Understanding ENGLISH GRAMMAR

7. Alex is an artist. He (draw) many beautiful pictures in his lifetime. Last week he (draw) a beautiful mountain scene. 8. Jack really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he (call) here four times trying to reach you. He (call) at 9:10, 10:25, 12:15, and 1:45. 9. Janet (wear) her new blue dress only once since she bought it. She (wear) it to her brother's wedding last month. 10. The night has ended, and it's daylight now. The sun (rise) It (rise) at 6:08. 11. Last January, I (see) snow for the first time in my life. 12. Fatima (see, never) snow in her entire lifetime. 13. I (know) Greg Adams for ten years. 14. A: Is Ahmed here yet? B: Yes. He (arrive, just*) 15. A: I (be, not) able to reach Mr. Chang yet. So far he (respond, not) to any of my attempts to reach him. B: Oh? A: I (start) trying to reach him three days ago. Since then, 1 flax) him twice. I (phone) him four times. And I (send) at least six e-mails. B: I guess modern communications don't mean much if there's no one at the other end. EXERCISE 4. Present perfect. (Chart 3-1) Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. Speaker A: Your book is open. Ask the questions. Speaker B: Your book is closed. Answer in complete sentences. Example: SPEAKER A (book open): How many tests have you taken since you started coming to this class? SPEAKER B (book closed): I have taken (three, several, many) tests since I started coming to this class. OR I haven't taken any tests since I started coming to this class. *Just can indicate that something happened a very short time ago, very close in time to the present moment, but still in the past. When just expresses this meaning, it is frequently used with the present perfect. However, in informal English the simple past is also often used. Both (a) and (b) are correct: (a) I'vejkr finished a leaer w nty parents. @) Ijust finished a lener w my parents. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses 37

1. How many books have you bought (Switch roles if working in pairs.) since the beginning of the year 1 this term? 7. How many people have you met since you came here? 2. How many letters 1 e-mails have you gotten so far this month / week? 8. How many classes have you missed since the beginning of the (semester)? 3. How many letters / e-mails have you written since the beginning of the 9. How many cups of coffee have you month / week? had since you got up this morning? 4. How many questions have I asked so 10. How many classes have you had so far far? today? 5. How many times have you flown in an 11. How many times have you eaten (your airplane? native) food / eaten at a restaurant since you came here? 6. How many times have you . . . ? 12. How many times have you . . . ? EXERCISE 5. Present perfect. (Chart 3-1) Directions: Complete the sentences with any appropriate time expressions. 1. Today is the 1eh of . h e . I bought this book h o weeks ago. I have had this book since the f i v ~ t& .)me . I have had this book for h 6 weeks 2. I have a pen. I bought it ago. I have had this pen for I have had this pen since 3. Today is I moved to this city I have been in this city since I have been here for 4. It is the year I started going to school in the year I have been a student for I have been a student since 5 . I first met our teacher I have known herhim for I have known herhim since 38 CHAPTER 3

EXERCISE 6. Present perfect. (Chart 3-1) Directions: The person who gives the cues has an open book. (This person can be the teacher or the leader of a small group.) Everyone else's books are closed. Answer the questions in complete sentences, first usingfor and then using since. Example: To SPEAKER A: When did you come to (this city / country)? -I came here on June 2nd. To SPEAKER B: HOWlong has (Speaker A) been here? -He/She has been here for two weeks. Or, using since? -He/She has been here since June 2nd. 1. To A: When did you arrive (in this city /country)? To B: How long has ( . . .) been here? 2. To A: When did you get to class today? To B: How long has ( . . . ) been in class? 3. To A: What time did you get up this morning? .To B: How long has ( . . ) been up? 4. To A: Who in this class owns a car /bicycle? When did you buy it? .To B: How long has ( . . ) had a car /bicycle? 5. To A: Who is wearing a watch? When did you get it? To B: How long has ( . . . ) had his /her watch? 6 . To A: Who is married? When did you get married? To B: How long has ( . . . ) been married? 7. To A: Do you know ( . . . )? When did you meet him /her? To B: How long has ( . . .) known ( . . . )? 8. To A: Is that your pen /notebook /pencil sharpener? When did you buy it? To B: How long has ( . . . ) had his /her pen /notebook /pencil sharpener? . .9. To A: Is that your . ? When did you get it? To B: How long has ( . . . ) had . . . ? EXERCISE 7. Present perfect. (Chart 3-1) Directions: Have and has (when used as auxiliary verbs, not as main verbs) are usually contracted with personal pronouns in both speaking and informal writing. Have and has are often contracted with nouns and other words in informal speaking, but not usually in writing. (See Appendix Chart C, p. ~ 1 7 . )Practice pronouncing contracted have and has in the sentences. 1. You've been there. They've been there. She's been there. We've all been there. 2. Mary has never been there. + \"Mary's\"never been there. 3. The weather has been nice lately. 4. My neighbors have asked me over for dinner. 5. The teacher has never eaten hot Vietnamese food. 6. The teacher has a red dog. (No contraction; has is the main verb.) 7. My parents have lived in the same house for over thirty years. 8. My parents have a house. 9. Where have you been? 10. What have you done with my books? Perfect and Perfect ProgressiveTenses 39

EXERCISE 8. Present perfect vs. s i m p l e past. (Charts 2-9 and 3-1) Directions: Use the simple past or the present perfect. 1. What (you, learn) have leavh.\\eA since you (come) here? And how many new friends (you, make) ? 2. Since classes began, I (have, not) much free time. I (have) several big tests to study for. 3. Last night my friend and I (have) some free time, so we (go) to a show. 4. I admit that I (get*) older since I last (see) you, but with any luck at all, I (get, also) wiser. 5. The science of medicine (advance) a great deal in the 19th century. 6 . In the last fifty years, medical scientists (make) many important discoveries. 7. Libraries today are different fiom those in the 1800s. For example, the contents of libraries (change) greatly through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) simply collections of books. However, today most libraries (become) multimedia centers that contain tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and paintings. The role of the library in society (change, also) . In the 1800s, libraries (be) open only to certain people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone. 8. A: Are you taking Chemistry 101 this semester? it. I (take) B: No, I (take, already**) it last semester. This semester I'm in 102. (a) I have gotten OR haw got four leners so far this week. In this sentence, have gotten I have goc is present perfect. (NOTE: Got is used as the past participle of get in both American English and British English. Gonm occurs only in American English.) (b) I h a w got a pmblem. In this sentence, have got is NOT present perfect. I've got a problem = I have a problem. The expression have got means \"have\" and is common in informal spoken English. Its meaning is present; it has no past form. *rjrpically, the present perfect is used in sentences with already,yec, and just, but in some situations the simple past is also commonly used with these adverbs in informal English, with no difference in meaning.

9. A: Hi, Judy. Welcome to the party. (you, meet, ever) mY cousin? B: No, I 10. A: Do you like lobster? it. B: I don't know. I (eat, never) 1 1 . A: (you, eat) yet? B: No. You? A: Yeah. I (eat, already) . I finish,just) 12. A: Do you do much traveling? B: Yes. I like to travel. A: What countries (you, visit) ? B: Well, I (be) to India, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Nepal, among others. A: I (be, never) to any of those countries. When (you, be) in India? B: Two years ago. I (visit, also) many of the countries in Central America. I (take) a tour of Central America about six years ago. A: Which countries (you, visit) ? B: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. A: I (want,always) to travel to other countries, but I (have, not) the opportunity to travel extensively. I (go) to England six years ago, but I (go, not) anywhere since then. EXERCISE 9. Activity: using the present perfect. (Chart 3-1) Directions: Discuss and/or write answers to some or all of the following questions. 1. What significant changes have taken place in your life since you were thirteen years old? 2. What are some interesting experiences you have had in your lifetime? 3. What are some things you have not yet done in your lifetime but would like to do? 4. Who are some of the people you have met, and what are some of the things you have done in the past couple of months? 5. What are some of the places you have visited in the world or in your country, and when did you visit them? Perfect and Perfect ProgressiveTenses 41

Right now I am sitting at my desk. This tense is used to indicate the (a) I have been sitting here since duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When seven o'clock. the tense has this meaning, it is used (b) I have been sitting here for two with time words, such as for, since, all morning, all day, all week. hours. (c) You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don't you take a break? (d) It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now. + (e) I have known Alex since he Reminder: verbs with stative meanings (recently) was a child. are not used in the progressive. (See Chart 2-3, p. 15.) The present ( f ) INCORRECT: I have been knowing perfect, NOT the present perfect Alex since he was a child. progressive, is used with stative verbs to describe the duration of a state (g) I have been thinking about (rather than an activity) that began in changing my major. the past and continues to the present. (h) All of the students have been When the tense is used without any studying hard. Final exams specific mention of time, it expresses start next week. a general activity in progress recently, lately. (i ) My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bed is too soft. (j ) I have lived here since 1995. With certain verbs (most notably live, I have been living here since work, teach), there is little or no 1995. difference in meaning between the two tenses when since or for is used. ( k ) He has worked at the same store for ten years. He has been working at the same store for ten years. EXERCISE 10. Error analysis: present perfect progressive. (Chart 3-2) Directions: Which verbs in these sentences should be present perfect progressive? Correct the errors in verb tense usage. 1. The boys are playing soccer right now. They are playing for almost two hours. They must be getting tired. 2. Alex is talking on the phone. He talked on the phone for more than half an hour. He should hang up soon. Long distance is expensive. 3. I'm trying to study. I try to study for the last hour, but something always seems to interrupt me. I think I'd better go to the library. 42 CHAPTER 3

4. Mr. Ford is waiting in the dentist's office. He was waiting there for the last twenty minutes. He hopes the dentist can see him soon because he has a bad toothache. EXERCISE 1 1 . Present perfect vs. present perfect progressive. (Charts 3-1 and 3-2) Directions: Use the present perfect or the present perfect progressive. In some sentences, either tense may be used with little or no change in meaning. 1. It (snow) all day. I wonder when it will stop. 2. We (have) three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more we will have. 3. It's ten P.M. I (study) for two hours and probably won't finish until midnight. 4. I (write) them three times, but I still haven't received a reply. 5. The telephone (ring;, four times in the last hour, and each time it has been for my office mate. 6 . The telephone (ring) for almost a minute. Why doesn't someone answer it? 7 . A: (you, be) able to reach Bob on the phone yet? B: Not yet. I (my) for the last twenty minutes, but all I get is a busy signal. 8. A: Hi, Jenny. I (see, not) you for weeks. What (you, do) B: Studying. lately? Perfect and Perfect ProgressiveTenses 43

9. A: What are you going to order for dinner? vegetarian pizza, so I think I'll B: Well, I (have, never) order that. 10. A: What's the matter? Your eyes are red and puffy. (you, cry) 3:No. I just f i s h e d peeling some onions. 1 1 . A: Dr. Jones is a good teacher. How long (he, be) at the university? here for twenty-five years. B: He (teach) 12. The little girl is dirty from head to foot because she (play) in the mud. EXERCISE 12. Present perfect and present perfect progressive with SINCE and FOR. (Charts 3-1 and 3-2) Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. .1. . . since eight o'clock this morning. 4 I have been sitting in class since eight oklock this morning. + I have had three classes since eight o'clock this morning. 2. .. . since I came to . . . . 7. . . . since the beginning of this century. 3. .. . since (yeat;). 8. . . . since . . . . 4. . . . since (month). 9. . . .for (number of years). 5 . . . . since (day). 10. . . . for a long time. 6 . . . .since .. . o'clock this morning 1 11. . . . for several months. afternoon / evening. 12. . ..for the last ten minutes. 44 CHAPTER 3

EXERCISE 13. Aclivity: using the present perfect and present perfect progressive in writing. (Charts 3-1 and 3-2) Directions: Choose one to write about. 1. Write about your first day in this class. What did you see, hear, feel, think? Then write about what you have done and have been doing in this class since the first day. 2. Describe your last week at home before you came to this citylcountry. Then describe what you have done and have been doing since you arrived here. Ann got there. that was completed before another (b) The thief simply walked in. activity or time in the past. Someone had forgotten to lock the door. ( c ) Sam had already left when Ann In (c): First: Sam left. Second: Ann got there.* (d) Sam had leJt bejore Ann got there. If either before or after is used in the (e) Sam left before Ann got there. sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time (f) Afterthe guests had leA I went relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used, as in (e) and to bed. (g). Note: (d) and (e) have the same (g) the guests lefL,I went to *COMPARSEa:m left when Ann got there. = First: Ann got there. Second:Sam left. Sam had already leftwhen Ann got to the cafeteria. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses 45

17 EXERCISE 14. Contracting HAD. (Appendix Chart C) Directions: The auxiliary verb had (but not the main verb had) is usually contracted with personal pronouns in both speaking and informal writing. H a d is also often contracted with nouns and other words in informal speaking, but not in writing. (See Appendix Chart C, p. ~ 1 7 . )Practice pronouncing contracted had in these sentences. 1. We'd never seen it before. He'd never seen it. They'd never seen it. 2. I'd never seen it before. I'd like to see it again.* 3. We got home late. The children had already fallen asleep. 4. My roommates had finished dinner by the time I got home. 5. My roommates had dinner early. 6. We couldn't cross the river. The flood had washed away the bridge. 7. You were at Jim's at eight. Where had you been before that? 8. Who had been there before you? EXERCISE 15. Simple past vs. past perfect. (Charts 2-9 and 3-3) Directions: Use the simple past or the past perfect to complete the sentences. Are there some blanks where either tense is possible? 1. Sam (be) a newspaper reporter before he (become) a businessman. 2. I Gee0 a little better after I (take) the medicine. 3. I was late. The teacher (give, already) a quiz when I (get) to class. over, the rain 4. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) 5. Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) the earth, but they (become) extinct by the time humankind first (appear) *COMPARE: I'd seen = I had seen ('d + past participle = past perfect) I'd like = I wodd like ('d + simple form = would) 46 CHAPTER 3

6 . I (see, never) any of Picasso's paintings before I (visit) the art museum. 7. Yesterday at a restaurant, I (see) Pam Donnelly, an old friend of mine. I (see, not) her in years. At first, I (recognize, not) her because she (lose) a great deal o[ weight. 8. In 1980, my parents (emigrate) to the United States from China. They (travel, never) outside of China and were, of course, excited by the challenge of relocating in a foreign country. Eventually, they (settle) in California. My sister and I were born there and (grow) up there. Last year, I (go) to China for the first time to study at Beijing University. I (want, always) to visit China and learn more about my own family background. My dream was finally realized. EXERCISE 16. Past perfect. (Chart 3-3) Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. 1. I had never . . . before I . . . . 6. In (year), I . . . . Prior to that 2. By the time .. . ,he had already . . . . time, I had . . . . 3. I had never . . . until I . . . . 7. When I . . . ,someone else had 4. My . . . after I had already . . . . already . . . . 5. The movie had . . . by the time 8. Last (month), I . . . . Before that, we.. .. I had never . . . . (a) The police had been looking The past perfect progressive for the criminal for two years emphasizes the duration of an activity before they caught him. that was in progress before another activity or time in the past. (b) Eric finally came at six o'clock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty. (c) When Judy got home, her hair This tense also may express an was still wet because she had activity in progress close in time to been swimming. another activity or time in the past. (d) I went to Jane's house after the the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been crying. Perfect and Perfect ProgressiveTenses 47

EXERCISE 17. Present perfect progressive and past perfect progressive. (Charts 3-2 and 3-4) Directions: Use the present perfect progressive or the past perfect progressive to complete the sentences. 1. We (wait) heve beeh w~\\itihq for Nancy for the last two hours, but she still hasn't arrived. 2. We (wait) heA beeh w ~ \\ i t i h s for Nancy for over three hours before she finally arrived yesterday. 3. It is midnight. I (study) for five straight hours. No wonder I'm getting tired. 4. It was midnight. I (study) for five straight hours. No wonder I was getting tired. 5. Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn't answer because he (daydream) for the last ten minutes. 6. Wake up! You (sleep) long enough. It's time to get up. EXERCISE 18. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 -t 3) Directions: In pairs or groups, discuss the meaning of the verb forms and answer the questions about the pairs of sentences. 1. a. Dan was leaving the room when I walked in. b. Sam had left the room when I walked in. QUESTION: Who did I run into when I walked into the room? ANSWER: Dan. 2. a. When the rain stopped, Gloria was riding her bicycle to work. b. When the rain stopped, Paul rode his bicycle to work. QUESTION: Who got wet on the way to work? 3. a. Ken went to the store because he was running out of food. b. Ann went to the store because she had run out of food. QUESTION: W h is better at planning ahead? 4. a. Ms. Lincoln taught at this school for nine years. b. Mr. Sanchez has taught at this school for nine years. QUESTION: Who is teaching at this school now? 5. a. Alice was walking to the door when the doorbell rang. b. George walked to the door when the doorbell rang. QUESTION: Who had been expecting the doorbell to ring? 6 . a. When I got there, Marie had eaten. b. When I got there, Joe ate. QUESTION: Who was still hungry when I got there? 7 . a. Donna lived in Chicago for five years. b. Carlos has been living in Chicago for five years. QUESTION: Who still lives in Chicago? 48 CHAPTER 3

8. a. Jane put some lotion on her face because she had been lying in the sun. b. Sue put some lotion on her face because she was lying in the sun. QUESTION: Whoput lotion on herface after she finished sunbathing? 9. a. I looked across the street. Mr. Fox was waving at me. b. I looked across the street. Mrs. Cook waved at me. QUESTION: Who began to wave at me before I looked across the street? EXERCISE 19. Error analysis: present and past verbs. (Chapters 1 + 3) Directions: Correct the errors. 1. Since I came to this country, I am learning a lot about the way of life here. 2. Before I come here, I never was buying anything from a vending machine. 3. I arrive here only a short time ago. I am here only since last Friday. 4. When I arrived here, I hadn't known much about the United States. I saw many movies about America, but that wasn't enough. 5. My understanding of this country changed a lot since I arrived. 6 . When I was in my country, I had coached a children's soccer team. When I came here, I had wanted to do the same thing. Now I am coaching a soccer team at a local elementary school. I am coaching this team for the last two months. 7. My grandfather had lived in a small village in Italy when he was a child. At nineteen, he had moved to Rome, where he had met and had married my grandmother in 1947. My father had been born in Rome in 1950. I am born in Rome in 1979. 8. I'm living in my cousin's apartment since I have arrived here. I'm not able to find my own apartment yet. I look at several places for rent, but I don't find one that I can afford. 9. How long you been living here? I been here for almost two year. 10. Why you no have been in class the last couple of days? EXERCISE 20. Activity: using verb tenses. (Chapters 1 -) 3) Directions: From the given situation, make up a \"chain story.\" One person begins the story; then others continue the story in turn, using the cue words in the given list. Work in groups or as a class. Example: (Pierre) had a terrible day yesterday. The trouble began early in the morning. His alarm clock rang at 7:OO. CUE: when SPEAKER A: When his alarm clock rang, he got out of bed and stepped on a snake. He was nearly frightened to death, but the snake slithered away without biting him. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses 49

CUE: after SPEAKER B: After the snake left, Pierre got dressed in a hurry and ran downstairs to have breakfast. CUE: while SPEAKER C: While he was running downstairs, he fell and broke his arm. Etc. Possible situations w begin chain swries: 1. ( . . .) had a terrible day yesterday. 2. ( . . . ) had a great vacation last summer. .3. ( . . ) got into a lot of trouble a couple of days ago. .. .4. ( ) had an interesting experience last week. 5. (Make up the.beginning of a story.) Cue words (may be used in any order): 1. when 6. as soon as 11. after that 12. later 2. after 7. already 13. for (a length of time) 14. since 3. before 8. never 15. because 4. while 9. then 5. by the time 10. next EXERCISE 21. Activity: using verb tenses. (Chapters 1 -+ 3) Directions: Form a group and sit in a circle. Take out a piece of paper and write the following sentence, using the name of the person sitting to your right. ( . . .) had a strange experience yesterday. Then write two or three additional sentences, and pass your paper to the person sitting to your left, who will continue the story. Continue to pass the papers to the left until everyone in the group has had a chance to write part of the story. Then decide which story in your group is the most entertaining or the most interesting. As a group, make any necessary corrections in grammar or spelling. Read the story aloud to the rest of the class. NOTE: YOUmay wish to establish a time limit for each contribution to the story. When the time limit is up, each person must pass on hislher paper even if it contains an unfinished sentence. The next person will then have to finish the sentence and continue writing the story. EXERCISE 22. Using verb tenses in writing. (Chapters 1 -) 3) Directions: Choose one to write about. 1. Describe the state of the world in the year of your birth. What significant or historical events occurred or were occurring at that time? Who were the leaders of your country? Then describe the changes that have occurred since that time and discuss the state of the world today. 2. Describe your family in the year you were born. Where were they living and working? Were they in a good situation? Who did your family consist of? Who in your family hadn't been born yet? Then describe the changes in your family that have occurred since the year of your birth and your family's current situation. 50 CHAPTER 3

CONTENTS 4-5 Future progressive 4-6 Future perfect 4-1 Simple future: will and be going to 4-7 Future perfect progressive 4-2 Will vs. be going to 4-3 Expressing the future in time clauses 4-4 Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time (a) Jack willfinish his work tomorrow. Will or be going to is used to express (b) Jack is going to finish his work future time.* In speech, going to is tomorrow. often pronounced \"gonna.\" + not (c) Anna will not be here tomorrow. In (d): The contracted form of (d) Anna won't be here tomorrow. is won't. *The use of shall with I or we to express future time is possible but uncommon in American English. Shall is used more frequently in British English than in American English. EXERCISE 1. Simple future. (Chart 4-1) Directions: Willis usually contracted with personal pronouns in both speaking and informal writing. Will is often contracted with nouns and with other words in speaking, but not in writing. Practice pronouncing contracted will in these sentences. 1. I'll come. He'll come. You'll come. 9. The children will be home at 3:OO. 2. She'll help us. They'll help us too. 10. Who will be at the meeting? 3. I'm sure we'll do well on the test. 11. Where will you be around five? 4. It'll probably rain tomorrow. 12. How long will Tom be here? 5. Bob will (\"Bob'll\") be here soon. 13. Nobody will recognize you in that wig. 6 . The weather will be hot in August. 14. That will be a lot of fun. 7. Mary will come tomorrow. 15. What will you do? 8. Bill will be here too.

I To express a PRUIICTION: Use either WILL or BE GOING TO. I (a) According to the weather report, it will be cloudy When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement tomorrow. about something s h e $inks will be true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to is possible. (b) According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow. There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b). (c) Be carefkl!You'll h u r t yourself! There is no difference in meaning between (c) and (d). (d) Watch out! You're going to h u r t yourself! (e) A: Why did you buy this paint? When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something B: I'm going to p a i n t my bedroom tomorrow. the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past sthe has made a plan or decision to do it), only be ( f ) I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the going to is used.* bus to work. He's going t o buy a car. That's what he told me. In (e): Speaker B has made a prior plan. Last week she decided to paint her bedroom. She intends to paint it I To express WILLINGNESS: Use only WLL tomorrow. In (0T:he speaker knows Bob intends to buy a car. Bob made the decision in the past, and he plans to act on this decision in the future. Will is not appropriate in (e) and (f). 1 (g) A: The phone's ringing. In (g): Speaker B is saying \"I am willing; I am happy to B: I'U get it. get the phone.\" He is not making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone. He is, instead, (h) A: I don't understand this problem. volunteering to answer the phone and uses wiU to show B: Ask your teacher about it. She'll help you. his willingness. In (h): Speaker B feels sure about the teacher's willingness to help. Be g o i n g to is not appropriate in (g) and (h). *COMPARE: Situation 1: A: Are you busy this evening? B : Yes. I'm going to m e t Jack ar the library ar seven. We're going to study together. In Situation 1, only be going to is possible.The speaker has a prior plan, so he uses be going to. Situation 2: A: Are you busy this evening? B: Well,I really h ' c made any plans. I'll eat OR I'm going to eat dinner, o j course. And then I'll probably watch OR I'm probably going to watch TVjm a liitle while. In Situation 2, either will or be going to is possible. Speaker B has not planned his evening. He is \"predicting\" his evening (rather than stating any prior plans), so he may use either will or be going to. EXERCISE 2. WILL vs. BE GOING TO. ( C h a r t 4-2) PART I. EXPRESSING PREDICTIONS Use will and/or be going to with the verb in parentheses. 1. Sue (graduate) will g v n A k n t e / is goihg vqvo\\Ako\\te in June. After that, she (begin) will b e g i h / is goih_q l-o bevqih work at an electronics firm. 2. Fred (be) at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane (come) too. 52 CHAPTER 4

3. A: Can you give Ed a message for me? him at the meeting B: Sure. I (see, probably) this evening. 4. A: Mr. Swan (be, not) here next term. He has resigned. w h o (be) the new teacher? Do you know? B: Yes. Ms. Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (teach) the same courses Mr. Swan taught: English, algebra, and geometry. I (be) in her algebra class. 5. In what ways (the damage we do to our environment today, affect) the quality of life for future generations? PART II. EXPRESSING PRIOR PLAN VS. WILLINGNESS Use be going to if you think the speaker is expressing a prior plan. If you think shelhe has no prior plan, use will. 6. A: This letter is in French, and I don't speak French. Can you help me? B: Sure. I (translate) bill h d h f l o \\ t e it for you. 7. A: Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) d w _qoih_qt 0 YO to the shopping mall downtown. B: Sure. What time do you want to leave? 8. A: Who wants to erase the board? Are there any volunteers? B: I (do) it! C : I (do) it! 9. A: Why does he have an eraser in his hand? B: H e (erase) the board. Future Time 53

10. A: How about getting together for dinner after work? B: Sounds good. Where? A: How about Alice's Restaurant or the Gateway Cafe? You decide. B: Alice's Restaurant. I (meet) you there around six. A: Great. 11. A: Do you have plans for dinner? a co-worker for dinner at Alice's Restaurant. B: Yes. I (meet*) Want to join us? 12. A: This light doesn't work. The bulb is probably burned out. Do we have any new light bulbs? B: I (get) one for you. A: Thanks. 13. A: I (enroll) in the community college next spring. B: Oh? I didn't know you wanted to go back to school. A: I need to sharpen my skills so I can get a better job. I (take) a course in word processing. 14. A: Uh, oh! I've spilled coffee on my shirt! a damp cloth for you. B: Just a minute. I (get) 15. A: Janice, do you want to come with us? B: I can't. I have to study. A: Oh, c'mon! You can't study all day and all night. B: All right, I (go) with you. I guess I can finish this stuff tomorrow. 16. A: I (sell) my bicycle. I have to. B: What? Why? You need your bicycle to get to work. A: I know. But I need money right now to pay for my baby's doctor and medicine. I can walk to work. 17. A: How do you spell \"accustomed\"? it up for you. B: I'm not sure. I (look) A: Thanks. B: Here it is. It has two \"c\"s but only one \"m.\" *When be going w expresses a prior plan, it is often also possible to use the present progressive with no change in meaning. See Chart 4-4, p. 57. There is no difference in meaning between these sentences: I am going to m e t Larry at Alice's Restaurant at six. I am meeting Larry at Alice's Restaurant at six. 54 CHAPTER 4

(a) Bob will come soon. When Bob comes, we will see In (a): When Bob comes is a time clause.* him. when + subject + verb = a time clause (b) Linda is going to leave soon. Before she leaves, she is going to finish her work. Will or be going to is NOT used in a time clause. The meaning of the clquse is future, but the simple (c) I will get home at 5:30. Ajter Iget home, I will eat present tense is used. dinner. A time clause begins with such words as when, (d) The taxi will arrive soon. As soon as it arrives, before, aJter, as soon as, until, while and includes we'll be able to leave for the airport. a subject and a verb. The time clause can come either at the beginning of the sentence or in the second part (e) They are going to come soon. I'll wait here until of the sentence: they come. When he comes, we'll see him. OR We'll see him when he comes. (f) While I am traveling in Europe next year, I'm Sometimes the present progressive is used in a time going to save money by staying in youth hostels. clause to express an activity that will be in progress in the future, as in (0. (g) I will go to bed after Zfinish my work. Occasionally, the present perfect is used in a time (h) I will go to bed afterZ have finished my work. clause, as in (h). Examples (g) and (h) have the same meaning. The present perfect in the time clause emphasizes the completion of the act before the other act occurs in the future. *A \"rime clause\" is an adverb clause. See Charts 5-1 (p. 70),5-2 @. 72), and 17-1 (p. 359) for more information. EXERCISE 3. Expressing the future in time clauses. (Chart 4-3) Directions: Find the time clause in each sentence. Draw brackets [ . . . ] around it and underline the verb in the time clause. Identify and discuss the use of verb tenses. 1. We'll be here [when you arrive tomorrow.] 2. After the rain stops, I'm going to sweep the front porch. 3. I'm going to start making dinner before my wife gets home from work today. 4. I'm going to wait right here until Jessica comes. 5. As soon as the war is over, there will be great joy throughout the land. 6 . Right now the tide is low, but when the tide comes in, the ship will leave the harbor. 7. While I'm driving to work tomorrow, I'm going to listen to my Greek language tapes. EXERCISE 4. Expressing the future in time clauses. (Chart 4-3) Directions: Use will / be going to or the simple present. (In this exercise, both will and be going to are possible when a future tense is necessary, with little or no difference in meaning.) 1. Peter is going to leave in half an hour. He finish) will h i s h / is 40ihq to h i s h all of his work before he (leave) leaves 2. I'm going to eat lunch at 12:30. After I (eat) ,I (take, probably) a nap. Future Time 55

3. I'll get home around six. When I (get) home, I (call) Sharon. 4. I'm going to watch a T V program at nine, but before I (watch) the program, I (write) a letter to my parents. 5. Gary will come soon. I (wait) here until he (come) 6 . I'm sure it will stop raining soon. As soon as the rain (stop) ,I (walk) to the store to get some film. 7. I'm a junior in college this year. After I (graduare) with a B.A. next year, I (intend) to enter graduate school and work for an M.A. Perhaps I (go) my Master's degree. on for a Ph.D. after I (get) 8 . I (listen) to English language tapes while I (sleep) tonight. Do you think it will help me learn English faster? 9. A: How long (you, stay) in this country? B: I (plan) to be here for about one more year. I (hope) to graduate a year from this June. A: What (you, do) after you (leave) ? B: I (return) home and (get) a job. How about you? A: I (be) here for at least two more years before I (return) home and (get) a job.

EXERCISE 5. Expressingthe future in time clauses. (Chart 4-3) Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. 1. When I . . .later this afternoon, I . . . . -+When I go downtown later this afternoon, I'm going to go to the bank and the post ofice. 2. After I . . .tomorrow morning, I . . . . 3. Tomorrow, I . . .before I . .. . 4. I . ..when .. .next year. 5. As soon as class .. . ,I'm going to . . . . 6 . I'm not going to . . . until my friend . . . . 7. When I . . . tomorrow, I . . . . 8. While I'm visiting . . . next week, I . . . . PRESENT PROGRESSIVE The present progressive may be used to express future time when the idea of the sentence concerns a planned (a) My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She is event or definite intention. seeing Dr. North next Tuesday. A verb such as rain is used inthe present progressive to indicate future time because (b) Sam has already made his plans. He is leaving at rain is not a planned event.) noon MmO?rOW. A future meaning for the present progressive tense is indicated either by future time words in the sentence (c) A: What are you going to do this afternoon? or by the context. B: A&r lunch 1a m a friend of mine. We are going shopping. would you like to come along? SIMPLE PRESENT The simple present can also be used to express future time in a sentence concerning events that are on a (d) The museum opens at u n tomorrow morning. definite schedule or timetable. These sentences (e) Classes begin next week. usually contain future time words. Only a few verbs (f) John's plane arrives at 6:05 P.M. next Monday. are used in this way: e.g., open, close, begin, end, start, finish, arrive, leave, come, return. EXERCISE 6. Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Indicate the meaning expressed by the italicized verbs by writing in thefiture, now, or habitually in the blanks. 1. I am taking four courses next semester. ih the Fktkve 2. I am taking four courses this semester. NOW 3. Students usually take four courses every semester. hmbitkally 4. I'll mail this letter at the corner when I take Susan home. 5. My brother's birthday is next week. I am giving him a sweater. 6. Shhh. The broadcaster is giving the latest news about the crisis in England. I want to hear what she's saying. FutureTime 57

7. When I graduate, I'm going to return home. B: A: 8. When students graduate, they receive diplomas. A: 9. I'm tired. I am going to bed early tonight. B: A: 10. When I am in New York, I'm going to visit the Museum of Modern Art. 11. When I am home alone in the evening, I like to read or watch television. 12. A: Are you busy? B: Not really. A: What are you doing? B: 1'm writing a letter to my folks. A: When youfinish your letter, do you want to play a game of chess? 13. A: What are you doing after work today? B: I'm playing tennis with Brown at the health club. And you? A: I'm meeting Smith for a round of golf. 14. Tony will arrive at eight tomorrow evening. 15. Tony rci going to arrive at eight tomorrow night. 16. Tony is arriving at eight tomorrow evening. 17. Tony arrives at eight tomorrow evening. 18. When Tony arrives, we'll have a party. 58 CHAPTER 4

EXERCISE 7. Using the present progressiveto express future time. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Use the present progressive to complete the sentences. Use any verb that makes sense. 1. A: How about going across the street for a cup of coffee? B: I can't. I a w weetihcl Jennifer at the library at 5:OO. 2. A: Why are you in such a hurry? B: I have to be at the airport in an hour. I the 4 o'clock plane to NewYork. I have an important meeting there tomorrow. 3. A: We got an invitation in the mail from Ron and Maureen. They a dinner party next Saturday evening. D o you want to go? I'd like to. B: Sure. I always enjoy spending time with them. Let's call and tell them we 4. A: Your cough sounds terrible! You should see a doctor. Dr. Murray later B: I know. It just won't go away. I this afternoon. 5. A: Have you seen Jackie? B: She just left. She has some shopping to do, and then she to the health club for her yoga class. She should be back around 4:30. 6. A: Where are you and your family going for your vacation this summer? B: Ontario. A: Are you planning to fly? B: No, we so we can take our time and enjoy the scenery. 7. A: We're going to a soccer match next week. B: Who ?* A: A team from Brazil and a team from Argentina. It ought to be a really exciting game. 8. A: I see you're smoking. I thought you stopped last month. again B: I did. I don't know why I started again. I tomorrow, and this time I mean it. *When who is used as the subject of a question, the verb is singular. See Appendix Chart B-2, p. ~ 9 . Future Time 59

EXERCISE 8. Using the present progressive to express future time. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Answer the questions. Practice using the present progressive to express future time. 1. What are your plans for the rest of today? 2. What are your plans for tomorrow? 3. Do you have any travel plans? What are they? 4. Think of someone you know. Does this person have any plans that you are aware of? El EXERCISE 9. Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Pretend that you are going to take your ideal vacation next week. All of your plans are made, and your itinerary is in front of you. Write your travel plans. Use present tenses where appropriate. Example: This coming Saturday I am beginning my \"vacation of a lifetime.\" The first place I'm going to is Bali. My plane leaves at six-thirty Saturday morning. I arrive in Bali late that afternoon. I'm staying at the Nusa Dua Beach Hotel. I leave Bali on the fifteenth and travel to the Philippines. While I'm there, I'm staying with some friends. Etc. (a) I will begin to study at seven.You The future progressive expresses an will come at eight. I will be activity that will be in progress at a rime in studying when you come. the future. (b) Right now I am sitting in class. At The progressive form of be going to: this same time tomorrow, I will be &tting in class. be going to + be + -ing (c) Don't call me at nine because I Sometimes there is little or no difference won't be home. I am going to be between the future progressive and the studying at the library. simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in (d) Don't get impatient. She will be the future, as in (d) and (e). coming soon. (e) Don't get impatient. She will come soon. EXERCISE 10. Using the future progressive. (Chart 4-5) Directions: Use the future progressive or the simple present. 1. Right now I am attending class. Yesterday at this time, I was attending class. Tomorrow at this time, I (attend) class. 2. Tomorrow I'm going to leave for home. When I (arrive) for me. at the airport, my whole family (wait) 60 CHAPTER 4

3. When I (get) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) roommate (lie, still) ,the birds (sing) ,and my in bed fast asleep. 4. A: When do you leave for Florida? Tomorrow. Just think! Two days from now I (lie) beach in the sun. Sounds great! I (think) about you. How can I get in touch with you at the Pilgrim Hotel. You can reach you're out of town? B: I (stay) me there. 6. Next year at this time, I (do) exactly what I am doing now. I (attend) school and (study) hard next year. 7. Look at those dark clouds. When class (be) over, it (rain, probably) 8. A: Are you going to be in town next Saturday? my aunt. B: No. I (visit, in Chicago)\" 9. A: Where are you going to be this evening? B: I (work, at the library) on my research paper. 10. A: Do you think life will be very different 100 years from now? B: Of course. I can picture it in my mind. People (live) in modular mobile residential units that they can take with them if they have to move, and they (drive) air cars that can go at tremendous speeds. A: That sounds pretty far-fetched to me. Why would people want to take their houses with them when they move? *Expressions of place can often be used between the helping verb and the main verb in progressive tenses. See Chart 2-12, p. 31. FutureTime 61

(a) I will graduate in June. I will see The future perfect expresses an you in July. By the time I see activity that will be completed before you, I will have graduated. another time or event in the future. (Note: by the time introduces a time (b) I will havefinished my clause; the simple present is used in a homework by the time I go out time clause.) on a date tonight. (c) I will go to bed at ten P.IM. Ed The future perfect progressive will get home at midnight. At emphasizes the duration of an activity midnight I will be sleeping. I that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. will have been sleeping for two hours by the time Ed gets home. (d) When Professor Jones retires next Sometimes the future perfect and the month, he will have taught for future perfect progressive have the 45 years. same meaning, as in (d) and (e). Also, notice that the activity expressed by (e) When Professor Jones retires next either of these two tenses may begin month, he will have been in the past. teaching for 45 years. EXERCISE 11. Perfect and perfect progressivetenses. (Chapter 3; Charts 4-6 and 4-7) Directions: Use any appropriate tense. 1. Ann and Andy got married on June 1st. married for two weeks. Today is June 14th. They (be) married for one week. By June 7thJ they (be) By June 28thJ they (be) married for four weeks. 2. This traffic is terrible. We're going to be late. By the time we (get) to the airport, Bob's plane (arrive, already *) J and he'll be wondering where we are. 3. The traffic was very heavy. By the time we (get) to the airport, Bob's plane (arrive, already) *With the future perfect, already has two possible midsentence positions: I will already have finished. I will have already finished. 62 CHAPTER 4

4. This morning I came to class at 9:OO. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class. I (sit) at this desk for an hour. By 9:30, I (sit) here for a half an hour. By 11:00, I (sit) here for two hours. 5. I'm getting tired of sitting in the car. Do you realize that by the time we arrive in Phoenix, we (drive) for twenty straight hours? 6. Margaret was born in 1975. By 1995, she (live) on this earth for 20 years. By the year 2025, she (Zive) on this earth for 50 years. 7. Go ahead and leave on your vacation. Don't worry about this work. By the time you (get) back, we (take) care of everything. 8. I don't understand how those marathon runners do it! The race began more than an hour ago. By the time they reach the finish line, they (run) steadily for more than two hours. I don't think I can run more than two minutes! 9. What? He got married again? At this rate, he (have) a dozen wives by the time he (die) 10. We have been married for a long time. By our next anniversary, we (be) married for 43 years. -EXERCISE 12. Review: future time. (Charts 4-1 4-7) Directions: These sentences describe typical events in a day in the life of a man named Bill. The sentences are in the past, but all of these things will happen in Bill's life tomorrow. Change all of the sentences to the future. 1. When Bill got up yesterday morning, the sun was shining. And tomorrow? + When Bill gets up tomorrow morning, the sun will be shining. 2. He shaved and showered, and then made a light breakfast. And tomorrow? 3. After he ate breakfast yesterday, he got ready to go to work. And tomorrow? 4. By the time he got to work yesterday, he had drunk three cups of coffee. And tomorrow? 5. Between 8:00 and 9:00, Bill answered his e-mail and planned his day. And tomorrow? 6. By 10:OO yesterday, he had called new clients. And tomorrow? 7. At 11:OO yesterday, he was attending a staff meeting. And tomorrow? 8. He went to lunch at noon and had a sandwich and a bowl of soup. And tomorrow? 9. After he finished eating, he took a short walk in the park before he returned to the office. And tomorrow? Future Time 63

10. He worked at his desk until he went to another meeting in the middle of the afternoon. And tomorrow? 11. By the time he left the office, he had attended three meetings. And tomorrow? 12. When Bill got home, his children were playing in the yard. And tomorrow? 13. They had been playing since 3:00 in the afternoon. And tomorrow? 14. As soon as he finished dinner, he took the children for a walk to a nearby playground. And tomorrow? 15. Afterward, the whole family sat in the living room and discussed their day. And tomorrow? 16. They watched television for a while, and then he and his wife put the kids to bed. And tomorrow? 17. By the time Bill went to bed yesterday, he had had a full day and was ready for sleep. And tomorrow? EXERCISE 13. Review: future time. (Chapter 4) Directions: What do you think the world will be like a hundred years from now? What changes will have occurred between then and now? Use your imagination and make some predictions. Possible topl'cs: 9. space exploration; contact with beings 1. means of transportation from outer space 2. sources of energy 3. population growth 10. weapon technology 4. food sources 5. extinction of animal species 11. role of computers in daily life 6. architecture 12. long-term solutions to today's political 7. clothing styles 8. exploration of the oceans; of the crises earth's interior 13. international language 14. international world government NOTE: YOUmay wish to make comparisons among the past, the present, and the future. For example: A hundred years ago, the automobile hadn't been invented. Today it is one of the most common means of transportation and has greatly changed the way people lead their lives. By the year , t h e automobile will have become obsolete, A hundredyears from now, people will use small, jet-propelled, wingless flying machines in place of cars.

I CONTENTS I 5-1 Adverb clauses of time: form 5-2 Using adverb clauses to show time relationships EXERCISE 1 . Error analysis: review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 + 4) Directions: Correct the errors. hotve beeh 1. I a a studying here since last January. 2. By the time I return to my country, I am away from home for more than three years. 3. As soon as I will graduate, I going to return to my hometown. 4. By the end of the 21st century, scientists will had discovered the cure for the common cold. 5. I want to get married, but I don't meet the right person yet. 6. I have been seeing that movie three times, and now I am wanting to see it again. 7. Last night, I have had dinner with two friend. I knew both of them for a long time. 8. I am not like my job at the restaurant. My brother wants me to change it. I am thinking he is right. 9. So far this week, the teachers are giving us a lot of homework every day. 10. There are more than forty presidents of the United States since it became a country. GeorgeWashington had been the first president. He was become the president in 1789. 11. While I will be studying tonight, I'm going to listen to Beethoven's Seventh Symphony. 12. We washed the dishes and clean up the kitchen after our dinner guests were leaving. 13. My neighbors are Mr. and Mrs. Jones. I know them ever since I am a child.

14. It's raining tomorrow morning. 15. Many scientists believe there is a major earthquake in California in the next few years. 16. When I got home to my apartment last night, I use my key to open the door as usual. But the door didn't open. I trying my key again and again with no luck. So I am knocking on the door for my wife to let me in. Finally the door opens, but I don't saw my wife on the other side. I saw a stranger. I had been try to get into the wrong apartment! I quickly apologizing and am went to my own apartment. EXERCISE 2. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 -+ 4) Directions: Discuss the differences (if any) in meaning in these groups of sentences. Some of the sentences need to be completed to make their meanings clear. 1. a. He watches television. b. He is watching television. 2. a. I am sitting in class . . . . b. I was sitting in class . . . . 3. a. I have finished my homework. b. I had finished my homework . .. . c. I will have finished my homework . . . . 4. a. The students had left before the teacher arrived. b. The students left before the teacher arrived. c. The students had left when the teacher arrived. d. The students left when the teacher arrived. e. The students were leaving when the teacher arrived. 5. a. I have been waiting for her for two hours. b. I had been waiting for her for two hours . . . . . .c. I will have been waiting for her for two hours . . 6. a. Ali has been studying Chapter Five. b. He has studied Chapter Two. c. He studied ChapterTwo . . . . 7. a. She has been doing a lot of research on that project. b. She has done a lot of research on that project.

8. a. I will study when you come. b. I am going to study when you come. c. I will be studying when you come. d. I am going to be studying when you come. e. I will have studied by the time you come. f. I will have been studying for two hours by the time you come. 9. a. He worked for that company for two years. b. He has been working for that company for two years. 10. a. The train will leave at 10:OO tomorrow morning. b. The train is going to leave at 10:OO tomorrow morning. c. The train leaves at 10:OO tomorrow morning. d. The train is leaving at 10:OO tomorrow morning. EXERCISE 3. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 -> 4) Directions: In order to practice verb tenses, answer the questions in complete sentences. The questioner's book is open. The answerer's book is closed. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. If you use this exercise in pairwork, switch roles after Item 9. 1. What have we been studying? What is one tense we have studied since the beginning of the term? When, to the best of your recollection, did we study it? 2. What else will we have studied in this class by the time the term ends? 3. This class began on (date). Had you studied verb tenses before that? 4. We're going to finish studying Chapter 5 on (day or date). How long will we have been studying Chapter 5 by that time? 5. What were you doing at this time yesterday? What did you do after that? 6. What are you doing right now? How long have you been doing that? 7. What are you going to be doing at this time tomorrow? 8. What will you be doing tonight at midnight? What were you doing last night at midnight? 9. Where will you be living three years from now? Where were you living three years ago? Can you name one specific thing you did three years ago? Can you name one specific thing you will do three years from now? 10. What places have you been to since you came to (this city)? 11. Make some generalizations about things you do. 12. What are some things you have done many times since you came to (this city)? 13. What are some of the things you have done in your lifetime? When did you do them? 14. What have you done that no one else in this class (or in the world) has ever done? 15. What is the exact place you are sitting right now? How long have you been sitting there today? How long will you have been sitting there by the time class is over? How often do you sit there during class? How many times have you sat there? Before today, when did you last sit there? Had you sat there before that? Where were you sitting at this time yesterday? Where are you going to be sitting at this time tomorrow? Adverb Clauses of Time and Review of Verb Tenses 67

EXERCISE 4. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 + 4) Directions: Use any appropriate tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. John is in my English class. He (study) English this semester. He (take, also) some other classes. His classes (begin) at 9:00 every day. 2. Yesterday John ate breakfast at 8:OO. He (eat, already) breakfast when he (leave) for class at 8:45. He (eat, always) breakfast before he (go) to class. Tomorrow before he (go) to class, he (eat) breakfast. 3. John is in class every morning from 9:00 to 12:OO. Two days ago, I (call) him at 11:30, but I could not reach him because he (attend) class at that time. 4. Don't try to call John at 11:30 tomorrow morning because he (attend) class at that time. 5. Yesterday John took a nap from 1:00 to 2:OO. I arrived at 1:45. When I (get) there, John (sleep) . H e (sleep) for 45 minutes by the time I got there. 6 . Right now John (take) a nap. He Cfall) asleep an hour ago. He (sleep) for an hour. 7. Three days ago, John (start) to read A Farewell to Arms, a novel by Ernest Hemingway. It is a long novel. He (jinish, not) reading it yet. He (read) it because his English teacher assigned it. 8. Since the beginning of the semester, John (read) three novels. Right now he (read) A Farewell to Arms. He (read) that novel for the past three days. He (intend) to finish it next week. In his lifetime, he (read) many novels, but this is the first Hemingway novel he (read, ever) 9. Tomorrow, after he (eat) dinner, John (go) to a dinner by the movie. In other words, he (eat) time he (go) to the movie. 68 CHAPTER 5

EXERCISE 5. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 + 4) Directions: Work in pairs. SPEAKER A: Use the questions in this exercise to initiate conversation with Speaker B. Do not simply read the questions. Look at the text briefly, then look directly at Speaker B each time you ask a question. If Speaker B does not answer fully or if you would like more information, ask your own questions in addition to those suggested. Pay special attention to verb tense usage in both the questions and the responses. SPEAKER B: Your book is closed. Answer the questions fully. Often your response will consist of more than one sentence. Answer in complete sentences in order to practice using verb tenses. PART I. 1. What is happening in this room? What else is happening? 2. What was happening in this room when you walked in today? What else was happening? 3. What did you do yesterday? (Speaker A: Listen carejklly for past tense verbs What else did you do? in the responses.) And what else did you do? 4. How long have you been living in (this city)? How long will you have been living here by the end of (the semesterlterm, etc.)? 5. Where did you eat dinner last night? What did you have? How was it? What did you do after you had eaten? 6. What were you doing at 8 o'clock last night? What will you be doing at 8 o'clock tomorrow night? 7. Are you taking any courses besides English? How is everything going? What are you doing in one of your (other courseslother English classes)? 8. How long have we been talking to each other? What have we been talking about? 9. How do you like living here? Have you had any interesting experiences since you came here? Have you met any interesting people? 10. What do you think the world will be like when you are seventy years old? PART II. Switch roles. 1 1. What are you doing right now? What are you going to be doing for the next ten minutes or so? 12. What did you do last weekend? (Speaker A: Listen carefilly for past tense What else did you do? verbs in the responses.) And what else did you do? 13. What is the teacher doing? How long has helshe been (doing that)? 14. What are you going to do for the rest of today? What will you be doing at midnight? Adverb Clauses of Time and Review of Verb Tenses 69

15. What will you have done by the time you go to bed tonight? 16. How long have you been studying English since you came here? How long had you studied English before you came here? What have you been doing outside of class to improve your English? 17. What have we been doing for the past ten minutes or so? Why have we been (doing that)? 18. What are some of the things you have done since you came to (this city)? 19. Have you read a newspaper lately? What is happening in the world? 20. What countries have you visited? When did you visit (a particular country)? Why did you go there? What did you like about that country? What did you dislike about that country? Are you planning to go there again someday? adverb clause main clause In (a): When the phone rang is an adverb clause of (a) WIhen the phone rang, the baby woke up. -tcilmaues.e.AnA addevpeernbdcelnatuscelaiussoenme uksitndbeofatdtaecpheenddetnotan independent, or main, clause. In (a): the baby woke up is the main clause. (b) INCORRECT: When the phone rang. The baby woke Example (b) is incorrect because the adverb clause is (c) The phone rang. The baby woke up. not connected to the main clause. Example (c) is correct because there is no adverb clause. The two main clauses are both independent sentences. ( d ) When the phone rang, the baby woke up. Examples (d) and (e) have the same meaning. An (e) The baby woke up when the phone rang. adverb clause can come in front of a main clause, as in (d), or follow the main clause, as in ( e ) . Notice that a comma is used to separate the two clauses when the adverb clause comes first. EXERCISE 6. Adverb clauses of ,lime. (Chart 5-1) Directions: Add necessary punctuation and capitalization. Identify adverb clauses and main clauses. Do not add or delete any words. Example: when Sam was in NewYork he stayed with his cousins + When Sam was in NewYork, he stayed with his cousins. 1. we went inside when it began to rain 2. it began to rain we went inside 3. when it began to rain we went inside 4. when the mail comes my assistant opens it 5. my assistant opens the mail when it comes 6. the mail comes around ten o'clock every morning my assistant opens it 70 CHAPTER 5

EXERCISE 7. Preview of Chart 5-2. Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. Then, put brackets around the adverb clause in each sentence. 1. I will call you [before I cowe ovev .] 2. Last night I went to bed after I my homework. 3. Tonight I will go to bed after I my homework. 4. Ever since I was a child, I afraid of dogs. 5. Jane's contact lens popped out while she basketball. 6 . Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you it in to the teacher tomorrow. 7. By the time I left my apartment this morning, the mail carrier the mail. 8. I have known Jim Bates since he ten years old. 9. A black cat ran across the road as I my car to work this morning. 10. By the time I leave this city, I here for four months. 11. Whenever Mark angry, his nose gets red. 12. I to the beach whenever the weather was nice, but now I don't have time to do that because I have to study. 13. We will have a big party when 14. The next time I to Hawaii, I'm going to visit Mauna h a , the world's largest active volcano. 15. I had fried chicken the last time I at that restaurant. Adverb Clauses of Time and Review of Verb Tenses 71

before* ( a ) Afier she graduates, she will get a job. A present tense, NOT a future tense, when ( b ) A f m she (had) graduated, she got a job. is used in an adverb clause of time, as in examples (a) and (c). (See Chart I while ( c ) I will leave before he comes. 4-3, p. 55, for tense usage in future as ( d ) I (had) left before he came. time clauses.) by the time ( e ) When I arrived, he was talking on the phone. when = at that time since Notice the different time ( f ) When I got there, he had already left. relationships expressed by the tenses. 1 as soon as once (g) When it began to rain, I swod under a tree. while, as = during that t h e 1 ( h ) When I was in Chicago, I visired the museums. whenever ( i ) When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him. by the time = one event is completed every time befme another event the first time ( j ) While I was walking home, it began to rain. the last time ( k ) As I was walking home, it began to rain. Notice the use of the past perfect and the next time future perfect in the main clause. ( 1 ) By the time he arrived, we had already left. since =from that time w the present (m) By the time he comes, we will have already left. In (0): ever adds emphasis. ( n ) I haven 't seen him since he left this morning. ( 0 ) I've known her ever since I was a child. Note: The present perfect is used in the main clause. - - -- ( p ) We stayed there until we5nished our work. until, tiII = w that time and then ( q ) We stayed there till we finished our work. no Ionger (Till is used more in speaking than in writing; it is generally not used in formal English.) ( r ) As soon as it stops raining, we will leave. as soon as, once = when one event ( s ) Once it stops raining, we will leave. happens, another event happens soon afterward -- - - ( t ) I will never speak to him again as long as I live. ( u ) I will never speak to him again s o long as I live. that time,ffom beginning to end ( v ) Whenever I see her, I say hello. whenever = every time I (w) Every time I see her, I say hello. ( x ) Thefirst time (that) I went to NewYork, I went Adverb clauses can be introduced by to an opera. the following: ( y ) I saw two plays the last time (that) I went to first second New York. ( z ) The next time (chat) I go to New York, I'm going to see a ballet. *After and bejie are commonly used in the following expressions: shortly afrer shortly before a short time afw a short time before a Zit& while after a little while b&e not long afrer not long belore soon after 72 CHAPTER 5

EXERCISE 8. Using adverb clauses to show time relationships. (Chapters 1 + 4; Charts 5-1 and 5-2) Directions: Combine each pair of sentences. Use the given time words if they are possible and appropriate to the meaning. Cross out inappropriate ones. In the new sentences, omit unnecessary words, make any necessary changes (paying special attention to verb forms), and punctuate carefully. 1. The other passengers will get on the bus soon. Then we'll leave. b. as soon as c.*'-- l a s ~ m e + As soon as the other passengers get on the bus, we '11 leave. 2. I turned off the lights. After that, I left the room. a. before b. by the time c. after + I turned off the lights before I left the room. -,By the time I left the room, I had turned ofl the lights. -) After I turned off the lights, I left the room. 3. Susan sometimes feels nervous. Then she chews her nails. a. whenever b. before c. every time 4. The frying pan caught on fire. I was malung dinner at that time. a. by the time b. while C. as soon as 5. We were sitting down to eat. Someone knocked on the door at that moment. a. just as* b. just after* c. just before* 6. The singer finished her song. The audience immediately burst into applause. a. as long as b. as soon as c. immediately after 7. We have to wait here. Nancy will come. a. as soon as b. after c. until 8. Nancy will come. We can leave for the theater. a. after b. as soon as c. when 9. My roommate walked into the room yesterday. I immediately knew that something was wrong. a. just as soon as b. when c. whenever 10. I stood up to give my speech. Immediately before that, I got buttedies in my stomach. a. until b. while c. just before 11. I saw the great pyramids of Egypt in the moonlight. I was speechless. a. until b. the first time c. before 12. Jane has gotten three promotions in the last six months. She started working at this company six months ago. a. before b. since c. when 13. I had gone to bed. The phone rang. a. shortly after b. not long after c. a short time after *Just adds the idea of \"immediately\": jusr as = at that immediate or same moment jusr before = immediately before just after = immediately after Adverb Clauses of Time and Review of Verb Tenses 73

14. The weather will get warmer soon. Then we can start playing tennis again. a. while b. when C. once 15. Shakespeare died in 1616. He had written more than 37 plays before then. a. while b. once c. by the time 16. Sam will go to the movies again. He'll remember to take his glasses then. a. the next time b. as long as c. by the time 17. I will not forget Mr. Tanaka. I will live for a long time. a. as b. as long as c. so long as 18. Mohammad had never heard about Halloween.* Then he came to the U.S. a. before b. until C. since EXERCISE 9. Verb tenses in adverb clauses of time. (Chart 5-2) Directions: Choose the best completion. Give yourself seven minutes to complete this exercise. 1. As soon as Martina saw the fire, she the fire department. A. was telephoning B. telephoned C. had telephoned D. has telephoned 2. Before Jennifer won the lottery, she any kind of contest. A. hasn't entered B. doesn't enter C. wasn't entering D. hadn't entered 3. Every time Prakash sees a movie made in India, he homesick. A. will have felt B. felt C. feels D. is feeling 4. Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I to visit friends and family several times. A. return B. will have returned C. am returning D. have returned 5. While he was washing his new car, Mr. De Rosa a small dent in the rear fender. A. has discovered B. was discovering C. is discovering D. discovered 6. Yesterday while I was attending a sales meeting, Matthew on the company's D. works annual report. A. was working B. had been working C. has worked 7. Tony -to have children until his little daughter was born. After she won his heart, he decided he wanted a big family. A. doesn't want B. hadn't wanted C. wasn't wanting D. hasn't wanted *Halloween (which occurs every year on October 31) is a holiday celebrated in the U.S., Canada, Great Britain, and Ireland. Children dress up in costumes and go from house to house, asking for a \"treat\" such as candy or fruit. 74 CHAPTER 5

8. After the horse threw her to the ground for the third time, Jennifer picked herself up and said, \"I on another horse as long as I live.\" never ride have never ridden will never ride do not ride 9. The next time Paul -to NewYork, he will visit the Metropolitan Museum's famous collection of international musical instruments. A. will fly B. flies C. has flown D. will have flown 10. Ever since Maurice arrived, he quietly in the corner. Is something wrong? A. sat B. has been sitting C. had been sitting D. will have sat 11. After Nancy for twenty minutes, she began to feel tired. A. jogging B. had been jogging C. has been jogging D. has jogged 12. Peter, -since you got home from football practice? A. have you eaten B. will you eat C. are you eating D. do you eat 13. By the time the young birds the nest for good, they will have learned how to fly. A. will leave B. will have left C. are leaving D. leave 14. The last time I in Athens, the weather was hot and humid. A. had been B. was C. am D. will have been EXERCISE 10. Using a d v e r b clauses to s h o w t i m e relationships. (Chart 5-2) Directions: Create a sentence from the given words. Do not change the order of the words. Use any appropriate verb forms and punctuate correctly. Examples: as soon as + I + finish + I - + A ssoon as Ifinish my report, I'll call you and we'll go out to dinner. I + after + I + climb -> I was exhausted after I climbed the stairs to the eighth floor. 1. whenever+ I + g o + I 6. I + when + I + be 7. the first time + I + see + I 2. by the time + I + get + I 3. I + since + I + leave 8. I +until + I + be 4. just as + I + open + I 9. while + I + look + I 5. I + as soon as + I + eat 10. I+ before + I + drive Adverb Clauses of Time and Review of Verb Tenses 75

EXERCISE 11. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 + 5) hrections: Use any appropriate tense for the verbs in parentheses. In some instances, more than one tense is possible.* 1 . A: There is something I have to tell you. B: Go ahead. I (listen) 2. A: Hi, Ann. (you, meet) my friend George Smith? B: No, I (have, never) the pleasure. A: Then let me introduce you. Stop! What (you, do) I (try) to get this of toast out of the toaster. It's stuck. Well, don't use a knife. You (electrocute) yourself! What do you suggest I do? Unplug it first. 4. A: There's Jack. I B: Where? A: He (lie) on the grass under that tree over there. B: Oh, yes. I (see) him. He ( b k , certainly) comfortable. Let's go talk to him. 5. A: I (go) to a play last night. B: (it, be) any good? A: I thought so. I (enjoy) it a lot. B: What (you, see) ? A: Arsenic and OM Lace. I (see, never) it before. it a B: Oh, I (see) that play too. I (see) it? couple of years ago. It (be) good, (be, not) 6. A: I was in your hometown last month. It looked like a nice town. I (be, never) there before. B: What (you, do) in that part of the country? A: My wife and I (drive) to Washington, D.C., to visit her family. *Your teacher can tell you if one tense is more idiomatic, i.e., more likely to be used by a native speaker. 76 CHAPTER 5

7. A: (you, take) Econ 120 this semester? it? B: No, I it? A: (you, take, ever) like? B: Yes, I A: When (you, take) B: Last semester. A: Who (be) your professor? B: Dr. Lee. A: Oh, I have the same professor. What (he, be) B: He (be) very good. 8. A: May I borrow some money? My check (be) supposed to arrive . yesterday, but I still (receive, not) it. I need to buy a book for one of my classes, but I (have, not) any money. B: Sure. I'd be happy to lend you some. How much (you, need) ? A: How about five dollars? Thanks. I (pay) you back as soon as I (get) my check. 9. A: Hello? B: Hello. May I speak to Sue? A: She (be, not) in right now. May I take a message? B: Yes. This is Art O'Brien. Would you please ask her to meet me at the library this afternoon? I (sit) at one of the study booths on the second floor. 10. A: Alex, (you, know) where Ms. Rodriguez is? I for her for the past hour. (zook) Mr. Frost at the moment about the shipment B: She (see) earlier today. Some of the parts of parts which we (receive) are missing. like trouble. Please tell Ms. Rodriguez A: Uh, oh. That (sound) some free time. I (work) to phone me when she (have) in my office all afternoon. Adverb Clauses of Tmi and Review of Verb Tenses 77

EXERCISE 12. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 -t 5) Directions: Use any appropriate tense. JOSE:Hi, my name is Jose. ALI: Hi, my name is Ali. (1) JOSE: (you, study) at this university? (2) ALI: Yes, I (be) . And you? (3) JOSE: Yes, I (be) here since last September. Before that I (study) English at another school. (4) ALI: What (you, take) this term? (5) JOSE: I (take) chemistry, math, psychology, and American history. What (you, take) ? (6) ALI: I (study) English. I (need) to improve my English before I (take) regular academic courses next semester. (7) JOSE: How long (you, be) here? ( 8 ) ALI: I (be) here since the beginning of this semester. Actually, I (arrive) in the United States six months ago, but I English at this university only since (study) with my brother in Washington, D.C. January. Before that I (live) (9) JOSE: You (speak) English very well. (you, study) a lot of English before you (come) to the United States? (10) ALI: Yes. I (study) English for ten years in my own country. And also, I (spend) some time in Canada a couple of years ago. I (@ck) up a lot of English while I (live) there. (11) JOSE: You (be) lucky. When I (come) to the United States, I (study, never) any English at all. So I had to spend a whole year studying nothing but English before I (start) school. (12) ALI: How long fyou, plan) to be in the United States? (13) JOSE: I (be, not) sure. Probably by the time I (return) home, I (be) here for at least five years. How about you? (14) ALI: I(hope) to be finished with all my work in two and a half years. 78 CHAPTER 5

EXERCISE 13. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 + 5) Directions: Use any appropriate tense. Dear Ann, (1 I (receive) your letter about two weeks ago and (try) (2) to find time to write you back ever since. I (be) (3) very busy lately. In the past two weeks, I (have) four tests, and I (4) have another one next week. In addition, a friend (stay) (5) with me since last 'Thursday. She wanted to see the city, so we (spend) (6) a lot of time visiting some of the interestingplaces here. We (be) (7) to the zoo, the art museum, and the botanical gardens. Yesterday (8) We (go) to the park and (watch) a balloon race. Between showing her the city and studying for my exams, I (have,barely) (9) enough time to breathe. (1 0) Right now it (be) 3:00 A.M. and I (sit) (1 1) at my desk. I (sit) here five hours doing my studying. My (1 2) friend's plane (leave) at 6:05, so I (decide) (13) not to go to bed. That's why I (write) to you at such an early hour (14) in the day. I (get) (15) I (take) a little sleepy, but I would rather stay up. a nap after I (get) back from taking her to the airport. (1 6) How (you, gef) along? How (your classes,go) (1 7) ? Please write soon. Yours. Janet EXERCISE 14. Writing. (Chapters 1 5) Directions: Write a letter to a friend or family member. Discuss your activities, thoughts, feelings, and adventures in the present, past, and future. The purpose of this exercise is for you to use every possible tense. Write about what you do, are doing, have done, have been doing, did, were doing, had done, had been doing, will do, are going to do, will be doing, will have done, and will have been doing. Include appropriate time expressions: today, every day, right now, already, so far, since, next week, etc. Use the verb tenses in any order you wish and as many times as necessary. Try to write a natural-sounding letter. Adverb Clauses of Time and Review of Verb Tenses 7 9

EXERCISE 15. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 + 5) Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use any appropriate tense. Almost every part of the world (experience) an earthquake in recent years, and almost every part of the world (experience) earthquakes in the years to come. Since the ancient Chinese (begin) to keep records several thousand years ago, more than 13 million earthquakes (occur) worldwide by some estimates. What (cause) earthquakes? Throughout time, different cultures (develop) myths to explain these violent earth movements. According to a Japanese myth,a playful caffish lives in the mud under the earth. Whenever it feels like playing, it (wave) its fat tail around in the mud. The result? Earthquakes. From India comes the story of six strong elephants who (hold) UP the earth on their heads. Whenever one elephant (move) its head, the earth trembles. Nowadays,although scientists (know) more about the causes of earthquakes.they still cannot prevent the terrible damage.One of the strongest quakes in the 20th century (happen) in Anchorage, Alaska, on March 24,1964, at about six o'clock in the evening. When the earthquake (strike) that evening, many families (sit) down to eat dinner. People in the city (find,suddenly) themselves in the dark because most of the lights in the city went out when the earthquake occurred. Many people (die) instantly when tall buildings (collapse) and (send) tons of brick and concrete crashing into the streets. When (the next earthquake,occur) ? No one really knows for sure. Interestingly enough, throughout history animals (help, offen) people predict earthquakes shortly before they happen. At present, some scientists (study) catlish because caffish swim excitedlyjust before an earthquake. According to some studies, snakes, monkeys, and rodents (appear.also) to be sensitive to the approach of violent movement in the earth's surface. Some animals (seem) to know a great deal more than humans about when an earthquake will occur.* *NOTE: When an earthquake will occur is a noun clause, not an adverb clause of time. See Chapter 12 for information about noun clauses. 80 CHAPTER 5

(23) In recent years, scientists (develop) many extremely (24) sensitive instruments. Perhaps someday the instruments (be) able to give us a sufficiently early warning so that we can be waiting calmly in a safe place when the (25) next earthquake (strike) EXERCISE 16. Activity: review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 -+ 5 ) Directions: Before you come to class, think of an interesting, dangerous, or amusing experience you have had. You will then tell the story to a classmate, who will report that experience in a composition. -EXERCISE 17. Activity: review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 5) Directions: In a short speech (two or three minutes), summarize an article in a recent newspaper. You may speak from notes if necessary, but your notes should contain no more than fifteen words. Use your notes only for a very brief outline of important information. Present your speech to a small group or to the class. Listeners can write one- or two- sentence summaries of each speech. EXERCISE 18. Activity: review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1 4 5 ) Directions: Form a small group. Discuss the past, present, and future of one (or more) of the topics. As a group, write a summary of the discussion. Topics: 1. means of transportation 2. clothes 3. agriculture 4. medical science 5. means of communication EXERCISE 19. Error analysis: general review. (Chapters 1 4 5 ) Directions: The following sentences are adapted from student writing and contain typical errors of different kinds. See how many of these errors you can find and correct. 1. I am living at 3371 grand avenue since last September. 2. I have been in NewYork city two week ago. 3. My country have change its capital city five time. 4. Dormitory life is not quiet. Everyone shouted and make a lot of noise in the halls. 5. My friends will meet me when I will arrive at the airport. 6 . Hasn't anyone ever tell you to knock on the door before you enter someone else's room? Didn't your parents taught you that? Adverb Clauses of Time and Review of Verb Tenses 81

7. When I was a child, I viewed thing from a much lower height. Many physical objects around me appear very large. When I want to move something such as a chair, I need help. 8. I will intend to go back home when I will finish my education. 9. The phone rung while I doing the dishes. I dry my hands and answer it. When I am hear my husband voice, I very happy. 10. I am in the United States for the last four months. During this time, I had done many thing and saw many place. 11. When the old man started to walk back to his cave, the sun has already hided itself behind the mountain. 12. While I am writing my composition last night, someone knocks on the door. 13. I'm studing English at an English conversation school two time a week. 14. Getting accustomed to a different cultures are not easy. 15. I'm really glad you to visit my hometown this year. 16. While I was visitting my cousin in Los Angeles. We went to a restaurant and eat Thai food. 17. We ate dinner. We watched T V after. 18. When I was in my country, I am afraid to come to the United States. I thought I couldn't walk outside at night because of the terrible crime. But now I am having a different opinion. I live in this small town for three month and learn that there is very little crime here. 19. Before I came to the United State. I pictured the U.S. as an exciting place with honesty, hard-working, well-mannered peoples. After I came to United State since four month ago this picture had changed. The manners of the students while they are in the cafeteria. They are really bad. I am also thinking that office workers here lazy. People in my country works a lot harder. 82 CHAPTER 5

1 CONTENTS I 6-1 Final -sl-es: use, pronunciation, and spelling 6-4 Subject-verb agreement: using 6-2 Basic subject-verb agreement 6-3 Subject-verb agreement: using expressions there + be of quantity 6-5 Subject-verb agreement: some irregularities EXERCISE 1. Preview: using -S/-ES. (Charts 2-1,6 - 1,6-2, and 7-4) Directions: In the following sentences, add final -st-es. Do not change or omit any other words. Discuss spelling and pronunciation. Discuss why you need to add -st-es. All of the sentences are simple present. pew 1. I have two m. (pens = a plural noun) 2. Tom work hard every day, 3. Our solar system consist of nine planet. 4. The earth rotate around the sun. 5. All animal need water. 6. A dog need fresh water every day. 7. Student take test. 8. A swallow is a small, graceful bird with a long tail and powerful wing. 9. Swallow are joyfil creature. 10. Butterfly are beautiful. 11. Hawaii has beautiful sunset. 12. A library contain a lot of book. 13. Encyclopedia contain information about many thing. 14. Martha watch T V every evening. 15. Alex almost never change his mind.

(a) NOUN + -S: Friends are important. A final -s or -es is added to a noun to make the noun NOUN + -ES: I like my classes. plural. (b) VERB + -s: Mary works at the bank. friend= a singular noun VERB + -ES: John watches birds. fviends = a plural noun A final -s or -es is added to a simple present verb when the subject is a singular noun (e.g., Mary, my jathn; the machine) or third person singular pronoun (she, he, it). May works = singular She works = singuIar The s t u d e n t s work = plural They work =plural L PRONUNCIATION OF -SI-ES (c) seats + seadsl Final -sis pronounced Is1 after voiceless sounds, as in ropes + ropelsl (c): \"t,\" \"p,\" and \"k\" are examples of voiceless sounds.* backs Final -s is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds, as in (h): (d) seeds + seedlzl \"d,\" \"b,\" \"g,\" and \"ee\" are examples of voiced sounds.\" robes + robelzl + baglzl bags + seelzl sees (e) dishes + dishlazl Final -s and -es are pronounced /az/ after \"-sh,\" \"-ch,\" catches + catchlazl \"-s,n c‘-z,n and \"-geY'/\"-dge\" sounds. The /az/ ending kisses -+ kisslazl mixes + mixlazl adds a syllable. All of the words in (e) are pronounced prizes + prizelazl with two syllables. COMPARE: All of the words in (c) edges + edgelazl and (d) are pronounced with one syllable. SPELLING: FINAL -S VS. -ES (f) sing + sings For most words (whether a verb or a noun), simply song + songs a final -s is added to spell the word correctly. (g) wash -+ washes Final -es is added to words that end in -sh, -ch, -s, 1 watch + watches -2, and -x. class + classes buzz + buzzes 1 For words that end in -y: box + boxes In (h): If -y is preceded by a vowel, only -s is added. 1 (h) toy + WS In (i): If -y is preceded by a consonant, the -y is buy changed to -i and -es is added. + buys ( i ) baby -r babies cry + cries *See Chart 2-6, p. 20, for an explanation of voiced vs. voiceless sounds.

EXERCISE 2. Pronunciation of final -S/-ES. (Chart 6- 1) Directions: Practice pronouncing the following words. Say the final -s/-es sounds loudly and clearly. Then write the pronunciation of final -sl-es after each word. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. GROUP A. /S/ 7. trips 8. grabs 1. cats -+ 9. wishes 2. feeds 10. matches 3. hates 11. guesses 4. lids 5. sleeps 6. robs GROUP B. 18. unlocks 19. fills 12. books 20. ashes 13. homes 21. sniffs 14. occurs 22. miles 15. fixes 23. rugs 16. sizes 17. pages GROUP C. 30. pies 24. arranges 31. agrees 25. itches 32. faces 26. relaxes 33. quizzes 27. rises 34. judges 28. laughs 35. asks 29. days EXERCISE 3. Spelling of final -S/-ES. (Chart 6- 1) Directions: Add -s or -es to these words to spell them correctly, and give the pronunciation of the ending. 1. /t/ 10. touch- - /az/ 11. cough- 2. tax e5 12. press- - 13. method- 3. talk- 14. m- 4. blush- 15. try- 5. discover- 16. tray- 6. develop- 17. enemy- 7. season- 18. guy -8. flash 9. hall Subject-Verb Agreement 85

EXERCISE 4. Pronunciationand spelling of final -S/-ES. (Chart 6- 1) Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, draw three vertical columns. Write Is1 at the top of the first column, /zl at the top of the second, and / a d at the top of the third. Using words of their own choosing, your teacher and/or your classmates in turn will say a word that has a final -sf-es. Write that word in the appropriate column according to how the ending is pronounced. Example: Is/ /z/ Iazl SPEAKER A: Number one: windows SPEAKER B: Number two: reaches wi~Aows SPEAKER C : Number three: students SPWR D: Number four: passes 2. veaches Etc. - shAehts passes Etc. EXERCISE 5. Pronunciationof final -S/-ES. (Chart 6- 1) Directions: Practice the pronounciation of final -sl-es by reading these sentences aloud. 1. The teacher encourages the students to speak freely. 2. Chickens, ducks, and turkeys lay eggs. 3. He possesses many fine qualities. 4. My wages are low, but my taxes are high. 5. The cafeteria serves good sandwiches. 6. He coughs, sneezes, and wheezes. 7. People come in many shapes and sizes. 8. He practices pronunciation by reading sentences aloud. 9. She bought some shirts, shoes, socks, dresses, slacks, blouses, earrings, and necklaces. 10. She scratches her chin when it itches. 86 CHAPTER 6