Health GIS - Enabling Health Spatially

maps indicate congruence form pattern model with WHO). Radial spread pattern (Artha, 2002). For year 1996 the location with higher cases is Sub District Pulogadung, Figure 1 Incident rate in East Jakarta Municipality 1996- Kramat Jati and Duren Sawit, in year 1997 is 1999(East Jakarta Health District Office Report, 2000) Pulogadung, Duren Sawit and Jatinegara, in year 1999 is Duren Sawit, Makasar and Cakung, Year 2000 Figure 3. Four spatial form pattern model on map was the Pulogadung, Duren Sawit and Kramat Jati, in 2001 is movement relocation direction . Kramat Jati, Duren Sawit and Jatinegara. The Health sub district officer fogging the area regularly every one month each location base on cases found (Artha, 2002). The Analysis from map indicate that each year on the map having one or more epidemic center location and movement to others sub district in each year. Map in figure 4 arrange base on time series can described the pattern re cyclic in each 3 years. The map pattern from 1996 to 1998 congruence with map pattern from 1999 to 2001. All maps in figure 4 from 1996 until 2001 have one sub district as a center for dengue epidemic, the sub district is Pulogadung District. The Pulogadung sub district is a industrial area, bad drainage, bad water regulation, high density residential population and floods annually (Artha, 2002). That is indicated Pulogadung as endemic center for dengue fever epidemic in East Jakarta in 1996 until 2001. 6. CONCLUSIONS The health intervention in dengue epidemic endemic residential must have planning regularly not only base on cases reported. Public in the dengue epidemic location must have some intervention with promotion and prevention methods to maintenance the residential environment for prevent dengue epidemic cases. GIS technology and analysis methods can completely health intervention planning. Dengue epidemic in East Jakarta endemic area have pattern in re cyclic out breaks that is three years cyclic, this defend on some variable like season, life style and climate change. REFERENCES Prabawa, Artha.,2002, Endemic Dengue Epidemic Area Characteristic East Jakarta in 2002, Thesis, (Jakarta: Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia). Laurini, Robaert., and Thompson, Derek., 1996, Fundamental of Spatial Information System, Fifth Edition,(London, Academic Press Inc.) Gordis, Leon, 2004, Epidemiology, 3nd Edition (USA, Elsevier Inc.) Annual East Jakarta Health District Report 1996 – 2001, Jakarta, Indonesia. WHO, 1997, Dengue Haemorrhagic fever, Diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control, (USA,

OVERLAY Data map Variation Time data Data Variabel series d no Spati Yes Distribution PETA al Correlation Data Data Analysis Statistic test Dat Database GIS Signification a Sur vei Correlation & Abtraksi Peta Signifukansi Variabel no Korel Y Korel asi A asi D K bVealriaYA Descriptif Variable Factors no Signi Y Analysis K fukan A Overlayer Times Series Data Pattern, Var. Environtmen Distribut Var. Social ion map BVuard.aPayhaysical Var. Education Figure 2 described how the GIS methods to analysis over layer data spatial with others Dengue Epidemic Relocation Movement Administration Border Dengue epidemic Location Table 1 Dengue Fever Annual Data in ten Sub District East Jakarta 1996 – 2001 (East Jakarta Health District II Annual report) YEARS NO. SUB DISTRICT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 (person) (person) (person) (person) (person (person) 1. MATRAMAN 2. PULOGADUNG 231 97 131 85 241 48 3. JATINEGARA 439 259 396 197 301 106 4. DURENSAWIT 214 163 347 141 158 138 5. KRAMAT JATI 368 254 570 306 260 222 6. MAKASAR 265 130 624 253 255 226 7. PASAR REBO 154 88 288 228 173 8. CIRACAS 87 62 409 63 86 9. CIPAYUNG 141 79 438 165 122 63 10. CAKUNG 58 72 271 135 227 191 251 141 415 230 124 Total 69 2208 1345 3889 1803 91 94 1810 1385

Table 2 Dengue Fever monthly Data in ten Sub District East Jakarta 2000 – 2001 (East Jakarta Health District II Annual report) No. Sub District JAN FEB MAR JAN FEB MAR 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 1. MATRAMAN (person) (person) (person) (person) (person) (person) 2. PULOGADUNG 3. JATINEGARA 23 44 174 10 12 26 4. DURENSAWIT 31 53 217 33 18 55 5. KRAMAT JATI 21 36 101 22 39 77 6. 38 54 168 40 54 128 7. MAKASAR 13 56 186 38 63 125 8. PASAR REBO 18 15 53 41 39 93 9. 20 19 83 36 27 0 10. CIRACAS 30 74 123 46 33 112 CIPAYUNG 10 18 41 27 29 68 CAKUNG 8 18 65 24 17 53 Total 212 387 1211 317 331 737 Table 3. DHF Cases Level in sub district East Jakarta from 1996 until 2001. DHF Cases Level in 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 sub district Pulogadung Pulogadung Kramat Jati Duren sawit Pulogadung Kramat Jati 1 Duren Sawit Duren sawit Duren sawit Makasar Duren Sawit Duren Sawit 2 Kramat Jati Jatinegara Ciracas Cakung Kramat Jati Jatinegara 3 Figure 4. East Jakarta Map with number of dengue fever cases in 1996 until 2001.

MAPPING GREENHOUSE GASES TO ALLEVIATE THE IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH Uday Dnyandeo Pimple, Nitin Kumar Tripathi, Seishiro Kibe and Md. Zakir Hossian Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, THAILAND Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The rate of emission and effect of greenhouse gases on human health is a very crucial problem to human being. The higher concentration of GHGs is the root of various diseases like skin cancer, respiratory diseases, brain related diseases and all other many serious diseases which causes sometime sudden death of human. Because of uneven distribution of GHGs on global scale it’s very hard to fight against the side effect or various diseases caused by GHGs. Satellites like GOSAT are very helpful to predict concentration of gases and GIS is very good decision making tool for establishment of medical facility accordingly. The combination of advanced technology like remote sensing and GIS with health sector will be very useful to save human life from dangerous GHGs. KEY WORDS: Ggreenhouse gases, remote sensing, Health GIS, GOSAT, Mapping of greenhouse gases. 1. INTRODUCTION these methods are suitable for small scale areas. Now remote sensing satellites have capability to find hotspots The main aim of this paper is to study the mapping of of GHG very precisely on global scale by using satellites greenhouse gases (GHGs) by using the satellite remote like ENVISAT, GOSAT, MODIS, and NOAA. GIS is a sensing and use of GIS as a decision making tool for very useful tool for decision making to providing managing health related facilities. In short use the medical services, Managed Care Organizations (MCO) advanced tool remote sensing and GIS with health sector (ESRI, 2009). GIS helps you to determine the needs of for reducing the impact of GHGs on human society. health’s services for some specific groups (Like employee, workers) and special populations such as Nowadays many findings confirm that the GHGs Medicare and Medicated patients. At present the pollution is a serious problem now and for future GOSAT is a very advanced satellite is available on orbit generation also. The first impact of GHGs is the global and this satellite has capability to measure GHGs with warming. Global warming is nothing but the trapping of very high accuracy as compare to all other satellites heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, (GOSAT project, 2009). GOSAT have potential to find which increases the temperature and second thing is that hotspot of GHGs on global scale with very high they have their own impact on human health like skin accuracy, so we can use this data to find higher cancers, brain related problems, respiratory diseases and concentration areas of GHGs. Simultaneously GIS for many other problem which will directly affect on human finding the hotspots of diseases and distribution of health. The most common and dangerous GHGs in the medical facilities accordingly. This application of atmosphere includes carbon dioxide ( CO2), Methane remote sensing and GIS will be helpful to improve the ( CH4) , atmospheric ozone, nitrous oxide ( N2O), safety of human being from dangerous GHGs. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), water vapors and aerosol particles (Climate Change report by IPCC, 1990). The DDiisseeaasseess HHuummaann socioeconomic development is the basic reason to hheeaalltthh increase GHGs in atmosphere because socioeconomic developments lead towards the industrialization and EEmmiissssiioonn SSoocciioo eeccoonnoommiicc urbanization. The industries and urban areas are the GGHHGG ddeevveellooppmmeenntt main sources of GHGs and these gases are the root of ppaatthh most diseases which affects human health (Figure 1). So if we see the rate of socioeconomic development and Figure 1 Socio economic development and human emission of GHGs then there is possibility to create very health. big problem for human health in future. To avoiding the impact of GHGs we have to know the global distribution of gases and very good medical facility. It’s only possible by using some advance technology like remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) with health sector. There are some traditional methods are available to measure the concentration of GHGs, but all

2. MAJOR GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG) AND atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO2). Methane is ITS SOURCES emitted from a variety of both human-related (anthropogenic) and natural sources. Human-related As per Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change activities include fossil fuel production, animal (IPCC) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous husbandry (enteric fermentation in livestock and manure oxide (N2O), fluorocarbons (CFCs), water vapor, management), rice cultivation, biomass burning, and topospheric ozone and aerosol particle are the principle waste management. These activities release significant GHGs ( Climate change report by IPCC, 1990). These quantities of methane to the atmosphere. It is estimated are the main GHGs which trap more heat and increase that 60% of global methane emissions are related to the temperature of earth and create human health human-related activities (IPCC, 2001c). Natural sources problems. The human activity is the main source of this of methane include wetlands, gas hydrates, permafrost, GHGs Figure 2 shows the sources in the world which are termites, oceans, freshwater bodies, non-wetland soils, responsible for emission of GHGs. and other sources such as wildfires. The average atmospheric concentration of methane shows up suddenly in 2007, having remained stable for a decade. Figure3 shown are from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment and the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (US EPA, 2009). Figure 2 Annual GHGs emission by sector Figure 4 Atmospheric concentration of Methane (CH4) (Source: sema.go.th) (Source: Nature Publishing Group) 2.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 2.3 Topospheric Ozone The main gas that significantly contributes towards global warming is carbon dioxide. It has 50% share of Topospheric ozone is a greenhouse gas and initiates the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. Main sources of the chemical removal of methane and other Carbon Dioxide (CO2) generation are power plants and hydrocarbons from the atmosphere. The topospheric vehicles utilizing fossil fuel, and the remaining portion ozone created naturally by the action of sunlight on the is released from various agricultural and other activities molecular oxygen and artificially through the (Climate change report by IPCC, 1990). Figure 2 shows photochemical smog production. The ozone the global monthly mean CO2 from 2005 to 2009. concentration varies from place to place because of this it’s very hard to keep track of. The largest source of Figure 3 Global Monthly Mean CO2 topospheric ozone is influx from the stratosphere and the (Source: AccuWeather.com) large amounts of ozone are produced from photochemical reactions, its amount is totally depends 2.2 Methane (CH4) on the level of air pollution (GHG, 2009 & Climate Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas that remains in change report by IPCC, 1990). the atmosphere for approximately 9-15 years. Methane 2.4 Nitrous oxide (N2O) is over 20 times more effective in trapping heat in the Another greenhouse gas concerned is Nitrous oxide (N2O), a colourless, non-flammable gas with a sweetish odour, commonly known as \"laughing gas\", and sometimes used as an anaesthetic. Nitrous oxide is naturally produced by oceans and rainforests. Man-made sources of nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, the use of fertilizers in agriculture, cars with catalytic converters and the burning of organic matter.

Nitrous oxide is broken down in the atmosphere by 3.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) chemical reactions that involve sunlight (US EPA, 2009). Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is naturally present in the atmosphere at the level of approximately 0.035 %. Short 2.5 Fluorocarbons (CFCs) term exposure to CO2 at level below 2 % (20,000 PPM) has not been reported to cause harmful effects. But Fluorocarbons are a general term for any group of higher concentration causes some side effect on human synthetic organic compounds that contain fluorine and health. The primary health dangers of carbon dioxide carbon. HFCs do not harm or breakdown the ozone are: molecule, but they do trap heat in the atmosphere and increases the temperature. The major sources of CFCs a) Asphyxiation - Caused by the release of carbon are aerosol propellants, cleaning solvents, refrigerants dioxide in a confined or unventilated area. This can and plastic blowing agents (Hopwood N. and Cohen J., lower the concentration of oxygen to a level that is 2008). immediately dangerous for human health. b) Frostbite - Solid carbon dioxide is always below - 2.6 Water Vapor 780C at regular atmospheric pressure, regardless of the air temperature. Handling this material for more than a Water Vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the second or two without proper protection can cause atmosphere. Water vapor accounts larger percentage of serious blisters, and other unwanted effects. the GHGs. Water vapor concentration fluctuates c) Kidney damage or coma- This is caused by a regionally but a human activity does affect water vapor disturbance in chemical equilibrium of the carbonate concentration (NCDC, 2009 & Wikipedia, 2009). buffer. If the concentration of CO2 increase or decrease, causing the equilibrium to be disturbed, a life 2.7 Aerosol Particles threatening situation may occur. (LENNTECH, 2009). d) Other effects- The Higher concentrations can affect Aerosols are tiny particles suspended in the air. respiratory function and cause excitation followed by Generally aerosols are originating from volcanoes, dust depression of the central nervous system. Oxygen storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and deficiency is also caused by higher concentration of sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil CO2. Higher concentration showed damage to retina, fuels and the alteration of natural surface cover, also constriction of visual fields and enlargement of blind generate aerosols. Averaged over the globe, aerosols spots (CCOHS, 2009). made by human activities currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our 3.2 Methane (CH4) atmosphere. Most of that 10 percent is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, especially downwind of Methane is not toxic below the lower explosive limit of industrial sites, slash-and-burn agricultural regions, and 5%. However, when methane is present at high overgrazed grasslands (NASA, 2009a). concentrations, it acts as an asphyxiant. Asphyxiants displace oxygen in the air and can cause symptoms of 3. IMPACTS OF GHG ON HUMAN HEALTH oxygen deprivation (asphyxiation). Effects of oxygen deficiency are: Human health is very closely linked to environmental 12-16% - breathing and pulse rate are increased, with quality, the Etiology of most human diseases related to slight muscular in coordination; the status of the living environment of man. Both the 10-14% - emotional upsets, abnormal fatigue from developed and developing countries are faced with the exertion, disturbed respiration; problems related to environmental pollution, sourced in 6-10% - nausea and vomiting, inability to move freely, air, water or land, and caused by anthropogenic collapse, possible lack of consciousness; below 6% - activities of man, disturbing the habitat around. Smoky convulsive movements, gasping, possible respiratory indoor air, polluted ambient air, poor sanitation and collapse and death. contaminated water play a crucial role in causing ill Oxygen deprivation may show damage to some or all health. The GHGs are also one of them; these GHGs are organs including the central nervous system and the cause of many health problems (Bency et al., 2003). brain (CCOHS, 2009). 3.3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) N2O is the one member of the NOx family, is a GHGs. This danger was known as early as the 1840s as seen in this handbill for a nitrous demonstration which reads: \"Those who inhale the Gas once, are always anxious to inhale it the second time.\" Because of its short duration, nitrous lends itself to binging in an attempt to stay high or to recapture fleeting glimpses into otherness. Deaths

involving nitrous oxide are very rare. The primary measurement and monitoring of GHGs is must. As we physiological dangers of nitrous inhalation are: Oxygen discussed earlier traditional methods of measurement deprivation, Frost bite, Loss of motor control, Vitamin and monitoring GHGs are not suitable on global scale. B12 interference, Folic acid interference, Nausea (US Due to huge area and uneven distribution of GHGs over EPA, 2009). the earth makes more complications to measure and monitor GHGs on global scale. But in last few decades 3.4 Ozone by using the satellite remote sensing, it become possible to measure and monitor GHGs on global scale and this Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health technology overcome all the limitation of traditional problems including chest pain, coughing, throat methods. irritation, and congestion. It can worsen bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Ground-level ozone also can Nowadays remote sensing and GIS technology is very reduce lung function and inflame the linings of the useful in the sector of public health, Human services, lungs. Repeated exposure may permanently scar lung Hospital and health system management and managing tissue. Health Effects -People with lung disease, various care services. GIS technology helps us leverage children, older adults, and people who are active can be limited resources and multiply the positive impact of affected when ozone levels are unhealthy. Numerous benefits to individuals, families, and society. GIS scientific studies have linked ground-level ozone improves understanding of the situation, what is needed, exposure to a variety of problems, including airway and how to intervene with prevention and mitigation irritation, coughing, and pain when taking a deep breath, strategies when necessary. GIS improves acquisition of wheezing and breathing difficulties during exercise or timely, accurate, and relevant information essential to outdoor activities, inflammation, which is much like a the delivery of effective health care services including sunburn on the skin, aggravation of asthma and emergency planning, operational awareness, and trauma increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses like management. By using geography to locate a new pneumonia and bronchitis and permanent lung damage facility, estimate demand for a new service, or make with repeated exposures (US EPA, 2009). sense of transmission patterns of hospital-acquired infections, GIS provides a better way to relate complex 3.5 Fluorocarbons (CFCs) elements and reveal solutions. GIS also provides an effective tool for case management, community Since the appearance of an ozone hole over the assessment, and services gap identification (ESRI, Antarctic in the early 1980s, Americans have become 2009). aware of the health threats posed by ozone depletion, which decreases our atmosphere's natural protection The combination of remote sensing, GIS with health from the sun's harmful ultra-violet (UV) rays. CFCs is a sector will be very useful to fight against many future cause of some major diseases like skin cancer, problems caused by GHGs. From last few decades many melanoma skin cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer There organisations in the world like JAXA, Japan, and are some major diseases occurs like skin cancer, NASA, US are trying to measure and monitor GHGs by melanoma skin cancer and other skin damages like UV- satellite remote sensing. The satellites working before related skin disorders include actinic keratoses and and currently available are as follows: premature aging of the skin. 4.1 ADEOS-1 (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite 1) 3.6 Aerosol Particles The objective of ADEOS-1 was to acquire data on Particle pollution - especially fine particles - contains worldwide environmental changes such as the microscopic solids or liquid droplets that are so small greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, tropical rain that they can get deep into the lungs and cause serious deforestation, and abnormal climatic conditions. This health problems. Numerous scientific studies have satellite launched with Interferometric Monitor (IMG) linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of for GHGs. But unfortunately it is not working now problems, including: increased respiratory symptoms, (ILRS, 2009). such as irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing, for example decreased lung function, 4.2 Terra (EOS-AM) and Aqua (EOS- PM) (MODIS) aggravated asthma, and development of chronic bronchitis, irregular heartbeat, nonfatal heart attacks and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging premature death in people with heart or lung disease (US EPA, 2009d). Spectroradiometer) is a key instrument aboard the Terra 4. REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL (EOS AM) and Aqua (EOS PM) satellites. This satellite INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) FOR HEALTH data is very useful for monitoring carbon cycles (NASA, Continuously increase in GHGs lead to more health concern, so to reduce the side effect of GHGs regular 2009).

4.3 NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS Administration) (Polar orbiting satellite) Considering the rapid increase in GHGs in the The NOAA satellites are part of an American system atmosphere and its future effect on human being, it is which was designed originally for weather prediction must to know the hotspot areas and it is possible by and monitoring. It carries very High Resolution using satellite remote sensing. Satellites like Terra (EOS Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor. This satellite data is also AM) and Aqua (EOS PM), ERS- 2, NOAA series very useful for monitoring carbon cycles. satellites are available in space but they have their own limitations. ENVISAT (SCIAMACHY) is also one 4.4 ERS- 2 (GOME-2 MetOp) satellite which is very useful to trace the GHGs, but at present GOSAT have his own advantages on all other GOME, a nadir-scanning ultraviolet and visible satellites like its takes less time to cover entire globe, spectrometer for global monitoring of atmospheric accuracy is almost 80 % and with very less error. The Ozone, was launched on-board ERS-2 in April 1995. paper has presented that GHGs such as CO2, CH4 and Since summer 1996, ESA has been delivering to users O3 are most dangerous for human health. Water vapor is three-day GOME global observations of total ozone, not having adverse effect. It is also noted that N2O and nitrogen dioxide and related cloud information, via CD- aerosols also have serious effect if concertinos are high. ROM and internet. A key feature of GOME is its ability So if we use this data for finding the concentration of to detect other chemically active atmospheric trace- GHGs in whole world and with the help of GIS we may gases as well as aerosol distribution. provide preventive medical care facility, management of public health, hospital and health system management. 4.5 ENVISAT So the combination of remote sensing and GIS with health data is very prospective to save the human life The ENVISAT satellite has nine sensors which used for from side effect of GHGs. different application and in that SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for REFERENCES Atmospheric Chartography) is used for GHGs measurement. SCIAMACHY is an advanced ultraviolet, Accuweather.com, 2009, Global monthly means CO2 visible and near infrared spectrometer covering a wide http://global- warming.accuweather.com/2009/03/. spectral range (240 nm to 2400 nm) at medium spectral resolution (0.2 nm to 1.4 nm), that enables the American lung association of California, 2009, fact measurement of a large number of atmospheric trace sheet Air quality and health impacts of greenhouse gas gases, including O3, NO2, BrO, OC10, C10, SO2, HCHO, emission and global warming, August 2004. CO2, CO, CH4, H20, N2O, pressure, temperature, Earth http://www.calcleancars.org/factsheets/alac_impacts_fs. and solar (IR) radiance, aerosol, cloud cover and cloud pdf. top height. Bency K.T., Jansy J.,Thakappan B., Bhajanlal Kumar, 4.6 GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite) Sreelekha.T.T., Hareendran N.K., Nair P.K.K. & (IBUKI) Krishnan Nair M., 2003, A study on the air pollution related human diseases in Thiruvananthapuram city, The GOSAT carries GHGs measuring instruments: The kerala, Proceedings of the Third International Thermal and near infrared Sensor for carbon Conference on Environment and Health, 15-22. Observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO- FTS) (Main sensor) and the TANSO Cloud and Aerosol Bloonoberg M. R, 2009, Inventory of New York city Imager (TANSO-CAI). FTS-observed values provide greenhouse gas emissions, April 2007 spectra while CAI-based data will be used to generate http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/ccp_report041007.pdf cloud and aerosol information. These data will be Date: 11/06/2009. combined together to calculate the CO2 and CH4 column abundances at observation points with no or only thin CCOHS (Canadian centre for occupational Health and clouds and aerosol layer present. The GOSAT is world’s Safety), 2009a, 2- Health effect of carbon dioxide gas, first satellite which was dedicated for measurement and http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profil monitoring of GHGs. It takes only three days to es/carbon_dioxide/health_cd.html. complete one round to whole earth and this is a very big advantage than other satellites. Its one revolution in the ESRI, 2009, GIS for health and Human services world of research in measurement and monitoring of http://www.esri.com/industries/health/index.html . GHGs. IBUKI has very specific bands for particular GHG online, 2009, other direct greenhouse gases- GHGs. During testing of data almost 80% accuracy for Topospheric ozone, measuring GHGs were observed (GOSAT PROJECT, 2009). http://www.ghgonline.org/otherstropozone.htm

GOSAT PROJECT, 2009, Outline of GOSAT and TANS sensor,http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/eng/proposal/ proposal.htm. Hopwood N. and Cohen J.Greenhouse gases and society, 2009,http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse. htm Date:12/06/2009. Houghton J. T., Jenkins G.J. and Epheraums J.J., (eds), 1990. Climate Change - The IPCC Scientific Assessment (Cambridge University Press). Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 2007 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Selected Iowa Source Categories, August 28, 2008. ILRS ( International Laser ranging Service), 2009, ADEOS-1, http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/ list_of_satellites/ade1_general.html LENNTECH,2009,Carbondioxide, http://www.lenntech.com/carbon-dioxide.htm . Nature reports climate change, 2009, Unexpected rise in global methane level, http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0904/fig_tab/ climate.2009.24_F1.html NCDC (National Climatic Data Center), 2009, Greenhouse gases, http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/gases.html#wv. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) US, 2009, what are aerosols, http://terra.nasa.gov/FactSheets/Aerosols/ United States, Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2009, http://epa.gov/methane/index.html. Sema.go.th,2009,Globalwarming,http:// www.sema.go.th/files/Content/science/k4/0029/Global %20warming/p31.html. Wikipedia, 2009, Greenhouse gases, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas.

GEOSPATIAL OVERVIEW OF SWINE FLU OUTBREAK IN MID 2009 Siriwan Hassarangsee and Dr. Nitin Kumar Tripathi Remote Sensing and GIS Field of Study, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The fatal outbreak of Swine Flu (H1N1) has become one of the most serious dreaded global concerns since April 2009. This H1N1 virus is reported to be one of the descendants of the strain that caused the 1918 flu pandemic. However, it has transformed and mutated. Therefore, to date, there is no specific vaccine for this deadly disease. Most of the actions currently performed by health related organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) are therefore in reactive manners, such as announcing plans, preparedness and guidelines for government leaders, health sectors, non-health sectors, communities, individuals, and family members to help mitigate the impact of global pandemic. To ensure sustainable effectiveness of the measures, preparedness and response activities should be performed both in national and international level. More importantly, to help the global societies to efficiently cope with the situation, GIS-based tools, especially geospatial analysis could be an alternative for use to provide decision makers with relevant information. KEY WORDS: Swine Flu, Spanish Flu, H1N1, GIS, Geospatial Analysis, Health Geography 1. INTRODUCTION 2. NOMENCLATURE The world was still recovering from the scare of Avian Swine Flu is a subtype of Influenza (H5N1) and SARS. Suddenly, in April, 2009, influenza virus A. The virus the first case of Swine Flu (H1N1) occurred in Mexico. strains are categorized according According to Centers for Disease Control and to two proteins found on the Prevention (CDC), USA (2009), this so-called novel surface of the virus: hemag- influenza A (H1N1) is a new flu virus originating from glutinin (H) and neuraminidase swine. This virus is now infecting people and is (N). All influenza A viruses spreading from human to human. It diffused throughout contain hemagglutinin and not only within the United States but also worldwide. neura-minidase, but the structure Confirmed infected cases and deaths by swine flu are Figure 1 H1N1 of these proteins differs from rapidly increasing everyday. WHO has announced in the virus strain to strain due to rapid first week of June 2009 that Swine Flu is now pandemic. genetic mutation in the viral genome. Influenza A virus strains are assigned an H CDC (2009) adds that it is uncertain that how severe the number and an N number based on which forms of these current novel H1N1 outbreak will be in terms of illness two proteins the strain contains. There are 16 H and 9 N and death compared with other influenza viruses. This is subtypes known in birds, but only H 1, 2 and 3, and N 1 because it is a new virus, most people will not have and 2 are commonly found in humans (Lynch J.P. and immunity to it. In addition, currently, there is no vaccine Walsh E.E., 2007, cited in Wikipedia, 2009a). to protect against this novel H1N1 virus. Swine Flu is also known as Influenza A virus subtype Due to the severity of the above mentioned newly H1N1 (Wikipedia, 2009a). H1N1 Influenza (H1N1 Flu widespread disease, it is crucial to understand its nature, or Swine Flu) is a respiratory disease of swine caused by transmission characteristics, and current situation of the type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in disease. This would help people in related fields to swine. Normally, people do not get swine flu. However, efficiently cope with the disease outbreak. Therefore, human infections can and do happen (PandemicFlu.gov. this paper aims at studying Swine Flu’s nomenclature, 2009). and tracing its history. Additionally, transmission, symptoms, treatment, and assessment of the current 3. DEVELOPMENT OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES situation of the disease will be explored. Finally, its WITH PANDEMIC POTENTIAL outbreak will be presented using GIS tools, and reaction The development of an influenza pandemic can be con- of GIS-related communities to support the outbreak sidered the result of the transformation of an animal in- monitoring processes will be pointed out. fluenza virus into a human influenza virus. At the Table 1 Characteristics of the three pandemics of the 20th century

Pandemic Area of emergence Influenza A virus Estimated case Estimated Age groups most subtype fatality rate Attributable affected 1918-1919 “Spanish Flu” Unclear H1N1 2-3% Excess Young adults Mortality Children 1957-1958 Worldwide “Asian Flu” All age groups 1968-1969 20-50 million “Hong Kong Flu” Southern China H2N2 <0.2% 1-4 million Southern China H3N2 <0.2% 1-4 million Source: Adapted from World Health Organization (2009c) genetic level, pandemic influenza viruses may arise in also circulated in humans through the 20th century, two manners: genetic reassortment and genetic muta- contributing to the normal seasonal epidemics of tion. These processes are defined by WHO (2009c) as influenza (Taubenberger and Morens, 2006). However, follows: direct transmission from pigs to humans is rare, with - Genetic reassortment: a process in only 12 cases in the U.S. since 2005 (Rampton, 2009). Nevertheless, the retention of influenza strains in pigs which genes from animal and human influenza viruses after these strains have disappeared from the human mix together to create a human-animal influenza reas- population might make pigs a reservoir where influenza sortment virus; viruses could persist, later emerging to reinfect humans - Genetic mutation: a process in once human immunity to these strains has diminished which genes in an animal influenza virus change al- (Heinen, 2003). lowing the virus to infect humans and transmit easily among them. Although it is not known where the 1918 flu virus began infecting humans and transmitting from person to 4. HISTORY person, the U.S. experienced its first wave of illness in the spring of 1918. It was named the “Spanish” flu Swine influenza was first proposed to be a disease because Spanish newspapers published many reports of related to human influenza during the 1918 flu the pandemic while publications from nations involved pandemic, when pigs became sick at the same time as in the World War I refrained. FAS added that the humans (Knobler S., et al., 2005, cited in Wikipedia, Spanish flu was an unusually severe and deadly strain of 2009b). Olsen (2002) reported that the first avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed identification of an influenza virus as a cause of disease around 50 million to 100 million people worldwide in pigs occurred about ten years later, in 1930. For the during 1918 and 1919. It was caused by the H1N1 type following 60 years, swine influenza strains were almost A of influenza virus and is thought to be one of the most exclusively H1N1. Then, between 1997 and 2002, new deadly pandemics in human history. The 1918 flu has strains of three different subtypes and five different been described as capable of sickening and killing a genotypes emerged as causes of influenza among pigs in person on the same day. Symptoms of infection were North America. In 1997-1998, H3N2 strains emerged. similar to, but more severe than typical, seasonal flu. These strains, which include genes derived by Viral pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress reassortment from human, swine and avian viruses, have was the primary cause of death (Federation of American become a major cause of swine influenza in North Scientists: FAS, 2009). America. Reassortment between H1N1 and H3N2 produced H1N2. In 1999 in Canada, a strain of H4N6 According to FAS (2009), the 1918 flu was different crossed the species barrier from birds to pigs, but was from seasonal flu in that, while most deaths from sea- contained on a single farm. sonal flu are seen in the elderly and children under 2- years-old, almost half of the deaths associated with the According to World Health Organization (2009c) report, 1918 pandemic were in adults between 20 and 40-years- influenza pandemics are unpredictable but recurring old. Scientists theorize that this could be because people events that can have severe consequences on global over the age of 40 had previously been exposed to a communities. Since the 16th century, influenza similar flu that gave them some immunity. pandemics have been recurring after every 10 to 50 years with varying severity and impact. WHO 5. TRANSMISSION classifies these recurring pandemics into three categories: Spanish Flu, Asian Flu and Hong Kong Flu. It is thought that novel influenza A (H1N1) flu spreads Brief details of each category are illustrated in table 1. in the same way as regular seasonal influenza viruses spread; mainly through the coughs and sneezes of The H1N1 form of swine flu is one of the descendants of people who are sick with the virus (CDC, 2009). This the strain that caused the 1918 flu pandemic. As well as makes the spread more conducive in populated places. persisting in pigs, the descendants of the 1918 virus have

5.1 Transmission in pigs Although mortality is usually low (around 1-4%), the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth, causing Influenza is quite common in pigs, with about half of economic loss to farmers. Infected pigs can lose up to 12 breeding pigs having been exposed to the virus in the pounds of body weight over a 3 to 4 week period US. Antibodies to the virus are also common in pigs in (Kothalawala, et al., 2006, cited in Wikipedia, 2009b). other countries (Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2009, cited in Wikipedia, 6.2 In humans 2009b). The main route of transmission is through direct contact Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to between infected and uninfected animals (Kothalawala, humans is occasionally possible (called zoonotic swine et al., 2006, cited in Wikipedia, 2009b). These close flu). In all, 50 cases are known to have occurred since contacts are particularly common during animal the first report in medical literature in 1958, which have transport. Intensive farming may also increase the risk of resulted in a total of six deaths. Of these six people, one transmission, as the pigs are raised in very close was pregnant, one had leukemia, one had Hodgkin proximity to each other (Gilchrist et al., 2007 and Saenz disease and two were known to be previously healthy. et al., 2006, cited in Wikipedia, 2009b). The direct Despite these apparently low numbers of infections, the transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs true rate of infection may be higher, since most cases touching noses, or through dried mucus. Airborne only cause a very mild disease, and will probably never transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs be reported or diagnosed (Mayers et al., 2007, cited in coughing or sneezing are also an important means of Wikipedia, 2009b). infection (Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2009, cited in Wikipedia, 2009b). According to the Centers for Disease Control and The virus usually spreads quickly through a herd, Prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009 infecting all the pigs within just a few days. \"swine flu\" H1N1 virus are similar to those of influenza Transmission may also occur through wild animals, such and of influenza-like illness in general. Symptoms as wild boar, which can spread the disease between include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, farms (Vincente et al., 2002, cited in Wikipedia, 2009b). chills and fatigue. The 2009 outbreak has shown an increased percentage of patients reporting diarrhea and 5.2 Transmission in humans vomiting. The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic swine flu, as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans, but People who work with poultry and swine, especially from person to person (CDC, 2009). people with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic infection with influenza virus endemic in these Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu, a animals, and constitute a population of human hosts in differential diagnosis of probable swine flu requires not which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur. Vacci- only symptoms but also a high likelihood of swine flu nation of these workers against influenza and due to the person's recent history. For example, during surveillance for new influenza strains among this the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States, CDC population may therefore be an important public health advised physicians to \"consider swine influenza measure (Grey and Kayali, 2009, cited in Wikipedia, infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with 2009b). Transmission of influenza from swine to acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in humans who work with swine was documented in a contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who small surveillance study performed in 2004 at the were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported University of Iowa (Grey et al., 2007, cited in swine flu cases or in Mexico during the 7 days Wikipedia, 2009b). This study among others forms the preceding their illness onset.\" A diagnosis of confirmed basis of a recommendation that people whose jobs swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory involve handling poultry and swine be the focus of sample (a simple nose and throat swab) (CDC, 2009, increased public health surveillance (Grey and Kayali, cited in Wikipedia, 2009b). 2009, cited in Wikipedia, 2009b). Other professions at particular risk of infection are veterinarians and meat 7. TREATMENT processing workers, although the risk of infection for both of these groups is lower than that of farm workers During the 1918 pandemic doctors did not have (Myers et al., 2006, cited in Wikipedia, 2009b). vaccines, antivirals, or antibiotics to treat or prevent infections and associated complications. Since then, four 6. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS drugs have been developed to fight influenza infections; amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and 6.1 In swine zanamivir (Relenza). Tamiflu and amantadine have both been shown to be effective against engineered viruses In swine, influenza infection produces fever, lethargy, containing the parts of the 1918 flu and vaccines have sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased also protected mice against viruses with some of the appetite. In some cases the infection can cause abortion.

1918 influenza components. However, it is still unclear whether PHASE 4 PHASE 5-6/ POST PEAK POST PANDEMIC PANDEMIC PHASES 1-3 POSSIBILITY WIDESPREAD OF RECURRENT DISEASE TIME HUMAN ACTIVITY AT EVENTS PREDOMINANTLY SUSTAINED INFECTION SEASONAL ANIMAL HUMAN-TO-HUMAN LEVELS INFECTIONS; TRANSMISSION FEW HUMAN INFECTIONS Figure 2 Pandemic Influenza Phases (2009) Source: Adapted from World Health Organization (2009c) drugs or vaccines would be effective against outside of merical order. Details of the phases are illustrated in fig- the region before it affected the Spanish population ure 2. (FAS, 2009). Phases 1 to 3 of the pandemic are related to 8. THE H1N1 PANDEMIC PHASES preparedness. These include capacity development and response planning activities. Phases 4 to 6 clearly signal In order to provide a global framework guidance to fa- the need for response and alleviation efforts, while cilitate countries in pandemic preparedness and response phases after the first pandemic wave are elaborated to planning, WHO (2009c) divided the pandemic into facilitate post pandemic recovery activities. WHO phases which are applicable worldwide. These phases (2009c) also provided guidance for actions in both are intended to be used as a planning tool. However, it affected and not-yet-effected countries as presented in was not designed to predict what will happen during a table 2. pandemic and it will not always going to proceed in nu- Table 2 WHO pandemic phase description and main actions by phase Phase Estimated Description Main Actions in Main Actions Probability of Phase 1 Affected in Not-Yet- Phase 2 Pandemic Uncertain Countries Affected Phase 3 Medium to high Countries Phase 4 High to certain Phase 5 No animal influenza virus circulating among animals Producing, implementing, exercising, Phase 6 Pandemic in progress has been reported to cause infection in humans. and harmonizing national pandemic Post-Peak Period An animal influenza virus circulating in domesticated influenza preparedness and response plans with national emergency Possible or wild animals is known to have caused infection in New Wave preparedness and response plans. Post- humans and is therefore considered a specific Pandemic Period potential pandemic threat. An animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus has caused sporadic cases or small clusters of disease in people, but has not resulted in human-to- human transmission sufficient to sustain community- level outbreaks. Human-to-human transmission (H2H) of an animal or Rapid Readiness for human-animal influenza reassortant virus able to Containment. pandemic sustain community-level outbreaks has been verified. response. The same identified virus has caused sustained Pandemic Readiness for community level outbreaks in two or more countries response: Each imminent in one WHO region. country to response. In addition to the criteria defined in Phase 5, the same implement actions virus has caused sustained community level outbreak as called for in their national in at least one other country in another WHO region. plans. Levels of pandemic influenza in most countries with Evaluation of adequate surveillance have dropped below peak response; levels. recovery; preparation for possible second wave. Level of pandemic influenza activity in most Response countries with adequate surveillance rising again. Levels of influenza activity have returned to the Evaluation of levels seen for seasonal influenza in most countries response; revision with adequate surveillance. of plans; recovery. Source: World Health Organization (2009c)

9. Global Outbreak (c) Status as of 16 May 2009 07:00 GMT Total: 36 Countries, 8451 Cases, 72 Deaths The H1N1 virus strain causing the current outbreaks is a new virus that has not been seen previously in either (d) Status as of 23 May 2009 06:00GMT humans or animals. Although firm conclusions cannot Total: 43 Countries, 12021 Cases, 86 Deaths be reached at present, scientists anticipate that pre- Figure 3 Weekly status of Swine Flu Global outbreak existing immunity to the virus will be low or from 2 May to 23 May 2009 (Source: Mapcruzin.com, nonexistent, or largely confined to older population 2009) groups (WHO, 2009a). H1N1 appears to be more As for daily confirmed cases and deaths, it could be seen contagious than seasonal influenza. The secondary that the number of cases drastically increased from only attack rate of seasonal influenza ranges from 5% to 25 confirmed cases to more than 12000 cases within one 15%. Current estimates of the secondary attack rate of month (figure 4 and 5). Number of death reported since H1N1 range from 22% to 33% (WHO, 2009a). In the April 2009 is on rise and until June 15, 2009 163 people two largest and best documented outbreaks to date, in have died. Mexico and the United States of America, a younger age group has been affected than seen during seasonal epidemics of influenza. Though cases have been confirmed in all age groups, from infants to the elderly, the youth of patients with severe or lethal infections is a striking feature of these early outbreaks (WHO, 2009a). In terms of population vulnerability, the tendency of the H1N1 virus to cause more severe and lethal infections in people with underlying conditions is of particular concern (WHO, 2009a). At the beginning stage of the outbreak on 24 April 2009, only two countries were affected. Within very short time period, the number of affected countries, confirmed cases and deaths rapidly increased. During the first month, the disease affected 43 countries, caused up to 12021 confirmed cases and 86 deaths (figure 3 (a), (b), (c) and (d)). (a) Status as of 2 May 2009 18:00 GMT+1 14000 Total: 16 Countries, 658 Cases, 16 Deaths 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 22212111312482640426800628///////////////545545555555454///////////////222222222222222000000000000000000000000000000999999999999999 (b) Status as of 9 May 2009 6:00 GMT Confirmed Cases Total: 29 Countries, 3440 Cases, 48 Deaths Figure 4 Numbers of confirmed cases caused by Swine Flu from 24 April to 23 May 2009 (Source: WHO, 2009d) Among those occurrences, the top most affected countries are the United States of America and Mexico. Within only five weeks of this year (week 16 to 20), the numbers of 6552 and 3892 cumulative confirmed cases respectively were reported (WHO, 2009d).

N Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2009, H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu). http://www.cdc.gov/ h1n1flu/ Federation of American Scientists (FAS), 2009, 1918 Influenza A (H1N1) Fact Sheet. http://www.fas.org/ programs/ssp/bio/factsheets/H1N1factsheet.html. Gesler, W.M. and Albert, D.P, 2000, How Spatial Anal- 0 400,000,000 ysis Can be Used in Medical Geography. In Spatial km Analysis, GIS, and Remote Sensing Applications in 200,000,000 600,000,000 the Health Sciences. Edited by Albert D.P., W.M. Figure 5 Global view of Swine Flu outbreak from week Gesler, and B. Levergood. (Sleeping Bear Press: 16 to week 20, 2009 (Source: WHO, 2009d) USA.) pp. 11-38. Heinen, P., 2003, “Swine influenza: a zoonosis”, Veteri- 10. Pandemic preparedness and response nary Science Tomorrow: p.1-11, http://www. vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html. WHO (2009c) recommended all countries to perform Kurland, S.K. and Gorr, W.L., 2007, GIS Tutorial for pandemic preparedness activities within the context of national and international priorities, competing Health 2nd Ed. ESRI Press: USA. activities, and limited resources. This was because uncertainties surrounding the timing of the next Mapcruzin.com, 2009, Download Free H1N1 Novel influenza pandemic. The steps to ensure the long-term sustainability of pandemic preparedness should include: (Swine Flu) ArcGIS Shapefile and Data. http:// - Integration of pandemic influenza www.mapcruzin.com/free-download-h1n1-swine-flu- preparedness into national emergency prepared- ness plans, framework, and activities; arcgis-shapefile.htm. - Use of pandemic preparedness activities to strengthen basic and emergency health MedicineNet.com, 2009, Swine Flu (Swine Influenza A related capacities (such as the primary health care system, respiratory disease surveillance, and labor- (H1N1) Virus). http://www.medicinenet.com/swine_ atory diagnostic capacities); - Use of preparedness activities to flu/article.htm. actively build continuity plans specifically tailored to pandemic influenza; and Olsen, C.W., 2002, The emergence of novel swine in- - Periodic reassessment and updating of current plans based on new developments and fluenza viruses in North America. Virus Research, information gained from exercises. 85 (2002), 199-210. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 2009, In- fluenza A(H1N1): Interactive Atlas. http://ais.paho. org/flu/sm/en/atlas.html. PandemicFlu.gov, 2009, Flu Terms Defined. http:// www. pandemicflu.gov/popup.html. Roberta, R., 2009, US pork groups urge hog farmers to reduce flu risk. http://www.reuters.com/article/ latestCrisis/idUSN26488473. Taubenberger, J.K. and Morens D.M., 2006, “1981 In- 11. Conclusion and Future Recommendation fluenza: the mother of all pandemics”. Emerg Infect Dis 12 (1): 15-22. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/ Swine Flu is currently considered a global concern due vol12no01/pdfs/05-0979.pdf. to its rapid transmissions among swine and humans. Countries in every region of the world were affected. Wikipedia, 2009a, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1. More importantly, numbers of laboratory confirmed cases have increased almost 500 folds within one month. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus Main health organizations, especially WHO, has been struggling to mitigate this severe situation but the out- _subtype_H1N1. break seems to increasingly expand everyday. One way to help alleviate the severity of the phenomenon is to Wikipedia, 2009b, Swine influenza. http://en.wikipedia. use GIS tools, especially geospatial analysis, to monitor and to provide information for decision makers in order org/wiki/Swine_influenza. to better understand characteristics of the pandemic. To ensure the effectiveness of the monitoring processes, World Health Organization (WHO), 2009a, Assessing data about the occurrences need to be continuously col- lected both at global level and national level. Addition- the severity of an influenza pandemic. http:// ally, awareness and control measures need to be made known to the societies worldwide. www.who. int/csr/disease/swineflu/assess/disease_swineflu_as - sess_20090511/en/index.html. World Health Organization (WHO), 2009b, Influenza A (H1N1). http://www.emro.who.int/csr/h1n1/ healthmessages.htm. World Health Organization (WHO), 2009c, Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response. http://www. who.int/csr/disease/influenza/PIPGuidance09.pdf. World Health Organization (WHO), 2009d, Situation updates - Influenza A(H1N1). http://www.who.int/ REFERENCES

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Abstracts

The Investigation of Stress Factors Related to Job Finding in Educated Women & Its Relationship with Their General Health Information Abstract Katayoon Bavandpour and Today in Iran, women are 50% of manpower & more than 62% of them go to Seyed Mehdi Feiz Javadian universities yearly but only 13-15% of them will be able to find a proper job. In other word the rate of jobless index is 50% & twice the men. This has caused a great problem for women's future. Trying to find a job is not simple for especially women, regarding the problems in employing in governmental or nongovernmental organizations. Educated women in any course of study can not find a job in a short time or immediately after the graduation. So they will become involved in stress, anxiety & depression & they will lose their mental & physical health .Because stress has many harmful impacts on their mental & physical Health & will not let them to make decisions & finally choose a proper job. Many researchers have shown that those women are more anxious & experience more stress than men. So this study has been done to determine the main negative factors resulted in job finding in educated women & try to find its relationships with their general health. Hoping to decrease or remove the main problems in this way & promote their general health. 200 graduated women with different courses of studies among the whole graduated people at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), were selected randomly. Data was collected by a researcher made questionnaire contained 15 questions about the necessity of consultancy services for women in universities, the ability to find a job & also the kinds of those activities which should be considered in it. And the other questionnaire was GHQ. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods, using tables & graphs. It showed that there was not a meaningful relationship between demographic characteristics of statistical population & their general health. But there was a relationship between their courses & the duration of studies with stress factors.79% of them believed in improving women consultancy services at universities,60% believed in choosing proper job is not simple & they can not do it by themselves,63% of them didn't aware of those necessary activities after graduation to find a job. The results showed that educated women are more anxious about their future job situation than men. They believed that the most important factors in this field are gender discrimination in the process of employing & old beliefs about home responsibilities for women at home. They also believed that these factors do not let the women to increase their attendance in social & cultural activities. So it will cause harmful effects on their general health. Mrs. Karke Abadi in 2003 has determined that there is a positive correlation in relationship between the stress of job finding & depression. Mr. Amiri in 2004 in a study which had been carried out between 2 groups of women, one educated & the other non educated women has shown that educated women were more anxious than the other group & their health was not in a good situation. They had experienced disorders in sleeping, anxiety, headache, family problems, drinking alcohol & drug addiction. The most important strategies to reduce stress & promote general health are as follows: 1.To educate the women to be familiar with their real responsibilities, abilities & rights in the society. 2. To decrease & remove gender discrimination . 3. To educate them life skills in order to help them to manage their home & society affairs. 4. To establish women consultancy centers for job finding at universities.

The Review of Studies about the Violence Against the Women in Iran & the World Abstract Katayoon Bavandpour and Violence against the women & the girls is a global problem & covers all violent Seyed Mehdi Feiz Javadian behaviors which cause injury, including physical, sexual, mental, verbal, or a combination of them or any other suffering for women. The rate of sexual violence is very anxiously. Its place of action is all over the world & its human expense is astonishing, but unfortunately the Media does not pay attention to this problem seriously & continuously. Many studies have been carried out in this field which shows the high range of house violence in the world. The results of a research among 2870 women from 5 provinces in Iran in 2005 have shown that most of these women were 30 – 40 years old & housewives who had been suffered by sexual abuse. In India 41% of women were beaten & 14 women were killed by their husbands, in 2 provinces, in 1997. 21% of women in Colombia in an interview in 2001 said that they had bean beaten by their husbands, at least once a day. In Korea in 1999 , 38% of women were beaten & injured of which 12% has been very severe .In England,40% of women were killed by their husbands or friends.70% of Swedish women have been experienced a kind of violence. A study has recently shown that 30% of American women have been injured by their husbands. Through another study in Iran in 2005,among 50 teenager girls who had run away from their homes , the results showed that 26% were abused by their family members (specially by brothers & fathers ). European Council has introduced violence as an emergency problem in public health & a major cause of death & weakness among the 16 – 44 women years old. World Bank reports that violence against the pregnant women is as fatal as cancer & it will cause many health problems even more than traffic accidents & malaria. At the end it is reminding that violence is one of the important barriers in mental & physical health & also strengthening of family. So a powerful & general policy is required to decrease this difficulty Management, Planning, for Control AIDS, HIV and Future Challenges in Iran Abstract Ali Akbar Nazary The first case of HIV infection in Iran was reported in 1986. Between 1986 and 1995, [email protected] annual reports showed only a slow increase in the number of reported cases. In 1995, with the emergence of HIV epidemics in a number of prisons, the number of reported cases increased in sudden fashion; this trend Continued until 2004. As of 22 Sep 2007, a total of 16,090 people are reported to be infected with HIV in the country [3], with transmission in 66.7% of them attributed to injecting drug use, in 7.5% to sexual contact, in 0.5% to mother-to-child transmission, and in 1.5% to transfusion of blood products; the route of transmission is unclear in 23.7% of cases. Of the total number of cases reported to date, 2121 have died and 1122 have progressed to AIDS. Out of the total number of people infected with HIV as of 22 Sep 2007, 0.3% has been aged 4 years or less, with a further 0.5% aged between 5 and 14 years. The most common age group among reported cases is 25-34, accounting for 40.3% of reported cases. The next most common age group is 35-44, accounting for 32.2% of reported cases. Only 5.8% of cases so far reported have been in women. On the other hand, epidemic trends vary across provinces, with estimated population incidence rates (annual) varying from 2.3 per 100,000 to 103.6 per 100,000. Data on Iran reporting its Doc core indicators within the framework of UNAIDS guidelines This team divided the indicators based on method of calculation (source of data) into 5 groups and center of AIDS Control Office, Ministry Of Health and Medical Education and Co work with other Government Organization and NGO's. Iranian society has very strong religious foundations and the majority of the population attaches great importance to the family institution. This can be a valuable tool in preventing the spread of the HIV epidemic. This report is the most important country report in the field of HIV/AIDS, and while reporting on the DOC core indicators, is also intended to provide a general picture of the HIV epidemic.

Mental Health, Creativity, Productivity and Even Innovation in the Workplace Abstract Katayoon Bavandpour and Today job satisfaction has been one of the important matters in work & Seyed Mehdi Feiz Javadian organizational psychology. Many believe that to gain mental health, creativity & productivity & even innovation, it seems that job satisfaction at workplace has an important role. Two main points are related to this matter. First, physical & mental Health conditions of workplace, second, work team & shared values. It is obvious that organizational performance is not a sum of individual performances. It is group affecting tone of a work team which causes a positive experienced performance of an organization. So this team should be satisfied with their work to have a desired performance & reach mental health. Many factors affected this process & we are going to show them & also the relationship between Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) staff's job satisfaction & organizational creativity & productivity & mental health. 98 employees have been selected randomly through the list of staff names who have been working in different parts of KUMS. Data was collected through two researcher made questionnaires. One of them contained 15 questions regarding the main factors which lead to job satisfaction mental health & organizational creativity & productivity. Other contained 15 questions about determining negative factors which cause employees to be unsatisfied with their job. At the end some demographic questions were also asked. The results were analyzed by descriptive techniques using (Likert Scale) graphs & tables & other statistical descriptive methods. It showed that the average age of staff was 32.5 , the majority (67%) was male ,married (38%) ,under graduated (61%) & 33% was female, married (42%),under graduated (58%).There was not a meaningful relationship between employees emographic characteristics & feeling satisfied with their jobs. Findings also showed that 1 in 5 people suffered from negative factors especially stress at work place. Stress had been caused them to become involved in many problems as: anxiety, depression & high blood pressure, they also had lost motivation to continue their work. The other negative factors have been shown graphs (1-3). There was not a perfect work team. And every employee tried to do his/her responsibility by him/herself. There were not any continuously changing roles in different parts of organization. Answering to other questionnaire, the following positive factors which lead to job satisfaction & can cause the organization to be more creative, productive with perfect performance not for a short time but continuously, were collected & shown in graph(4).As the result of study showed, job satisfaction will make performance more effectively; it will cause employees to be healthy & the organization to be creative, productive & good experienced work team continuously. The main factors beside those which relate to job satisfaction are work team & experiences gained by the members of a work team. This process may be viewed through the concept of group affective tone & employees' job satisfaction. Because they may lead to an organizational climate in which creativity, productivity, innovation, the search for new products & services & the support of ideas for new & improved ways of working are valued by all or most in the organization. Simply ordinary good management, reducing job stressors, increasing positive factors & motions are very considerable to satisfy the employees & . So it is possible to believe that job satisfaction can lead to employees mental health, organizational creativity, productivity & even innovation

The Russian Influenza in Sweden 1889-1890 from a Geographic Perspective Abstract Lars Skog This article describes how the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) may improve analyses and presentation of surveillance data. In 1890, immediately after the outbreak, all Swedish doctors were asked to provide information about the start and the peak of the epidemic, and the total number of cases in their region and to fill in a questionnaire on the number, sex and age of infected persons in the households they visited. General answers on the epidemic were received from 398 physicians and data on individual patients were available for more than 32,600 persons. These historic data were reanalysed with the use of GIS, in map documents and in animated video sequences, to depict the onset, the intensity and the spread of the disease over time. A stack diagram with the observations grouped into one week intervals was produced to depict the spread in one figure only. To better understand how the influenza was disseminated, Thiessen polygons were created around 70 places reported on by the doctors. Having prepared GIS layers of the population (divided into parishes), estimations could be made for all the Swedish parishes on the number of infected persons for each of the 15 weeks studied. The described models may be useful in current epidemiological investigations, as well. Dynamics of Air Pollution and Cancer Risk in Saint Petersburg Abstract Grigory Frumin Toxic air pollutants are poisonous substances in the air that come from manmade sources and can harm the environment or our health. Inhaling toxic air pollutants can increase our chances of experiencing health problems. In this context the aim of this investigation is to estimate the individual and population cancer risks to population living in St. Petersburg from 1990 to 2007. To calculate inhalation cancer risk of benzo(a)pyrene the following mathematical model has been used : CMCSF20 Risk = ----------------------- 70 Where CMC - annual mean concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the air, gm-3; SF - inhalation cancer slope factor, (mg/kg/day)-1 ; 70 - mean weight of the adult man, kg; 20 - mean diurnal volume of breathing, m3day-1,  - duration of action/70 ( - the factor which is taking in account influence of time, during which the individual was under influence (if the individual was exposed to influence within 70 years  = 70/70 =1). For benzo(a)pyrene SF = 6.11. Acceptable cancer risk 1.10-6.

Survey of Preparedness of Tehran Medical Science University in Epidemic Episodes of Diseases for Presenting Suitable Schedule Abstract Hoorfar Ghassemi and Refer to deputy of health in Tehran university , south health network and center, Fatemeh Haj Ali Asgari shahr-e-rey health center, islamshahr health network, and to about sixty numbers health post that are dependant to Tehran university, filling of answer sheet, individual conversation, review of records , FGD and survey of output in related parts in epidemic events and collecting of information. Finding = There are two: parts of communicable and non-communicable diseases in disease control unit of health deputy. This unit is responsible for operations in time of outbreak. The members of outbreak committee are: deputy of health, head of unit and their experts. For example; in measles and AIDS, after recording of suspected case in triple centers blood samples refer to health institute, and deputy of health. Reports the gathering in formations of suspected case to diseases center in health ministry. Health institute reports laboratory results to health ministry and then to deputy of health in Tehran university, and after that to health networks.(This process duration is about 3-4 weeks.). Discussion and conclusion = in the end to this survey we get these results; There are some problems about operational program of Tehran university in compare of other countries such as USA, England, specially in confronting strategies against epidemic episodes, outbreak prevention until it comes under control , rapid research about confirmation or exclude of report , rapid operation , human and animal supportation, epidemic duration , intra – and – inter organizational co-ordination, logistic, watching for preparedness in reoccurrence , education and so on. We can cope with these problems by rapid response system and alert system in the university with using offeral flowchart for on time surveys of outbreak with co-ordination of health and research institute of university and health ministry, and ultimately WHO, therefore, we get better results. We can use GIS for design planning agains epidemy after that with data collection try to analysis and handeling it.

Community Participation in Two Vaccination Trials in the Slums of Kolkata, India: Spatial and Multilevel Analyses Abstract Mohammad Ali Understanding individual and community level barriers is important in achieving Dipika Sur a successful vaccine trial campaign. By mapping and performing spatial and multilevel analyses of vaccine uptake, this study aims at understanding Aanna Lena Lopez individual, as well as community level, characteristics that influence the use or Suman Kanungo non-use of vaccines in two consecutive trials in a research setting. The study was R. Leon Ochiai conducted in two urban areas in Kolkata, India. The Vi polysaccharide typhoid Byomkesh Manna vaccine and the killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine were used in a cluster Deok Ryun Kim randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled fashion. The study area was split Jacqueline Deen, into cells of 50m50m to define a neighborhood. In total, 269 neighborhoods Sujit K Bhattacharya and John D Clemens with 59,533 subjects (age 2 years) were used in the analysis. Local Empirical Bayes estimation was used to map spatial patterns of vaccine coverage; a spatial autoregressive lag model was used to identify the ecological predictors of participation; and multilevel analysis was used to investigate the hierarchical structured data whereby the individuals were nested in the neighborhood. Participation rates in both trials were nearly the same (65%); those who participated in the initial (typhoid) trial were likely to participate in the subsequent cholera trial. There was higher participation in the northern part of the study area, which was predominantly Hindu. Spatial analysis yielded a neighborhood that had significantly higher participation than their counterparts in the trials with a predominantly Hindu population; lower percentage of households with an educated household head; or lower percentage of households owning a motorbike. Multilevel models showed substantial neighborhood level differences in vaccine uptake. Higher participation was observed among younger subjects, females, and individuals from households with a household head that had no or minimal education. The factors were not exactly the same for predicting participation in the cholera vaccine trial, typhoid vaccine trial, and in both trials. Differences were observed in the results of ecological variables obtained from using spatial and multilevel models. Conducting multiple trials in a setting is not a barrier to a successful vaccination campaign. Participation in the trial is mostly influenced by a variety of individual and neighborhood level factors that need to be addressed for a successful campaign. Mapping vaccine uptake may be a useful guide for interpreting neighborhood level obstacles in order to achieve good coverage. The choice of methodologies used for mapping and analysis may have an impact on the results, and thus needs careful interpretation.

Developing a GIS Based Information Management System for Health Facilities in Rajasthan Abstract Shailendra S. Solanki Rajasthan, the largest state of India having arid and semi arid climate is situated at western part of India. Although there are significant improvements in coverage and quality of health care facilities with development of infrastructure in the state of Rajasthan but still there are noticeable gaps in reporting, monitoring, planning and management at various levels. Such fissures put the breaks in the proper functioning of health care facilities operated by institutions set by the government. A health facility survey of 294 health institutions was done by Government of India and Government of Rajasthan with the objective to find out the status of functioning of First Referral Units (FRUs) and 24x7 Primary Health Centers (PHCs) in Rajasthan. The survey was mainly focused on availability of human resources, equipment and drug supplies and services of maternal and child health etc. This survey data is used as main source of data for the Health GIS. GIS software “MapInfo Professional ver.8.0 was used to develop thematic maps for heath facilities provided by the surveyed health institutions in Rajasthan. Information related to administrative setup, transport network and health institutions were digitized (in GIS environment) in different layers to produce the base map. Microsoft Excel software and DBF format were used to generate the health facility database. This database was linked to base map of Rajasthan state to produce Health Facility GIS for the state of Rajasthan. The developed package is capable enough to process spatial as well as specific health facility queries. Any change or addition in the data of the database automatically updates the thematic maps to reflect the current scenario. The GIS linked database is fully capable of generating output up to state, district and block level. The GIS developed can produce maps representing the availability status of services in FRUs, 24x7 PHCs on identified indicators such as Delivery, Blood, New born care, Immunization, Family Planning, Referral, Human Resources, Infrastructure, Labor room, Operation theater and Emergency Drugs. The output can be printed and saved in image file shareable or compatible with all available reporting formats. The developed health facility GIS could be very well used to strengthen the Decision Support System for effective functioning of health institutions in Rajasthan. Although it has been developed using data of selected 294 health institutions but can be easily expanded to cover remaining health institutions both government and private to represent the entire health facility scenario on a single platform suitable for administrators, planners and decision makers. This package can be uploaded on a website by making few changes and can be viewed by general public through internet. Also an interface can be designed to update the information on regular (monthly) basis at block, district or state level by health workers. Thus by adopting GIS technology transfer and updating of health related information could be made much quicker and economical.

Landscape of Schistosomiasis Snails Distribution using Remote Sensing Data and Geographic Information System in Lindu Lake, Centralsulawesi, Indonesia Abstract Mujiyanto, Geographical Information system (GIS) and remote sensing have a wide range of Triwibowo A Garjito, applications in health. These technologies have been applied to strengthening early warning system especially in water borne diseases, such Schistosomiasis. And Jastal Schistosmiasis is water borne parasitic endemic in sub-tropical and tropical areas. [email protected] In this case, application of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and fieldtrip data were used to define the broad environment and landscape distribution of snails (Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis). RS systems are designed to measure and record reflected, absorbed, or emitted electromagnetic energy from features of the habitat and breeding places of the mosquitoes on the earth. We can identify the specific feature of the snails disease habitat by these approaches. It will be easier to monitoring of the distribution of snails that have role as water borne diseases because every object on the earth's surface has a different spectral response, RS data can be used to infer physical properties of those objects. GIS technology has great potential for landscape epidemiology because it provides users the ability to store, integrate, query, display, and analyze data from the molecular level to that of satellite resolution through their shared spatial attributes. Field observations on environmental conditions, including vegetation, water, and topography, can be combined in a GIS to enable interpretation of RS data and to facilitate characterization of the landscape in terms of snails prevalence. The associations between disease risk variables (e.g., vector, pathogen, and reservoir host abundance and distribution) and environmental variables can be quantified using the spatial analysis capabilities of the GIS. The combination of RS data (Quickbird, Landsat imagery, SRTM imagery, or Google Earth application) and GIS provides a best solution tool for monitoring snails habitat, such breeding sites and landscape variations from lowland to highland (coastal area to mountains) that are suitable to water borne diseases. The environmental of snails can be detected with RS data then processed using GIS. The objective of this studied was to analysis distribution of of diseases by geospatial and landscape approach. The results are very promising to create landscape distribution of schistosomiasis snails map in Lindu Lake, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and view them in three dimensional forms (3 D).

A Sensor Enabled Cardio Vascular Monitoring System (CVMS) for an Urban Society in India Abstract V. E. Nethaji Mariappan, India has achieved substantial improvement in its health indicators. Life T. German Amali Jecintha expectancy has increased, infant and maternal mortality has declined. However, with respect to specific disease such as cardiovascular diseases, progress is yet to and N. Manoharan gain momentum by all means. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases in India [email protected] is substantially higher than developed countries. At present around 50 million people suffer from coronary artery disease (CAD) in India and likely to have 100 million heart patients, i.e nearly 60 per cent of the world’s heart patients by the year 2020 many of these Indians will be dying young. http://www.healthinitiative.org/html/whd/index.htm. It is to be mentioned that the intense of stroke / heart attack for CAD patients are generally during night hours. There has been a phenomenal increase in the incidence of vascular disorders due to changes in life styles attributable to globalisation and urbanisation. Creating mass awareness about the incidence of the disease and preventive measures like i) regular walking for 30 to 45 minutes daily, ii) stop smoking and tobacco use iii) alteration in dietary habits (consumption of heart healthy foods) and iv) periodic medical check-up for detection of risk factors of CAD are likely to be addressed across the country. In the rapidly changing world CAD patients may not succumb to the alternative prescribed by the diagnosticians. An alternative viable solution for a real time monitoring of patients through an invasive procedures is in need of the hour. This study aims at developing a server based wireless sensor network for real time monitoring of coronary artery disease patients at remote places. This study aims at CAD patient monitoring system which integrates sensors system will be able to gather this physiological data, transmit it, record it, find any abnormality and then assist the doctor in the decision making process. Wireless connection between patient and equipment will allows patient to have a greater freedom of movement and also makes it convenient for the doctor to do diagnosis. The system consists of a set of physiological sensors such as Electrocardiogram ECG, pulse- oximeter, heart rate derived from ECG signals by determining the R-R intervals, blood pressure, body temperature, Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), Oxygen saturation in blood (SaO2), respiratory rate, Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram (EEG) and three axis movement of the subject measured using an accelerometer wirelessly connected via web. The basic model consists of a data gathering unit, a base unit, a remote server providing Cardio Vascular Monitoring System (CVMS) and electronic medical record keeping, and any web-enabled remote terminal (e.g. doctor’s laptop) which could be used to access services provided by the web-server. The sensor nodes are attached to the bodies of the patients of a particular locality and provide medical information to the data gathering unit. This unit gathers data from the sensors and passes it on to the base unit. Base unit transmit patient’s data to the main server in the hospital. The main server in hospital will run a web server to provide the services of Cardio Vascular Monitoring System (CVMS) and electronic medical record system to the requests from base unit carried by the patients. The web server will also handle requests from doctor’s terminal and provide reports about the patients’ situation. This monitoring system will provide automated analysis of data and assist the doctor in decision making process.

Practical Clinical Data Consolidation; Enabling Data Aggregation & Mining for CDM Abstract Rex Osborn To discuss the evolution of PACS to become an intelligent Enterprise Clinical [email protected] Data Archive & its affect upon Healthcare IT & the Management of Chronic Disease. Strategic evolution for Global Enterprise Clinical Data Repository; Enabling Data Aggregation & Mining (Lecture Series/Evolution of PACS 2008 - 2018). A compelling conceptual analysis of why PACS development can improve the delivery of healthcare across the enterprise, beyond the walls of Radiology. PACS in the future can be leveraged to provide clinical data consolidation that will improve the way multimedia and clinical data is managed, distributed and archived.  Think of PACS as the ultimate clinical data consolidation catalyst, the eCDR “Enterprise Clinical Data Repository”. A place where clinical data can be shared and aggregated across disparate systems in a federated model. To achieve clinical data consolidation and to leverage the most appropriate technology, one need only look as far as PACS (Picture Archive and Communication Systems).  The convergence of PACS has provided a foundation beyond redundancy, business continuity computing, high availability and archiving images.  PACS has become a clinical data repository, which has the capacity to archive, manage and distribute images, sound, motion picture, real- time images, structured / unstructured data, visible light (pictures) and native format files, this multimedia for all intensive purposes will provide the underpinning for Electronic Health Records (EHR).  Imagine PACS improving the quality of care beyond the world of departmental image management!. Direct operational savings could be achieved through centralizing and optimizing the management of enterprise clinical and administrative data storage and reporting. What the market is only starting to realize, however, is the importance of the mid- and long-term benefits of implementing an enterprise-aware archive and data warehouse strategy. Data aggregation can only become a reality when a unified medical language can translate disparate system data output to a common nomenclature. This nomenclature would allow data warehousing, data aggregation and would improve research data access and reporting, promoting continuity of care and solidifying the organization’s core IT investment. Integrating data on a patient-centric basis can constitute a sure first-step towards developing a comprehensive EHR and ultimately improving the efficiency and quality of patient care.  Clinical Data Consolidation and management off this data or appropriate data aggregation and mining is the only practical way to provide patient registries.  These patient registries can impact the way we treat and improve our ability to monitor and measure outcomes for Chronic Disease, without improving the way we manage diseases we will never lower costs to provide the type of care people deserve.

Management of Mucus Related Respiratory Problems through Sinuses and Airways Cleaning Exercises Abstract M. Prakash Rao, The objective of the paper is to create awareness about the alternative methods to [email protected] control mucus related respiratory problems. As incidence of asthma is increasing, its control has become difficult and has become a burden on people’s economy. Therefore, the requirement of the day is to find out alternative methods. As a patience of allergic rhinitis and asthma at the age of 70 yrs, I have evolved exercises to control them and other mucus related respiratory problems through continuous trials and practices by which the sinuses and airways can be cleaned of excess mucus within minutes thus resulting in normal breathing. Asthma results in two factors in airways. 1. Inflammation, mucus hyper secretion is a prominent feature of it. Both go together. (Inflammation plays the role of immunological defense whereas hyper secretion of mucus provides a ground for respiratory tract infections.) 2. Bronchi spasm. The first one can be controlled through exercises and the second one may need a little support of non steroid dilator. To control other problems like sinusitis, bronchitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis etc. no medicines are needed. Exercises are 1. Hydrotherapy 2. Mucus dislodging 3. Physical, aerobic, yogic Results: Hydrotherapy: Cleanses the sinuses from excess mucus. Mucus dislodging: Drains out excess mucus from upper and lower airways. Physical, aerobic, yogic: Improves lung capacity. The exercises will help in removing inflammation. Analysis: In respiratory system, the sinuses are considered to be the best guardians of lungs. Any mucus related problem affects first sinuses and then the trachea bronchial tree as they constitute only one pathway. The cilia in the airways become defunct when excess mucus forms. Therefore, once the sinuses are cleaned of it, the airways also get cleaned. The defunct cilia become active and flush out mucus towards nasal passages which can be blown out easily. The mucus dislodging exercises will quicken the said process. The exercises are controlling and preventive. Investigation of Chikungunya Clusters in Bhopal City using Geographical Information System and Spatial Scan Statistic Abstract K. Ram Mohan Rao Chikungunya is a relatively rare form of viral fever caused by an alphavirus that Yogendra Kumar Laad is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The symptoms of Chikungunya (also called as Chicken Guinea) include fever which can reach P.Bala 39°C, (102.2 °F) a petechial or maculopapular rash usually involving the limbs and trunk, and arthralgia or arthritis affecting multiple joints which can be debilitating. There can also be headache, conjunctival infection and slight photophobia. In 2006-07, epidemic in the Bhopal the capital of Madhya Pradesh, India, high fever and crippling joint pain is the prevalent complaint. Fever typically lasts for two days and abruptly comes down; however joint pain, intense headache, insomnia and an extreme degree of prostration lasts for a variable period, usually for about 5 to 7 days. Geographical Information system plays an important variable in the surveillance of communicable diseases. This has placed GIS as a key technology in developing an effective disease surveillance system. Partial approach in the use of mapping techniques as commonly implemented in the past is no longer sufficient. This paper discusses investigation of chikungunya clusters in bhopal city using geographical information system and spatial scan statistic

Fluoride Levels in Ground Water of Different Geological Formations of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract V. Raghu, Occurrence of fluoride in ground water has drawn worldwide attention since it K. Mruthyunjaya Reddy has considerable impact on human health. Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh has increasing incidence of fluorosis, due to high fluoride concentration in [email protected] ground water occurring in all the geological formations. In the present study, the concentration of fluoride in ground water occurring in different geomorphic units and geological formations of Anantapur District is studied and suitable alleviation measures are recommended. Using remote sensing satellite data hydrogeomorphological mapping of Anantapur District was carried out on 1:50,000 scale. Anantapur District is broadly occupied by Cuddapah Group of rocks, Closepet Granites, Granites, Grano-diorites, Granite Gneisses and Schists. Ground Water quality data on total dissolved solids, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, chlorine and fluorine of Anantapur district was obtained from Panchayat Raj and Sanitation Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. In order to know the distribution of fluoride in each lithological formation and geomorphic unit 5 mandals in the western side, 4 mandals in central part and 4 mandals in the eastern part of Anantapur district are selected. These mandals are underlined by Closepet granite, granite gneiss and Cuddapah group of rocks respectively. The average concentration of fluoride in mandals located on Closepet granite is found to be highest, intermediate in granite gneiss and lowest in Cuddapah group of rocks. In almost all mandals highest concentration of fluoride is observed in moderately weathered pediplain. The scatter plots between fluoride and other chemical parameters show that there is a direct proportionality in all the mandals underlined by Closepet granite. Remedial measures including supply of safe drinking water through de-fluoridation plants in endemic areas and construction of rain water harvesting structures in moderately high fluoride areas are needed. The study of total geological environment and its relation to human health using remote sensing and GIS techniques will identify the spatial trends in fluorosis patterns to estimate the need to provide required health care facilities. Remote sensing and GIS should be effectively used to evolve and implement a strategy to combat health hazards to provide better health care to the people.

Ground Water Quality on Soil Health using GIS Modules Abstract G. K. Viswanadh, In the present study the attempt was made to study the impact of poor quality ground N. C. Gautham, water on soils in terms of salinisation and availability of soil nutrients in Pamena – I watershed of Rangareddy District of Andhra Pradesh of South India. Based on I. V. Murali Krishna and physiographic analysis of IRS IC LISS-III data and semi detailed soil survey, the soil G. Venkata Ramana map was finalized on 1:25000 scale and digitized using Arc GIS 9.1 Version. Georeferenced soil samples were collected and analyzed for available Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K). Ground water quality map was generated in GIS domain on the basis of Electrical Conductivity and Residual Sodium Carbonate of ground water samples collected from georeferenced bore wells. Also identified various sites for conserving water and for constructing the gully control structures like check dams, percolation tanks, sunken ponds, farm ponds. The water is coming through the rain and infiltrated ground water was also tested with neflometer, turbidity meter and ph meter. The resultant was integrated with available phosphorous and potassium to show the combined influence of soil texture and ground water quality on available soil nutrients. It was concluded that the GIS data would be helpful for site specific nutrient management and improves the cultural practices based on the quality of ground water, soils and specific salinity and also identities water borne diseases from infiltrated ground water like cholera, diarrhea, skin diseases etc. GIS for Mapping and Surveillance of Malaria in R. D. Gupta Allahabad District, India and S. F. Siddiquie Abstract The world is facing serious challenge from new emerging diseases such as Swine flu, SARS, bird flu, dengue and also the old ones such as cholera, malaria, etc. These diseases emerge due to various factors like climate change, environment degradation, poor water quality, increased air pollution, natural disasters, shifting demography and social patterns. There is a need to understand and scientifically analyse the underlying spatial relationships and their impact on human health. GIS can be used in health research and for generating disease risk maps to communicate disease susceptibility as well as for designing DSS to enable timely and efficient spatial targeting of preventive and control measures against the disease. GIS serves as a common platform for convergence of multi-disease surveillance activities by integrating public health resources, specific diseases, health events in relation to their surrounding environment and existing demographic pattern. The present paper aims at applying GIS based approach for development of surveillance system for prevention of vector- borne diseases, in particular, malaria in Allahabad district of India. The Allahabad district has a population of over 50 lacs covering an area of about 7261 sq. km and comprises of 20 community development blocks. In particular, in the present work, a statistical model has been developed to find out the most susceptible community development block for malaria outbreak in Allahabad district using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) based analysis. Further, GIS based spatial model has been developed to map and analyse the high-risk areas, at village level, for malaria outbreaks in the district. The present work is expected to be beneficial for malaria surveillance in Allahabad district and is step forward towards realization of a fully functional district level Health GIS.

ICT for Improving Reproductive Healthcare of Women in Deserts and Islands Abstract Lutfor Rahman ICT is the all pervasive development tool but its impact in health sector still lacks [email protected] behind. Technology has become gendered towards the male's perspectives and [email protected] needs. Women have less scope of making significant inputs in technology developments. They should be well grounded in their respective areas in order to enhance their roles as mothers, social educators and transmitters of ideas from generation to generation. Coordination among scientists, technologists, researchers, medical doctors and decision makers is essential for all sorts of development, irrespective of gender. Women and children living in deserts and islands are seriously deprived of reproductive health care facilities due to communications gaps. In mid 90s, AAIT embarked on a project to upgrade life style of people living in a remote river island of Bangladesh through relevant skills development. Initially 112 women scientists, technologists, researchers, medical doctors, policy makers and social workers were trained on ICT applications. Medical doctors were resistant to learning new technology arguing that participation in such programme would be a waste of time. After training, they commented that all doctors and health-related professionals must participate in ICT trainings. The courses have also led to the beginning of a team of doctors, educationists and tele-workers empowered to implement tele-medicine, tele- health care and tele-education across Bangladesh. This paper describes the success stories of applications of ICT in Asia and Africa mainly in desert areas. Risk Mapping of Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Incidence using Physical Environment and Land Used. An Approach To Planning and Implementations Of Prevention Activities in Penang, Malaysia Abstract Aziz bin Shafie In Malaysia, dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is one of most contagious diseases which has steadily increased in incidence over the past 20 years. GIS is becoming a vital tool for interested peoples to understanding the cause and spread of the diseases. The aim of this research is to build a statistical model that can predict the incidence risk of DF and DHF using the physical environmental factors, land used and Geographical Information System (GIS) application. The final output based on this approach is a DF and DHF incidence risk map. This map was classified into risk scale (from 0 to 1) including 0 (low risk level), 0.5 (moderate risk level) and 1 (high risk level). This research also introduced an approach for decision makers to planning, managements and implementations of prevention activities in Penang and whole Malaysia. Experiences that could be learn from this research will also be useful for developed similar approach for prevention of other vector-borne disease such malaria and chikungunya.

Spatial Analysis the Pattern of Spreading of Tuberculosis in Depok City, West Java, Indonesia Abstract Martya Rahmaniati Tuberculosis is a directly contagious disease caused by TB microbe [email protected] (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis). Most TB microbe attacks not only lungs, but also other organs (Depkes, 2002). Mycobacterium Tuberculosis microbe is the main [email protected] cause of Tuberculosis in the world, beside Mycobacterium Africanum which is found in Africa and a little bit different. The difference between those two microbes is Mycobacterium Africanum is more resistant to Tiasetazon. In Indonesia, TB disease is still the main problem for public health. TB disease is the third death cause for all ages after Cardiovascular disease and respiratory tract disease. It is also the first in rank for infection disease. The number of positively suffering victims of TB BTA in Indonesia is estimated that in every 100.000 people, there will be 130 positively suffering victims of TB BTA with the number of death around 140.000 people. According to Depok health service, West Java, in the first three months of 2006, TB victims are mostly in Puskesmas Jembatan Serong which is 63 people, in Puskesmas Pancoran Mas which is 54 people, in Puskesmas Cimanggis which is 45 people, and in Puskesmas Abadi Jaya which is 43 people. The way of transmitting this disease is airborne. In 2005, there are approximately 9 millions new cases with around 2 millions deaths caused by this disease. The estimated incidence in 2005 is 8,9 new cases of TB. This research is aimed at seeing the spreading pattern of TB cases based on the characteristics of Depok city in terms of physical environment, social, economical and cultural factors. The data sampling is all TB victims by using GPS technology to get primary data for each TB cases. The methodology of this research is geographical-epidemiology with spatial-statistical analysis. Spatial analysis used is map overlay analysis (map correlation) as well as case spreading pattern using the nearest neighborhood methodology. The case spreading pattern of Tuberculosis at Depok city in 2008, based on nearest-neighbor analysis, is clustering and leads to spreading. Tuberculosis victims have middle educational level, and most victims are at the age of 15-26 until 67-80 who live in low. The spreading of TB cases which spread over the entire Depok city and TB victims still attacks productive-aged people and houses. Improving Healthcare Operations through RFID Abstract Jayakanth Dornadula Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) applications provide considerable and Mohan Rao N. benefits to the healthcare industry in terms of ensuring patient safety and improving supply chain efficiency. RFID technology could prevent human errors, infected equipment exposure and other catastrophic situations by ensuring instruments are properly tracked and classified. RFID is generating significant interest in the marketplace because of its robust application capabilities. Tracking is the key RFID enabling function used when the technology is applied to healthcare staff and assets. When applied to patients, then the key objective is identification and authentication, making newborns more secure and reducing drug and blood administration errors. RFID’s primary function is automatic data collection and transfer when used in clinical trials. Automatic data collection and transfer is an RFID function also frequently used in relation to assets, staff and patients. The objectives of the paper is to identify and discuss the most relevant areas for deployment and use of RFID to improve healthcare operations and to highlight on the most important enablers, obstacles and uncertainties that have the potential to influence RFID use in healthcare applications.

Hyperspectral Target Detection Improvement Based on Noise Reduction and Spectral-Spatial Methods Composition Abstract Davood Akbar Specifications and complexities of data resulting from Hyperspectral sensors effect Mohammad Saadatseresht to new and more advanced analysis methods of remote sensing images in order to extraction of more accursed and complete information from Hyperspectral data be and Saeid Homayouni concerned, one of the analysis which done on Hyperspectral images, is Target Detection. In order to providing the accuracy of spectral target detection in this research, we use three different procedures. They are decreasing noise and spectral correlation of Hyperspectral images by the use of algorithm MNF(Minimum Noise Fraction), compounding the detection algorithms by the use of ANFIS(Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) method and finally the spectral-spatial target detection in which we use the spatial correlation of data along the spectral data. We assessed the above mentioned procedures on two cases: initial image and decreased noise-spectral correlation image. The result of quantitative and qualitative assessments of tests showed that through the improvement detection procedures in this research, the procedure of compounding detection algorithm on the initial image and the assessing algorithms of decreased noise-spectral correlation image have respectively more and less effect on providing the target detection accuracy. Urbanization directed heath and management Ila Agnihotri Abstract In a mixed administrative stratification in a developing country like India, facilities of hospitals and better health care services are unevenly distributed. Remote sensing and GIS together can be applied to assess this problem and help in further development of nodes for the even distribution of healthcare. Analysis of urbanization directed changes in health domain could support this. Understanding of vector borne and water borne diseases, and emergence of non-communicable lifestyle associated diseases can further enhance this. This paper attempts to predict the future changes in disease patterns and appropriate management requirements. Socio and health prameters from CoI, MCI and WHO was geospatialy plotted and correlated with the urabanisation pattern. The results provide recommendation for management of health care facilities, optimum resource allocation and suggestions of preventive measures according to predicted disease intensity estimated and optimization of resources.

SIDARTHa - GIS-Based European Public Health Threat Detection System Abstract Thomas Krafft, Alexandra The European Commission co-funded project SIDARTHa (Grant Agreement No. Ziemann, Tim Tenelsen, 2007208; www.sidartha.eu) develops and tests a Europe-wide applicable public Luis Garcia-Castrillo health surveillance system for earlier detection of known and unknown, communicable and non-communicable health threats such as influenza-like- Riesgo, Matthias Fischer, illness, gastroenteritis. intoxication, environmental (heat/cold, respiratory) and Alexander Kraemer, domestic violence. The system automatically collates data from pre-hospital Freddy Lippert, emergency medical services including dispatch centres and from emergency departments to pre-diagnostic syndromes and compares the actual demand Gernot Vergeiner and on volume of these syndromes with the long-term average applying automatic behalf of the SIDARTHa spatial-temporal detection algorithms based on GIS to alert public health authorities. To identify the most suitable spatial-temporal detection algorithms project group. for the different regional settings, first the scientific literature and existing syndromic surveillance systems were reviewed. Secondly, using data from the emergency care institutions in the pilot implementation sites in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Spain different detection methods were tested for its applicability. During a workshop the project group reviewed the different methodologies and agreed on the structure and algorithms for the SIDARTHa system. As the data availability differs at the test sites, different methods were identified as most suitable. For the point data provided by dispatch centres scan statistics are applied, for the zip-code data available from hospitals, time series analyses methods were chosen. The SIDARTHa approach is targeting the local/regional level to take the specific circumstances of public health priorities, data availability and technical possibilities into account. The standardised methodology of SIDARTHa allows any local or regional health authority to implement its own syndromic surveillance system with local data, baselines, and thresholds for the various emergency care settings of dispatch centre, ambulance and emergency department without any raw data leaving the local system. This flexible system design ideally supports the European health surveillance landscape in not replacing any surveillance structures but offering a supporting option for earlier warning.

An Application of Geographic Information System for Community Health Services, Monitoring and Mapping, Case Study: Dongdang Village, Chaturaphak Phiman District, Roi-Et Province, Northeastern, Thailand Abstract Sopholwit Khamphilung The propose of the studies was to applied geographic information system and . remote sensing data to use as tool in community health care services and monitoring at Dongdang village, Chaturaphak Phiman Disrict, Northeastern Thailand. Spatial data was digitized using high resolution satellite images scale 1:25,000, contributed by Department of Land Development, (DLD) Thailand. Vector data contains 5 layers including buildings, transportation, ponds, forest boundary and land parcels. Attribute data was collected using questionnaires, which were produced based on the problems in the area and basic needs of residents. The questionnaires consist of 4 main parts including drug and gambling, environmental problems, health behavior and medicine usage. Data from the questionnaires were translated and processed into attributes data. The attribute data related to spatial data for each household. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The outcome of the analysis was used together with GIS to represent the data. The outcome of the SPSS analysis demonstrated that there are 2.5% of the villagers who have diabetes Mellitus (DM). 38.6% of the villagers are farmers and 71.3% of them are gambling. The most requirements of community are landfill, transportation and waste water. GIS provides opportunity in representing data and mapping the specific location of patients in each household. The GIS database used by the officials who are responsible for the community health care service. Using Public-Participatory GIS (PPGIS) for Achieving Community Participation in a Decentralized Solid Waste Management Model Abstract Neeraj Garg Baruah, Mahipalpur is an unauthorized area in New Delhi dealing with severe problems Atul Kumar Yadav and evolving from untreated solid waste. Indiscriminate littering on roads, lanes, and drains has led to serious public health issues and increased prevelance of diseases Pawan K Joshi like malaria and dengue. With a population of over five lakhs, there is a [email protected] widespread call for innovative solutions to deal with the matter before it assumes epidemic proportions. The situation is further aggravated by the fact that since . Mahipalpur is unauthorized; it fails to come under the aegis of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) for its routine cleanliness and development. The need is for a resolution that would definitely curb the problem with positive results in very short span of time. We propose a decentralized solid waste management scheme augmented and aided by web based Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS). With the support of NGOs, free educational camps is being proposed to spread awareness to the local people about this system, which shall serve to mitigate the chances of failure as has been observed in the past. There will be segregation of waste right at the time of collection, with different treatments for different wastes. Being an unauthorized area, a different sort of Address Geocoding will be done using PPGIS. A web based portal is to be maintained by an NGO which shall accommodate on-line registration of complaints and adequate response teams may be dispatched to monitor the situation. The cost for installation of the proposed system may be drawn from concerned NGOs as well as by the people of the locality. It also opens avenues for job opportunities promising to be a major source of income. The success of such a system may be evaluated and then consequently applied with relevant modifications to other unauthorized colonies in the capital and NCR region.

Correlation between Remotely Sensed Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Malaria Incidence in Epidemic and Non-Epidemic Months Abstract Neeraj Garg Baruah, Malaria is a major public health illness in the state of Assam in India, which is Atul Kumar Yadav and often referred to as the “Malaria Zone” of the country. The biological activity and geographic distribution of the malaria vector is sensitive to climate influences, Pawan K Joshi especially temperature and precipitation. Remote sensing is increasingly being [email protected] used to extract environmental parameters which are indicative of such disease outbreaks. Land Surface Temperature (LST) – that combines radiated earth temperature and atmospheric water vapor concentration was chosen as an indicator since temperature and consequently humidity have a positive effect on mosquito life by increasing survival time and shortening the development cycle. Malaria incidence data for 2006 which included the dreaded epidemic that claimed more than 500 lives were obtained from the Directorate of Public Health. LST was derived from the thermal infrared band of the Landsat ETM+ sensor and a potential association with malaria incidence for both the epidemic and non- epidemic months was investigated. Epidemic month is the duration during which monthly observed malaria incidence is greater than the expected value plus one standard deviation. Positive correlation was found to be highly significant for non-epidemic months as compared to epidemic months. Non-climatic factors may be attributed to the variations between seasonality in climate and malaria incidence. The use of satellite derived LST in conjunction with physiographic and entomologic risk factors to map out malaria-prone areas for effective trauma assistance has also been elaborated. Establishment of healthcare centers near risk- prone areas, which might be enabled with the provision of being linked to reputed medical institutions through telemedicine, has also been suggested. The observed discrepancy between malaria incidence and seasonal variations could help establish an early warning system, which is the need of the hour for the malaria inflicted region. Identification of West Nile Virus Disease Clusters and Environmental Drivers and Demographic Trends using County Human Disease Rates Abstract John DeGroote West Nile virus (WNV) has continued to pose a significant risk in the United Ramanathan Sugumaran States with almost 29,000 documented cases and over 1,100 fatalities since its introduction in 1999. Geographic clusters of high human disease incidence have and Scott Larson occurred in various regions of the United States. Some of these clusters have happened in multiple years while others have appeared in only a single year. It is likely that there are different mosquito species responsible for the high incidence in different regions of the country and these species have different biotic and abiotic requirements. This study utilizes human WNV disease case counts from the Centers for Disease Control to identify regional geographic clusters or hot- spots using SaTScan and ArcGIS spatial statistics software. Spatial processing and analysis is carried out to organize climatic, demographic, land-use, landscape, and ecological data for different regions of the country. Climatic surfaces from satellite derived variables, demographic data from the US Census, and various landscape, land use (e.g. irrigation statistics), and ecological data are analyzed through various statistical techniques to discover associations with high or low WNV human disease incidence areas.

GIS Based Method for Spatio-Temporal Pattern Analysis of HIV Infected Males and Females in Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract Rashmi Kandwal India bearing the second highest burden of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Ellenwein Augustijn Virus) in the world has been a location of prime concern for the international and the national authorities. GIS based spatial analysis of this epidemic is the key to and P.K Garg understand the patterns of spread on one hand, and planning effective interventions based on these analyses on the other hand. This study is an attempt to understand the spatial variation of HIV and its route of transmission through space in time using GIS. Important issue in the evaluation of HIV incidence rates is the undetected HIV prevalence rate. Method used is a comparison of incidence data from testing centers for males and females over three annual time zones. Assumption is that males in general travel more and therefore have more access to testing facilities. A growing number of testing facilities will make testing available to women also. This should result in a reduction of undetected HIV in females. For the present study, we have used the data of Andhra Pradesh, India, at the mandal level, this being the second highest state of infection in the country. Disease counts collected from the VCTCs (Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centers) have been used for the incidence calculation. We used techniques of generating graduated maps based on the incidence rates and the cluster analysis using Poisson model to understand the patterns over time. It was done separately for males and females over three annual time zones. The analysis will help in understanding the spatial spread of the two classes. Cluster analysis will take into account the effect of the neighboring locations on the incidence of a particular place. Distance of facilities from the main road network helps in determining the effect of the distances on the incidences for a particular class. The study as a whole will explore the varying nature of the HIV spread and its relationship with existing roads. eHealth and ITS Impact on Society Abstract Birmohan Singh and With the change in age, the technology is changing and this is changing the Manpreet Kaur structure of the society. The purpose of making advancements in current technology is to make improvements in day to day life of the human beings and . [email protected] in the other words make the life more comfortable. Most of these advancements aneja_mpk@yahoo com are directly or indirectly dependent upon information technology and the communication technology. Every aspect of human life is touched by these two. Although a lot of research is being carried on these areas but the actual impact of these researches will be that when they will be used and applied effectively in different aspect of life, it may be the school or college, it may be the private or public organization, it may be the healthcare sector or it may be the agricultural sector, or it may be the day to day life activities. Every aspect of life is influenced by these changes. The effective and timely implementations of these technological changes have a greater impact on the socio-economic development of the society. Out of all the aspects, the healthcare is an important aspect and has a direct impact on the human beings. To improve the healthcare facilities in accordance with these technologies will not only provide a better way to live a healthy life but also provide an opportunity to the investors in this area. This paper discusses about healthcare, eHealth, its benefits, limitations and the social impacts on the society.

Geospatial Variation of Malaria at Different Scales in the Study Area of Jalgaon District Abstract Tushar Chaudhari, Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease of global concern. This disease emerges due Yovita Jadhav, Wayne Myers to various multidimensional spatial factors such as climate, environment, water bodies and their management, education, air pollution, natural disasters, social and Ganapati Patil and others. It is important to understand the spatial relationship and impact of [email protected] these factors on the human health over various scales. In the Jalgaon district [email protected] study area for this paper, trends in malaria shows remarkable geographical variation over the past decade. The comparisons with neighborhood areas reveal [email protected] variation in pattern. These suggest urgent need for organized and coordinated [email protected] efforts for understanding the facts and etiologies of disease. The northern part of the study area represents higher number of malaria cases in the past. Various environmental, climatic factors are influencing malaria incidences along with socioeconomic status of the population. Rainfall, humidity and temperature are some of the key factors in this regard. Malaria causes depend on various factors like irrigated land present in the area, stagnant water, ponds, deciduous forest, etc. The objective of this study is to identify disease causes and correlates, the disease cause patterns with spatial disease patterns to see variations in the study area at different scales. GIS is used as analysis tool to map environmental parameters that affect malaria transmission, support disease mapping, location analysis, characterization of populations, and spatial statistics GIS Based Decision Support Tools for Healthcare Planning and Management Abstract T. Kiran Kumar Information on disease is of vital importance for planning and evaluating G. Chandra Sekhar and community health promotion. Frequent surveillance of disease affected areas and Narayanan Ramanathan effected population is crucial for formulating strategies to reduce health disparities among the communities. Geography is an important variable in the surveillance of diseases. The ability to effectively detect in a timely manner the presence of disease in an area, disease affected population and to track the spread of disease geographically is very critical. This has placed GIS as a key technology in developing an effective GIS based decision support system for health planning and management. GIS provides an excellent means for visualizing and analyzing health/disease data, revealing trends, dependencies and inter-relationships. Public health resources, specific diseases and other health events can be mapped in relation to their surrounding environment and existing health and social infrastructures. Such information when mapped together creates a powerful tool for monitoring and management of disease. GIS based Tools can create buffer zones around selected features and then combine this information with disease incidence data to determine how many cases fall within the buffer. GIS can identify disease affected areas and also locate suitable sites for medical check-up. GIS allows interactive queries of information contained within the map, table or graph. It permits a dynamic link between databases and maps so that data updates are automatically reflected on the maps. This paper describes different GIS based decision tools developed for Health planning and management.

Real Time Distributed Geographical Information System (DGIS) Tool for Recording, Updating and Analysing the Health Related Data using Open Source Technologies Abstract Kapil Oberai, Traditionally, the method of disease record keeping system and management is K. Ram Mohan Rao carried out manually with the combination of simple database management system. But the developments in the field of computer science are directly [email protected] influenced the Geospatial technologies. Starting from the traditional mainframe [email protected] Geographical Information Systems to the latest Distributed Geographical Information Systems (DGIS) the Information Computing Technology (ICT) has directly helped to benefit the Geospatial services to the common man. DGIS has become an expert technology for geospatial data communication due to distributing technology of the web servers. This paper presents a DGIS application for recording, updating, and modifying the health related data for different diseases of Uttarakhand state using Internet GIS technology. This application tool has been built with Open source integrated technologies right from the database to Internet GIS application tool. From Disease Dataset Building to New Spatial Solutions on Emerging and Subclinical Infections Abstract Ariel L Rivas Before Pasteur and Koch, infectious diseases were mysterious events. After James M Hyman Pasteur and Koch, infections were described with a single type of data – and Almira Hoogesteyn microbiological data. After Ehrlich and Metchnikoff, infections began to be viewed as host-microbial processes –interactions involving two types of data. With geographical information systems (GIS), infections can now be analyzed as host-microbial-spatial-temporal interactions. Every time new “letters” and, much more so, every time new “languages” are created (symbols of precise meaning, known to everybody), a cognitive revolution follows. Data, whether expressed as numbers or as words (concepts), are nothing more than a concise language. Major creations and diffusions of “data” (communications) have only occurred three times in History: (a) when the alphabet was created (~ 10,000 years ago); (b) when written languages emerged, with grammar and dictionaries (~ 500 years ago); and (c) when computers and electronic scientific libraries were invented (a process initiated in the last two decades, which includes GIS). A “library” of disease datasets (composed of 4 “letters” or types of data) promotes both problem-based learning and research. Five geo-referenced datasets, created from data collected in 5 countries (on H5N1 Avian Influenza, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, paratuberculosis, parasite resistance to pesticides, and a 18-year long set on intra-mammary bacterial infections) have generated: (a) alternatives to cluster analysis, (b) methods that do not require a waiting period ≥ two replication cycles of the invading microbe, (c) procedures that do not assume all cases are equal, but suspect those possessing greater spatial connectivity may promote epidemic dispersal even when their prevalence is low, and (d) non-biomedical methods that detect microbial strains more associated with disease. Examples of these applications are described. Host-microbial-spatial-temporal disease datasets facilitate earlier, less costly/more efficacious control measures.

Influence of Locations, Time and Signal Strengths from WLAN Access Points in Indoor Location Modeling Abstract Wutjanun Muttitanon Indoor positioning systems are very useful in many location based services in Nitin Kumar Tripathi indoor environment in urban settlements like shopping malls and industries. Wide area location system and indoor positioning system are being developed based on and M arc Souris wireless local area networks. GPS is very popular for outdoors where a good visibility exists for satellites but it has its limitation (poor signals) in indoor or urban uses, while wide-area location systems are cellular networks dependent. For indoor positioning system many approaches like infrared sensing, radio frequency, ultrasonic etc. are proposed; each of these methods has their own advantages and disadvantages. Considering cost-effectiveness, speed and accuracy a recent interest is growing on using wireless technology. A wireless local-area network (WLAN) based positioning system has some distinct advantages like low-cost and wider area coverage. The present work is related to a system to determine the location of a mobile terminal in high speed, low-cost wireless networks by using the wireless communications infrastructure. An experimental is designed in an auditorium with 3 access points. Signals from these three Access Points (APs) were recorded to train a position determination model to calculate and map a position. A handheld PDA equipped with application software was the client device. Grid model was used for location determination based on signals. The results of the experiments reveal that the accuracy of 0.5 - 4 m can be achieved. The study also reveals that accuracy is also dependent on duration of signal capture. It also varies with location of access points with respect to the client PDA for location determination. Web Based Water Quality Monitoring System using GIS for Health and Safety Abstract P. V. M. Sirish and Despite the vital importance of water to all aspects of human life, the sector has Gopisetti Parvathesam been overlooked and underinvested. As a result, hundreds of millions of people around the world remain trapped in poverty and ill health and exposed to the risks of water-related diseases, environmental degradation and even political instability and conflict. This situation is unconscionable. A strategy to prevent their emergence is the key to ensure safety from these deadly diseases. These diseases emerge due to various spatial factors such as climate, environment, water quality and management, education, air pollution, natural disasters, social and many others. There is a need to understand the spatial relationship and impact of these factors on the human health. This will facilitate the decision makers in health sector to plan the strategy for a preparedness plan to combat the emergence of these diseases and ensure safer living to the people without the fear of diseases. Here we propose a GIS enabled web based system for monitoring the water quality parameters at various locations, so as to provide ideal platform for the convergence of disease-specific information and their analyses in relation to population settlements, surrounding social and health services and the natural environment. This system shall be highly suitable for analyzing epidemiological data, revealing trends and interrelationships allowing policy makers to easily visualize problems in relation to existing health and social services and the natural environment and so more effectively target resources. .

Hybrid Approach for Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Health Effects using GIS and Fuzzy Logic Techniques-A Case Study Submission Information Abstract Natarajan Venkat Kumar The assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution and aims at highlighting Samson Mathew and areas at high human health of being polluted. This study presents a methodology, to estimate the risk of a study area to be polluted from concentrated and / or dispersed Ganapathy Swaminathan sources, which applies an index method involving several parameters. The parameters are categorized into different groups. Group 1 includes parameters relevant to the study area and its characteristics, thus determining the vulnerability to pollution; factor group comprises parameters relevant to external stress to the system, such as human activities and other metrological effects such as rainfall, geological condition of the area and water quality parameters. Geographical Information Systems have been used for data acquisition and processing, coupled with a multi criteria evolution technique enhanced with fuzzy factor standardization .Individual analysis of each factor group resulted in three intermediate groundwater vulnerability (quality) to pollution maps, which were combined in order to produce the final composite groundwater quality along with health status of the people map for the study area. The method has been applied in the region of Tiruchirappalli city, South India. The methodology has been tested and calibrated against the measured groundwater constituent concentration in wells in the south eastern part of city. Mapping of Demographic Pattern and Health Status of Population around Domiasiat Area, West Khasi Hills, Meghalaya Abstract Bijay Mipun The present study is a demographic pattern and health status of the people in West Debendra Nayak Khasi Hills in Meghalaya based on primary data collected through field work. The and B. Kharbuli area is underdeveloped without proper road, health facility, drinking water. It is malaria prone area and most people suffer from it and other diseases since it has no proper drinking water and sanitation facility. Soon a major developmental activity will be carried out to facilitate the people of the area. The reason for such developmental activity is due to availability of valuable natural resources like uranium and other minerals. There is apprehension among the people that this activity may affect their normal live and cause health hazards. The study aims at the current level of health status of the people living in and around the mining area to understand in case of changing environment and development what could be the impact on the health. Unless a study on current health status is carried out the affects may not be possible to assess. There are possibilities of shift in the occupational structure of the working population which may change their life style and living conditions. Changes may enhance the social sector facilities, including improvement in education and health. In view of these likely changes there is a need for a socio- economic, demographic and health survey in the villages in specific areas in the West Khasi Hills of Meghalaya to understand the potential impact on the natural environment, social and cultural conditions as well as on the health of the tribal communities living in the area. Through GIS mapping a number of health and demographic layers will be created to understand the current situation.

The Application of Ground-Based Radar Interferometry in Geosciences Abstract Roghiyh Akbar Ashrafi Recently, Radar Interferometry Technique is applied for monitoring the earth's surface deformation and measuring displacements caused by natural factors. This method consists of Airborne and Ground based Radar Interferometry and has a wide application due to very high precision and low cost. Based on advantages and abilities this technique has for studying of natural disasters, it is suggested to expand Radar Interferometry Technique application, in particular, for measuring displacements caused by landslide, earthquake, subsidence and volcanoes in Iran. Man Has Nowhere to Lay His Head’: A Case Study on Low-Cost Housing for the Urban Poor in Dhaka Abstract Sonya Afrin and Developing countries like Bangladesh does not have adequate concern for Niaz Ahmed Khan effective policies for human habitats, especially for low-income people. They are thought to be ad hoc, piece-meal with lack of coordination between various aspects as well as inadequate implementation, feedback and performance orientation, and time targets. Improvement of the quality of life and living conditions of the urban poor needs to be attended through resettlement based on adequate physical facilities and utility services. The paper found that Government allocation in housing sector is very low and should be increased in the national budget and more projects in developing housing for the urban poor needs to be initiated. To address the housing problem for the urban poor, Developers and NGOs should come forward. To get a snapshot over the issue, a field survey in different areas was done. From the result of the snapshot case study, it is found that the urban poor are mainly migrated from the outskirts of the country for various reasons. Most of them want to be re-sheltered and re-employed in their mother land. Decentralization of resource, service and power through the urban areas of the country could be a solution to tackle the in flow of the huge migration towards the capital city. The paper also discuss the possible remedy to mitigate the concerned issue.

An Assessment of Geographic Linkages and Lifestyle of Heart Patients at Punjab Institute of Cardiology (PIC), Lahore, Pakistan Abstract M. Atiq ur Rahman Lahore is the capital city of Punjab Province in Pakistan. Punjab Institute of Sonai Khalid and Cardiology (PIC) is the largest hospital for heart patients in Punjab. Patients come in this hospital from different parts of Pakistan, however intensity of patients need to Kausar Jamal Cheema be explored. This study aims to identify the geographic linkages of heart patients in terms of their origin districts, health facilities available in their respective district, prominent causes of their diseases and the relationship of their lifestyle, eating and drinking behavior of heart patients registered at PIC. This study will be helpful to identify high risk districts and perception of heart patients about the major causes of their diseases. The study has significance since GIS will be used as a tool for analysis and assessment. Presentation of this case study at international forum of Health GIS will provide us chance to share our results with international community of researchers in the field of GIS and health. Health Account Number – HAN, Pioneering Multi-Sectoral Coordination and Empowering People for Health Care Abstract Neeta Kumar Kelantan is one of the most affected states by typhoid diseases in Malaysia.  Sandhya Diwakar Determining the high risk area and clusters of typhoid cases are important part of its control. The objectives of this study are to identify and described the spatial Chander Shekhar distribution and epidemiology of typhoid in four selected districts. Total number of J. P Shivdasani and 1227 confirmed cases taken from four main districts with the highest number of cases from 2003-2007. Total of 1215(99%) of the cases were coordinated with GPS Pratik Kumar successfully. Spatial analysis was performed to determine the cluster and high risk [email protected] area of typhoid. Typhoid is not associated with race and sex. Most affected are form the age group of 5-14 followed by 15-24 year old. Typhoid has shown a significant tendency to cluster with the nearest neighbourhood ‘r’ values < 1. Total of 22 hotspots were found in Kota Bharu, Bachok and Tumpat with a few sub districts identified as high risk for typhoid in Kota Bharu (Panji, Kota Bharu, Kubang Kerian, Badang, Kota, and Banggu), Bachok (Bekelam, Gunong), and Tumpat (Jal Besar, Kebakat, and Wakaf Bharu). The incidence among children was not related to their house as the main source as it tends to be associated and clustered together with adult groups. This study has successfully shown the clusters in the high risk areas for typhoid by using the spatial analysis.

Hospital Based Diarrheal Disease Surveillance in Bangladesh: Urban-Rural Differentials in Major Findings Abstract Abu S.G. Faruque ICDDR,B maintains a Diarrhoeal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) at its Sumon K Das Dhaka (urban) and Matlab (rural) hospitals to monitor emergence of new enteric pathogens, re-emergence of conventional pathogens, changes in antimicrobial Mohammed A Malek susceptibility of common bacterial isolates, and changes in characteristics of Mohammed A Salam patient populations. Objectives: To examine urban-rural differentials in the annual isolation rates and trends in the isolation of common enteric pathogens and A Cravioto from diarrhoea patients, antimicrobial susceptibility of V. cholerae and Shigella, [email protected] and presenting characteristics of under 5 children. Methods: DDSS of ICDDR,B was established at the Dhaka Hospital in 1979, and extended to the Matlab Hospital in 1999 to collect information on demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients. A systematic 2% sample of patients attending the Dhaka Hospital and all patients attending the Matlab Hospital from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) area of ICDDR,B are enrolled into the DDSS. Using structured questionnaire, trained personnel interview patients and/or their attendants to collect relevant information on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; housing and environmental conditions; feeding practices, particularly of infants and young children; and use of drugs and fluid therapy at home. Information on clinical characteristics anthropometric measurements, and treatments received at the facilities and outcomes of patients are also recorded. Extensive microbiological assessments of faecal samples (microscopy), culture, and ELISA) are performed to identify diarrhoeal pathogens and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens. Results: Vibrio cholerae O1 was isolated from 16% of patients in Dhaka and 3% of patients in Matlab in 2008. Stool specimens from diarrhoea patients in Dhaka yielded Shigella from 3% and 9% of the patients at these two hospitals respectively. The isolation rate of rotavirus was similar (23% vs. 21%) at the Dhaka and Matlab Hospitals. In Dhaka, 68% of the Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates were resistant to tetracycline compared to 84% of the isolates in Matlab in 2008. However, all (100%) Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates in Dhaka were resistant to erythromycin compared to 84% in Matlab. In Dhaka a rising trend in isolation of Vibrio cholerae O1 had been noted while a declining trend of the same enteropathogen was observed in Matlab. In Dhaka consistently high isolation of rotavirus was reported for last few years while a reduced isolation rate of rotavirus had been observed for last 3 years in Matlab in children less than 2 years old. Shigella detection rates are declining in Dhaka with a rising trend in Matlab. Urban under five children were significantly more malnourished and less immunized than their rural counterparts. Conclusion: The factors contributing to different isolation rates of pathogens, and childhood malnutrition in urban and rural set up need to be identified to better understand the epidemiology. Our findings also highlight the fact that establishment of a surveillance system might not provide data representative of the population at large, and there is a need for establishment of surveillance system at strategic locations of a country.

Vacant Lands within the Urban Zone of Abha City,2009 -A Public Health Relation Classification- Using Digital Satellite Data and Geographical Information Systems and Global Positional Systems Abstract Eed Lafi Al-Otaibi Satellite remote sensing (SRS) and Geographical information systems (GIS) and Global positioning systems (GPS) have provided a variety of useful data for various types of practical researches in Saudi Arabia. Satellite image map of urban vacant lands of Abha City (at larger scales of 1:2500 -1-5000 m) was one of products that this paper has aimed at to promote using the latest generation of remote sensing sensors (RSS) of earth resource satellites (ERS) available from the Saudi Space Institute (SSI) and its Saudi Remote sensing Centre (SRSC) in practical health application. In one of his previous studies, the researcher have studied urban water health and mapped one of the major city of Abha metropolitan area – Khamis Mushait City (Inter., Journal of Health Geographics, 2009; 8: 16.) and however, this paper have utilized, high resolution satellite imageries to create a high resolution satellite map of urban vacant lands over Abha City; and to measure the healthiness of \"the Lung of Abha City\" – the capital of Assir region - one of most important tourist destinations in Saudi Arabia, and to explore its geo-distribution, physical characteristics and related variables to present, through example, investigations of an automated segmentation approach for delineating homogeneous vacant lands on high spatial resolution satellite imagery under such a terrain environment of Assir region. An evaluation of the suitability of e.g. IKONOS 1-m panchromatic data for this application is also have been presented, alongside with several key issues that must be considered regarding automated segmentation approaches. These data will provide an accessible and flexible source of information for vacant lands inventory purposes. In addition, the digital nature of these data provides also an opportunity for automated and computer-assisted approaches for urban vacant lands delineation that has to be considered for planning and decision making purposes. Specifically, automation has proved the potential to realize cost savings by minimizing the time required for current manual delineation approach of urban vacant lands; however, inappropriate automation could also result in increased costs due to time-consuming field revisions of automated satellite map delineations. Human Perception-based Discrete Multivariate Representation via Cartographic Symbols Abstract Vasan Choengsa-ard, The statistics check for the distribution of disease outbreak population in terms of Nitin K. Tripathi follow up and preventive reason is very critical as it is a major influence on the and Paul Janecek living, welfare and safety and people life. There is a need for effective tools to present information and support in decision making. Therefore, not only using high technologies or sophisticated graphical techniques in presentation but it also requires an ability to communicate with the audiences with maximum effectiveness. This poster presents a part of an ongoing low-level study aiming at redesign the multivariate type of cartographic point symbols (CPS) or called location-based graph symbol (LGS) based on various concepts of human visual perception. There are some problems with viewer recognition’s ability towards the existing LGS which is far more complex than the viewer’s recognition ability. In addition the study reveals that the potential of LGS in the area of informatics perception expansion for viewers through GIS can be foreseen. The concept and a newly design LGS prototype application are presented with the preserved main properties of CPS together with some modification on structure and characteristics of presented graphic for a better features.

Analysis of FOG Formation in the Eastern Coastal Sea of Korea using Numerical Simulation, Radar Echo and Satellite Picture Abstract Hyo Choi, Fog formation under upwelling of bottom cold sea waters induced by strong Mi Sook Lee and marine wind, which is generated by the development of atmospheric low pressure system has been investigated from February 21 through 24, 2005 using numerical Doo Sun Choi simulation by meteorological model called WRF-2.2, GOES and NOAA satellite [email protected] pictures, radar echo and QuikSCAT wind analysis. In order to understand the occurrence of upwelling induced by marine wind, meteorological elements - wind, relative humidity and air temperature with a horizontal grid point of 27 km, 9km and 3 km in triple domains, a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic meteorological model-WRF, version 2-2 with global meteorological data set as an initial input data were used in the coastal and open seas. On February 21, as prevailing southerly wind in the southeastern coast, northeastward wind driven current might be generated in the southeastern coast of Korean peninsula near both cities of Pohung and Ulsan and the open sea. This northeastward wind driven current produced the intrusion of cold waters from the northern coastal sea toward the south, resulting in relative cold sea surface temperature of 120C ~ 130C in the southeastern coastal and open seas. As low pressure system on February 22 entered the East Sea, it became more intensified and marine wind was changed southwesterly and northeasterly depicting a cyclonic wind pattern (counterclockwise). This counterclockwise wind pattern could induce the spreading out of cold bottom waters from the low center and SST depicted relative low values of 110C ~ 120C in the coastal seas near Pohung and Ulsan cities in the eastern coast, but the SST in the open sea about 100 km away from the coast was very low reaching 70C with a rapid decrease of 50C.. The cold water area showing cold water pool had about 100 km radius. This cold water pool should be affected by upwelling of cold bottom waters and simultaneously cold water intruded from the northeastern coast of Korea along the southern coast may make also a great contribution to the formation of cold water pool. It is difficult to distinguish which one is greater effect on the cold water pool, quantitatively. On February 23, this cold water pool moved slightly about 50 km northward and the SST also decreased to 90 C, as wind speed decreased due to a low pressure system moved the east. On February 24, the cold water pool disappeared in the coastal sea. This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST)-No. 20090073519-“Effect of local atmospheric and oceanic circulations and sea surface temperature on the coastal fog formation (2009~2010)”. Transborder Health Care Marketing in Tijuana – San Diego Abstract Jose G. Vargas-Hernandez This paper analyzes the impact of transborder marketing in health care services of [email protected] Tijuana in the Hispanic market of California. The research methods used are the documental and bibliographical ones. Hispanics – United States citizens are from Mexican ancestry which cultural and familiar links keep them coming back periodically to Mexican towns from where they come from originally. Hispanics of California constitute a market which is disputed by insurances companies. The tourism of Hispanics which consume private health care services in Tijuana is growing in the last few years. In the 2001, 7% equivalent to 1.5 millions of visitants out of 26.3, came for health care services. For 2003, tourism of Hispanics left a mass of 208 million dollars, from which the 8% was on private health care services.

NetArea Common Platform for Integrated Catchment-Coastal Management Abstract Alexander V. Suvorov Intensification of integration processes in the catchment and coastal areas results [email protected] in the fact that effective cooperation of all industrial and agricultural enterprises and municipal organizations, engaged in coastal and catchment ecosystems resources management in the respective catchment-coastal area, becomes and important advantage in the competition. Economic activities in coastal and watershed areas become ever more intensive. At the same time, information structure of integrated catchment-coastal management becomes more and more expanded. But the expansion alone does not mean development. Informational dissociation of systems, used by individual enterprises operating in the contact zone, and the absence of coordination thereof hamper timely implementation of up-to-date technologies. In this respect, NetArea platform is developed to create unique common media for integrating all resources in the system of integrated catchment-coastal management. This can be achieved due to the flexibility of the system and possibility of introducing necessary changes therein, which also allows us to use the available resources effectively and decrease their cost.The proposed NetArea information platform is a system of a new generation, making use of the advantage of up-to-date service-oriented architecture. The system is not just a set of individual instruments intended for communication; it is a common information platform. The possibility of integrating any applications on the basis of the available open standards and numerous specially developed adapters for integrating applications, that cannot support open standards, makes the proposed platform a unique means of effective informational support of any engineering solutions or managerial decisions. The implementation of NetArea platform provides:  a new level of communication and interrelationship between people, information flows, and economic processes, increasing the efficiency of business, which can now be organized in the common information field;  new possibilities for effective cooperation with business partners due to optimization of economic processes - both within and outside the catchment- coastal zone under consideration;  possibility of developing new multifunctional processes on the basis of the existing diverse schemes;  quick implementation of innovative solutions, permanent improvement of the process, which becomes possible due to simplicity and safety of introducing any changes in the system;  new functional options provided by simple implementation of new strategies and use of outsourcing;  a higher level of capital investments profitability ensured effective investments in the IT sphere, its achievement being important for the management process. .NetArea information platform was tested for individual sections of the Russian catchment-coastal area, where oil is intensely produced. The trial NetArea operation allowed for the increase in the competitiveness of economic objects operating in the zone in question.

Quality Assessment of Traditional Water Resources in Khamis Mushait City, Abha Metropolitan, Assir Province, Saudi Arabia Abstract Eed Lafi Al-Otaibi and The physical and chemical quality within traditional water resources of Khamis Mahmoud Samy Ahmed Zaki Mushait City, Saudi Arabia, that is being used for various urban purposes was assessed to explore consistency. The network sampling and cross-sectional techniques were implemented. Googlearth digital satellite map of the study area was used as a master map for sampling. A total of 66 water samples were collected randomly from surface and well water (33 samples each) located at and around the city. All samples were subjected to standard analysis. The results revealed that the overall means of turbidity (FAU), conductivity (µS/ cm), total dissolved solids (mg/l), pH, chlorides (mg/l), hardness as CaCo3 (mg/l), sulphate (mg/l), ammonia (mg/l), nitrate (mg/l), copper (mg/l), iron (mg/l), manganese (mg/l), and zinc (mg/l) in water samples taken from deep wells were 9.85±1.82, 708.0±130.6, 510.5±9.3, 7.45±0.07, 123.78±28.69, 85.76±18.78, 318.7±71.64, 0.05±0.01, 17.08±3.54, 1.33±0.50, 0.25±0.11, 0.20±0.05, and 0.40±0.09, respectively. For shallow wells, the respective values were 10.92±2.03, 2194.62±670.42, 1255.5±405.06, 7.41±0.07, 1026.10±317.47, 248.59±70.03, 1252.58±418.15, 0.35±0.21, 31.13±13.38, 3.30±1.04, 0.19±0.09, 7.83±3.90, and 0.77±0.22, while for surface water samples the mean values were 23.55±9.83, 646.06±106.42, 452.2±75.56, 7.6±0.06, 190.68±47.64, 79.33±18.48, 289.85±69.48, 0.38±0.09, 16.6±2.42, 0.89±0.42, 0.25±0.07, 0.26±0.07, and 0.38±0.09. These results showed that shallow wells had the highest values for conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, hardness, sulphate, nitrate, copper, manganese, and zinc. However, surface water had the highest levels for turbidity, pH, and ammonia. Iron contents of deep wells and surface water samples were nearly the same. Thus, samples taken from deep wells were superior to those from shallow wells and surface water sources. There were significant correlations with each other between physicochemical parameters except for manganese, which showed no significant correlation with any. parameter. Iron showed only a significant correlation with zinc. Recommended hygienic measures that should be taken into consideration to reduce water pollution and to avoid a detrimental effect on human health are also discussed. GIS, A Tool in Spatial Delineation the Face of as in Depth Well Related to Human Health in Angiang an Dongthap Province, Vietnam Abstract Vo Quang Minh Spatial delineation of As concentration in depth wells in An Giang and Dongthap provinces, which was show at some villages, the As concentration excess the allowed concentration, ranging from some to more than thoudsand ppb. However, most of well water was used for irrigation, cleaning, and only some households used for drinking and cooking, which was caused the occurrence of some effected symptoms on skin of people. More detail reseach and analysis on effect and methods of using and treating, to recommend on using of well water in the province.

Wireless Stand Alone Real-time Patient Monitoring and Logging System Abstract S. Pramod Kumar Telemedicine (health-care delivery where physicians examine distant patients using mobile communications technologies) has been heralded as one of several possible solutions to some of the medical dilemmas that face many developing countries. In this paper, we propose a wireless stand-alone novel approach to patient health monitoring. The embedded system designed integrates the monitoring of three biomedical parameters into a single personal medical device. The three parameters are: body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate. The goal of this work is to build a compact and cost-effective monitoring system. The device is developed and implemented based on the existing industry standard communication network and patient monitoring software, application are developed to store data that can be used for real time monitoring and later downloaded to a physician’s workstation for analysis and diagnosis. It specifically targets assisted-living residents and others who may be benefited from continuous remote health monitoring and decision support system. Transported Air Pollution by Sea Breeze Effects to Health Abstract Nithima Nuengjumnong and There are numerous reasons that lead people to confront the problem with their Nitin Kumar Tripathi health. Air pollution from industries is one cause of that problem. Rayong, one province in the east of Thailand, has many factories located near the coast (Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate). Air pollution is a grave concern in that area. This problem is aggravated by the sea breeze and transported to communities. Presently, the trend of diseases around this place has rapidly increased. Especially, respiration disease, lung cancer, leukemia, skin disease, and so on are of serious dimension. The aim of this study is assessing relationship between risk area of air pollution and the location of patients in each disease risk zone. In addition, considering the individual risk factor data (patient’s activities, their work place and regular behaviors such as smoking) are very important to specific various causes of disease. First, health data of patients are collected. Then, using dispersion model concentration air pollutants maps and link with health data by using GIS is created. The result facilitates comparing two patterns that are relating and not relating. If not relating, we can examine the real cause of health problem from individual risk factor data. In brief, GIS is becoming the significant role in health management. Not only do GIS help to visualize the relationship between air pollution and health also can plan to prevent health risk in the future. Sea breeze effect on air pollution risk mapping may yield better perception to develop safer human settlements and industrial zones.

ICT for Improving Health Care of Rural Communities of Bangladesh Abstract Lutfor Rahman Information and communication technology (ICT) has shown tremendous growth in [email protected] the last decade, but its impact on health sector lags behind in Bangladesh like many other developing countries. This paper describes a project, initiated in 1996, to strengthening the capacity of the Association for Advancement of Information Technology (AAIT) in cooperation of the Commonwealth Science Council (CSC) and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) based in a Commonwealth country in Africa. One of the main objectives of the project was to empower senior scientists, technologists, researchers and medical doctors with new technology (ICT). A survey identified their training needs, then training modules and learning materials were designed in the context of Bangladesh. Trainees were drawn from government institutions, NGOs and the private sectors. The courses were held in the capital city as well as in the regional centres of the country. The regional programmes were specially arranged for the medical professionals who work in the rural clinics, hospitals and healthcare centres. The broader outcomes included improved execution of professional activities, career advances and increased networking by trainees; employers demand for future courses; and institutional and national benefits from enhanced information exchange. The programme is suitable for marginalized groups and remote communities because it uses local organizers and trainers; courses designed to meet the participants’ needs and in situ follow up. The programme, particularly designed to train a group of women medical professionals drawn from the rural community health care centres, was very effective to serve their clients in the islands and remote highland areas. The project has enabled the medical professionals to save many lives from sure death just using a computer connected through a telephone line to a nearby hospital. The system has now developed due to mobile technology. The paper will describe how the telemedicine and tele-health projects are becoming effective in a developing country where water transports are one of the main vehicles for the rural mobility. How to Reduce Job Stress Factors at Workplace? Abstract Katayoon Bavandpour and Today stress is one of the important problems in the organizational behavior & Seyed Mehdi Feiz Javadian psychology .Work _ related stress is a strong negative emotional reaction to work. It causes the employers, besides a huge cost, to get into trouble. Many have done researches in this field & now this study is trying to define stress factors (physical & psychosocial) & ways to reduce them in Kermanshah Azad University (KAU)'s staff members. This study is descriptive so has no variant & only looks for responses to its questions .Two questionnaires have been used each one includes 20 questions .Other part contains demographic ones. The results have been analyzed through means, tables & diagrams & other statistical descriptive methods. The results show that 1 in 5 people suffer from stress & have become involved in anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, back pains, gastrointestinal problems, miscellaneous minor illnesses, The majority of staff members (68.66%) have assigned stressors as: lack of communication & consultation between employers & employees, no feed back or credit for completed work, too much work to do too little time to do it, poor working environment , lack of control over work activities financial necessities & lack of job security. So simple, ordinary good management practices & regards for the well being of staff will be a good & effective way to reduce work place stress.