Body System - Suresh

Body Systems Project Arshini Suresh - Beaty 1A Integumentary SystemFunction: ➔ The function of the integumentary System is to create a blockage ​to protect the body from its surroundings. Also, it functions to keep the fluids of the body, help protect against disease, get rid of waste products, and to help maintain homeostasis.Key Terms: ➔ derm/o, dermat/o​ -​ Skin ➔ kerat/o - cornea ➔ xer/o - dryness ➔ xanth/o - yellow ➔ erythr/o - red ➔ pedicu/o - lice ➔ onych/o - nails ➔ myc/o - fungus ➔ pil/o - hair ➔ lip/o - fat, lipid ➔ rhytid/o - wrinkle ➔ albin/o - whiteVocabulary: ➔ Epidermis - outermost layer of the skin ➔ Keratin - fibrous, water repellent protein ➔ Melanocytes - cells that produce dark brown to black pigment called Melanin ➔ Dermis - thick layer of living tissue directly below epidermis ➔ Subcutaneous - located below the skin and connects the skin to surface muscles ➔ Sweat - perspiration, secreted by sweat glands and is made of 99% water ➔ Arrector pili - tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect ➔ Unguis - nail, keratin plate covering the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger ➔ Free Edge - portion of nail not attached to the nail bed

➔ Cuticle - narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail just in front of the rootDiseases and Disorders: ➔ Acne Vulgaris - chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin in or near the sebaceous glands ➔ Seborrhea - any of several common skin conditions in which there is an overproduction of sebum ➔ Albinism - an inherited deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to abnormality in production of melanin ➔ Alopecia - baldness, partial or complete loss of hairHealthcare Careers: ➔ Dermatologists - specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin ➔ Cosmetic/Plastic Surgeon - specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structuresLabeled system:

Musculoskeletal SystemFunction: ➔ The function of the musculoskeletal system is to s​ upport the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs. Consists of the full skeleton, all the muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs togetherKey Terms: ➔ my/o - muscles ➔ myel/o - spinal cord ➔ oste/o - bone ➔ cost/o - rib ➔ crani/o - skull ➔ -pexy - surgical fixation ➔ chondr/o - cartilage ➔ arthr/o - joint ➔ -plegia - paralysis ➔ kinesi/o - movementVocabulary: ➔ Cartilage - smooth, rubbery blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones ➔ Articulations - joints, connections between bones ➔ Ligaments - a band of fibers connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone ➔ Axial Skeletal - 80 bones, protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems ➔ Appendicular Skeletal - 126 bones, makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction. ➔ Fascia - sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles. ➔ Tendons - narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles. ➔ Skeletal Muscle - attach to bones of the skeleton and are the

muscles that make possible body motions such as walking and smiling ➔ Smooth Muscle - located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract ➔ Cardiac Muscle - myocardial, forms the muscular wall of the heart.Diseases and Disorders: ➔ Hallux Valgus - bunion, abnormal enlargement of the of the joint at the base of the great toe ➔ Arthritis - inflammatory condition of one or more joints ➔ Dystonia - is a condition of abnormal muscle tone ➔ Muscular Dystrophy - is a group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous systemHealthcare Careers: ➔ Orthopedic Surgeon - specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints and muscles ➔ Rheumatologist - specializes in treatment that involves the inflammation of connective tissues including musclesLabeled System:



Nervous SystemFunction: ➔ The nervous system allows us to perceive, comprehend, and respond to the world around us.Key Terms: ➔ neur/o - nerve ➔ encephal/o - brain ➔ myel/o - spinal cord ➔ ambu/o - walk ➔ -esthesia - sensation ➔ mening/o - membranes ➔ psych/o - mind ➔ concuss/o - shaken togetherVocabulary: ➔ Tract - a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord ➔ Reflex - automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body ➔ Neuron - basic cell of the nervous system ➔ Dendrites - rootlike structures that receive impulses and conduct impulses to the cell body ➔ Axon - extends away from cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell ➔ Synapse - space between two neurons or between a neuron and and a receptor to another ➔ Neurotransmitter - a chemical messenger that transmits messages between nerve cells by making it possible for the nerve impulse to jump across the synapse from one neuron to another ➔ Neuroglia - supportive and connective cells of the nervous system ➔ Myelin Sheath - white protective covering over some nerve cells including parts of the spinal cord

➔ Meninges - three layers of connective tissue that enclose the brain and spinal cordDiseases and Disorders: ➔ Cephalgia - also known as a headache ➔ Alzheimer's - degenerative changes in the brain structure leading to characteristic symptoms including progressive memory loss, impaired cognition, and personality changes ➔ Brain Tumor - abnormal growth within the brain that may be either benign or malignant ➔ Stroke - also known as cerebrovascular accident, damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel supplying it is either blocked or rupturedHealthcare Careers: ➔ Anesthesiologist - physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery ➔ Neurologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous systemLabeled System:

Special SensesFunction: ➔ Are sensory receptor organs that help receive images and transmit them to the brain and to receive sound impulses and transmit them to the brainKey Terms: ➔ irid/o - iris ➔ -cusis - hearing ➔ -iopia - vision ➔ ot/o - ear ➔ tympan/o - eardrum ➔ opthalm/o- eyes ➔ -metry - process of measuringVocabulary: ➔ Orbit - also known as the eye socket, bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves ➔ Eyeball - also known as the globe, a sphere made up of walls with three different layers ➔ Iris - the pigmented muscular layer that surrounds the pupil ➔ Pupil - black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye ➔ Retina - the sensitive inner nerve layer of the eye located between the posterior chamber and the choroid layer at the back of the eye ➔ Pinna - also known as the auricle, the external portion of the ear ➔ Cochlea - spiral shaped passage that leads from the oval window ➔ Auditory Ossicles - three small bones found in the middle of the ear, they transmit the sound waves from the eardrum to the inner vibration ➔ Tympanic Membrane - also known as the eardrum, located between the outer and middle ear

➔ Cerumen - also known as earwax, secreted by ceruminous glands that line the auditory canalDiseases and Disorders: ➔ Cataract - loss of transparency of the lens ➔ Glaucoma - increased intraocular pressure ➔ Deafness - complete or partial loss of the ability to hear ➔ Serous Otitis Media - fluid buildup in the middle ear that may follow acute otitis media or caused by the obstruction of the eustachian tubeHealthcare Careers: ➔ Audiologist - specializes in the measurement of hearing function and the rehabilitation of persons hearing impairments ➔ Optometrist - specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine if corrective lenses or eyeglasses are neededLabeled System:

CardiovascularFunction: ➔ Blood circulates through a network of vessels throughout the body and helps dispose of metabolic wastes. Transports oxygen and nutrients to the parts of the body.Key Terms: ➔cardi/o - heart ➔angi/o - vessel ➔hem/o, hemat/o - blood ➔Brady- - slow ➔Tachy- - rapid, fast ➔thromb/o - blood clots ➔-emia - pertaining to blood ➔leuk/o - white ➔erythr/o - red ➔arteri/o - arteriesVocabulary: ➔ Pericardium - double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart ➔ Arteries - large vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body ➔ Veins - a low-pressure collecting system to return the waste-filled blood to the heart ➔ Sinoatrial Node - is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava ➔ Atrioventricular Node - transmits the electrical impulses onto the bundle of His ➔ Capillaries - serve as anatomic units connecting the arterial and venous circulatory systems. Gas exchange occurs in this structure ➔ Leukocytes - white blood cells, protect body against harmful invaders like bacteria ➔ Thrombocytes - also known as platelets, smallest formed elements of blood. Play an important role in blood clotting

➔ Plasma - straw colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products ➔ Erythrocytes - red blood cells, mature blood cellsDiseases and Disorders: ➔ Myocardial Infarction - also known as a heart attack, closing off of coronary artery ➔ Coronary Artery Disease - atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries ➔ Leukemia - malignancy characterized by a progressive increase of abnormal leukocytes ➔ Cholesterol - lipids that travel in the blood packages called lipoproteinsHealthcare Careers: ➔ Cardiologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the heart ➔ Hematologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissuesLabeled System:

RespiratoryFunction: ➔ Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery to the red blood cells and to expel waste products that have been returned to the lungs and to produce the airflow through the lar​ ynx that makes speech possibleKey Terms: ➔bronch/o - windpipe ➔cyan/o - blue ➔laryng/o - voicebox ➔-oxia - ➔Oxy- - oxygen ➔pleur/o - multi-membrane ➔pneum/o - lung ➔pulmon/o - lung ➔thorac/o - thorax ➔trache/o - tracheaVocabulary: ➔ Cilia - the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming hair ➔ Tonsils - protect the body from invading organisms, form a protective circle around the entrance to the respiratory system ➔ Sinus - an air-filled cavity within a bone that is lined with mucous membrane ➔ Pharynx - air reaches the pharynx after it passes through the nasal cavity, also known as the throat ➔ Larynx - also known as the voice box, the triangular chamber located between pharynx and trachea ➔ Trachea - air passes from larynx into the trachea, also known as the windpipe ➔ Bronchi - trachea divides into two branches, each bronchi goes into each lung

➔ Alveoli - also known as air sacs, small grapelike clusters, gas exchange and the pulmonary capillary blood occurs within the walls ➔ Pleura - multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nerves ➔ Diaphragm - the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen ​Diseases and Disorders: ➔ Asthma - a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty ➔ Emphysema - the progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in the total number of alveoli ➔ Pharyngitis - also known as a sore throat, the inflammation of the pharynx ➔ Aphonia - the loss of the ability to produce normal speech soundsHealthcare Careers: ➔ Otolaryngologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating the diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, and throat ➔ Pulmonologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissuesLabeled System:

DigestiveFunction: ➔ also known as the alimentary canal, responsible for the intake and digestion of food, the absorption of nutrients from digested food and the elimination of solid waste productsKey Terms: ➔cholecyst/o - gall bladder ➔enter/o - small intestine ➔col/o, colon/o - large intestine ➔hepat/o - liver ➔gastr/o - stomach ➔or/o - heat ➔-pepsia - digest

➔chol/e - bile ➔proct/o - anus and rectumVocabulary: ➔ Gastrointestinal Tract - the structures of the digestive system can be described as the GI tract ➔ The Salivary Glands - secrete saliva that moistens food, begin with digestive process and cleanses the mouth ➔ The Pharynx - also known as the throat, is the common passageway for both respiratory and digestion ➔ The Esophagus - also known as the gullet, is a collapsible tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomach ➔ The Stomach - a saclike organ composed of the fundu, body, and antrum, and produce gastric juices that aid in digestion ➔ The Small Intestine - extends from the pyloric sphincter to first part of the large intestine. It is here that the nutrients from food are absorbed into the bloodstream ➔ The Large Intestine - extends from end of small intestine to the anus. The waste products of digestion are processed in the large intestine and the excreted through the anus ➔ The Liver - removes glucose (blood sugar) from the bloodstream and stored it as glycogen. Also, destroys old erythrocytes, removes poisons from the blood and manufactures some blood proteins ➔ The Gallbladder - pear shaped sac which stores and concentrates the bile for later use ➔ The Pancreas - synthesizes and secretes pancreatic juices made up of digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonateDiseases and Disorders: ➔ Aphthous Ulcers - also known as canker sores, are the recurrent blister-like sores that break and form lesions on the soft tissues lining the mouth ➔ Bruxism - involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep ➔ Gastritis - the inflammation of the stomach ➔ Peptic Ulcers - a lesion of the mucous membranes of the digestive systemHealthcare Careers: ➔ Dentist - specializes in diagnosing and treating the diseases and disorders of the teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

➔ Gastroenterologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestinesLabeled System: UrinaryFunction: ➔ Maintains the proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body fluids by removing excess fluids from the body, constantly filters the blood to remove urea and other waste materialsKey Terms: ➔-cele - hernia or tumor ➔-lysis - breakdown ➔cyst/o - urinary bladder ➔nephr/o - kidney ➔ren/o - kidney ➔-uria - urination

➔-pexy - surgical fixation ➔-ectasis - stretching ➔pyel/o - renal pelvisVocabulary: ➔ Kidneys - constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water ➔ Nephrons - form urine by the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion ➔ Ureters - narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long ➔ The Urinary Bladder - a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine ➔ The Urethra - tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body ➔ Glomerulus - a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called the Bowman’s capsule ➔ Urochrome - is the pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color ➔ Urination - also known as micturition, normal process of excreting urine. ➔ Renal Pelvis - the two layers that surround the kidney ➔ Medulla - the inner layer of the kidney and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubulesDiseases and Disorders: ➔ Cystalgia - pain in the urinary bladder ➔ Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra ➔ Incontinence - inability to control the voiding of urine ➔ Nocturia - excessive urination during the nightHealthcare Careers: ➔ Nephrologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating the diseases and disorders of the kidneys ➔ Urologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of malesLabeled System:

ReproductiveFunction: ➔ To produce millions of sperm and deliver them to unite with single ovum; the ovaries produce eggs to be fertilized by the sperm; uterus provides an environment and support for the developing child.Key Terms: ➔ cervic/o - cervix ➔ salping/o - fallopian tubes ➔ ov/o - embryo ➔ orchid/o - testes, testicles ➔ oophor/o - ovaries ➔ men/o - menstruation ➔ mamm/o - mammary ➔ gynec/o - pertaining to a female ➔ colp/o - vagina ➔ prostat/o - prostateVocabulary:

➔ Scrotum - encloses, protects, and supports the testicles ➔ Testicles - two small egg-shaped glands that produce the spermatozoa ➔ Penis - the male sex organ that transports the sperm into the female vagina ➔ The Vas Deferens - leads from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the prostate ➔ Sperm - the male gametes ➔ The Labia - the vaginal lips that protects the external genitalia ➔ The Clitoris - sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the vaginal opening and the urethral meatus ➔ The Mammary - milk producing glands that develop during puberty ➔ The Ovaries - a pair of small almond shaped organs located in the lower abdomen ➔ The Fallopian Tubes - carry the ovum downward from the ovary to the uterusDiseases and Disorders: ➔ Anorchism - the congenital absence of one or both testicles ➔ Prostate Cancer - most common cancers among men. May grow very slowly ➔ Cervical Cancer - affects women between ages 35 and 55. Second most common ➔ Metrorrhea - abnormal uterine dischargeHealthcare Careers: ➔ Urologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males ➔ Gynecologist - specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive systemLabeled System:

Bibliography:➔ Advancing Science Serving Society. “Science Netlinks”​ Directorate for Education and Human Resources Programs. ASSS.​http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-sheets/integumentary- system/➔ Boundless. “Functions of the Musculoskeletal System.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 04 Oct. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-text book/the-musculoskeletal-system-38/types-of-skeletal-systems-215/func tions-of-the-musculoskeletal-system-811-12050/

➔ \"Nervous.\" ​ . N.p., n.d. Web. 10Oct. 2016.http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/nervous-system#seoBlock​