First Volume - July - Sept 2015

1

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 Editorial Board Chief - Editor Dr Sushilkumar Yanpallewar email - [email protected] Associate - Editor's Dr Sukhad Choudhari email - [email protected] Dr Vilobh Bharatiya email - [email protected] Expert Panel Dr Milind Aware, Nashik. Dr Abhijit Saraf, Nashik. Dr Nishi Arora, New Delhi. Dr Shyam Bhutada, Wardha. Dr Priti Sahu, Gondia Dr Manoj Ronghe, Shevgaon. Dr Mrs jaya Jane, Boradi Dr Rajesh Sawai, Nanded Dr Prabhanjan Aacharya, Riva MPDr Sudhir Yanpallewar, Maryland USA.2

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Our Patrons Padmashri Shree Prabhakarrao VaidyaGeneral Secretory, Shree H V P Mandal, Amravati. Dr Mrs Madhuritai S. Chendke, Secretory, Shree H V P Mandal, Amravati. 3

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Editorial : ..5Introduction to JSSS - Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddanta. ... 7Vilobh BharatiyaOriginal Research Article:Understanding the concept of attention deficit andhyperactivity disorder in Ayurveda.Nilesh M Ingle, Ashwini N IngleCritical interpretation of “Dhatu Poshan Prakriya” ...16with the help of basic Ayurved siddhantas.Abhijit SarafCost effective method of standardisation - n.p.s.t ... 23for bhasma of sudha group ... 28Krantikumar D. Amaley, Amit M. NaphadeReview Article:An ancient scientist “Bramha”: Historical review.Sushil U. Yanpallewarयो हि सम्यक न जानाहि ...... ॥ ... 35Sukhad S. ChaudhariResearch methodology in Ayurveda ... 38Sushil U. Yanpallewar 4

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926EditorialAn Introduction to JSSS : Journal of Sanskrit Samhita SiddhantaIt is a well known fact about Ay- with repeated study, but this studyurveda, \"Ayurveda is an ancient should be carried out by many re-health science\". As decades are searchers and then proven conceptpassed many ayurvedic graduates is added in the basic principles.have great doubts about this fact. Does this approach is unscientific?Most of the BAMS graduates feel Definitely not. Ayurveda is estab-and talk proudly about 'apourush- lished after continuous researcheya' (not discovered by any human work of many years. But we getbeing) status of ayurveda. Is it really many references where aacharyastrue ? Whether main resources of advise us to add drugs, diseases,Ayurvedic knowledge i.e. Samhitas lifestyles using this Anukta proce-claims that they are Apourusheya? dure. To use this freedom continu-We call basic principles of Ay- ous, tireless efforts are needed.urveda as \"Siddhanta\". Oldest scriptof ayurveda, Charak Samhita con- A research using basic princi-tains following definition of ples of Ayurveda should be encour-siddhanta: aged. Even we should be able to as- sess the well known parameters likeहसद्धान्िो नाम स यः परीक्षकै र्बिुहिधं परीक्ष्य Pakruti, Sara, Bala very effectively.िेिुहिश्च साधहयत्िा स्थाप्यिे हनर्बयः ॥ च. हि Collective efforts of discovering८/३७ methodology of assessment are re- quired. Though this is a huge task,to derive meaning from this sutra we but as mentioned in charak samhitaneed to have little knowledge about itself, it is responsibility of Kusha-Sanskrit grammar, here aacharya gra Buddhi vaidya. This can be donementioned that siddhanta is estab- using three dynamics of ayurveda -lished after repeated analysis from Sanskrit, Samhita & Siddhanta.Parikshakaihi, this word is pleuralof parikshak means by many parik- This is the provoking factorshak i.e. researchers. Hence basic behind this journal. And that's whyprincipal is only established after re- the name \"Journal of Sanskrit Sam-peated experiments / study of that hita Siddhanta\". As the name sug-concept; but the process doesn't stop gests, this journal is not meant for 5

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926only Sanskrit Samhita & Siddhanta To become a Pranabhisarfaculties. But any research work vaidya one should take continuouswhich will strengthen basic princi- and tireless efforts for knowledge upples of Ayurveda, will get place in gradation. Hence we should followour journal. As we have already the path of research to establish ay-mentioned in our journal website, urveda worldwide.www.journal.instituteofeayurved.com Vilobh V. Bharatiyathere is no fees for publishing arti- Assistant professor, Sanskritcle. Authentic and genuine research Samhita Siddhanta Departemnt, Vi-work is the only criteria for includ-ing your article in this journal. darbha Ayurved MahavidyalayaHence we appeal to all ayurveda fra- Amravatiternity to join us in this noble workof strengthening Ayurveda. email- [email protected]हिषग्र्ुिषू ुमबहिमानिः स्िगरु ्सम्पहि ।परं प्रयत्नमाहिष्ठेि् प्रार्िः स्याद्यथा नरृ ्ाम् ॥च सू ११३३/ 6Bharatiya: An Introduction to JSSS : Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit andHyperactivity Disorder in AyurvedaNilesh M Ingle1, Ashwini N Ingle21Assisstant Professor, Kaumarbhritya Department, Vidarbha Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Amra-vati (MH). 2Asst. Prof., GAM, Patur, Dist. Akola (MH).Abstract:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobe-havioral disorder in the childhood, and the most extensively studied mental dis-order of childhood. ADHD is characterized by an age inappropriate hyperactiv-ity, impulsiveness and inattention. The incidence of ADHD is found to be 3 –10% in school going children. 1.(Nelson 18th edition,2007). Evidence suggeststhat there is no single factor responsible for the emergence of the ADHD. Thedisorder is diagnosed on the basis of behaviour rating scale, clinical interview,physical examination and neuropsychological evaluation. Management plan in-clude behavioural therapy and drug therapy. There is no disease by nameADHD described in ayurveda but some conditions of abnormal behaviour canbe screened from ayurvedic literature like Anavasthita Chittatva1 Manovib-hrama 2 , Buddhivibhrama 3, Smritivibhrama 4 , Sheelavibhrama5 Cheshtavi-brama 6, and Acharavibhrama. Because of distinction between desh, kala,ahara, vihara etc there can be differences in dosha vaisamyas resulting in thedisappearance of some unknown disease and appearance of newer ones. Hence,it is difficult to have specific names for all diseases, the name ADHD is retainedin this part and the efforts have been made to describe ADHD in Ayurvedicview.Introduction chological evaluation. In Ayurveda, there is no specific disorder related to ADHDADHD being the most common disorder and also there is no specific term ascribedof school going children; it has been ex- for ADHD. However certain abnormal be-tensively studied in modern system of haviours like – Anavasthita chittatva, fea-medicine. Multiple etiological factors are tures of Vata prakriti child and manovib-claimed for ADHD and diagnostic tool hrama, buddhivibhrama, smritivibhrama,have been developed on the basis of be- sheelavibhrama, chestavibhrama, aachar-havioural rating scale, clinical interview, vibhrama etc. Closely resembles withphysical examination and neuropsy- 7

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926ADHD. ADHD’s symptoms may be con-  Prajnaparadha is an action carriedsidered as due to disturbance in Manas and out with non-justifiable under-vitiation of vata dosha. Disorders of vata standing because of vibharansa ofdosha and manas may lead to inattention. dhi, dhriti and smriti.10The chala, aashukari and sukshma proper-ties of vata dosha may create hyperactivity  Due to involvement of manodoshaand impulsiveness. After extensive study raja and tama the emotional stateof literature the disorder ADHD can be like krodha, bhaya, Irshya etc.explained in terms of nidan panchak which considered under prajanaparadhais described here. become etiological factors for the mental diseases like ADHD.Aim of Study 3. Parinama  To understand the concept of ADHD in Ayurveda.  This term parinama is used in the sense of Kala (season, climate andNidan of ADHD (Etiopathogenesis) other variations)11  There are no specific nidana men-  Seasonal changes are also respon- tioned for ADHD in ayurveda. sible to number of diseases as Charaka has explained advent of  Therefore, the nidana that vitiate maturity of kala that is considered vatadi sharir dhosha and raja and as the causative factor for mana- tama may be considered as etio- sika roga. 12 logical factors of ADHD.  ADHD may result from several  Following three factors (Trivid- causes and most of the time the harogayatana) are responsible for combination is of more than one the all physical and mental dis- factor. eases:7 Asatmendriyarthasamyoga, Prajnaparadha and Parinama. PRECIPITATING FACTORS1. Asatmendriyarthasamyoga 1. Toxicological factors (Dushivisha)  Sensory perceptions that are not  Acharya Charaka defined dushi visha congenial with sensory organs as which act slowly like lead13 and called Asatmendriyarthasamyoga.8 other environmental pollutants can af- fect progeny by there toxic exposure  The ayoga, atiyoga and for long time during pregnancy. This is mithyayoga of each indriya 9 are established by a study on removal of aggravating factors for sharirika lead stores through chelating therapy and manasika roga. has produced significant improvements in behavior.(John M. Dye)2. Prajnaparadha 8Ingle, et al.: Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 Visha and upavisha, viruddha bhojana mal Prajna, Smriti etc. The process of and gara visha are some exogenous knowledge perception will be affected, factors in causing behavioural disor- thus the final resultant will be an ab- ders like ADHD. normally functioning mind.2. Bhutaveshaja Factors  Some specific nidana mentioned with respect to their effect on manas are as  It can be defined as occurrence of follows: sudden onset of disease without any obvious etiology.  Excessive ingestion of any one particu- lar rasa leads to various disorders some  It can be correlated with the infec- of which are at the level of psyche.16 tious diseases such as encephalitis which can affect the brain tissue,  Lavana atisevana Cause hindrance to that bring change in the process of the functioning of indriyas and causes signals sending by brain may cause moha. symptoms of ADHD. (Said Pour- naghash, 2008)  Katu rasa atisevana Causes moha, tama and bhrama.3. Dietary factors  Tikta rasa atisevana Causes moha, In Upanishads it is described that fin- bhrama. est portion of diet provides nourish- ment to the mana and thus mind is a  Therefore, the consumption of any product of the food that we are accept- one rasa in excessive amounts has ing. been condemned by the classics. 17 Therefore, mana is said to be \"Anna-  Above description is not only the maya. determinant of physical traits but also psychological well being of an The temperaments of an individual are individual. the result of diet what he consumed.  This has been proved today that in- It decides the satavika, rajasika and fant malnutrition is a strong risk tamasika temperament. factor for ADHD. Therefore, if the diet is pure then mana  Even a child who gets sufficient will also be pured.14 nutrition later in life may develop ADHD because of malnutrition in prajna, medha and tushti are vital fac- infancy. (Zimney 2008) tors that depend on food.15  Topographic mapping of brain Therefore, the ingestion of unwhole- electrical activity in children con- some diet, predominant in rajasika and sidered to have food induced tamasika properties will have similar ADHD supported the effect of diet effects on the mana, leading to abnor- on behavior of ADHD subtypes. 9Ingle, et al.: Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 (T.Unlig, Merkenschlager, Brand- tries to comprehend everything maiser & Egger, 1997) They found stimulating the senses at once. an increase in beta activity in the fronto temporal areas of the follow-  Perception is the entire process of ing consumption of provoking awareness of presentation by sense food. organs that is interpretative through cognitive process.4. Improper Sleep  Knowledge is acquired by jnanen-  Inappropriate sleep can vitiate vata driya that combine with their cor- causing inattention and disturb responding indriyarthas after ana- brain waves that is supported by a lyzing it in presence of mana.21 study of lack of sleep precipitates ADHD. (Gozal et al 2001, Brown  In absence of mana there is no et.al 1995). knowledge that mean with presence of mana we can acquire perceptionPRODROMAL SYMPTOMS OF as well as genesis of knowledge.22ADHD  Powerhouse of controlling of nor-  No prodromal symptom has been mal function of mana is dhriti. recorded in modern science as well This dhriti control mana to jump as in our ancient literature of from one indriya to another and ADHD. maintain attention as well as con- centration.  But some psychological situation of other disease described in our  All of these emphasized proper at- classics such as arati,18 tentions are under control of indri- brhama,19glani 20and avyakta could yabhigraha and Swasyanigraha. be its prodromal symptom.  Therefore, improper function ofSYMPTOMS OF ADHD mana along with the impaired bud- dhi result into inattention. BecauseThree core symptoms are of ADHD that is of this, object unable to sustaininginattention (including increased distracti- attention for a specific duration ofbility and difficulty sustaining attention), time to acquire knowledge.Impulsivity (poor impulse control) and hy-peractivity (i.e. decreased self inhibitory  Imbalanced doshas aggravatedcapacity, motor over activity and motor their corresponding action.23restlessness.).  Unstable mana at the level of in-INATTENTION driyasapeksha jnana make child inattentive .  Perception without attention should be a swirl of confusion as the mana  Child feel difficulty to sustain their concentration as well as allocation 10Ingle, et al.: Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 of mental effort to appropriate ac-  Any sudden action performed by a tions. subject without taking in consid- eration is known as Impulsivity.  At the level of manasapeksha jnana inattention make child to im-  In Ayurveda in reference of impul- proper decision, he cannot differen- sivity Acharya Hemadri says tiate between right and wrong “avicharyah karya pravritti”30 that things that make child distractible means without thinking a subject and hyperactive. engaged in activities or excitement.HYPERACTIVITY Buddhi vibhrama  Hyperactivity is made up of two  When buddhi get vitiated (bud- words i.e. hyper + activity. Hyper dhivibhrama), the subject lost their is used as prefix that means exces- self into the vishayaas and take sive while activity deals with sudden decisions without making movement. Thus, hyperactivity in- an allowance for the consequences cludes behaviour such as restless- and situations that is a proper deci- ness and fidgetiness. sive cognition does not occur in re- sponse to a sensory stimuli and re-  In Ayurveda activity denoted with sults inappropriate actions or chesta, vakkayamanovyapara by thoughts or impulsiveness. Arundatta while Hemadri says it gamanadikriya.24  It is associated with the impairment of dhriti that control particular  Vata dosha has two main property karmendriya from performing the named as gati and chalatva that is impulsive act. primordial originator of biomotor functions by the help of vyan vayu  Vitiated vyan vayu and aggravated through chestavaha srotas.25 There- udan vayu are responsible to fore, on vitiation of it cause kay- manochesta and vakchesta and the achesta as well as vakchesta26 re- affected child will behave like im- sulting into physiological impair- pulsively. ments all over body27 and in mod- ern it is termed as Hyperactivity.  The manoarthas are deranged Due to this o hyperactivity, the leading to inappropriate thought child can not complete his task that processes and inappropriate deci- lead to failure and resultant will be sions, which lead to impulsive be- frustration. This aggravated havior. chesta28 along with frustration fur- ther vitiates vyan vayu and a cycle  Therefore, the child blurts out an- goes on. 29 swers at wrong places, unable to wait for turn, often intrude on oth-IMPULSIVITY 11Ingle, et al.: Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 ers, becomes aggressive, and often prana), pitta (especially sadhaka), engages in dangerous activities. raja etc. which provide us the clues of co-morbid condition like unmad,ASSOCIATED FEATURES apasmar, attavabhinivesh, conduct disorder, ODD, Learning disorder,  On seeing its etiopathogenesis PANDAS, and mood disorder due there are so many factors such as to variation in the features. vata (especially vyan, udan andSAMPRAPTI SAMPRAPTI OF ADHD Dietary, Infectious, Perinatal, Genetic, Social & Psychologi- cal factors (Aharaj, Sahaja, Garbhaja, Janmottar & Sang- hataja Nidan) Sharira Dosha (vata, Pitta, Kapha) & Manas Dosha (Raja, Tama) Dushti Asatmendriyathasanyoga, Pradnyaparadha & ParinamaManovaha srotodushti – Manas & Buddhi impaired i.e. dhi (perception), dhriti (Retention), smriti (Recollection) vibhranshaInattention Hyperac- Impulsivity tivity Predominantly inattentive Predominantly hyperactive-type (Kapha & Tama dosha impulsive type (Vata & Raja dominant) dominant)ADHD (Combined type – All Sharira & manas dhosha dushti 12Ingle, et al.: Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926SAMANYA SAMPRAPTI GHATAK  Kaphaprakopaka nidana men- tioned in texts, vitiates TarpakaDosha kapha that leads to malnourishment of indriyas and causes indriyanasa  The main causative factors of or indriyavikriti.36 ADHD are raja and tama31 both of them depend on each other, Tama Dushya cannot manifest its action without raja & it’s vice versa.32  In ADHD Mana is the main dushya that is vitiated by raja and tama37  Prajnaparadha, Parinama and Therefore, that mana cannot prop- Asatmendriyarthasamyoga vitiate erly know perceived object. raja and tama dosha .33  Thus improper knowledge to indri-  Raja and tama have ‘Chala’ and yas leads to a number of manasa ‘Guru’ properties respectively34 vikaras like ADHD. and due to these properties, actions of Mana are also influenced. Agni  Vata is necessary cause for ADHD  Agni vitiates by various factor especially Prana, Udana and such as chinta, shoka, bhaya, Vyana Vayu. Provocation of Prana, krodha etc.38 This vitiated agni Udana and Vyana causes Indri- bring various physical and mental yopaghata due to Prana, Manob- illness. hramsa due to udana and utsahab- hramsa, chittopalava due to vyana Srotas vayu. There are also various so- matic symptoms like excessive  Manovaha srotas are mentioned in talking, blurts out answers at the descriptions of mental disorder wrong places and indulges in dan- in our classics that resides in whole gerous activities prior receiving body due to chalatva guna of warning etc. manifested because mana. of vitiated vata.35 Thus we can say that Vata is chief causative factor  Mana vitiates by various nidanas of ADHD. and manovaha srotas are vitiated by this mana. Therefore, manovaha  Pittaprakopaka nidana mentioned srotas cannot perform proper in texts, vitiates sadhaka pitta transportation of chetna to the liv- which causes buddhi, medhanasa ing body cells so that it is responsi- i.e. loss of intellectual faculty thus ble for manifestation of ADHD39. we can say that Sadhaka Pitta is responsible for manifestation of Udbhava Sthana ADHD.  Location of mana is Hridaya40 and mana is mainstay for all mental 13Ingle, et al.: Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 disorder that is why Hridaya can predisposition may become be consider as the udbhava sthana ‘Asadhya’. 45 of ADHD41. CHIKITASA OF ADHDVyakti Sthana ADHD is not a mentioned disease in Ay-  Vyakti sthana of ADHD may be urveda therefore no specific medication is considered mana and sarva documented but can be approached with sharira. general measure of treating mental disor- ders taking care of age of child concerningSadhyasadhyata indications and contraindications.  ADHD is mostly chronic disease & All measures that get relief to child can be more affect to normal functions of considered in management of ADHD. physical & mental faculties. Whole management can be divided into ADHD along with associated fea- two groups: Adrabyabhuta Chikitasa, tures is considered as a Kric- Dravyabhuta Chikitasa chrasadhya disease. CONCLUSIONSUpdrava 1. ADHD being the burning issue of this  ADHD can precipitate into major century children cannot render optimum psychic disorders i.e. unmada, performance in their field to achieve de- apasmara, etc.42 So these manovi- sired success. kara and sarvasariravikara can be considered as updrava of ADHD. 2. With critical analysis of Ayurvedic lit- erature, it can be said that ADHD is a Tri-SADHYASADHYATA doshaja vyadhi.  When symptoms of ADHD are not 3. The subtype inattentive can be predomi- in aggressive phase nor having as- nantly considered as Kapha and Tama sociated features then it lies in dominant whereas the subtype hyperac- ‘Sukhasadhya43 series with resolv- tive-impulsive can be justified as Vata and ing up to adolescences. Raja dominant and in combined subtype all Sharir and Manas dosha are involved  When symptoms are in aggressive manner & are associated with co- REFERENCES morbidities like conduct disorder, learning disability etc, then the 1. Su.Sa.1/6 disease will be ‘Kricchrasadhya’. 2. Ca su 8/4, Ka.Sa.Su.p.67 3. Ca.Sa.1/21 44 4. Chakarpani.Ca.Su.8/4 5. Ca.Su.8/4,SuSa.1/14  When patients show all symptoms 6. Mahabharata , shanty parva ,187.12 of ADHD along with co- morbidities and having a genetic 14Ingle, et al.: Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 7. Ca.Su.8/5  Ashtanga Hridaya with commentaries 8. Ka.Sa.P67. “Sarwanga Sundara” of Arunadutta 9. Chakrapani.Ca.Su.8/5 and “ Ayurveda Rasayana” of He- 10. Ca.Sa.1/75-76 madri, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Vara- 11. Ca. Sa. 1/23 nasi 2002. 12. Ca. Sa. 1/21  Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Shri Bha- A. H. Su.1/7, Ca. Chi, 26/291, Ca. Vi. 1/5, Ca. Su. 20/9 vamishra commentary by Dr. K.C. Chunakar, Chaukhambha Bharati 13. Hatha Yoga, Ca.Su 12/8 Academy, 2002. A. H. Su. 12/4-6  Charaka Samhita with “Vidyotini” Hindi commentary by Pt. Kashinath 14. Ca.Su.12/11, Ca.Su 18/50 Shastry and Dr. Gorakhnath 15. B.Sa.4/8 Chaturvedi, Part 1 and 2, Chauk- 16. A.H.Su12/27,28 17. A.H.Su.11/39 hambha Bharati Academy, 1996 18. Su. Su 15/24  Charaka Samhita with “Ayurve- 19. Su.Su.1/10 20. Ca.Sa.1/34 deepika” commentary by Chakra- 21. Amarkosha1/5 22. Bhagvata Gita.2/46 panidutta, Edi. By Vd. Acharya, 23. Tarksamgraha Chaukhambha Samskrit Sansthana, 24. Mandukaya Upnisada2/2/8 Varanasi, 2001. 25. Dalhana.Su.Su..Sa.1/23  Kashyapa Samhita with “ Vidyotini” 26. Chakrapani..Ca.Sa.1/23 27. Arundatta on A.H Hindi commentary by Shri Satyapala 28. Amarkosa 1/5  Bhishgacharya, Chaukhambha Sanskrit 29. Ca.Sa .1/100 30. Ca.Vi.4/8 Sansthan Varanasi, 2004 31. Dalhana on Su.Sa. 1/18 32. Ca.Sa. 4/39  Sharangadhara Samhita with commen- 33. Ca.Sa. 1/101 taries “ Deepika” by Bhishagvara Ad- 34. Ca.Sa. 1/20-21, Chakrapani hamalla and “Gudharthadeepika” by 35. Ca. Sa. 20-23 36. Ca.Vi. 8/95 Pandit Kashiranm Vaidya, Chauk- 37. Su.Sa. 4/63 hambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2002. 38. Ca Su.7/39-40, Ca Vi 8/95  Sushruta Samhita with “ Nibandha 39. SuSa.4/61 samgraha”, commentary of Shri Dal- 40. Bhela Vi.4/8-27 hanacharya and “Nyayachandrika Pan- 41. Ca.Sa.1/63 jika” of Shri Gayadasacharya on 42. Ca.Ca.1/32 Nidanasthana, Chaukhambha Orien- 43. Ca.Sa.1/152,153, Ca.Sa.5/7 talia, Varanasi, 2005BIBLIOGRPHY  Sushruta Samhita with “Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika” commentary by Kaviraj Ambikadutta Shastri part 1 and 2, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 1995. 15Ingle, et al.: Understanding the Concept of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Critical interpretation of “Dhatu Poshan Prakriya”with the help of basic Ayurved siddhantasAbhijeet Saraf11Lecturer, Dept of basic principles, S.S.A.M., Nashik.Abstract :Ayurved is a medicinal, social, biomedical science which is based on its own fundamentalsi.e. siddhanta. Every concept described in this science is well framed and well oriented. Herein this article; concept of Dhatu Poshan Prakriya is the main concern subject. The interpreta-tion of Ayurved in the perspective of Dhatu Poshan Prakriya will be discussed here with thehelp of basic siddhantas.Keywords :Dhatu, Dhatu poshana, Siddhanta, Swabhavoparama wada, Agni, Paramanutwa,SamcharitwaAim : Conclusion  To study the concept of dhatu Selection of the topic : poshana prakriya critically. - Dosha, Dhatu and Mala are the basicObjectives : components of the human body ac- cording to ayurveda.  To study the relevance of dhatu poshana prakriya. - The nourishment of these compo- nents is very basic function.Material : Ayurved classical texts : bruhat trayi. - The relevance of the nourishment of these components is very importantMethodology : and hence this topic is selected forThis is a literary & fundamental study. study.The methodology of this study will be as fol-lows: Literary study regarding dhatu poshana prakriya : Selection of topic The references regarding nourish- Literary study regarding dhatu poshana ment and functioning of dhatu is collected prakriya from bruhat trayi and they were studied criti- cally. Critical interpretation Critical interpretation & discussion: Discussion Relevance of this siddhanta 16

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 The interpretation drawn from literary ments. So they have some similar charactersstudy is discussed here. and some different characters also. Concept of Dhatu : 2. Sacharitwa (always in moving state):Dhatu are the main normally functioning sava-SarIrcarastau vaataipa<aSlaoYmaNa: kxu ipataakxu ipataaunits/components/structures of the body. SauBaaSaBu aaina kuxvai- nta | ca. saU. 20.9Each and every components of body areDhatu including Trividha Dosha, sapta Dhatu vaataipa<akxfxadoho savas- aa` otaao#nasu aairNa: | ca. ica. 28.59and Trividha Mala. All the components of the body are continu-Qaatavaao vaataadyaao rsaadyaEca taqaa rja:paB` atR aya: ca | ously in moving state all over the body. It is called as samcharitwa. Whether they are(cakx` paaiNa, ca.sa.U 1.4) normal or vitiated; they never stopped/lodged anywhere in the body. If they stopped by anyIn normal state each and every body compo- reason it is called as prakopa.nents are termed as “Dhatu”. Trividha Doshaare the first elements to get deviated from ya~a saÈ\gaao KavaOgauNyaata\ vyaaiQasta~aaopajaayatao |normal state by any reason, that’s why theyare called as “Dosha” i.e. who are the reason So all the body components/elementsof further abnormal/anomalous conditions. are moving continuously & vigorously all over the body in minute particle state.daoYaa eva ih savaY-o aaM rago aaNaaM ekxkxarNama\ | A. =.sa.U 12 Here paramanuwada of vaisheshikaAnd because of Dosha others components get darshana and satkaryawada of sankhyadeviated from normal state, that’s why they darshana is been accepted for establishmentare termed as “Dushya” i.e. who are get viti- of Ayurveda`s fundamentals.ated. Production of Dosha paramanu :DOSHA CAN NOT BECOME DUSHYA ANDDUSHYA CAN NOT BECOME DOSHA. Paramanu of Dosha are produced in two pro- cess. 1. In aahar pachan : awasthapaakaThere are two characteristics of Dosha Dhatumala: 2. In Dhatu nirman Prakriya 1. Paramanutwa (minute particle state): In awasthapaak, paramanu of kapha, pitta and vata are produced in madhura, amla & katuSarIravayavaastau parmaaNauBado no a ApairsaKM yayo aa: Bavainta | ca. awasthapaak respectively.Saa. 7.17 AivadgQa: kxfMx ipa<aM ivadgQa: pavanaM panu a: |Each and every components/elements of thebody is in state of paramanu i.e. very minute samyaigvapa@vaao ina:ssaar: Aahar: pairbahRM yaota\ || sau. saU.particles. Differences and similarities in be-tween them are because of there pancha 46.527mahabhuta constitution. Example: Kapha, Ra-sa, Mansa, Meda, Shukra, Majja are compo- AivadgQa: maQaurahar: kxfMx pairbaMRhyaota\ AitaSayaona vaQa-yato a\nents of prithvi and jala mahabhuta predomi- [tyaqa-: | ivadgQa: AmlaIBatU a: Aahar: ipa<aM pairbaMRhyato a\ |nance. But they are different functional ele- 17Saraf, et al.: Critical interpretation of “Dhatu Poshan Prakriya” with the help of

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926samyaigvapa@va: inagat- a: saar: Aahar: raXO yaoNa pavanaM pairbaMRhyaota\ | DlhNa TIkxaConcept of tanmatra, mahabhuta & Dosha :Prakruti - Purush siddhanta deals with development of any living being.Prakruti + purush Avyakta Mahat AhamkarSatwik + rajasik + taamasik11 indriya Tanmatra Mahabhuta DoshaIn this process with the help of rajasik and taamasik ahamkaar, tanmatra gets developed. Tanmatraare the pure elements of that bhuta. Means vayu bhuta is the only component in vayu tanmatra,teja bhuta is the only component in teja tanmatra etc.But when mahabhuta develops from panchabhautik but excess of teja, etc.tanmatra, they become combination of all five(Panchabhautik) by Panchikaran Prakriya. pritvi jala prithvi teja vata vatateja jala aakasha aakasha So mahabhutas are panchabhautik.That is vayu mahabhuta is panchabhautik but Now Dosha are developed fromexcess of vayu, teja mahabhuta is mahabhutas; so Dosha are also panchabhautik but have predominance of respective bhutas. Kapha Dosha : panchabhautik with predomi- nance of prithvi & jala bhuta. Pitta Dosha : panchabhautik with predomi- nance of teja bhuta. Vata Dosha : panchabhautik with predomi- nance of vayu & aakasha bhuta. 18Saraf, et al.: Critical interpretation of “Dhatu Poshan Prakriya” with the help of

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 Also other Dhatu and body compo- aahar rasa having all the destructednents are also made up from mahabhutas. So paramanu of mahabhutas has been trans-all the body components are panchabhautik. ferred all over the bodyHuman body is panchabhautik as wel as allliving beings like plants, animals are also vyaanaona rsaQaatauih- ivaXapo aaio catakxma-Naa |panchabhautik. yaugapata\ sava-taa#o jasaM` dho o ivaiXapyatao sada || ca.ica.15.32So, vata tanmatra is the pure form of vayubhuta. For proper nourishment of Dhatu, the aahara rasa should be paramsukshma, saarabhutaVata mahabhuta is panchabhautik having pre- and tejobhuta.dominance of vayu. Paramsukshma : having minute destructedVata Dosha is panchabhautik having predomi- particles of mahabhutasnance of vayu & aakasha. Saarabhuta : having finest properties ofDhatu nirman & Poshan Prakriya : mahabhuta.ivaivaQamaiSataM paItaM laIZM KaaidtaM jantaaio h- Tejobhuta : means completely digested.tamantarignasanQaiu Xatabalaona yaqaasvaonaaYo maNaasamyaigvapacyamaanaM kxalavadnavaisqatasava- Stage 2 :QaataupaakxmanaupahtasavaQ- aataYU mamaar]tasaa` ota: koxvalaMSarIrmaucayabalavaNa-sauKaayaYu aa yaaojayaita SarIrQaatanU aUjay- aita Paramsukshma, tejobhuta, saarwan aaharca | ca. saU. 28.3 rasaThere are two stages. Transfer all over the body : sukshm- atisukshma srotasStage 1 : Reassemble & destruction of mahabhuta panchabhautik aahar sevana paramanuMadhura awasthapaak : destruction of prithvi Transformation of mahabhuta paramanu in & jala mahabhuta paramanu : kapha respective Dhatu paramanu by Dhatwagni. Amla awasthapaak : destruction of teja nourishment of respective Dhatu in respective mahabhuta : pitta srotas. agni karya Ex.Katu awasthapaak : destruction of teja & vayu mahabhuta : vata Panchabhuatik aahar rasa (Now aakasha doesn’t have Medovaha srotas paramanu and he is vibhu; Meda-dhatwagni so he cannot be destructed. Be- cause he is everywhere.) Transformation of mahabhuta paramanu Meda Dhatu paramanu : Panchabhautik but predominance of prithvi & jala mahabhuta. 19Saraf, et al.: Critical interpretation of “Dhatu Poshan Prakriya” with the help of

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Meda Dhatu Poshana by this newly developed Agni has its own srotas, that’s why in meda Dhatu paramanu. jwara samprapti, because awaran and awarodha of aama, paramanu of tejHere Pilu-paak wada and pithar-paak wada is mahabhuta couldn’t reach agnivaha srotasimplemented. resulting into agnimandya and they travel in excess in body. That’s why in jwara burningSo as per this process new Dhatu paramanu sensation in whole body (sarwanga santapa)has been developed and with the help of that and agnimandya is obtained simultaneously.Dhatu Poshan Prakriya (nourishment ofDhatu) achieved. Application of swabhaoparam wada :Concept of Agni, dhatwagni & agnivaha Swabhav + uparama meanssrotas : swabhav = nature/ natural properties/ inher-Agni is the basic and important concept of ited properties.Ayurved. Agni is a physiological functional unitof body. uparam = destruction.Aignarvo a SarIro ipa<aantaga-ta: kuxipataakxu ipataa SauBaaSauBaaina All the components of body is pro-kxu va-inta…| ca. sa.U 12 duced/ developed by some reason but their destruction is without any reason. Every com- Agni is functioning unit in living being ponent of body gets destructed at its ownrepresentative of agni mahabhuta of universe. time and its own way without any reason. Ex.It functions along with pitta that is also a agni For R.B.C. gets destructed on 120th day ofmahabhuta pradhan component. their life and its uncontrolled and natural pro- cess. But for production of R.B.C. we have to Agni is nothing but paramanu of teja take proper diet.mahabhuta which are produced in amlaawasthapaak. As agni has paramanu, it has its So aahara sevan and aahara parinamanown srotas, which is situated and functioned are the reason for production of every bodyin whole body. compoenet but there is no reason for their destruction. It has its own system of functioningand channels for function. And it’s some part jaayantao hto avu aOYamyaaiWYamaa dho Qaatava:(i.e. some amount of digested & transformedteja paramanu) travels in the body along with hotausaamyaata\ samaastaYo aaM svaBaavaaoparma: sada || ca. saU. 16.27paramsukshma aahar rasa. Sama hetu – sama dehaDhatu paramanu When aahara rasa reaches any srotas,the paramanu of teja mahabhuta which are Visham hetu – visham dehaDhatu paramanualready working in that srotas and also whichare reached through this aahar rasa, digest So when a person takes visham (vikruta)and transform the mahabhuta paramanu into aahara, vitiated body components (dehaparamanu of respective Dhatu srotas. It is Dhatu paramanu) produced. And when hecalled as “Dhatwagni”. takes sama (normal) aahara, normal body 20Saraf, et al.: Critical interpretation of “Dhatu Poshan Prakriya” with the help of

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926components (deha Dhatu paramanu) pro- so that visham deha Dhatu paramanu getsduced. destructed and same time sama deha Dhatu paramanu takes their places.Because of visham & vikruta aahara, That’s why definition of chikitsa isawasthapaak gets vitiated and so paramanu yaaiBa: ik`xyaaiBajaay- antao SarIro Qaatava: samaa: |of mahabhutas produced in undigest- saa icaikxtsaa ivakxaraNaaM kxma- taidB\ aYajaaM smatR ama\ ||ed/semidigested/abnormal state tyaagaaiWYamahto anU aaM samaanaaM caaopasaovanaata\ |(apakva/nissara/ vikrut). These abnormal un- ivaYamaa naanaubaQnainta jaayantao Qaatava: samaa: || ca. sa.U 16.36digested mahabhuta paramanu travels Clinical conditions derived by swabhavoparamthrough aahara rasa by vyana vayu in whole wada :body and reaches each every srotas. Dhatu - When development of any deha Dhatu paramanu starts profusely anddevelopment process gets disturbed because its destruction (sawbhav uparam) gets disturbed (it destructed after its nor-of them. Further Dhatu paramanu also pro- mal time) the condition is called as “cancer”.duced abnormally because of these abnormal - And when its production is slow butmahabhuta paramanu. Ex. Mahabhuta consti- destruction happens in before time, the condition is called astution of Mansa Dhatu paramanu gets vitiated “rajayakshma”.and shaithilya or kaathinya in mansa Dhatu Conclusiongets developed. So this is the concept of Dhatu Poshan Prakriya of Ayurved science. It is derived andNow their destruction is done by swabhava. interpreted by basic fundamentals likeSo when vitiated (vikruta/visham) deha Dhatu parmanuwada, parinama wada, pilu-pitharparamanu gets produced, the previous normal paak wada, swabhavoparama vada etc.(sama/prakruta) deha Dhatu paramanu is getdestructed by its swabhav. And if intake of All the siddhantas are described clinically. Sovisham aahara gets continuously, slowly sama study of basic Ayurved classical textsDhatu paramanu gets destructed completely (samhitas) should be study critically and clini-and visham vikrut deha Dhatu paramanu cally.takes their places. References :Sama Dhatu paramanu never converted intovisham Dhatu paramanu and visham Dhatu 1. Acharya vishweshwara (editor),paramanu never converted into sama Dhatu Tarkabhasha, Varanasi; Chaukhambhaparamanu. Sama gets destructed by swabhav Sanskrit bhawan, 12th edition, 2009,and visham gets produced by visham aahar p.12.sevan.This process will last for smaller period insadhya vyadhi like kaasa, pratishyaya,navajwara etc. or last for long period inasadhya & yapya vyadhi like kushtha,prameha, rajayakshma, cancer, AIDS etc.While in chikitsa, we stopped the vishamhetu santan parampara and start sama hetu, 21Saraf, et al.: Critical interpretation of “Dhatu Poshan Prakriya” with the help of

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-39262. Jadavaji trikamji acharya (editor), samhita, Varanasi; chaukhambha orientalia, 8th edition, 2005,Charak samhita, Varana- sutrasthana, chapter 1, sutra 30, p.08 5. Colonel G.A.Jacob, Laukika Nyayanjali,si;chaukhambha prakashan, reprint Delhi; Niranjana publishers, reprinted 1983.2009, vimansthana chapter 08, sutra 6. Brahmashankar shastri, Bhava Prakasha Samhita, Varanasi;37, p.268 chaukhambha Sanskrit samsthana, reprint 2008, purva khanda, mansa3. H.S. Paradkar (editor), Ashtanga warga, sutra 32, p. 679Hrudaya, Varanasi; chaukhambhasurabharati prakashan, sutrasthanachapter 06, sutra 46, p.954. Jadavaji trikamji acharya (editor), commentary of Dalhana, sushruta 22Saraf, et al.: Critical interpretation of “Dhatu Poshan Prakriya” with the help of

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Cost effective method of standardisation - n.p.s.t forbhasma of sudha groupKrantikumar D. Amaley1, Amit M. Naphade21 Asst. Prof. & H.O.D. Dept. of Agadtantra & Vyavahar Ayurved, Vidarbha Ayurved Maha-vaidyalaya, Amravati, Maharashtra, India; 2 Medical Officer, Ayurveda Wellness Centre,Central Govt. Health Scheme, Nagpur, Maharashtra , IndiaABSTRACT:In Ayurveda, Sudhavarga has lot of therapeutic importance. Praval, Varatika, Shankha,Shukti, Mukta etc. are of marine origin & hence taken in one “Sudha” group. When theseshells are made into bhasma they are chemically identified as oxides / carbonates of calcium.In Ayurveda, this kind of identification of bhasma is termed as “Differential identification”.The study of such differential identification is made possible by the present modern analyti-cal technique N.P.S.T. Four sudhavarga substances which are chemically identical with eachother viz. Praval Bhasma, Mukta Bhasma, Shankha Bhasma and Kapardika Bhasma are stud-ied by Namburi Phased Spot Test Along With Organoleptic Properties. The main composi-tion of Sudhavarga is Calcium Carbonate, which is an essential mineral for the body physi-ology. Due to commercialization , there may be chances of adulteration or to provide spuri-ous bhasma. Hence to identify this bhasma easily, N.P.S.T. is very much sensitive and alsocost effective method. N.P.S.T. is pioneer technique in the field of standerdisation.KEYWORDS: Sudhavarga, Calcium Carbonate, Identification, Namburi Phased Spot Test(N.P.S.T.), Standerdisation, Bhasma, Sensitive, Cost effective.INTRODUCTION tial identification”. The study of such dif-Pravala(Corals), Varatika(Cowrie Shell), ferential identification is made possible byShankha (Conch Shell), Shukti(Pearl Oys- the present N.P.S.T.ter Shell), Mukta (Pearl) are of marineorigin & hence taken as one group. When On the basis of the above conceptthese shells are made into bhasma they are we chosen the following four sudhavargachemically identified as oxides / car- substances which are chemically identicalbonates of calcium as the case may be. with each other viz. Praval Bhasma,Once the Shells, Corals & Pearls are made Mukta Bhasma, Shankha Bhasma andinto bhasma ordinary chemical analysis Kapardika Bhasma. Where the conven-cannot reveal which bhasma is originated tional modern chemical analysis appears tofrom Shell, Coral (Pravata) and Pearl be in inadequate to identify them by their(Mukta) etc. name known in Rasa Shastra. This kind of identification of AIMS & OBJECTIVESbhasmas by their individual names asknown in ayurved is termed as “Differen- 23

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-39261. Identification of Bhasma ofSudhavarga easily by very sensitive &cost effective NPST Technique.2. Identification of adultered & spuriousbhasma of Sudhavarga which maycause harm to body.METHODS & MATERIALS .Method:- Namburi Phased Spot Test& along with organoleptic (Susceptible tosensory organs) properties are studied.Material:-1. Samples of Bhasmas2. Ignition / Micro Test Tubes3. Distilled Water4. Test Tube Holder5. Dropper6. Spirit Lamp7. Haridra Papers(Whatman paper No:1 impregnated &dried in an alcoholic extract of CurcumaLonga Linn.)Procedure:-Take 0.25 gm of Bhasma into a micro testtube & heat it on spirit lamp till the tip ofthe lower end of the test tube becomes redhot. While heating the bhasma note care-fully the smell. Stop heating the sample as& when charred smell is felt. Allow thetest tube to cool. Add 0.5 ml of water tothese heated samples, shake them well &allow to settleOBSERVATIONS DURING ABOVE PROCEDURE 24 Amaley et al.: Cost effective method of standardisation - n.p.s.t for bhasma

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES(Organoleptic = Susceptible to sensory organs)Criteria Pravala Bhasma Mukta Bhasma Shankha Bhasm Varatika Bhasm Nil NilSmell on heating Nil Charred smell 5 Minutes 5 MinutesSetting time of 5 Minutes Not less than Colourless Colourlessthe sediment one houtClarity of the so- Colourless Straw Colouredlution (Pale – Yellow)Haridra Paper Preparation:-50 gms of crushed Haridra i.e. Curcuma Longa (Mother Tuber) is allowed to infuse for 48 hrsin 100 ml alcohol and decanted, the whatman paper is impregnated with this infusion & driedunder shadeOBSERVATIONS ON HARIDRA PAPER:Put 2 – 3 drops one over the other taken from the clear solutions of each sample on “ HaridraPaper” & observe the formations of the pattern and colour of the spot.Immediate Pink coloured spots will appear with specific patterns.Bhasma Pravala Bh. Mukta Bh. Shankha Bh. Kapardika Bh.Colour of the Pink Pink Pink PinkspotPeriphery of the Wet periphery Wet spot forms No wet periph- Narrow wet pe-spot forms which over which thin ery riphery fades away by pink circle forms the beginning of -the wet spot 3rd phase fade away by 1hr after the 1st phasePattern of the Solid spot form Pink colour Solid spot solidspot thick line circle in the centre of the wet spotFading Starts by the Fades away by Fade away starts end of 1 hr after 2-3 hrs after the after 24 hrs of the 1st phase - 1st phase or the 1st phase 50% of the col- even earlier our fades away 24 hrs after the 1st phase 25Amaley et al.: Cost effective method of standardisation - n.p.s.t for bhasma

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Bhasma Name 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phasePravala Bhasma A solid deep purple The wet periphery The entire spot be- spot forms. around the purple gins to fade away. Immediately a more spot begins to fade deep purple margin away without turning appears with a wet into purple further periphery around it.Mukta Bhasma A wide wet spot The central purple forms followed by a circle begins to fade purple circle in the away. centre of the spot.Shankha Bhasma A deep purple solid By the end of the Ist From the start of the spot forms phase a more deep 3rd phase it begins to purple margin forms with wet periphery fade away. around it & contin- ues to be the same except the central space which become light brown mixed with purple shade.Varatika Bhasma In the Ist phase a deep purple solid spot forms followed by a more deep pur- ple margin by the end of Ist phase. In this spot no wet pe- riphery forms. The total cost to identify the sudha-groupWhy Cost Effective:- Bhasmas by NPST will be approximatelyThe material required are very cheap &easily available. Rs. 200.00.There is no need for separated laboratoryfor N.P.S.T. Required Material Cost 1. 4 Test Tube - Rs. 32.00 2. Whatman Paper No.1- Rs. 16.00 26Amaley et al.: Cost effective method of standardisation - n.p.s.t for bhasma

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-39263. Glass Frame - Rs. 50.004. Spirit Lamp - Rs. 30.00 4. Sharma Sadanand, Rasataringini, Motilal Banarsidas Publication5. Distilled Water - Rs. 15.00 Delhi, 11th ed. 1979, Reprint 2000, Tarang 23/67, pp 6126. Other - Rs. 60.00 5. Sharma Sadanand, Rasataringini,Hence we can say that N.P.S.T. is econom- Motilal Banarsidas Publication Delhi, 11th ed. 1979, Reprint 2000,ical & sensitive test for identification of Tarang 23/71, pp 613Bhasmas. 6. CCRAS, Ministry of Health and F.W. Govt. of India, New Delhi,CONCLUSION Application of Standerdised Namburi Phased Spot Test In Iden-In ayurvediya Rasa Shastra Sudha varga tification of Bhasma and Sindurahas lot of therapeutic importance. The Preparations of Ayurveda, pp 53main composition of which is calcium car-bonate, which is an essential mineral for 7. CCRAS, Ministry of Health andthe body physiology. Due to the commer- F.W. Govt. of India, New Delhi,cialization there may be chances of adul- Application of Standerdisedteration or to provide spurious bhasmas. Namburi Phased Spot Test In Iden-To identify these bhasma esily N.P.S.T. is tification of Bhasma and Sinduravery much sensitive also cost effective Preparations of Ayurveda, pp 64-method. N.P.S.T. is pioneer technique in 65the field of standardization. 8. Poornima B.T., Santosh B.,JadarREFERENCES P.G., Evaluation of Market Sam- ples of Mukta Bhasma using1. Namburi Hanumantharao, NPST, Indian Drugs 49(11), N.P.S.T., CCRAS, New Delhi. Nov.20122. Pandit Ramprasad Vaidyopadhyaya, Rasendra Purana, Khemraj Shrikrishnadas Publica- tion, Mumbai, 2000, pp 3953. Tan L., Tay T.S., Khairoman S.K. and Low Y.C.,Identification of an imitation pearl by FTIR, EDXRF and SEM, Journal of Gemnology, 29(5/6),2005, 316-324 27Amaley et al.: Cost effective method of standardisation - n.p.s.t for bhasma

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Scientists of AyurvedaAn ancient scientist “bramha”: historical reviewSushilkumar U. Yanpallewar11 Associate professor and HOD, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta. Vidarbha Ayurvedmahavidyalaya Amravati.ABSTRACT:Ayurveda is supposed to be the oldest life science on earth which was invented byBramha a creater of universe. As mentioned in Brihat-trayis, Bramha recalled Ayurvedaand transferred his knowledge to Daksha-Prajapati who further passed this knowledgeto Ashwinikumara. By him to Indra,by Indra to Atreya Bharadwaj,Dhanvantari etc thereare no other details found in any form about these scholars.Many creator, inventers or author of various research done in the field of Ayurveda is stillunknown, In Sanskrit literature no information about author or inventor is found, this isthe only reason behind the unavailability of details of researcher, authors and inventor.There are very few references found in scattered and brief status about various inventers.Present article deals with such brief and scattered information and references aboutBramha and organized systematically so as to get maximum information about Bramha .KEYWORDS: Bramha, formulaes, Books, references, ancient scientists, instrumentsINTRODUCTION: ences are found in scattered form Bramha is one of them .Ayurveda has very large tradition ofSanskrit literature but in very few of AIMSthem have information about author ,about inventers of different fundamental 1. To know the details about creator,principles ,medicines, formulae’s, etc inventors, contributors of Ayurvedathis may because of all of them believes w.s.r to Bramha.that Ayurveda is a eternal science andcreated or recalled by Bramha ,so the OBJECTIVEcredentials of any invention in this fieldare given traditionally to creator of uni- Compile, gather, and organize scatteredverse only, this is the main cause behind data about the contributors of Ayurvedathe unavailability of details about vari- w.s.r to Bramha.ous inventers in this field, but in sometreatise or literature very few brief refer- MATERIALS References about Bramha from, 28

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 Archeological catalogue of Bramha 1) References about Bramha in the form of sculpture, statue Internet etc. Literature Statue of Bramha found at Ponda Goa 3000 years B.C.(18) Manuscripts Museum Sangraha grantha Tantra granthaTreatises, and other available literature.METHODSBrihat trayis, Laghutrayis , Sangrahagranthas , and all other Sanskrit litera-ture available in the library of VidarbhaAyurved Mahviyalaya Amravati. is takenin to consideration for present study. Ar-cheological reports, catalogues of differ-ent museums were referred to obtain de-tails about Bramha.various formulation described in differ-ent literature have been screened anddocumented for references aboutBramha, various catalogues of manu-scripts ,museums, archeological cata-logues, article on tourists places havebeen screened for details about Bramhaand documented in comprehensive man-ner and original references are quotedfor the benefit of readers.LITERATURE RIVIEWHISTORICAL BACKGROUND- 29Yanpallewar et al.: An ancient scientist “Bramha”:

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Bramha in Elephanta caves 300 A.C. (18)Bramha at Cambodian temple 700A.c. Bramha at Ellora caves 600 A.C. (18)(18) 2) References in the form of liter- ature All of us in Ayurveda world believe the science of life that is Ayurveda is divine in origin. According to Bramha the first member of Hindu supreme powers that is BRAMHA –VISHNU-MAHESH was the profounder of Ayurveda or the heal- ing science . ब्रह्मणा हि यथाप्रोक्तमायरु ्वदे ं प्रजापततिः| च सू १/४(19) 30Yanpallewar et al.: An ancient scientist “Bramha”:

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 According to Charaka, lord c) Chaturmukha rasa – Rasa saarBramha is the originator of medical sci- sangraha(4)ence. d) Amavatagaja sinha modaka -ब्रह्मा स्मतृ ्र्वाऽऽयषु ो र्वेदं प्रजापततमजजग्रित ्। Rasa saar sangraha(5)सोऽजवर्वनौ तौ सिस्राक्षं e) Vijajnanda rasayanam - Rasaसोऽत्रिपिु ाहदकान्मुनीन ् ॥ अ हृ सू १/३(20) saar sangraha(6)According to Ashtanga Hridaya f) Sutikaghna rasa – Rasa saarSamhita, Bramha is the creator of the sangraha(7)universe; he recalled Ayurveda and gaveits knowledge to Prajapati. g) Nilkantha rasa – Rasa saar sangraha(8) इि खल्र्वायरु ्वदे ंनामोपाङ्गमथर्वरव ्वदे स्यानुत्पाद्यैर्व प्रजािः h) Mrita sanjivani agada -वलोकशतसिस्रमध्यायसिस्रं च कृ तर्वान ् chakradatta(9)स्र्वयम्ूिः । सु सू १/६(21) i) Brihat agni mukha churna – According to Sushrut Samhita, Gadanigraha(10)Bramha gave knowledge of Ayurveda toPrajapati which is the form of Bramha j) Brihat saraswata churna – RasaSamhita having 100000 sutras with 1000 saar sangraha(11)Adhayas. k) Chandraprabha gutika – RasaAccording to Bramha vaivartha puran(1) saar sangraha(12); Bramha is the originator of Ayurvedafrom Vedas and gave its knowledge to l) Swayambhu gugul – Rasa saarBhaskara who wrote BHASKARA sangraha(13)SAMHITA first ever compendium onAyurveda. m) Malikasava – Rasa saar sangraha(14)Formulations attributed to Bramha – n) Dasha-sara sarpi – Vaidya a) Sarvanga sunderi rasa –Rasa grantha (15) saar sangraha (2) o) Karnamitra oil – Rasa sanket b) Vata kulantaka rasa – Rasa saar kalika(16) sangraha(3) p) Sahachara tailam – Bower man- uscript(17) 31Yanpallewar et al.: An ancient scientist “Bramha”:

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926Books written – very large area of population i.e. Asian continent. The oldest sculpture found isa) Bramha samhita – having 1000 calculated as 5000 years old and found adayas &100000 sutras consists at Goa, India. knowledge of Ashtanga Ayurveda – According to Sushrut Samhita (17) ConclusionsInstruments developed – Shringa, 1) Bramha is first ever known physi-Jalouka, Shastra were introduced in sur- cian, surgeon, researcher, author , ingical practice(17) the field of Ayurveda.Discussion: 2) Bramha samhita is first treatise on Ayurveda which is now not availa-Bramha, ble.Swayambhu,Chaturmukha,Vidhi aresynonyms used for quoting contribution 3) Sculptures of Bramha found in largeof Bramha in different treatises. Some of area of Asian continent it is sugges-literature is in the indexed form like tive of geographical developmentalgovernments official manuscript list etc. pattern of Ayurveda.Though these literature was written indifferent time period, this may be mere 4) Sixteen formulations were found inextracts of Bramha Samhita a first ever different Ayurvedic literature, whichtreatise on Ayurveda by Bramha himself are attributed, ascribed to Bramha.. This is also a indication of availabilityof that Samhita to the referring author References:though it is not available in thisera.Bramha seems to be first researcher (1) Bramhavaivarta purana ch xvior inventor who made this science as a ,History of Indian medicine, vol.1science of life and written first ever book By- G.Mukhopdhyaya. publisher –on this science. He could be a physician Munshiram manoharlal publicationand surgeon both as some of surgical new delhi 2nd edition 1974 page 8instruments and parasurgical instrumentsof raktamokshana are said to be devel- (2) Rasa sara sangraha, Rasachandrikaoped by Bramha. As references were Commentary, By Shriscattered and were from different era, no Gopalkrishna,Choukhabhaconclusion about time period could be Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6thdrawn. Sculptures of Bramha found in Edition 1981 Page 106very large area of Indian subcontinent aswell as in Asian continent this is indica- (3) Rasa sara sangraha, Rasachandrikation of Ayurveda is being practiced in Commentary, By Shri Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha 32Yanpallewar et al.: An ancient scientist “Bramha”:

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926 Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha Edition 1981 Page 296 Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th Edition 1981 Page 169(4) Rasa sara sangraha, Rasachandrika Commentary, By Shri (11) Gada nigraha vol Rasa sara Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha sangraha, Rasachandrika Commen- Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th tary, By Shri Edition 1981 Page 302 Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th(5) Rasa sara sangraha, Rasachandrika Edition 1981 Page 173 Commentary, By Shri Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha (12) Gada nigraha vol Rasa sara Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th sangraha, Rasachandrika Commen- Edition 1981 Page 324 tary, By Shri Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha(6) Rasa sara sangraha, Rasachandrika Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th Commentary, By Shri Edition 1981 Page 248 Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th (13) Gada nigraha vol Rasa sara Edition 1981 Page 409 sangraha, Rasachandrika Commen- tary, By Shri(7) Rasa sara sangraha, Rasachandrika Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha Commentary, By Shri Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha Edition 1981 Page 264 Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th Edition 1981 Page 432 (14) Gada nigraha vol Rasa sara sangraha, Rasachandrika Commen-(8) Rasa sara sangraha, Rasachandrika tary, By Shri Commentary, By Shri Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha Gopalkrishna,Choukhabha Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th Amarbharti Prakashan Varanasi ,6th Edition 1981 Page 371 Edition 1981 Page 453 (15) History of Indian medicine, vol.1(9) Chakradutta By Jagadishwar By- G.Mukhopdhyaya. publisher – Tripathi Publisher Choukhambha Munshiram manoharlal publication Sanskrit Series First Edition Page new delhi 2nd edition 1974 page 9 545 (16) History of Indian medicine, vol.1(10) Gada nigraha vol Rasa sara By- G.Mukhopdhyaya. publisher – sangraha, Rasachandrika Commen- Munshiram manoharlal publication tary, By Shri new delhi 2nd edition 1974 page 9 33Yanpallewar et al.: An ancient scientist “Bramha”:

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926(17) History of Indian medicine, vol.1 (20) Ashtanga Hridayam By- G.Mukhopdhyaya. publisher – Sutrasthanam –Shruti Tika By Dr Munshiram manoharlal publication Sushil Yanpallewar, Publisher new delhi 2nd edition 1974 page 8 Shantanu Prakashan Pune 1st Edi- tion 2009 Page 3(18) www.wikipedia.org/bramha. last assed on 15/6/2015 (21) Sushrut Samhita Hindi Vykhya By A.Vidyalankar ,Pubhisher(19) Charaka Samhita –Shruti Tika Choukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan By Dr Sushil Yanpallewar , Pub- Varanasi 6th Edition 1987 Page 2 lisher Shantanu Prakashan Pune 2nd Edition 2015 Page 1 34Yanpallewar et al.: An ancient scientist “Bramha”:

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926यो हि समयक न जानातत ...... ॥Sukhad S. Choudhari11Assistant professor, Vidarbha Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, AmravatiWhen moral values are in conflict, the ble, untrustworthy physicians who areresult may be an ethical dilemma or cri- skimpy in the knowledge.sis. sometimes, no good solution to adilemma in medical ethics and occasion- The study of Ayurveda accordingally the values of the medical communi- to susrutacharya is like an ocean. In thisty (i.e the hospital, staff etc,)conflict context he has given few sutras.with the values of individual patient,family or larger non medical community. 1) मििस्िस्य िन्रस्य िुगाबधस्याम्र्ुधेररि | सु उ.Conflicts can also arise between health १/८care providers or among family mem-bers. 2) समुद्र इि गम्िीरं निै शक्यं हचहकहत्सिम् | To avoid these conflicts, a physi- िक्ुं हनरिशेषेर् श्लोकानामयुिरै हप ||१७|| सु उ.cian must be honest, dedicated and loyal १९/१७towards his profession. He should followthe professional ethics and should serve These sutras from sushrutathe community accordingly. A physician uttaratantra describe the study ofshould acquire and accomplish his shirorog and netrarog chikitsa ; theseknowledge before he serves the com- are enough to explore vastness andmunity. deepness of Ayurveda like an ocean The topic is also described in an- To describe how to study Ayur-cient texts of Ayurveda. This shows that veda deeply susrutacharya has men-the malpractice exists since ancient era. tioned few ways in sutrasthana those areIn this article different similes showingideal behaviors of a physician, im- 1) यस्िु के िलशास्त्रज्ञः कमबस्िपररहनहष्ठिः |portance of studding scriptures and prac-tical knowledge , quack practice are स मुह्यत्यािुरं प्राप्य प्राप्य िीरुररिाििम् ||४८|| सु सूcompiled. Also the noble admirable phy- ३/४८sicians are accentuated and along that,a guideline has been given for the 2) यस्ििू यज्ञो महिमान् स समथोऽथबसाधने |community to be aware from irresponsi- आििे कमब हनिोढु ं हिचक्रः स्यन्िनो यथा ||५३|| सु सू ३/५३ 3) शास्त्रं गुरुमुखोद्गीर्बमािायोपास्य चासकृ ि् | 35

Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926यः कमब कु रुिे िदै ्यः स िदै ्योऽन्ये िु िस्कराः ||८|| सु 2) हिषाहग्नशस्त्राशहनमतृ ्युकल्पः क्षारोसू ४/८ िित्यल्पमहिप्रयुक्ः | In the above verses it is said that, स धीमिा सम्यगनुप्रयुक्ो रोगाहन्निन्यािहचरे र्one who studies the scriptures and re- घोरान् ||३१|| सु सू ११/३१mains untrained in the practice gets con-fused while treating a patient like timid 3) आमं हिपच्यमानं च सम्यक् पक्िं च यो हिषक् |man in the battle. जानीयाि् स ििेिदै ्यः शेषास्िस्करितृ ्तयः ||६|| सु सू Physician who is expert in both १७/६theory and practice is capable to cureand maintain the health of the patient 4) यहछिनत्त्याममज्ञानाद्यश्च [१] पक्िमुपेक्षिे |like a two wheeled chariot successfullycarries its job in the battlefield. श्वपचाहिि मन्िव्यौ िािहनहश्चिकाररर्ौ ||१०|| सु सू १७/१० Physicians who performs practi-cal work after acquiring the knowledge 5) िं क्षारशस्त्राहग्नहिरौषधशै ्चof literature directly from the teacher and ियू ोऽहियुञ्जानमयुहक्युक्म् |studies and practice it constantly, is areal physician while others are smug- हजजीहिषिु बूरि एि िदै ्यंglers. हििजबयेिुग्रहिषाहििुल्यम् ||३२|| सु सू २५/३२ Here the three ways of getting Drugs are like nectar but if theyknowledge i.e, studding scriptures, prac- are administered in wrong way, by anticing constantly and acquiring unknowledgeable person they can turnknowledge directly from the teachers are harmful like a weapon thunderbolth andtold and those who study in such a man- poison. Similarly, the caustic alkali usedner can definitely become an ideal phy- by a wise physician can destroy a dis-sician. ease immediately but, if used improperly it can also turn fatal. In the next verse susrutacharyahas told that those who don’t study in the The surgeon must know wellabove manner should be considered as about the immature , maturing and ma-quacks he gave examples of many simi- ture stages of inflammation, if a surgeonles for the explanations. opens on unripen swelling and neglect the ripen then he should be considered as1) ओषध्योऽमिृ कल्पास्िु शस्त्राशहनहिषोपमाः | a quack (smugglers or wretch).ििन्त्यज्ञरै ुपहृिास्िस्मािेिान् हििजबयेि् ||५१|| सु सू The patient should avoid a sur-३/५१ geon who after improper instrumenta- tion, applies caustics, sharp instruments, 36Choudhari et al.: यो हि समयक न जानातत ...... ॥









Journal of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta 2015, Vol 1:July - Sept ISSN : 2454-3926then it is called as Shabda or 1) Acharyas AyurvediyaAptavakya.once a research is established padartha vidnyan by- D.or accepted by Ayurveda community no Laxmanacharry , publisheddata or details of the study is preserved by –choukhambha Sanskritbut only small summary which is ac- Pratishthana New Del-cepted by all is included in Samhitas hi,reprint -2010 page 188-190having pre defined grammatical manner,in this way ancient Indian scientists suc- 2) Padartha vidnyana evamcessfully preserved there research for Ayurved Itihasa by- Vd. Arunfuture references in a short easily reach- Bhatkar, om prakashan Nag-able manner. pur. First Edition 2014 page 280-289.Conclusion- 3) Charaka samhita – 1) Like modern research methodol- chakrapani tika part 1 by ogy, the oldest life science i,e. Vd. Y G Joshi. Published by Ayurveda too have own research Vaidya mitra prakashan pune. methodology. First edition 2003 page 577- 579 2) According to Acharya Charaka every research carried out in the 4) Charaka Samhita field of Ayurveda should follow Poorvardha shruti tika by protocol called as Panchavayavi Vd. Sushil Yanpallewar pub- Vakya. lished by Shantanu Prakashan Pune first edition 3) Every research done in this field page 240-243 was presented in different con- ferences, open debates for getting recognized by different scholars. 4) Once research work has been ac- cepted by scholars small sum- mary of that work is preserved in the form of shlokas or sutras in different compendiums , Samhitas , or commentaries etc.BIBLOGRAPHY- 41Yanpallewar et al.: Protocol designing and presentation of research