of the people living there municipal corporation had distributed. had goitre. He explained the importance of using iodized salt to them. He also bought a few packets of (a) Why was Shankar happy at the installation of iodized salt and distributed these among them. separate garbage bins? (a) Why was goitre common in the slum? (b) Why do you think the municipal corporation had distributed leaflets? (b) Why should we take iodized salt? (c) What qualities did Shankar show? (c) What values did Akash show? 9. The students of Bhagalpur High School organized a 4. Rajesh’s diabetic grandmother had decided to fast street play on how polythene bags harm the on Ashtami. When she suddenly began to feel weak environment. They distributed paper and jute bags and dizzy in the afternoon, Rajesh mixed some among the audience. They urged the audience to glucose in a glass of water and made her drink it. stop using polythene bags for carrying vegetables, She recovered in a few minutes. groceries, etc. (a) Why did Rajesh’s grandmother feel weak and (a) In what way are polythene bags harmful? dizzy? (b) Why do people normally carry polythene bags? (b) Why did Rajesh give her the glucose solution? (c) What qualities did the students of Bhagalpur (c) What values did Rajesh show? High School show? 5. Prakash’s friend Dheeraj was diagnosed with AIDS. 10. Somesh had returned to his village after a few years. Though his neighbours refused to help Dheeraj, He was surprised to notice that the mango grove had Prakash helped him with his household chores and given way to a huge factory. The chimneys were took him to the hospital regularly. He also emitting black smoke and fly ash. The village pond explained to the neighbours that they would not was being polluted by the effluents from the factory. contract AIDS if they interacted with Dheeraj. Trees had been felled to construct houses. People were falling ill more often. Somesh decided to talk to the (a) How could Dheeraj have contracted AIDS? panchayat about the harmful effects of the degradation of the environment. (b) It is safe to interact with a person diagnosed with AIDS. Explain. (a) How was the factory harming the environment of the village? (c) What qualities did Prakash show? (b) Why do you think the villagers were falling ill 6. Hitesh had three daughters but no sons. He often more often? blamed his wife, Reena, for not giving him a male heir. Ramesh once overheard Hitesh insulting (c) Would you say Somesh was sensitive towards Reena. He visited Hitesh and explained that it is the the environment? Why? chromosome of the father in the zygote that determines the sex of the child. The mother plays no role in this respect. v