Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters

ISBN 978-616-90698-0-5 Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters Proc. of 3rd Int. Conf. on Geoinformation Technology for Natural Disaster Management Editor Dr. Nitin K. Tripathi

Reviewers Hamid Mehmood, Asian Institute of Technology Bhogendra Mishra, Asian Institute of Technology Uday Dynandeo Pimple, Asian Institute of Technology Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters (Proceedings of Third International Conference on Geoinformation Technology for Natural Disaster Management and Rehabilitation) is edited by Dr. Nitin Kumar Tripathi, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. It is a collection of papers from GIT4NDM 2010. Publication Year: 2010 Disclaimer: Authors are responsible for the views and contents expressed in their papers. For any general queries, please contact publisher at: Geoinformatics International Co., Ltd 165/520 Moo. 5, Tiwanon Road, Bangkadi, Pathumthani, 1200, Thailand Tel: +66 2 963 9148 Fax: +66 2 501 1677 Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.j-geoinfo.net, http://www.e-geoinfo.net Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters a

Foreword I am very pleased that the Association for Geoinformation Technology in collaboration with the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Chiang Mai University, University of Waterloo, University Putra Malaysia, Japanese-Vietnamese Consortium and several other partners will be conducting the 3rd International Conference on Geoinformation Tech- nology for Natural Disaster Management (GIT4NDM) during 19-20 October 2010 in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Geoinformation technology is extensively used in various missions Professor Said Irandoust related to disasters either natural or human induced. We witnessed the President, historical oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and seen how NOAA helped Asian Institute of Technology, by providing maps on the Internet which were generated from satel- Thailand lite data to inform and update the public on the situation. Likewise, we have also seen the use of geoinformation technology in post-flood mitigation and humanitarian rehabilitation efforts in flood stricken Pakistan. There is tremendous potential in harnessing a wide array of applica- tions from this technology and I hope that Asian countries will strive to work together and help in further developing the capacity to use this technology in reducing the impact of disasters in vulnerable areas by disaster resistant planning, early warning and management etc. AIT is proud to be a partner in this important undertaking, and I wish all the delegates a fruitful conference, in generating new ideas and co- operation that will help make the world more safer and better prepared for natural disasters. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters b

Preface In last few months (July and August 2010), we had disastroud flood Dr Saied Pirasteh. in Pakistan and this makes more reasons to work better for geoinfor- Chairman, WG matics technology and disaster management. U.N. Secretary-Gener- GIT4NDM, AgIT al Ban Ki-moon said \"the flooding in Pakistan was the worst disaster Senior Researcher, he had ever seen, and urged foreign donors to speed up assistance Univ. Putra Malaysia. to some 20 million people affected\". The floods have hit about one- quarter of the country. Huge swaths of land remain under water, and hundreds more homes were flooded over the weekend. While the death toll of 1,500 is small compared to other disasters, the extent of the flooding and number of people whose lives have been disrupted is staggering. However, I hope with considering such events and gathering; we can work better to understand the earth and environ- ment for our future generations. On the another hand we all know that natural hazards are parts of the life and we can not fight to it; but this is very well known that it has to be defended by our national and international contribution par- ticipants to use brain of every scientist. Advanced technology across remote sensing and geographical information system and Sciences (GIS) are becoming very powerful tools to manage natural disasters throughout day events in the world. Many natural hazards like earthquakes, landslides, floods, Tsunami and etc. every year take place in the world. For example: China earthquake 2008 and Myanmar Nargis, 2008, Pakistan flood in 2010 and many others. With this, we are gathered here to have 3rd International conference and Workshop in Geo- Information Technology for Natural Disaster Management and rehabilitation in Chaing Mai, Thailand which is one of the activities of AgIT - IJG and could help us to contribute the knowledge of advanced technology of the people and scientists to think for better management. This could also help to facilitate the international collaboration and thinking for future projects and educational programs as join venture programs and explore other av- enues for possible collaboration. Lastly, I would like to conclude by saying that the media should be more sensitive on reporting disasters, rather than sensationalizing the issue because a disaster itself can not explain although it has content, but it is media as a medium which provides us the message. And any discussion on the media coverage of the disasters is not meant to criticize as much as to learn. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters c

Preface The frequency and impact of natural disasters are ever increasing. Re- Dr. Nitin Kumar Tripathi cent studies revealed that climate change has a significant role to play in Organising Secretary this. The recent floods in Pakistan has broken records of many decades 3rd Int. Conference on and caused colossal damage to lives and property, as the country was GIT4NDM&R not prepared to cope with this. Cyclones are regular visitors in Southeast Asian Institute of Technology Asia but the damaged caused by Nargis in Mayanmar and Katrina in Thailand Cambodia in recent past has shattered the normal lives and economy of these countries. Recently, a volcano in Indonesian became bulging lava after 500 years. Haiti earthquake has stories of miseries and also revela- tion of how ill-prepared the country was in terms of infrastructure and mitigation. However, there is a light at the end of the tunnel of dismay that all na- tions come forward and extend humanitarian help to provide food, shel- ter, and reconstruction. I was touched by reconstruction in Banda Aceh, which was totally finished after Tsunami. Geoinformation technologies have been widely used in post disaster mitigation and rehabilitation works by various governmental, NGOs and UN agencies. The theme of 3rd International conference on Geoinformation Technol- ogy and Natural Disaster Management (GIT4NDM 2010) is “Mapping, Monitoring and Managing Natural Disasters”. I am sure distinguished delegates will share their experience on these lines and develop network and synergy to evolve strategy for disaster risk reduction. I wish great success to the congregation and look forward to a roadmap of imple- mentation of remote sensing, GIS and GNSS for saving millions of lives and properties from disasters. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters d

Content b c Foreword d President Message f Organizing Chairman Organizing Secretary o Keynote Sessions 1 27 Workshop Sessions 74 127 Technical Sessions 155 187 Climate Change & Disasters 255 Flood Rehabilitation 263 Earthquake Landslide 271 Diaster Risk Reduction Cyclones Sponsors Author Index Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters e

Geoinformation and Natural Disaster Management – It’s Time to Connect the Dots Maps are essential at all stages of the disaster management cycle: pre- Prof. Shattri Mansor vention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. It is impor- Spatial and Numerical tant to undertake a range of activities such as: risk assessment; scenario Modeling Laboratory analysis or analysis of consequences; forecast and projection; dissemi- Institute of Advanced nation of information; allocation of personnel, equipment and other Technology resources; reaching various affected areas by relief personnel; damage Universiti Putra Malaysia assessment and so on. Maps play a critical role in all these activities. Hazard maps have been recognized as an instrument for disaster man- agement in many countries in recent years. However, most of them are literally only maps indicating dangerous spots and not utilize for disaster reduction. It should also be noted that in many countries hazard maps developed by the national and local authorities are not distributed to the members of the community. The community must be provided with relevant information in hazard maps and how to utilize them. Most im- portantly, how effectively hazard maps are used depends on the level of community awareness. The members of the community must be taught how to understand potential disasters in their area from the maps to take appropriate countermeasures. In this paper, discussion will be mainly confined to the analysis of the role of geoinformation technology in natural disaster management. Sat- ellite imageries and maps describe the locations of features on the Earth’s surface. GIS manipulate such data to create useful products and hazard maps. GPS receivers allow relief personnel to locate the affected area or injured residents. Remotely sensed imageries captured from satellite and aircraft provide the first comprehensive picture of an event’s impact. Geoinformation tools are useful and indeed essential in all phases of disaster management. Yet it is never easy to persuade authorities or the general public of the need for investment in geoinformation infrastruc- ture when the primary concerns in the immediate aftermath of an event are clearly focused on food, shelter, and the saving of lives. The paper concluded that issues of uncertainty and reliability of the map, training, coordination among agencies, sharing of data and tools, planning and preparedness, turn out to be the critical factors and the ones that have to be addressed if future responses are to be more effective. The need for geoinformation may be everywhere, but in a sense it is also nowhere in minds. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters f

Remote Sensing & GIS for Disaster Management: Closing the Gaps and Reaching the Unreached \"Ensure that all countries and international and regional organizations have access to and develop the capacity to use all types of space-based information to support the full disaster management cycle\" The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 61/110, 14 Decem- ber 2006 The UN General Assembly Resolution responds not only the urgent ne- Dr. Sanjay K Srivastava cessity but also the unmet needs of space-based information for disaster Regional Advisor, Disaster risk reduction and management especially in the developing countries. Risk Reduction The deficit of such information and services has created larger gaps in UN Economic and Social saving lives and properties in the event of major disasters. The Indian Commission for Asia and the Ocean tsunami in 2004 and Cyclone Nargis in 2008 caused huge human Pacific and economic losses partly due to the lack of appropriate information Bangkok, Thailand and communication infrastructure for timely creating and disseminat- ing disaster warnings to the public and organizing timely response ac- tions. Disaster losses can be reduced through observation, information and knowledge relating to the natural hazards, the associated vulner- ability of the community and their assets, and the impending risk. The timely dissemination of such information through better coordinated systems for monitoring, predicting, risk assessment, early warning, mitigating, and responding to hazards at local, national, regional, and global levels reduces risk, saves lives and protects assets. It is here in this context that the role of remote sensing & GIS applications assumes significance. The present paper draws lessons how remote senising & GIS were used while responding to Ketsana Typhoon that had hit Philipines, Vietnam, Cambodia and LAO PDR in Sept 2009. Whether these applications could really benefit those who were hit hardest? The gap between Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters g

Digital Typhoon TV: Toward Real-time Emergency Information Platform World Wide Web became one of the most important platforms for pro- ฀ viding emergency information with explosive increase in volume and variety. At the same time, however, this also means the increase of infor- Dr. Asanobu Kitamoto mation overload for users, and even relevant information on the website Associate Professor is not always accessed by users as a result. To solve this problem, we National Institute of need to redesign the information platform so that it automatically recom- Informatics mends relevant information under the context of each user. We propose Japan that this can be achieved by incorporating the metaphor of television into the website in order to push relevant information to a user. Our proj- ect, “Digital Typhoon TV,” aims at automating the process of collection, fragmentation, recombination and visualization of information to create a real-time push-based media. This media will be developed based on the achievement of “Digital Typhoon” project, which is the database of more than 160,000 typhoon images from the archive of 30 years of geo- stationary meteorological satellite images in combination with meteo- rological observation data, mass media news articles, and social media entries. This presentation briefly describes many components of “Digital Typhoon,” and demonstrates future directions of the project. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters h

Geo-Information for Disaster Management in Sri Lanka: Our Experience, Constraints and Future Natural, technological, conflict related and human induced disasters adversely af- Prof. Ranjith fect millions of people every year. Various disaster management programmes are Premalal De Silva undertaken in order to minimize the impacts on vulnerable population by saving Professor lives, protecting livelihoods, assets and infrastructure before, during and after a (Geo-informatics) disaster. In Sri Lanka, technological contributions for disaster management initia- University of tives had been scarce until the December 2004 Tsunami. Several new initiatives Peradeniya were launched after the tsunami episode for combating the dangers of loosing Sri Lanka lives and property due to various types of disasters. In these initiatives, the use- fulness of geo-information and geo-informatics tools for continuously updating disaster risk profiles has been emphasized. Also the activities for disaster aware- ness, preparedness and risk mitigation have been formulated with key inputs from geo-information not only for most frequent disasters such as flood, landslides and droughts but also for less frequent disasters such as tsunami. One of the major constraints for these initiatives for disaster risk reduction has been the lack of national or regional level hazard zonation profiles. Identification of hazard or risk levels is important to determine the spatial extents of the im- pending disasters and the vulnerable communities and structures. A major project is underway to map out the risk profiles for five key hazard areas (floods, land- slides, coastal, cyclone and drought) and to determine the probability of hazard events occurring across different regions of the Sri Lanka. Finally, it is extended up to assess the full range of vulnerabilities experienced throughout the Sri Lanka with reference to multiple hazard events and influencing inter-sectoral disaster risk management strategies towards recognizing the highly dynamic form of vul- nerabilities which are differentially experienced across regions, communities and time periods. These programs are coordinated, monitored and funded by Disaster Management Centre and United Nations Development Program and geo-infor- mation and related technology tools have been extensively utilized in all spheres of these activities. After the tsunami disaster occurred in December 2004, tsunami hazard reduction programmes have been given priority due to the magnitude of the problems it created. Geo-Information has been employed to identify vulnerable coastal areas and disaster forecasting systems have been established in those areas. Impacts of previous cyclones and impacted areas are mapped using time series of geo- information. Oil spill hazard areas in Sri Lanka have been investigated by apply- ing oil spill stochastic model into selected points of main shipping routes with the support of geo-information. Separate flood inundation mapping exercise has been undertaken where recent advances in geo-information are incorporated to the ef- forts for real time flood forecasting and early warning. Drought mapping has been initiated at various spatial scales using diverse set of geo-information. Landslide prone areas are demarcated through the use of geo-Information in identifying the spatial distribution of causal factors related to climate and land. In addition, the Disaster Management Centre established with the support of UNDP embarks on the overall disaster management coordination in the country promoting the use of geo-information for disaster management. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters i

Sea Level Rise – Management and Rehabilitation The sea level is going to rise by the rapid melt-down of glaciers and the Prof. Arkal Vittal Hegde already observable ice decline in polar regions. The 2007 IPCC (Intergov- NITK, Surathkal. ernmental Panel on Climate Change) report suggested that sea levels would Mangalore, rise by between 190 mm and 590 mm by the end of this century.[1] Based India on the tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/year, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/year.[2] Current sea level rise is due significantly to global warm- ing,[3] which will increase the sea level over the coming century and lon- ger periods.[4][5] Relative sea level rise at specific locations is often 1–2 mm/year greater or less than the global average. Along the US mid-Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, for example, sea level is rising approximately 3 mm/year. Sea level rise estimates from satellite altimetry are 3.1 ± 0.4 mm/year for 1993-20036. These sea level rises could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, many major cities such as London and New Orleans already need storm-surge defenses, and would need more if sea level rose, though they also face issues such as sinking land.[7] Sea level rise could also displace many shore-based popu- lations: for example it is estimated that a sea level rise of just 200 mm could create 740,000 homeless people in Nigeria.[8] Maldives, Tuvalu, and other low-lying countries are among the areas that are at the highest level of risk. The UN's environmental panel has warned that, at current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.[9][10] A full melt-down of glaciers would also cause a massive encroachment in the water balance that would lead to droughts in summer due to missing melt-off water and to heavy deluges (floods) because the precipitation no longer falls as snow. However a heavy rise in the sea level would affect even more people. Not that just tropical island paradises would vanish in the sea forever but also that many big metropolises like Shanghai, New York or Amsterdam are directly situated at the sea. If we should ever let a full melt-down of the polar ice shields happen this would mean a rise of up to 74 m in sea level with even more devastating effects11. Sea-level rise is the greatest threat to coastal mangroves and wetlands, affects beaches, causes coastal erosion and hence affect tourism. According to studies compiled by the United States Environmental Protec- tion Agency, a sea level rise of a few metres would, in the United States, inundate major portions of Louisiana and Florida, as well as beach resorts along the coasts; a rise of one or two metres by the year 2100 could destroy 50 to 80% of the United States coastal wetlands. The studies revealed that in the case of Egypt, a 1 to 3 m rise in sea level could erode up to 20 percent of the nation's arable land, unsettling up to 21% of the country's population, or over 10 million people. In Bangladesh, this rise could swamp up to 27% of total land area, displacing up to 25 million people.12 Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters j

Geoinformation Technology in Flood Management: South Indian Experience Floods have become a recurring natural disaster in many parts of the world. In Prof. S.M. Ramasamy Indian subcontinent too, the floods which have all along been confined only to Vice - Chancellor the Himalayan bound rivers have started spreading over to the peninsular riv- Gandhigram Rural ers also. Even the Thar desert of western India has started witnessing floods in Institute - Deemed the recent years. Flood is not a simple phenomenon of flowing of water from University the high ground to the lower grounds, but it is the interface dynamics between Gandhigram the flood system and the geo systems. For example, in areas of land emer- India gence, the rivers will vertically cut and flow as incised streams but in contrast in areas of tectonic subsidence, will flow in sluggish pattern due to distur- bance in base level of erosion and as a result, it will flood the adjacent areas. Similarly, if there are no adequate drainages or the drainages are encroached it would cause flooding. Hence flood hazard management needs comprehen- sive understanding of the Earth system features and their dynamics and also flood dynamics. The Geo information technology has advanced credentials in flood management as the floods warrent analysis of multi dimensional geo- hydro system parameters. The study carried out in the southern parts of the Indian peninsular, namely the state of Tamilnadu have provided ample evidences on the credentials of such Geo information technology in flood management. In the said study ,GIS data bases were generated for 2005 floods and such large number of flood polygons of varying aerial extent were spatially correlated with dif- ferent geo system parameters by duly overlaying the flood layer over the GIS layers on lithology, structure, geomorphology, slope, landuse /cover, ground water levels, status of ground water exploitation etc .From the same it was inferred that flood was controlled by different geo-hydro system parameters in different parts of Tamilnadu viz: N-S active faults, zones of tectonic sub- sidence, on going grabening, anomalous compressed meandering, bay mouth bars at the mouth of the rivers, ground water levels etc and integrating all, philosophies were developed to mitigate the flood hazards. Thus the Geo information technology has enormous potentials in many such natural hazards and the same needs to be capitalized deservingly. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters k

Investigations of Land/Sea Vertical Motions in Thailand Using Geodetic Space Techniques The Thailand-EU joint research project named as Geodetic Earth Ob- Dr. Chalermchon Satirapod servation Technologies for Thailand: Environmental Change Detection Professor and Investigation (GEO2TECDI) has been carried out to exploit three Geo-Image Technology space geodetic techniques namely Global Navigation Satellite Systems Research Unit (GNSS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Satel- Department of Survey lite Altimetry (SALT) to detect, monitor and model vertical land motion Engineering induced by the 9.2 Mw Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, land subsidence Faculty of Engineering and sea level changes. The latest results indicate that the significant Chulalongkorn University magnitudes of these 3 phenomena in Thailand are strongly correlat- Thailand ed. InSAR confirms relative land subsidence at rates up to a couple of cm/yr, while SALT suggests absolute sea-level rise values in the Gulf of Thailand up to 5 mm/yr. However, matters become even more worrisome due to the vertical post-seismic motion due to the Sumatra- Andaman mega-thrust earthquake from 2004. The GNSS results show that in the past 5 years large parts of SE Asia started to move down, in Thailand with (absolute) rates near 1 cm/yr. Therefore, in the long term these phenomena may have a considerable impact on the social- economic development of coastal and low-lying areas especially in the greater Bangkok area. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters l

Terrestrial Mobile Lidar Mapping Technology for Emergency Response Both airborne and spaceborne remote sensing technologies have Dr. Jonathan Li proved their critical roles in rapidly collecting geospatial data cov- Department of Geography ering a relatively large geographic region in support of emergency and Environmental response and disaster management. However, they fall short of cap- Management turing adequate urban details due to the limitations of spatial resolu- University of Waterloo tion and viewing angle. The advancement of navigation and imaging sensors, in particular, laser scanners (or lidar) enabled land-based mobile lidar mapping systems to rapidly and cost-effectively acquire detailed 3D geospatial data on the ground. This paper provides a re- view of the existing terrestrial mobile lidar systems as well as the products that can be generated from the data they acquire, and assess their utility in the context of emergency response and disaster man- agement. This evaluation of such systems is based on a number of objective assessment criteria that include technical and commercial aspects, as well as various considerations for emergency response and disaster management, such as required processing time or use for a given disaster type. The paper will show how terrestrial mobile lidar systems are best suited for different disaster scenarios and show that such systems have great potential to aid in an emergency situ- ation. As an example, results of 2D and 3D object data collection obtained by Optech (Canada) LYNX Mobile Mapper system are pre- sented. The paper concludes a summary of opportunities and chal- lenges for the future research and development of mobile mapping. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters m

Management of the Post Disaster Projects and the Technological Challenges Presentation will include the past experience of handling post disaster proj- ects run by UN System in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Haiti. It would include the emergency operations caused by following natural and man- made disasters: • Tsunami, Earthquakes and Floods in India; • Sidr cyclone & floods in Bangladesh; • Emergency operations in Sri Lanka; • Earthquake in Haiti; Presentation will focus on sharing the operational issues and challenges on Mr. Ram Trivedi the ground experienced in the past while managing the post disaster proj- UNOPS, ects. And will expect the forum to suggest as to how come GIS technology Thailand can address those challenges and make the operation easy on the ground. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters n

Earthquake Risk Management in Mega Cities In the last three decades, large earthquakes have caused massive loss of Dr Jayant Pathak lives and extensive physical destruction throughout the world (Armenia, Asst Professor 1988; Iran, 1990; US, 1994; Japan, 1995; Turkey, 1999; Taiwan, 1999, Assam Engg College, India 2001, Sumatra 2004, Pakistan, 2005). The earthquakes in the past Guwahati, Assam, India have left many lessons to be learned which are very essential to plan infrastructure and to mitigate such calamities in mega cities in future. Dr. Biswajit Sarma There are several risk assessment tools proposed by different countries Asst Professor and organizations like HAZUS (USA), TELES (Taiwan), RADIUS Jorhat Engg College, (UN) are based on inventory data and inputs through GIS engine to pro- Guwahati, Assam, India duce result for different disaster. Regional seismic damage assessment for Mega City may be carried out using geographic information system, where reflection of ground shaking and the secondary site attributes of soil amplification and liquefaction are incorporated as the salient fea- tures. Microzonation has generally been recognized as the most accept- ed tool in seismic hazard assessment and risk evaluation and it is defined as the zonation with respect to ground motion characteristics taking into account source and site conditions. The method to combine the different hazards is based on a weighted average approach. Based on soil (natu- ral) frequency zones may be suggested for building height restrictions and development control. According to soil liquefaction analysis partic- ular zones are identified where ground improvement may be suggested. An inventory is made up of general building stock and groups of build- ing with specific characteristics for classification of building in different group with similar characteristics. The classification of building is based on the construction type, material type, and structural type. The meth- odology helps to identify the relation between the pattern of urban de- velopment and seismic risk and formulate specific recommendations for the City based on the results of risk assessment. The planners, engineers, government officials, emergency service providers, decision makers and other participators in disaster management are benefited from this GIS- based seismic risk analysis by predicting potential consequences of seis- mic activity in a given city. The workshop will address the issues related to methodologies and processes of earthquake risk assessment and zona- tion for effective risk management approach in mega cities. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters o

Asean+3 Satellite Image Archive for En- vironmental Study (ASIAES) The ASEAN+3 Satellite Image Archive for Environmental Study Dr. Pakorn Apaphant, project, so called ASIAES, is one of the projects recommended in the GISTDA, ASEAN+3 Economics Minister (AEM+3) Meeting. One of its original Thailand objectives is to share the satellite image archives among the ASEAN+3 member countries. ASIAES is therefore developed as a custodian system to provide online services for sharing of earth observation satellite im- ageries and disaster information. The shared information can be applied for managing of natural hazard and environmental study throughout the entire region. ASIAES portal has been implemented and managed by GISTDA, Thailand. It also corresponds with the GEO DI 06-09 task and UNOOSA mission. We adopt ISO19115 as the standard to document metadata of satellite image. We also use Open Source to develop ASIAES applications. These applications support operating systems including Microsoft Windows and various versions of Linux. At present, ASIAES operates on CentOS with High Availability Load Balancing and replicated database system. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters p

Open Source GIS for Distributed and Interoperable SDI Model Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is increasingly being acknowledged as a Dr. R.D. Gupta soft national resource and has become a part of the basic infrastructural fa- Professor (Geoinformatics) cilities that needs to be efficiently coordinated and managed in the interests and Coordinator, of the nation. SDI is an evolving concept and can be viewed as an enabling GIS Cell at Motilal Nehru platform linking spatial data producers, providers, value adders and users National Institute of to provide access, sharing and integration of spatial data and geospatial Technology (MNNIT), services for social, environmental and economic activities. The informa- Allahabad, India. tion required for the success of any disaster management plan is diverse, spatial and temporal in nature. An operational SDI can be used for the de- velopment and implementation of effectively strategies for natural disaster mitigation, management and rehabilitation. Open Source Software in the field of GIS are growing rapidly and in gen- eral follows the open GIS standards provided by OGC and W3C. Now-a- days, Open Source Geospatial Resources (OSGR) projects can offer rich functionality, robustness, cooperation from contributing developers and continuous improvement. OSGR can be efficaciously used for the develop- ment of an efficient and cost effective interoperable SDI model. This can be used by organisations associated with the development and implementation of SDI and will increase its applicability in the developing countries. The proposed workshop will provide an overview of SDI concepts, SDI standards and geospatial web services. OSGR based distributed and in- teroperable SDI model will be the major focus of discussions. The pro- totype SDI model developed will be demonstrated along with sharing of the experiences gained through the use of OSGR like Open JUMP GIS, Quantum GIS, MySQL, Apache Tomcat, ALOV and GeoServer for the de- velopment of SDI model. Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters q

Technical Session Climate Change and Disaster Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters 1

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Technical Session Flood Mapping, Managing and Mitigation of Natural Disasters 27

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