Health GIS Lecture - 1 (Overview of GIS and its Applications in Health) - AT76.9023

MODULE: GIS for Health LESSON: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Nitin Kumar Tripathi Remote Sensing and GIS Asian Institute of Technology Thailand These Teaching/Learning materials may be used freely for non-profit purposes with proper recognition of the authors and the project GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 1 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Learning objectives Overview of the topic Introduction to GIS Scope of GIS in health sector Some examples GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as \"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.\" Due to the use of word ‘complete’ there are some controversies, so there are many more definitions given. In this lesson we will be learning about GIS, scope of GIS in health sector and some examples. The initiative is to develop our knowledge on GIS and knowing how this technique can be used in health, to improvise the present conditions and help us in decision making and knowing the factors which are contributing to the disease and even predicting the occurrence in the future. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 2 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Overview of diseases An infection is a particular strange condition, a confusion of a structure or limit, that influences part of an organism. Source: www.slideshare.net Source: s632.photobucket.com Source: mytropicanaslim.wordpress.com GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Chronic disease - long haul issue An chronic disease is a human health condition or sickness that is persevering or for the most part reliable in its effects or an illness that goes with time. The term chronic is frequently connected when the course of the disease continues for more than three months. Interminable problems like joint pain, asthma, cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), diabetes and viral sicknesses come in to this category. Incessant diseases generally can't be threated by vaccinations or cured by medicine, nor do they just vanish. Incurable disease - illness that can't be cured The most genuine among the lethal infections are those which have no cure yet. If one encounters such an illness, he/she has no interminable escape from the burden and generally relies on upon brief treatment. In spite of the way that tremendous amounts of cash are spent each year for finding out cure for such diseases, humankind still hasn't had the ability to substantiate in many cases. Terminal disease -illness with death as an unavoidable consequence Fatal illness is a infection that can't be cured or adequately treated and that is sensibly foreseen that would lead to death of the patient inside a brief time. This term is more regularly used for dynamic sicknesses, for instance, cancer or propelled coronary illness. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 3 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Causes of disease and their results Airborne Infectious Food borne Water Non- Lifestyle borne communicable Source: www.pop.org GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Airborne: An airborne infection is any illness that is brought on by pathogens and spread through air. Water-born: An water-born infection is any illness that is caused by drinking contaminated or dirty water. Infectious: Infectious illness, otherwise called transmissible sicknesses, disease coming about because of the infection, presence and development of pathogenic natural operators in an individual host organism. Non-transmittable: A non-transferable sickness that is not caused by infectious agents. Foodborne: Foodborne sickness is any disease coming through food polluted with pathogenic microbes, poisons, infections, prions or parasites. Lifestyle: Illness that seems to increment in recurrence as nations turn out to be more industrialized, particularly if the hazard components incorporate behavioral decisions like a stationary way of life or an eating routine high in unhealthful food, for example, carbohydrates, trans fats, or alcohol. Morbidity alludes to the ill state of an individual, while mortality implies the state of being mortal. Both can be associated at the individual level or over a people. For instance, morbidity rate is the ratio between diseased population and total population. Mortality rate is the ratio between death caused by disease and total population. The two are frequently utilized together to calculate the prevalence of a disease. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 4 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Airborne and infectious diseases Air-borne • Causes : exposure to an infected patient or animal; Transmission : environmental factors; Prevention : washing hands, wearing respirator, etc. Water-born • This has further impact on other factors and mainly caused by contamination from human Infectious • Infectious diseases are further divided into two sorts infectious and transferable sicknesses GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Airborne Some airborne sicknesses are Chickenpox, Flu, Measles, Smallpox, Cryptococcus's, and Tuberculosis. An airborne illness can be brought on by introduction to a source from an infected patient, by being exchanged from the tainted individual through mouth, nose, cut, or needle cut. Ecological components impact the viability of airborne infection transmission; the most obvious natural conditions are temperature and humidity. Some approaches to forestall airborne sicknesses include washing hands, utilizing suitable hand sanitization, getting customary inoculations against illnesses accepted to be locally present, wearing a respirator and restricting time spent within the sight of any patient prone to be a wellspring of disease. Water-born Water-borne diseases are any ailment brought on by drinking water defiled by human or creature excrement, which contains pathogenic microorganisms. Infectious Infectious diseases resulted in 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (about 17% of all deaths). Infectious agents including viruses, prions, viroid's, bacteria, nematodes (GBD 2013). Contagious – a disease, such as influenza or the common chilly, that normally spreads starting with one individual then onto the next Communicable – a disease that can spread starting with one individual then onto the next, yet is not generally spread through ordinary contact, for example, the viral hepatitis. Some deadly infections are Ebola, Smallpox, Rabies, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Influenza(Flu). Infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroid's, prions, bacteria, nematodes © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 5 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Non-communicable, lifestyle and food borne diseases Non- • Risk factors such as a lifestyle, person's communicable background, and environment increase the likelihood of certain NCDs Diseases Lifestyle • Causes : Diet and lifestyle are major factors Diseases which influence susceptibility to many diseases Food Borne • Symptoms : Vomiting, fever, and aches, and may Diseases include diarrhea; Types of Foodborne Diseases : Botulism, E. coli, Hepatitis A, Campylobacteriosis, Norovirus Infection, Salmonellosis, Shigellosis GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Non-communicable Diseases NCDs are the main source of death comprehensively. In 2012 they cause 68% of all death (38 million) up from 60% in 2000. Around half were under age 70 and half were ladies. Some times, NCDs result in fast deaths, for example, found in specific infections, like, immune system diseases, heart ailments, stroke, malignancies, diabetes, interminable kidney disease, Alzheimer's illness, and others (\"Non-communicable sicknesses\". WHO, 2016) Lifestyle Disease These ailments include Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, chronic liver disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, stroke, chronic renal failure, osteoporosis, depression, obesity, etc. Tobacco smoking, and alcohol drinking, and also an absence of or a lot of exercise may likewise increment the danger of building up specific illnesses, particularly further down the road (Vaillant G. E. et al., 2001). Foodborne disease Foodborne illness encompass an extensive variety of sicknesses and are an increasing issue. They are the outcome of ingestion of foodstuffs spoiled with microorganisms or chemicals. The defilement of food may happen at any phase in the process from sustenance generation to utilization and can come about because of environmental pollution, including contamination of water, soil or air (“Foodborne diseases\". WHO, 2016). © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 6 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Epidemiology Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Source: www.fao.org Source: www.umweltbundesamt.de GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission The study of disease transmission is necessary for establishment of public health, and shapes decisions and confirmation based practice by recognizing danger factors for infection and centers for preventive human services. Notwithstanding the way that the investigation of disease transmission as a control has blossomed since World War II, epidemiologic theory has been initiated from Hippocrates John Graunt, William Farr, John Snow, and others. Spatial study of disease transmission Spatial study of disease transmission is characterized as \"the portrayal and examination of geographic considerations in disease are demographic, environmental, behavioral, financial, hereditary, and infectious hazard elements\" (Elliott and Wartenberg, 2004). It is being utilized as a part of numerous epidemiological studies by joining the techniques for the study of disease transmission, insights and geographic data sciences. The improvement in GIS support the statistical advances in the study of disease transmission involves the expansions of smoothing in hazard maps to outline an interpretable hazard surface and spatial models to join the time measurement (Beale et al., 2008), which are effectively performed for the epidemiologic portrayal, investigation, and hazard evaluation of diseases. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 7 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health History of epidemiologic studies Hippocrates CLAUDIUS THOMAS GALEN (130- SYDENHAM 200A.D) ‘founder of JOHN SNOW epidemiology’ ‘father of epidemiology’ GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission • Hippocrates Theory of Humans • Landmark analysis of mortality data in 1662 - John Graunt • Analyzing Britain's mortality statistics - William Farr • Epidemic of cholera erupted in the Golden Square of London 1854 – John Snow • Epidemiologists extended their methods to noninfectious diseases. (1930 to 1940) • Epidemiologic methods to eradicate naturally occurring smallpox worldwide (1960 to 1970) • Studies of injuries and violence (1980s) • Related fields of molecular and genetic epidemiology (1990s) • Epidemiologists concentrated on deliberate spread through biologic warfare and bioterrorism. (Starting in the 1990s and accelerating after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001) (Snow J., 1936; Fenner F. et al., 1988) Morbidity data analysis in 1662 was the first to evaluate examples of birth, death, and sickness event, taking note of differences amongst male and females, high child mortality, urban/rural contrasts, and occasional varieties. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 8 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Geography in Disease identification Spot map of deaths from cholera in Golden Square area, London, 1854 (redrawn from original). Source: Snow J. Snow on cholera. London: Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press; 1936. GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Snow (1854; referred to in Gordon and Womersley, 1997), one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, outlined the geographic dispersion of cholera deaths in London, speaking to the relationship between these deaths and sullied water supplies. As a outcome, he examined connections amongst illness and environment by connecting the new study of disease transmission with the utilization of geographic data. The investigation of disease transmission's underlying foundations are right around 2500 years old. In his paper entitled \"On Airs, Waters, and Places,\" Hippocrates suggested that regular and host components, for instance, practices may affect the impact of disease. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 9 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Patterns of disease and characteristics of their determinants Patterns of disease can be Characteristics of Persons described through one of three categories: person, • Age • Sex place or time • Marital Status • Race and Ethnicity • person: who is being • Nativity and Migration affected • Religion • Socioeconomic Status • place: where the problem is occurring • time: when is the problem occurring GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission CHARACTERSTICS OF PERSONS Age • age-specific rates are greatly improved at comparing trends in disease than population-based trends • chronic disease rates increase with age • difficulties associated with older age groups Sex • a natural and imperative division to evaluate Marital Status • more vital in some chronic diseases than others Race and Ethnicity • similar to sex, particularly with chronic diseases Nativity and Migration • place of birth of the individual • a natural experiment – evaluate the affect of environment on the disease of interest Religion • may exert critical impact on rates of morbidity and mortality – not a noteworthy concern Socioeconomic Status • a very consistent affect, including for CVD - social class – occupation, education, income - SES is questionable, however, results show it as contribution © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 10 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Patterns of disease and characteristics of their determinants Characteristics of Place Characteristics of Time • infectious and chronic • Cyclic Fluctuations diseases show great variation • Point Epidemics from one country to the next • Secular Time Trends • Cohort Effects • typically, chronic diseases are • Clustering higher in developed countries (developed countries lend themselves to the lifestyle of chronic diseases) GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACE • global comparisons of disease frequency • inside country variation in rates of disease • rural/urban differences in disease rates • localized place comparisons • purposes behind place variation in disease CHARACTERISTICS OF TIME Cyclic Fluctuations: increases/reduce in recurrence of disease over time – common cold Point Epidemics: recurrence of disease at a point in time Secular Time Trends: continuous changes in the frequency of a disease over time – chronic diseases Cohort Effects • cohort – a gathering of persons who share something in common • cohort effect is the distinction in disease frequency due to common changes Clustering: an usual aggregation of health events grouped together in space or time – usually rare diseases – results may be spurious Temporal Clustering: an event that affects those in the unhealthy populace and is in response to an effort to eradicate the disease Spatial Clustering: high centralization of diseases contained in geographic areas © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 11 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Introduction to GIS A geographic information system (GIS) lets us visualize, analyze, question, and interpret data to understand relationships, patterns, and trends. Source: Geographic Information Centre - McGill University GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework intended to catch, store, control, analyze, manage, and introduce a wide range of spatial or topographical information. The acronym GIS is at times utilized for geographic data science (GIScience) to allude to the scholarly train that studies geographic data systems and is a substantial area inside the more extensive scholastic teach of geo-informatics. • A guide with database(s) • Cartographic components spoke to as focuses, lines or polygons with traits portraying these elements • A system for capturing, storing, checking, manipulating, analyzing, and showing spatially referenced information to earth so that valuable data can be produced © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 12 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Introduction to GIS • A tool to handle and manage spatial data. • Digital copy of real world • It is an architecture which links data and services based on their location What is GIS? Source: AIT Figure Elementary technologies supporting GIS GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Spatial Data: Data which is related to position and space eg: digital maps Spatial data, generally called geospatial data, is information around a physical question that can be spoken to by numerical values in a geographic coordinate system. Spatial data speaks to the area, size and shape of the object on planet earth, for instance, a building, lake, mountain or township. Spatial data fuse properties that give more information about the component that is being addressed. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or other particular programming applications can be used to get to, imagine, control and examine geospatial information. Computerized duplicate can be shared by numerous individuals and digitally upgraded From the field study we can have geo-objects recognized furthermore existing maps. There are numerous different sources from where we can obtain, for a case satellite picture procurement. These all can be redesigned and representation is done and stored. Spatial investigation is done and stored in database. At whatever point a client needs something he/she fabricate an inquiry and it is sent to database and hunt is done in the capacity place and applicable information is sent to client for representation. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 13 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Things which can be done by GIS Source: AIT, University of Tokyo, & JAXA Figure Mapping people distribution and movement using mobile phone data and CO2 estimation by satellite data GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission GIS is a capable decision-making tool that has an enormous scope of applications, whatever your business – resource administration, logistics, planning, transport, survey, demographic studies, the study of disease transmission and environment, to give some examples. With GIS, you can examine topographic, ecological, demographic and land utilize information to help you with your business choices and project management. In a disaster times mapping individuals will be critical which demonstrate to us the area of individuals and this can be the one thing which can spare their lives. In typical scenario it can be utilized to assess the movement and finding the patterns in various days of the week. GIS with Remote Sensing can create productive results which can make finding of for all intents and purposes anything with cost and time proficiency. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 14 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Key components of GIS Key components of GIS are a computer system, geospatial data and users. Hardware and software for capturing, processing, analysis, display etc. Source: achirillo.wordpress.com Computer System Geospatial Data Users Maps, aerial photographs, satellite Designing of standards, images, statistic tables etc. updating, analysis, and implementation GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Computer Systems for GIS • Hardware Systems - Personal computer (PC) - Memory - Peripherals (Input / Output devices) • Software Systems - Operating System, GIS software © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 15 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Benefits of GIS Source: AIT Source: integrasiautama.com Source: AIT GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Is GIS useful and why? With out GIS • Geospatial data are poorly maintained • Maps and statistics are out of date • Data and information are inaccurate • Geographic data are inconsistent • There is no standard • There is no data sharing • There is no data retrieval service • There is no scientific decision making With GIS • Search, analysis and representation easier • More value added products • Time and cost saved • Productivity more improved Digital copy of the real world is very much essential to guide us trough dynamic simulation. It makes easy for an individual to identify his desired destination. It will very useful for future constructions showing past deeds on and below the surface. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 16 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Functions of GIS GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Functions of GIS is to tell what is the object, where is it located, how did it change in a certain period, what would be the data related, and what would be the effect of some action on the object. Basic Functions of GIS Functions Sub-functions Data Acquisition Editing, Topology Building, Format Conversion etc. and Preprocessing Database Management Data archiving, Query etc. and Retrieval Spatial Measurement Buffering, Overlay Operations etc. and Analysis Graphic Output Mapping, Birds Eye View etc. and Visualization © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 17 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health GIS as a Multidisciplinary Science Geography Geodesy Cartography Surveying Remote Sensing Photogrammetry GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Geography is the investigation of place and the connections amongst individuals and their surroundings. Geographers investigate both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human social orders spread crosswise over it. Cartography is the study of making maps. Joining science, style, and technique, cartography builds on the preface that reality can be displayed in ways that convey spatial data successfully. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on site observation. Photogrammetry is the investigation of making estimations from photos, particularly to recover the correct places of surface focuses. Additionally, it might be utilized to recuperate the movement pathways of assigned reference focuses situated on any moving item, on its segments and in the promptly adjoining environment. Surveying or land surveying is the method of exploration for deciding the earthly or three-dimensional position of focuses and the separations and angles between them. Geodesy Also known as geodetics a branch of connected arithmetic and earth sciences, is the logical teach that arrangements with the estimation and representation of the Earth (or any planet), including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-changing space. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 18 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health GIS as a Multidisciplinary Science Statistics Computer Civil Health & Science Engineering Medicine etc. Operations Mathematics Urban Research Planning GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Statistics is the investigation of the gathering, examination, understanding, presentation, and association of information. In applying statistics to, e.g., a logical, mechanical, or social issue, it is ordinary in the first place a statistical population or a statistical model procedure to be concentrated on. Operations Research (O.R.) is a teach that arrangements with the use of cutting edge scientific strategies to settle on better choices. Computer science is the investigation of mechanizing algorithmic procedures that scale. A computer scientist spends significant time in the hypothesis of calculation and the outline of computational frameworks. Mathematics is the investigation of quantities, for example, amount (numbers), structure, space, and change. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that arrange with the outline, development, and support of the physical and actually constructed environment, including works like streets, extensions, trenches, dams, and structures. Urban planning is a specialized and political process worried with the utilization of land, insurance and utilization of the environment, public welfare, and the outline of the urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban ranges, for example, transportation, correspondences, and distribution systems. Health & Medication is the science and routine of the analysis, treatment, and counteractive action of sickness. Restorative accessibility and clinical practice shifts over the world because of territorial contrasts in culture and innovation. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 19 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Scope of GIS in health sector Client Data Environmental Market Data Demand Data Provider Data Data • Demographics • Age/Sex • Caseloads • Locations • Services • Air and Water • Income • Diseases • Hospitals • Encounters Quality • Education • Procedures • Physicians • Clinical • Race and • Ancilaries • Biological Outcomes Hazards Ethnicity • Social Status • Toxic Sites • Infectious Diseases Employer Data Vital Data Clinical Data Geographic Financial Data Facilities Data Data • Locations • Births • Lab • Charges • Floor Plans • Health Plans • Deaths • Radiology • Service Area • Revenues • Assets • Demographics • Disease • Inpatient • Health • Expenses • Resources • Employee • Outpatient • Payers • Equipment Demographics Referral Areas Locations • Planning Location Areas • Jurisdiction • Streets GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Health is our center zone that has made expanding utilization of GIS strategies. Particularly public health is more vital as we will run with gathering of populace. GIS and other spatial investigation devices are in this way perceived as giving possibly transformational abilities to public health endeavors. Scope of GIS in health sector • Geography • Analyzing need for health care • Analyzing access to health care • Health care delivery • Locating health services • Spatial decision support systems • Future directions © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 20 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Health care & analyzing need Source: www.esriuk.com Source: analysisgroup.com GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission The topography of health care includes the investigation of spatial association (number sizes, sorts, and areas) of services, how and why spatial association changes after some time, how individuals access services, and the effects on health and prosperity (Fortney J., 1999). GIS is being utilized to outline investigate geological variety in requirement for services and to create imaginative indicators of health care needs. GIS has an imperative part in surveying medicinal services requirements for regions by encouraging the spatial connecting of differing health, social, and environmental information sets. As computerized data on morbidity, demographics, and utilization is all the more generally accessible, health need information will be consolidated in GIS-based decision tool that permit groups and chiefs to analyze inquiries of medicinal services needs, and accessibility. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 21 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Analyzing access to health care • GIS model to measure physical access to health facilities ◦ How far? ◦ Which is nearest? ▪ In terms of distance ▪ In terms of time to travel Source: www.slideshare.net GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission GIS is being utilized to make better measures of geographical access and to analyze geological disparities in access and those designed along social and monetary lines. There is developing acknowledgment that geological obstructions to health care converge with those in light of class, race, and ethnicity prompting to complex patterns of disservice. With GIS, it is likewise conceivable to utilize spatial statistical techniques, for example, kernel density estimation to gauge benefit accessibility, however such methodologies have not been created in the health care writing. One of the upsides of GIS is that it can join spatial data on streets, transportation, and populace to make more precise measures of topographical detachment. GIS offers a stage for spatial communication investigation, as well as a methods for creating models that are touchy to geological setting. Both of these model upgrades are critical for health care applications. (Geertman S. et al., 1995; Haynes K. et al., 1984) © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 22 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Healthcare delivery and locating services Source: stesalitsystems.com Source: www.samhsa.gov GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission GIS was utilized to think about the genuine territories served by the middle with the regions focused for administration to figure out whether the planned target populace was satisfactorily served. GIS can be utilized to coordinate spatial databases and model spatial procedures with a specific end goal to unravel these connections. For administrations that address particular health issues, GIS can be utilized to geocode pertinent information from reconnaissance frameworks or wellbeing reviews so that ideal areas are picked in light of the health issue of intrigue. GIS likewise encourages better estimation of land division for locational investigation. Today it is regular to utilize GIS in ascertaining system travel times from interest zones to potential health facility sites. (Branas C. et al., 2000; Cromley E. et al., 2001) © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 23 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Spatial decision support systems & future directions Source: article.sapub.org Source: www.esri.com GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Endeavors are under approach to create spatial decision support systems (SDSS) that coordinate GIS with a variety of logical strategies to bolster human services arranging and appraisal. SDSS join a geographic database, a framework for database administration and questioning, a UI, and an arrangement of diagnostic apparatuses like area designation and spatial communication models (Rushton G., 2001). Utilization of GIS in social insurance examine has expanded drastically in the previous decade. GIS has given better approaches to health care needs for small geographical areas, better measures of land access to wellbeing administrations, and new ways to deal with analysis and arranging administrations areas. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 24 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Hospital map Source: AIT Source: Google Earth GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Purpose: In case of emergency, it is very important to take a patient to precise hospital immediately. However, condition of traffic and condition of hospital is changing all the time. That is, not only location of hospital but also condition of hospital, such as the presence of doctors or vacancy of beds, is indispensable information to save life. GIS is effective tool to handling these location based information with there attribute. Data: Land use, network, Population, etc. Example: Hospital Map © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 25 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Summary GIS has wide range of applications in health and world had started considering its importance GIS plays a very important role in policy making in the public health sector by identifying the risk zones for different diseases Resource allocation is one more important consideration where GIS can be a tool to support GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 26 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Readings • Required Readings ▪ A. K. Lyseen, C. Nohr, E. M. Sorensen, O. Gudes, E. M. Geraghty, N. T. Shaw, and C. Bivona-Tellez. 2014. “A Review and Framework for Categorizing Current Research and Development in Health Related Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Studies”. 2014; 9(1): 110–124. doi: 10.15265/IY- 2014-0008. (Last accessed 21 Oct, 2016) URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287070/ ▪ Kenneth, E., Foote and Margaret, Lynch. Last revised 2014.9.11. KEF. \"Geographic Information Systems as an Integrating Technology: Context, Concepts, and Definitions\". (Last accessed 21 Oct, 2016) URL: http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/intro/intro_f.htm l GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 27 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health Readings • Recommended Readings ▪ Prathibha, B. S. 2014. Geographic Information Systems as an Integrating Technology: Overview, Concepts, and Definitions. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, Volume: 2 Issue: 10, ISSN: 2321-8169, 3204 – 3207. (Last accessed 17 Nov, 2016) URL: https://www.academia.edu/9328308/Geographic_Information_Sy stems_as_an_Integrating_Technology_Overview_Concepts_an d_Definitions GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 28 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health References • Partners in ERASMUS+ Project ‘GeoServices-4-Sustainability‘ • Please see full list of references in the notes section GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission Beale, L., Abellan, J. J., Hodgson, S., and Jarup, L. 2008. Methodologic Issues and Approaches to Spatial Epidemiology. Environmental Health Perspectives, 16(8), 1105- 1110. Branas, C., MacKenzie, E., Revelle, C. 2000. Atrauma resource allocation model for ambulances and hospitals. Health Serv. Res. 35:489–507 Cromley, E., Wei, X. 2001. Locating facilities for EMS response to motor vehicle collisions. Proc. Health GIS Conf., 2001. Washington, DC Elliott, P., Wartenberg, D. 2004. Spatial epidemiology: current approaches and future challenges. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(9), 998–1006. Fenner, F., Henderson, D. A., Arita, I., Jezek, Z., Ladnyi, I. D. 1988. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization. Fortney, J., Rost, K., Zhang, M., Warren, J. 1999. The impact of geographic accessibility on the intensity and quality of depression treatment. Med. Care 37:884–93. Geertman, S., Ritsema, Van, Eck, J. 1995. GIS and models of accessibility potential: an application in planning. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. 9:67–80. © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 29 www.zgis.net/geos4s

Module: GIS for Health Lesson: Overview of GIS and its applications in Health References • Partners in ERASMUS+ Project ‘GeoServices-4-Sustainability‘ • Please see full list of references in the notes section GeoServices-4-Sustainalibity (GeoS4S) ERASMUS+ Project No. 561716-EPP-1-2015-1-AT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Co-funded by the European Commission GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. 2014. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682- 2.PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. Gordon, A., and Womersley, J. 1997. The use of mapping in public health and planning health services. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 19(2), 139–147. Haynes, K., Fotheringham, S. 1984. Gravity and Spatial Interaction Models. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Rushton, G. 2001. Spatial decision support systems. Int. Encycl. Soc. Sci., pp. 14785– 88 Snow, J. 1936. 1936. Snow on cholera. London: Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press; 1936. \"The top 10 causes of death\". World Health Organization. URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index2.html (Last accessed 21 Oct, 2016) Vaillant G. E., Mukamal, K. 2001. PMID 11384887 2001 Jun 1;158(6):839-847 © 2016–2018 GeoS4S 30 www.zgis.net/geos4s