A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC DYE USING PHOTOCATALYST

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC DYE USING PHOTOCATALYST by Dhruv Divyesh Parikh Priyancy Manish Gandhi Bansri D. Rakholia Rahi Kartik Mehta A Special Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the International Exposure Program in the domain of Nanotechnology Examination Committee: Dr. Tanujjal Bora Nationality: Indian Previous Degree (Ongoing): Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Pandit Deendayal Energy University Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India Asian Institute of Technology School of Engineering and Technology Thailand July- August 2023

Acknowledgment We are immensely indebted to Pandit Deendayal Energy University (PDEU) for organizing International Exposure Program at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand. We would like to thank OIR and Mr. Maulik Shah for having good collaborative relations with Asian Institute of Technology and being all time interactive to provide us the best outcomes from IEP. It gave us an opportunity to get exposed to the latest technology evolved and the learn the research perspectives in our domain. It gave us great pleasure to have completed entire one month as a student of AIT, gaining knowledge in the field of Nanotechnology wherein the world is progressing rapidly. We thank Prof. Nitin Kumar Tripathi, Director of Special Degree Program for managing entire IEP and organizing the domain specific programs for students of all branches. Our sincere thanks to Mr. Ranadheer Reddy, Project Coordinator- Special Degree Programs at AIT, for mentoring us in the entire program for a month and being all time available to us for any guidance needed whether it be in the academic specific aspect or anything related to non-academic purpose. Furthermore, thanking Arthur Lance Gonzales, Program Officer at AIT, for giving us the best possible hospitality over entire program duration. Most importantly we thank our mentor at AIT, Dr. Tanujjal Bora, Director at CoEN (Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology), under whose guidance we were been trained for overall program and gained the knowledge in the field of nanotechnology with research perspective. Lastly, we thank student coordinators May Hnin, Sai and Jirawat D. for being all time available to us, guiding us very well throughout campus. Finally acknowledging Dr. Ganga Prasad Pandey, HoD, ICT, Ms. Shiji John and Ms. Shreeja Nair for accompanying us to International Exposure Program and standing by us whenever needed any help in entire trip.

ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is the study manipulation and manufacture of extremely minute machines or devices. Nanotechnology has emerged as a versatile platform that could provide efficient, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable solutions to the global sustainability challenges facing society. Nanotechnology, introduced almost half century ago, is one of the most active research areas with both novel science and useful applications that has gradually established itself in the past two decades. It is the creation of materials and devices by controlling of matter at the levels of atoms, molecules, and supramolecular (nanoscale) structures. At nanoscale, materials have novel properties like increased strength, resiliency, electrical conductivity which enhances the property of any material. The study of nanomaterial can be done on the basis of its surface properties which includes one factor as contact angle. This is the reason why the comprehensive study greatly focuses on the contact angle of any surface and solvent. The other part of any study is the degradation of organic dye using photocatalyst where in the methylene blue dye is degraded using two photocatalyst and also the methodology is explained for the photocatalysis. The comparative results have been explained which gave an extensive idea about photocatalyst and concluding remarks for experiment.

CONTENTS Page No. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY 01 01 1.1 Objectives of Study 02 1.2 Background of Study 04 1.3 Need of Research 05 1.4 Concept of Surface Area 08 1.5 Concept of Surface Energy 08 CHAPTER 2 HANDS-ON-EXPERIMENT 10 2.1 Concept of Contact Angle 11 13 2.1.1 Demonstration of Goniometer 13 2.1.2 Measurement of Contact Angle 15 2.1.3 Result 16 2.2 Learning of Photocatalysis 17 2.2.1 Set up of UV Spectro photo meter 20 2.2.2 Methodology to degrade organic dye 21 2.2.3 Results 22 CONCLUSION 22 REFERENCES 25 APPENDICES 27 Appendix A: Indorama Ventures Appendix B: Integrating Solar & Agriculture & Zero Appendix C: National Science Museum

LIST OF TABLES Page 13 Tables 17 Table 1: Contact Angle for different surfaces using different solvents 18 Table 2: % Degradation of Methylene Blue using TiO2 photocatalyst Table 3: % Degradation of Methylene Blue using ZnO photocatalyst

LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page Fig.1.1: Examples of Nanomaterials 01 Fig 1.2: Interaction in material 04 Fig: 1.3 Classification of Surface Energy 06 Fig 2.1: Dependency of Wetting Properties on Contact Angle 09 Fig 2.2: Goniometer Setup with Ossila Contact Angle Software 11 Fig 2.3: Surface Preparation 12 Fig 2.4: Filling up Syringe with Solvent 12 Fig 2.5: Dropping Solvent 12 Fig 2.6: Analyzing data to get Contact Angle 12 Fig 2.7: Photocatalysis Process 14 Fig 2.8 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 15 Fig 2.9 UV lamp with Black box with magnetic stirrer 16 Fig 2.10: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 50 g/L of Methylene Blue using TiO2 17 Fig 2.11: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 5 g/L of Methylene Blue using TiO2 18 Fig 2.12: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 0.5 g/L of Methylene Blue using TiO2 18 Fig 2.13: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 50 g/L of Methylene Blue using ZnO 19 Fig 2.14: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 5 g/L of Methylene Blue using ZnO 19 Fig 2.15: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 0.5 g/L of Methylene Blue using ZnO 19 Fig. 3.1 Aerial View of Indorama Ventures Limited (IVL) 21 Fig. 3.2 IVL’s Three Segments 22 Fig. 3.3 Solar Plant at IVL 23 Fig. 3.4 Group Picture with Ms. Shiji John 24 Fig. 3.5 Dr. Bhargab Mohan Das 25 Fig.: 3.6 National Science Museum 26

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY 1.1 Objectives of Study The objective is to study the concepts of nanotechnology, the scale of nanotechnology, and its imaging towards the fabrication of nano-world and nanostructures. Additionally, the geometry of nanoscales, the physical properties of nanostructures, and their application in fabricating nanodevices. Finally, some new fields of nanotechnology are explored and discussed. 1.2 Background of Study Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that deals with the study, manipulation, and application of materials and devices at the nanoscale level. The term \"nano\" originates from the Greek word \"nanos,\" meaning \"dwarf,\" and in this context, it refers to one billionth of a meter (10-9 meters). Fig.1.1: Examples of Nanomaterials (Source: https://www.slideshare.net/SulemanHanif1/nanomaterials-and-their- classification) 1

The concept of nanotechnology can be traced back to a famous lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman in 1959, titled \"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom,\" where he discussed the possibilities of manipulating and controlling matter at atomic and molecular scales. However, the real development of nanotechnology began in the 1980s with the advent of advanced tools and instruments that allowed scientists to observe and manipulate matter at the nanoscale(Nouailhat, n.d.). Key aspects of nanotechnology include: Nanomaterials: These are materials with at least one dimension in the nanoscale range. Nanomaterials often exhibit unique properties and behaviors compared to their bulk counterparts due to their increased surface area and quantum effects. Nanofabrication: The process of creating nanoscale structures, devices, or materials. Various techniques like top-down (e.g., lithography) and bottom-up (e.g., self-assembly) approaches are used to fabricate nanostructures. Nanomedicine: The application of nanotechnology in medicine and healthcare, which includes targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and disease treatment at the cellular or molecular level. Nano sensors: Sensors with nanoscale components that are highly sensitive and can detect even minute changes in physical, chemical, or biological conditions. Nanocomposites: Combining nanomaterials with other materials to create advanced composite materials with improved properties. 1.3 Need for Research Research in nanotechnology is crucial for several reasons: 1. Advancing Scientific Understanding: Nanotechnology is still a relatively young field, and there is much to learn about the behavior of materials at the nanoscale. Research helps scientists gain a deeper understanding of nanomaterials and their unique properties, leading to discoveries and breakthroughs that can open up new possibilities in various domains. 2

2. Developing New Materials and Technologies: Nanotechnology research allows for the development of novel materials and technologies with enhanced properties. These materials may have improved strength, conductivity, reactivity, or other desirable characteristics that can lead to the creation of more efficient and innovative products. 3. Medical Advancements: Nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling targeted drug delivery, early disease detection, and personalized treatment options. Research in this area can lead to new therapies and diagnostic tools that are more effective and have fewer side effects. 4. Environmental Solutions: Nanotechnology has the potential to provide environmentally friendly solutions to various challenges. For example, nanomaterials could be used for efficient water purification, pollution remediation, and energy storage systems. Research is essential to optimize these applications and ensure they are safe for the environment. 5. Energy Efficiency: Nanotechnology can contribute to more efficient energy generation, storage, and utilization. Research in this field can lead to advancements in renewable energy technologies, better batteries, and improved energy conservation methods. 6. Safety and Regulation: As nanotechnology applications grow, it's vital to understand the potential health and environmental risks associated with nanomaterials. Research helps in assessing these risks and developing appropriate safety guidelines and regulations for the responsible use of nanotechnology. 7. Nanoscale Manufacturing: Advancements in nanomanufacturing techniques are essential for scaling up nanotechnology from the laboratory to industrial production. Research in this area can lead to more cost-effective and efficient manufacturing processes. 8. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Nanotechnology brings together experts from various fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and materials science. Research in nanotechnology fosters collaboration and knowledge exchange among these disciplines, leading to cross-pollination of ideas and innovations. 3

9. Competitiveness and Economic Growth: Countries and industries investing in nanotechnology research gain a competitive advantage in the global market. Breakthroughs in nanotechnology can lead to the creation of new industries, jobs, and economic growth. In summary, research in nanotechnology is essential to unlock its full potential, address societal challenges, and ensure safe and responsible integration into various applications. It is a driving force behind innovation and progress in numerous fields, making it a strategic area of focus for scientific exploration and investment (Yousif, Qhatan. (2017)). 1.4 Concept of Surface Area In nanotechnology, the concept of surface area becomes even more critical due to the unique properties and behaviors exhibited by materials at the nanoscale. As the dimensions of materials shrink to the nanoscale range (typically 1 to 100 nanometers), their surface area increases significantly compared to their bulk counterparts(Yokoyama 2009). Fig 1.2: Interaction in material (Source: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.1c11822) 1. Enhanced Reactivity: Nanomaterials often have a higher surface area per unit mass or volume, providing a greater number of exposed atoms or molecules. This increased surface area results in enhanced reactivity, making nanomaterials highly effective in catalysis and chemical reactions. 2. Improved Adsorption Capacity: Nanoporous materials, such as nanoscale zeolites and metal-organic frameworks, have a vast internal surface area with a network of pores. This 4

property allows them to adsorb large quantities of gases, liquids, or ions, making them valuable in applications like gas storage, water purification, and drug delivery. 3. Increased Surface Energy: Nanoscale particles and structures often have higher surface energy compared to their bulk counterparts. This can lead to unique phenomena such as agglomeration, surface reconstruction, and the formation of surface coatings with tailored properties. 5. Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery: The large surface area of nanoparticles allows for the functionalization and attachment of specific molecules (e.g., drugs or targeting ligands) on their surfaces. This property is exploited in nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery to specific cells or tissues. 6. Nanocomposites: Combining nanoscale fillers (e.g., nanoparticles, nanofibers) with matrices can lead to nanocomposites with improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties due to the increased interfacial surface area between the filler and the matrix. The concept of surface area plays a central role in nanotechnology, influencing the properties and applications of nanomaterials. Researchers in this field carefully manipulate and engineer nanoscale structures to optimize surface area-related properties and harness the unique capabilities of nanomaterials for a wide range of technological and scientific advancements. 1.5 Concept of Surface Energy Surface energy is a fundamental concept in nanotechnology that describes the excess energy present at the surface of a material compared to its interior. At the nanoscale, where materials have a higher surface area per unit volume, surface energy becomes more significant and can significantly influence the behavior and properties of nanomaterials. Understanding and controlling surface energy is crucial for designing and engineering nanoscale structures and devices(Yousif 2017). 5

Fig: 1.3 Classification of Surface Energy (Source: https://qsstudy.com/surface-energy/) Key aspects of surface energy in nanotechnology include: 1. Surface Reactivity: Nanomaterials often have a large number of exposed atoms or molecules on their surfaces, leading to increased reactivity. This enhanced reactivity can result in unique chemical interactions and catalytic properties, making nanomaterials valuable in various applications, including catalysis, chemical sensing, and environmental remediation. 2. Nanoparticle Agglomeration: Nanoparticles, due to their high surface energy, tend to agglomerate or form clusters to minimize their overall energy. This agglomeration can affect their dispersion and stability, which are critical factors in nanotechnology applications such as drug delivery, nanocomposites, and coatings. 3. Surface Modification: Manipulating the surface energy of nanomaterials allows for precise control over their physical and chemical properties. Surface modification techniques, such as functionalization with specific molecules or coatings, can tailor the surface energy to achieve desired functionalities or improve compatibility with other materials. 4. Nanoscale Self-Assembly: Surface energy plays a crucial role in self-assembly processes at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles and nanoscale structures can spontaneously organize into ordered patterns driven by their surface energy, leading to the formation of functional nanostructures and nanodevices. 6

5. Wetting Behavior: Surface energy affects the wetting behavior of liquids on solid surfaces. Nanomaterials with high surface energy may exhibit super hydrophilic or superhydrophobic properties, which can have applications in self-cleaning surfaces, water-repellent coatings, and microfluidic devices. 6. Nanomaterial Dispersion: Surface energy influences the dispersion and stability of nanomaterials in various solvents or matrices. Controlling surface energy is critical for achieving uniform dispersion and preventing agglomeration, which can affect the performance of nanocomposites and nanoscale coatings. 7. Nanoparticle Shape and Size Control: Surface energy can affect the thermodynamic stability of nanoscale structures, influencing their shape and size. By understanding the role of surface energy, researchers can design and synthesize nanoparticles with specific shapes and sizes for targeted applications. In summary, surface energy plays a pivotal role in nanotechnology, influencing the behavior, stability, reactivity, and interactions of nanomaterials. Researchers harness this knowledge to tailor the properties of nanomaterials for diverse applications, ranging from electronics, catalysis, and medicine to environmental remediation and energy storage. Controlling surface energy is crucial for optimizing nanoscale structures and devices and unlocking the full potential of nanotechnology. 7

CHAPTER 2 HANDS-ON EXPERIMENTS 2.1 Concept of Contact Angle The contact angle is a fundamental concept in surface science and fluid mechanics that describes the angle formed at the interface of a liquid droplet and a solid surface. It is the angle measured between the tangent line at the point where the liquid meets the solid surface and the solid surface itself. The contact angle provides valuable information about the wetting behavior of the liquid on the solid surface and the interaction between the two phases. The contact angle is a critical parameter in understanding the wetting characteristics of a solid surface, and it can be classified into three main categories: a. Wetting: When the contact angle is less than 90 degrees, the liquid spreads over the solid surface, exhibiting a phenomenon known as wetting. This is referred to as a \"small\" or \"acute\" contact angle. In such cases, the liquid has a strong affinity for the solid, and it tends to form a thin, continuous film over the surface. b. Partial Wetting: When the contact angle is between 90 and 180 degrees, the liquid partially wets the solid surface. This is referred to as an \"obtuse\" contact angle. In partial wetting, the liquid droplet remains somewhat spherical, and the surface is only partially covered by the liquid. c. Non-wetting: When the contact angle is exactly 180 degrees, the liquid does not wet the solid surface at all. This is referred to as a \"flat\" or \"non-wetting\" contact angle. In such cases, the liquid forms a spherical droplet with no contact with the solid surface. 8

Fig 2.1: Dependency of Wetting Properties on Contact Angle (Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336148119/figure/fig5/AS:8297476679 47527@1574838668930/The-wetting-behavior-of-the-ink-droplet-on-the-substrate-a-th- is-the-contact-angle.png) CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENT & YOUNG’S EQUATION Surface wetting refers to the behaviors of a liquid when it comes into contact with a solid surface. It describes how the liquid spreads or adheres to the solid surface. The degree of wetting can vary, ranging from complete spreading to partial spreading or non-spreading. Young's equation is a fundamental relationship in surface wetting that describes the equilibrium between a liquid, a solid surface, and the surrounding gas or vapor phase. It relates the contact angle formed at the liquid-solid interface to the interfacial tensions between the liquid, solid, and gas phases. Young's equation can be stated as: γsv = γsl + γlv * cos(θ) Where: -γsv is the interfacial tension between the solid and vapor phases. -γsl is the interfacial tension between the solid and liquid phases. -γlv is the interfacial tension between the liquid and vapor phases. -θ is the contact angle formed between the liquid-vapor interface and the solid surface. 9

In this equation, the interfacial tensions represent the energies associated with the respective interfaces. The contact angle is the angle between the tangent to the liquid-vapor interface and the solid surface at the point where the three phases meet. The value of the contact angle determines the wetting behavior:  If the contact angle is close to zero (θ ≈ 0), the liquid is said to completely wet the solid surface, spreading out to form a thin film.  If the contact angle is 90 degrees (θ = 90°), the liquid partially wets the surface, forming a spherical droplet.  If the contact angle is greater than 90 degrees (θ > 90°), the liquid does not wet the surface, resulting in a droplet with a flattened shape. Young's equation provides a quantitative relationship between the contact angle and the interfacial tensions, allowing for the prediction and understanding of wetting behaviors at solid-liquid interfaces. It has applications in various fields, including materials science, surface chemistry, and engineering, particularly in areas involving coatings, adhesion, and surface modification. 2.1.1 Demonstration of Goniometer Contact Angle Meters are used for the determination of wetting characteristics of solid materials. Contact angle meters (also known as optical tensiometers or goniometers) allow direct measurements of surface tension, interfacial tension and contact angles. Contact angle is an extremely versatile technique used for characterization of both liquids and solids. Goniometer is an ideal industrial or academic tool for product development engineers, R&D engineers who need precision and repeatability. Contact angle measurement combines high technology test instrumentation and a non-destructive testing method to allow an accurate, objective and repeatable analysis to be made. Using the goniometer, we can compare the effects of a range of surface treatments and gather data that correlates to various surface conditions e.g. wettability, surface energy etc. 10

The equipment captures drop images and automatically analyses the drop shape as a function of time. The drop shape is function of surface tension of liquid, gravity and the density difference between sample liquid and surrounding medium. On a solid the liquid forms a drop with a contact angle that also depends on the solid’s surface free energy. The captured image is analyzed with a drop profile fitting method in order to determine contact angle and surface tension. Fig 2.2: Goniometer Setup with Ossila Contact Angle Software (Source: Self Click) 2.1.2 Measurement of Contact Angle Below Given is the Contact Angle Measurement Procedure 1. Set up the Goniometer and calibrate the level of platform of the equipment. 2. Fill the syringe with the required solvent. 3. Prepare the surface for example sticking the lotus leaf cut out on the glass slide, disinfecting the glass slide surface using sterilizer, plastic surface and preparing porcelain tiles. 4. Switch on the camera and place the prepared surface on the platform of goniometer. 5. Position the syringe on the surface and drop the solvent onto it. 6. Set the resolution of the camera, to get the clear image of drop on the software. 7. Using the software get the results of both left and right contact angle. 8. Note the readings and set the angle until minimum error for both the angles is achieved. 9. Similarly, for each surface mentioned in the experiment, use all four liquids to get the values of contact angle and put it in the results. 11

LAB WORK PICTURES Fig 2.3: Surface Preparation Fig 2.4: Filling up Syringe with Solvent (Source: Self Click) (Source: Self Click) Fig 2.5: Dropping Solvent Fig 2.6: Analyzing data to get Contact Angle (Source: Self Click) (Source: Self Click) 12

2.1.3 Result Table 1: Contact Angle for different surfaces using different solvents Sr. Solvent Left Contact Angle Right Contact Average Surface (in degrees) Angle (in degrees) Contact Angle 124.18 No. 37.22 127.62 (in degrees) 32.02 125.90 1 DI Water 87.85 N/A 34.62 24.39 N/A 2 Ethanol 5.13 91.96 89.91 Lotus Leaf 6.71 23.55 23.97 53.74 11.96 8.55 3 Hexane 8.72 12.08 9.40 52.46 53.10 4 Toluene 66.17 7.41 8.06 18.08 N/A 5 DI Water N/A 64.07 13.29 61.97 16.35 6 Ethanol 14.63 Plastic N/A 11.83 10.37 7 Hexane 8 Toluene 9 DI Water 10 Ethanol Glass Slide 11 Hexane 12 Toluene 13 DI Water 14 Porcelain Ethanol 15 Tiles Hexane 16 Toluene 2.2 Learning of Photocatalysis Photocatalysis is a chemical process that utilizes light energy to drive a reaction in the presence of a photocatalyst. The photocatalyst is a substance that can absorb photons from light and initiate or accelerate a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. This process is widely used for environmental purification, energy conversion, and various other applications due to its sustainability and potential to generate clean energy and remediate pollutants(“Review_on_oxide_nano_photocatalysts,” n.d.). 13

Fig 2.7: Photocatalysis Process (Source: https://i0.wp.com/chemistrydocs.com/wp- content/uploads/2021/10/Photocatlysis-1.jpg?fit=1024%2C393&ssl=1) Photocatalysis include: 1. Photocatalyst: The photocatalyst is typically a semiconductor material that has a band gap between its valence band and conduction band. When photons with energy higher than the bandgap strike the photocatalyst's surface, they excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction band, creating electron-hole pairs. These electron-hole pairs are responsible for initiating the chemical reactions. 2. Electron-Transfer Reactions: Once the electron-hole pairs are generated, they can participate in electron-transfer reactions with adsorbed molecules or substances on the surface of the photocatalyst. This can lead to the formation of reactive species such as superoxide radicals (O2•−), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and peroxide radicals (•O2−), which are highly oxidative and can decompose organic pollutants or pathogens. 3. Water Splitting: Photocatalysis can be used for water splitting, a process where water is dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen gases using light energy. This is a promising route for hydrogen production, which can be used as a clean and renewable energy source. 4. Applications: Photocatalysis finds applications in a wide range of areas, including air and water purification, self-cleaning surfaces (e.g., self-cleaning glass), wastewater treatment, green energy generation, and the synthesis of organic compounds. 14

7. Challenges: Despite its many advantages, photocatalysis also faces challenges, such as low efficiency and selectivity for certain reactions, as well as the potential for the generation of harmful byproducts. Researchers are actively working to overcome these challenges and optimize photocatalytic systems for practical applications(IvyPanda 2022). 2.2.1 Set up of UV Spectro photo Meter The setup consists of the manually prepared UV-Visible Spectrophotometer which has UV as well as Visible light source that is Halogen and Deuterium source which is been connected to the sample tester space which has a single space to test for both reference and the sample. The signals are sent to digital converter where the data is converted into digital The setup is connected to the software which gives the desired output of absorbance data and the wavelength at which maximum absorbance is achieved. The other setup is of UV Lamp with a black box that is kept on to the magnetic stirrer. This setup has a rod of UV Light under which the sample is placed, and tested using spectrophotometer. Fig 2.8 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (Source: Self Click) 15

Fig 2.9 UV lamp with Black box with magnetic stirrer (Source: Self Click) 2.2.2 Methodology to Degrade Organic Dyes Below Given is the degradation of Organic Dyes Procedure 1. Prepare three solutions of Methylene Blue each with concentration 50 g/L, 5 g/L AND 0.5 g/L. 2. Take TiO2 photocatalyst and measure three samples of 0.02 g, 0.01 g and 0.002 g in different beakers. 3. Now take the first sample of methylene blue (50 g/L) and take three samples of each 20 mL in three different beakers. 4. Mix the 20 mL of methylene blue with 0.02 g of TiO2 and similarly mix other two samples with left over 2 samples of TiO2 each. 5. Put all three beakers in the Ultrasonic Bath for three minutes. 6. Then put the DI Water in cuvette as a reference and adjust the readings in UV Spectrophotometer and then take the three sample of methylene blue and TiO2 solution and put it in the cuvette simultaneously and check for the absorbance. This will be zero- minute reading. 7. After this keep all three beakers in the dark for 30 minutes keeping the buffer time of 5 minutes between each sample for smooth sample testing. 8. After 30 minutes completion of all three beakers test the samples again under UV Spectrometer. 16

9. Put these samples in the black box and switch on the UV Lamp and place the box under magnetic stirrer. 10. At the interval of every 15 min for each beaker take the sample solution in cuvette and test it for absorbance. 11. Continue this procedure for 2 hours and observe the degradation in the peak of absorbance versus wavelength graph on software. 12. Similar procedure is to be followed with same quantification for different photocatalyst that is ZnO. 13. Observe the solution of methylene blue and ZnO and also review the peak value for different catalyst and for different concentration of methylene blue and quantity of photocatalyst. 14. Lastly find the degradation percentage using Beer Lambert’s Law. 2.2.3 Results Below shown is the % Degradation for the Methylene Blue that has been achieved by the following used methodology Table 2: % Degradation of Methylene Blue using TiO2 photocatalyst TiO2 0.1 g/L TiO2 0.5 g/L TiO2 1.0 g/L TiO2 Methylene Blue (g/L) 21.95 51.08 21.82 52.99 49.68 46.95 50 57.93 48.55 18.29 5 0.5 Absorbance 2 50 g/L Methylene Blue 1.5 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 0.5 Time (min) 0 0 0.1 g/L TiO2 0.5 g/L TiO2 1.0 g/L TiO2 Fig 2.10: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 50 g/L of Methylene Blue using TiO2 17

Absorbance 0.8 5 g/L Methylene Blue 0.6 0.4 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0.2 Time (min) 0 0 0.1 g/L TiO2 0.5 g/L TiO2 1.0 g/L TiO2 Fig 2.11: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 5 g/L of Methylene Blue using TiO2 0.5 g/L Methylene Blue Absorbance 0.6 0.4 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0.1 g/L TiO2 0.2 Time (min) 0 0 0.5 g/L TiO2 1.0 g/L TiO2 Fig 2.12: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 0.5 g/L of Methylene Blue using TiO2 Table 3: % Degradation of Methylene Blue using ZnO photocatalyst ZnO 0.1 g/L ZnO 0.5 g/L ZnO 1.0 g/L ZnO Methylene Blue (g/L) 61.64 53.91 52.08 55.02 85.78 39.62 50 53.23 31.29 32.99 5 0.5 18

50 g/L Methylene Blue Absorbance 2 1.5 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 1.0 g/L ZnO 0.5 0 0 Time (min) 0.1 g/L ZnO 0.5 g/L ZnO Fig 2.13: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 50 g/L of Methylene Blue using ZnO 5 g/L Methylene Blue Absorbance 1.5 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.1 g/L ZnO 0.5 Time (min) 0 0 0.5 g/L ZnO 1.0 g/L ZnO Fig 2.14: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 5 g/L of Methylene Blue using ZnO 0.5 g/L Methylene Blue Absorbance 0.6 0.5 0.4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.3 0.1 g/L ZnO 0.2 Time (min) 0.1 0 0 0.5 g/L ZnO 1.0 g/L ZnO Fig 2.15: Plot of Absorbance v/s Time for 0.5 g/L of Methylene Blue using ZnO 19

CONCLUSION The understanding of new phenomena in our world was essential to enable us to transfer knowledge and technology to the nanoworld. Nanosciences lead us to a better understanding of ourselves, whereas the unification of forcerelated theories rules our world. The objective of IEP was exploring the revolutionary field of nanotechnology and its far-reaching implications across various industries and scientific disciplines. The study has shed light on the significant advancements and its potential to revolutionize medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental applications. Throughout the program, it became evident that nanotechnology offers unparalleled opportunities for creating novel materials with unique properties, enabling precise control at the atomic and molecular levels. Nanomaterials have proven their utility in environmental remediation, water purification, and renewable energy technologies, providing promising solutions for a sustainable future(Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu, Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi 2021). As we embrace nanotechnology's vast potential, it is crucial to address associated ethical, safety, and environmental concerns. Responsible development and regulation are necessary to ensure the safe and sustainable integration of nanotechnology into our society. In conclusion, this program has contributed to a deeper understanding of nanotechnology's transformative capabilities and the need for continued research and responsible innovation. As nanotechnology continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly reshape industries, improve quality of life, and foster advancements that were once only imaginable. It is crucial for policymakers, scientists, and society to work collaboratively to harness the immense potential of nanotechnology while addressing its challenges, paving the way for a promising and sustainable future. 20

REFERENCES IvyPanda. 2022. “Nanotechnology: Applications and Implications Research Paper,” 11. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nanotechnology/. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu, Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi, Sarhan M. Musa. 2021. “Future of Nanotechnology.” https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v2i2.9. Nouailhat, Alain. n.d. An Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. “Review_on_oxide_nano_photocatalysts.” n.d. Yokoyama, Hiroshi. 2009. “Nanotechnology: A Brealthrough toward a Resource and Energy Compatible Society.” Nanotechnology. Yousif, Qhatan Adnan. 2017. “Nanotechnology: Theory, Application and Explanation of the Most Important Devices Used.” https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35847.91045. 21

APPENDICES Appendix A: Indorama Ventures Fig.3.1: Aerial View of Indorama Ventures Limited (IVL) (Source: https://www.indoramaventures.com/en/worldwide/815/indorama-polyester- industries-nakhon-pathom) Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited (IVL) is a global chemical company based in Thailand. Founded by Aloke Lohia in 1994, IVL expanded quickly as a family-owned business to become a leading global PET manufacturer and recycler. It is the world’s foremost intermediate petrochemical companies. The company is the largest producer of Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET in the world. IVL commenced its business in 1995 and its first PET facility was built in Lopburi, Thailand. In 2010, IVL listed on the Thailand Stock Exchange and reset its vision to become a global chemical company by building a global portfolio of integrated assets across its chosen petrochemical value chain. The company has many Quality Management Certification like OEKO-TEX, Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC), and many more. IVL operates in three business segments: 1. Combined Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 2. Integrated Oxides and Derivatives (IOD) 3. Fibers 22

Fig.3.2: IVL’s Three Segments (Source: Clicked at Industry Orientation) It also operates in recycle business, with a goal to recycle 50 billion bottles every year by 2025. The consolidated revenue of the company was 14.6 billion USD Dollar (FY 2021) and has more then 26,000 employees. Recently the company has started the digital as well as green projects which focuses more on the sustainability aspects as well as manages the digitalization of the company.  Digital Projects: 1. PlantDx (Paperless shop floor): Aims at creating the log book and data sheets on digital devices, also implementing the digitalized shop floors 2. Energy Management Information System: It aims at monitoring energy usage as well as number of Green House Gas emissions unit wise. They also aimed at achieving net zero emission in their company for which they had already found an alternative for shutting up a energy generation plant that emits GHG. Moreover, there has also been trend analysis done for the energy consumption and inhouse production. 3. Asset Monitoring: Initially the health of machine has been monitored manually by the employees, with the digitalization the online monitoring of machine’s health has been achieved all over the company’s plants. Even the vibrations and temperature monitoring has been done via digital setups. 23

4. Enviro COLA (ETP Digitalization): As the waste bottles has been used for the formation of r- PET, COD control of the ETP System is an essential parameter and hence online monitoring of pH and ETP parameters has been done. 5. Augmented Reality: Problems occurred during the auditing of the machine and plant has been solved using Online Problem-Solving tools and software, for which they have online technical support team.  Green Projects: 1. BP NG Heater Installation: The project aims to reduce the green house gas emission in the industry itself. Till now the company has reduced emission of GHGs to 5217 tCO2/annum and also since November’22 the power reduction in the company in by 185,329 KWH/annum. The company has started using Liquified Petroleum Gas which has added the cost, but they manage it for the sustainability aspect. 2. Solar Phase 2: The company has its own electricity generation solar plant which generates power of 6,365,000 KWH/annum and has potentially reduced GHG emissions by 3153 tCO2/annum (data as of May’22). The plant has been setup by the Christiani Nietsen Energy Solutions (CNES). The also have a floating solar power and are first to implement floating solar panel in IVL. Fig.3.3: Solar Plant at IVL (Source: https://www.indoramaventures.com/en/our-company/overview) 3. Sewage Water Treatment: Helped in decreasing the externally dependency on water by 43,800 kL/annum and this target has been achieved in July’22. Moreover, water is their byproduct of their process of esterification, which needs to be treated as it has a COD of 24

2500 which is to be reduced to below 100 that is level of portable water. This eventually reduced water consumption. 4. PTA Chain Installation: PTA is their main raw material, and so they use compressors to convey this PTA and nitrogen as well. They switched over to mechanical type of conveyor and have reduced about 337 tCO2e/annum. 5. Chips Conveying roots Blower: Chips is their final main product for which they used high compressed air of about 3-4 bar pressure which have been converted to maximum 0.5 bar pressure to convey the product to a 180 m long line and 50 m high conveyor. This shows the GHG reduction of about 564 tCO2e/annum. Fig.3.4: Group Picture with Ms. Shiji John (Source: Self Click) Appendix B: Integrating Solar & Agriculture & Zero This seminar explores the integration of solar energy and agriculture, highlighting the concept of a Zero-Waste solution that contributes to the transition towards a Circular Economy. The delves into the benefits, challenges, and opportunities associated with this integration, emphasizing its potential to drive sustainable development and create a thriving BCG (Biotechnology, Cleantech, and Green Chemistry) economy. Various case studies and innovative approaches are discussed to demonstrate the successful implementation of solar-agriculture integration and its positive impact on the environment, economy, and society. 25

Dr. Bhargab Mohan Das is an AIT Alumni, He started his journey in 2002-03 after graduation in India, with a sense of being aware on the way forward, faced the reality within the initial 6 months in Thailand (in the pursuit of Master’s Degree) that the whole comprehension on being self-aware is completely farce. He is the Co-Founder at CNES group, DASS-E and a mentor of multiple Startups. Fig.: 3.5 Dr. Bhargab Mohan Das (Source: Self Click) The prime objective is in a cycle of Bioeconomy, circular economy, and green economy. According to the above cycle there will be sustainability enhancement which will lead to sustainability in resources which in turn growth in economy. Integrating smart farming solutions with sustainable technologies can further enhance the environmental and social benefits of agricultural practices. Some of the Smart Farming Solutions integrated with Sustainable Technology are: Instability Cropping pattern Land ownership Agricultural marketing Agricultural credit Condition of agricultural labour 26

 Outcomes  We learnt about the new concept that is Bio-Circular Green Economy. The bio-economy is the production of renewable resources about which the resources are converted into valuable added products.  This economy has enhanced the sustainability and helped in getting smart farming solutions integrated with sustainable technology combined with BCG Economy  We learnt about Waste to Material Project, which helped us in learning how one could manage the waste and convert them into the useful material.  The main demerit is with the storage of solar energy in the form of batteries which is very expensive and is worked upon by the company to reduce the cost. Appendix C: National Science Museum Location: Rangsit-Nakhonnayok Road Khlong Ha Khlong Luang Pathum Thani 12120 Fig.: 3.6 National Science Museum (Source: Self Click)  Science Museum With the area of 10,000 square meter, there are 6 floors in the building with major themed exhibition areas displaying natural History Museum The Natural History Museum serves as the country's center of reference for taxonomy, taxidermy exhibits and workshop, research and collection on biodiversity and nature. It displays knowledge about the evolution of life and the diversity of living creatures ranging from single cell organisms to the species in the Kingdom. Life-sized models of all kinds of plants and animals are displayed in a 3,000 square meter exhibition area. The exhibition zone 27

consisting of 1,000 square meters. The temporary exhibitions and Boonsong Lekagul, M.D.’s exhibition zone consist of approximately 400 square meters. The total area is 1,400 square meters. The 4 major themes are exhibited including: Zone 1: The Origin of the Earth Zone 2: The Origin of life Zone 3: Evolution of Life Zone 4: Biodiversity  Natural History Museum The Natural History Museum also preserves a large collection of both wet and dry specimens from nature in a 1,200 square meter area. When the Natural History Museum was established, the specimen collection of birds and mammals was originally donated by Boonsong Lekagul, M.D.’ s family, while the specimen collection of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates were donated from the Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. All the specimens have been continuously managed, preserved, and the collection has grown since then. Hands-on and interactive exhibits on science and technology in everyday life including: Temporary exhibitions, Pioneers of Science, Evolution of Science, Basic Science, Science and Technology in Daily Life, Science and Technology in Thailand, and Thai Traditional Technology. Each floors contains the following contents: 1st Floor: Pioneers of Science, Education Program Enjoy maker space, Engineering Design, Science Dome and Temporary Exhibition. 2nd Floor: History and Evolution of Science and Technology 3rd Floor: Basic Science, Energy Tunnel, and Cinergy 4D Theater 4th Floor: Our World, Geology, Geography, Climate Change and Deciding on a Happy Farm, structure, and building 28

5th Floor: Our body, Transportation, Quality of Life, Robotic and Automation and Nanotechnology 6th Floor: Thai Traditional Technology  Information Technology Museum The Information Technology Museum displays a basic understanding of communication, computers, networks, and information technology, as well as demonstrating how research and development can lead to new ideas. The museum aims to prepare the Thai people to aware of and get ready for digital revolution in the society as one of the fundamental developments of the nation. The permanent exhibition in the museum shows the evolution of technology from prehistoric times to the present day. The interactive hands-on, exhibitions, showcases and interesting artifacts in computer and communication technologies are exhibited through modern light and sound effects. The museum also provides various of interactive activities to maximize the informal learning experience for their visitor. There are 6 major themes in the permanent exhibition illustrated including: Zone 1: The Evolution of Information and Technology Zone 2: The Pre-Historic and Historic Communication Zone 3: The Electronic Communication Zone 4: Calculation Zone 5: Computer Zone 6: Information Technology Application and Quality of Life  RAMA 9 Museum RAMA 9 Museum was founded to commemorate the Celebrations on the Auspicious Occasion of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great's 80th Birthday Anniversary. The RAMA 9 Museum presents the highlights Project of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great which related to the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy, and how to use scientific methods to solve the people and country's major problems. The exhibition 29

showcases on the evolution of life on the earth, ecosystems from all over the world and the biodiversity of Thailand and the world. The RAMA 9 museum also serves as a resource for information about Thailand's relationship with the world's ecosystems, and a center for public knowledge of ecosystem conservation and preparedness for natural disasters. The 3 major themes of exhibitions include: Zone 1: Our Home. Zone 2: Our Life. Zone 3: Our King. 30