BodySystems-Finlinson

Systems of the Body Flip Book By: Blair Finlinson

Integumentary System: Key Terms: Function: Vocab: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:Musculoskeletal system: Key Terms: Function: Vocab: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:Nervous System: Key Terms: Function: Vocab: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:Special Senses: Key Terms: Function: Vocabulary: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:Respiratory System: Key terms: Function: Vocab: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:Cardiovascular System:

Key Terms: Function: Vocab: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:Digestive System: Key Terms: Function: Vocab: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:Urinary System: Key Terms: Function: Vocab: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:Reproductive System: Key Terms: Vocab: Diseases/Disorders: Professions: Structures:

Integumentary System:Key Terms: ● derm/o​, ​dermat/o-​ skin ● kerat/o-​ horny tissue ● xer/o-​ dry, dryness ● xanth/o-​ yellow, yellowish ● erythro/o-​ red ● pedicu/o-​ louse ● onych/o-​ nails ● myc/o-​ mushroom, fungus ● pil/o-​ composed of hair ● lip/o-​ fat ● rhytid/o​- wrinkles ● albin/o-​ whiteFunction:The main function is to protect the body from external forces. It prevents disease, secretesbodily fluids, and helps to regulate body temperature to maintain homeostasis. Not only that, butit works as a receptor for touch, pressure, and pain, and it stores water and fat.Vocab: ● Epidermis​- t​ he superficial, thinner layer of skin ● Dermis​- thicker layer of skin that is deeper than the epidermis ● Keratin​- protein that makes up our hair and nails ● Melanin-​ a dark pigment found in the skin and hair (usually black or brown) ● Carotene-​ A yellow-orange pigment found in the epidermal cells ● Sebaceous glands​- secrete sweat and oils onto the skin or hair follicles ● Sebum​- mix of fragmented cells and oily substances ● Cerumen-​ earwax ● Merkel cell​- functions in touch by making contact with a tactile disc ● Callus-​ abnormal thickening of the skin due to friction

Diseases/Disorders: ● Albinism​- partial or total absence of pigmentation from the skin and hair. Results in pale skin, light hair, and red eyes. ● Jaundice-​ A buildup of pigment bilirubin which can lead to a yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of eyes. ● Psoriasis​- Skin cells build up to form scales, which can lead to an itchy, dry rash. ● Erythema​- Dilation of the capillaries which causes a red discoloration of the skin.Professions: ● Dermatologist​- A physician that deals with diagnosing and treating disorders relating to the skin, nails and hair. ● Cosmetologist-​ Work more aesthetically, to treat less serious skin, hair, or nail issues.Structures:

Musculoskeletal system:Key Terms: ● my/o-​ muscle ● myel/o​- spinal cord, bone marrow ● oste/o-​ bone ● cost/o-​ rib ● crani/o-​ skull ● pexy​- surgical fixation ● chondr/o​- cartilage ● arthr/o-​ joint ● Plegia-​ paralysis ● kinesi/o-​ movementFunction:The system’s main function is to provide support, movement, and stability to the body. It alsohelps to protect internal organs, such as the ribs surrounding the heart and lungs.Vocab: ● Axial skeleton​- the main chunk of the body, including bones of the head, chest, and spine. ● Appendicular skeleton-​ the bones of the limbs; arms, legs, hands, and feet. ● Periosteum​- a membrane on the surface of bones that have nerves and blood vessels that carry nutrients and allow us to feel pain. ● Bone marrow-​ The inisside portion of a bone that stores fat cells and produces red blood cells. ● Joint-​ Where two bones meet. ● Tendon-​ Connects muscle to bone. ● Voluntary muscle​- A muscle that can be consciously controlled. ● Involuntary muscle​- Cannot be controlled consciously, our nervous system controls it without us thinking about it. ● Flexor​- pushes towards the body ● Extensor​- pushes away from the body

Diseases/Disorders: ● Arthritis​- Inflammation of the joints which can lead to pain swelling, or even loss of mobility. Usually occurs with age, as the joints deteriorate over time. ● Carpal Tunnel Syndrome-​ Tingling, pain, or loss of movement in the thumb and pointer finger, usually due to excessive use of the wrists. ● Muscular dystrophy-​ Where the muscles that control movement weaken over time. ● Osteoporosis-​ Usually occurs in older women, when not enough calcium is being produced so the bones become weak and easily breakable.Professions: ● Orthopedist-​ A doctor that specializes in diagnosing and treating issues relating to the bones, muscles, and joints. ● Physical therapists-​ A physician that rehabilitates, using mechanical force and movements to promote stability, movement, and function.Structures:

Nervous System:Key Terms: ● Neur/o-​ nerves ● encephal/o-​ brain ● myel/o​- spinal cord ● Ambi/o​- around ● -esthesia-​ nervous sensation ● mening/o-​ meninges ● psych/o-​ mind ● concuss/o​- shaken togetherFunction:The nervous system transmits signals between different parts of the body, and basically controlseverything that we do. It gathers sensory input, integrates data, and forms motor output. Withoutthe nervous system, we could not function, as it tells all of our body parts to do what at the righttimes.Vocab: ● Neurons​- cells that transmit impulses ● Axon​- carries impulses away from the cell itself ● Meninges​- cover the brain and spinal cord ● Cerebrum​- largest part of the brain that controls voluntary action ● Cerebellum-​ part of the brain that controls balance and coordination ● Neurotransmitters-​ are released to cause stimulus within neurons ● Myelin sheath-​ covers the axon and keeps the impulses moving ● Dendrites​- carry impulses towards the body ● Spinal cord-​ controls reflexes, carries signals from brain to body ● Central nervous system-​ consists of brain and spinal cord ● Peripheral nervous system-​ consists of sensory and motor neuronsDiseases/Disorders: ● Epilepsy-​ seizures caused by abnormal electrical charges from brain cells

● ALS​- (also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease) is weakened muscles and reduced muscle function over time due to a motor neuron disorder ● Alzheimers​- Occurs with old age, and covers a whole range of disorders that can impair mental functions, particularly the memory. ● Multiple Sclerosis​- Where the body’s immune system attacks the covering of nerve which can greatly impact movement and function of muscles.Professions: ● Neurologist-​ Studies, diagnoses and treats injuries or illnesses relating to the brain, nerves, or spinal cord. ● Psychiatrist-​ Studies, diagnoses and treats mental disorders.Structures:

Special Senses:Key Terms: ● irid/o-​ iris, colored part of eye ● -cusis​- hearing ● -iopia-​ vision condition ● ot/o​- ear ● tympan/o​- tympanic membrane ● opthalm/o-​ eyes ● -metry-​ measuringFunction:The special senses focus on the ears, eyes,mouth and skin, functioning in sight, hearing, taste,touch and smell.Vocabulary: ● Eyelids-​ Protect the anterior of the eyes ● Lacrimal Glands​- also known as the tear ducts, they are located at the lateral end of each eye and release tears into the eye ● Cornea-​ part of the eye that lets light in ● Cerumen-​ earwax, provides a sticky trap for any foreign bodies ● Tympanic Membrane-​ also known as the eardrum, causes vibrations from sound waves hitting it ● Ossicles​- 3 smallest bones in the body that transmit vibrations of the eardrum to the middle ear fluids ● Taste Buds-​ receptors for the sense of taste that are widely scattered amongst the oral cavity ● Night Blindness​- anything that interferes with the photoreceptors that make it difficult for us to see during the night ● Pupil​- An opening in the iris, which lets light in. Dilates depending on brightness. ● Sclera-​ The white part of the eyeball, which protects and maintains the eyeball’s shape

Diseases/Disorders: ● Color Blindness-​ the inability to distinguish between red, green, and blue. Severity can differ from person to person, but most just have weakened color senses, rather than complete loss. ● Astigmatism​- Abnormal curving of the cornea, which causes the eye to focus images at different distances ● Blindness​- Temporary or permanent loss of ability to see any light at all. Can differ in severity. ● Deafness​- partial or total inability to hear, can be either conduction or nerve deafness.Professions: ● Otologist-​ A physician who studies, diagnoses, and treats illnesses or injuries relating to the ears. ● Ophthalmologist​- A physician who studies, diagnoses, and treats illnesses or injuries relating to the eyes. ​Structures:Structures:

Respiratory System:Key terms: ● bronch/o​- bronchus ● cyan/o-​ blue ● laryng/o-​ throat ● -oxia​- oxygen ● Oxy​- acid ● pleur/o​- pleura ● pneum/o​- lung ● pulmon/o-​ lung ● thorac/ot-​ chest ● trache/o-​ tracheaFunction:Breathing, or taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. It also affects our internal gaslevels, transport and exchange. On top of that, it helps us with speech, phonation.Vocab: ● Epiglottis​- a flap like structure that opens and closes, covering the larynx when we swallow. ● Bronchi-​ large structure that branches out from the trachea that allows for air passage. ● Bronchioles-​ smaller and finer structures that branch off from the bronchi, also functioning as air passages. ● Alveoli​- small air sacs that sit on the edge of each bronchial tree ● Larynx-​ otherwise known as the voice box, functions in speech and includes the vocal chords ● Pleura-​ double layered membrane that covers and protects each lung ● Carbon Dioxide​- gas produced within the body when carbon and oxygen atoms combine, is released when we breathe ● Diaphragm​- a muscle that separates the chest and abdomen, contracts and relaxes to help respiration ● Erythrocytes​- red blood cells, that carry oxygen away from the lungs to all parts of the body ● Mediastinum​- area in the chest between the lungs

Diseases/Disorders: ● Cystic Fibrosis​- A disease where mucus is thick and sluggish which makes breathing difficult, and scarring of the lungs common, which can lead to a collapsed lung. ● Epistaxis-​ nose bleed ● COPD​- Otherwise known as chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease, it’s progressive destruction of air sacs in the lungs, usually from smoking. ● Asthma​- a condition where someone’s airway becomes inflamed, narrow, and swells, making breathing difficult.Professions: ● Pulmonologist​- specializes in researching, diagnosing and treating illnesses relating to the lungs and respiratory system. ● Respiratory therapist-​ Diagnoses breathing problems and suggests treatment plans to patients.Structures:

Cardiovascular System:Key Terms: ● cardi/o​- heart ● angi/o-​ vessels ● hem/o, hemat/o​- blood, relating to blood ● Brady​- slow ● Tachy​- rapid ● thromb/o-​ clot ● -emia-​ blood condition ● leuk/o-​ white ● erythr/o-​ red ● arteri/o​- arteryFunction:The cardiovascular system functions in blood pumping and circulation, transport of oxygen andnutrients, and it helps to dispose of metabolic waste.Vocab: ● Aorta​- largest artery in the body (located at the superior of the heart) ● Artery-​ largest type of blood vessel, carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body ● Capillary​- smallest type of blood vessel, the thin walls are used to transport materials to and from the blood stream ● Pulse-​ the beat of the heart that can be felt through the walls of arteries ● SA node​- (also known as the sinoatrial node) the pacemaker of the heart, keeps the heartbeat steady ● Valve​- structures that temporarily close or open to make sure blood only flows in one direction ● Vein-​ vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart ● Pulmonary Circulation-​ the process of carrying blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart ● Normal Sinus Rhythm-​ heart rhythm with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute ● Electrocardiogram​- a recording of the amount of electricity that is flowing through the heart

Diseases/Disorders: ● Coronary Artery Disease-​ (CAD) also referred to as arteriosclerosis, it is the hardening of arteries that give the heart oxygen and nutrients. ● Cardiomyopathy-​ enlargement of the heart, making it hard for the heart to be able to pump blood efficiently ● Pericarditis-​ a very rare condition in which the heart becomes inflamed, usually due to an infection ● Myocardial Infarction-​ otherwise known as a heart attack, it is a blockage of blood flow to the heart.Professions: ● Cardiologist​- specializes in researching, diagnosing and treating illness or injury pertaining to the heart ● Cardiac and Vascular Surgeons-​ Used when medication cannot help, surgeons perform surgeries as forms of treatment for injury or illness relating to the heart and vessels.Structures:

Digestive System:Key Terms: ● cholecyst/o​- gall bladder ● enter/o​- small intestine ● col/o, colon/o-​ large intestine ● hepat/o-​ liver ● gastr/o​- stomach ● or/o-​ mouth ● -pepsia​- digestion ● chol/e​- bile, gall ● proct/o-​ anus and rectumFunction:The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs the nutrients our body needs, getting ridof what we don’t need in the form of waste which is excreted through the digestive system.Vocab: ● Esophagus-​ a ‘food chute’ or muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach ● Stomach​- a muscular sac in the abdomen that controls both mechanical and chemical digestion of food ● Large Intestine-​ The last part of the digestive system, where water is absorbed and waste is removed ● Small Intestine-​ where most chemical digestion takes place, along with absorption of nutrients from food ● Appendix-​ A small fingerlike extension of the large intestines, but serves no real function ● Pancreas-​ a gland that secretes pancreatic juice and produces insulin to support the uptake of glucose ● Liver-​ produces bile to help breakdown fats, and filters out poisons and toxins from the blood ● Epiglottis-​ a flap of tissue that opens and closes as we swallow food to prevent us from choking

● Rectum​- a tube like structure at the end of the large intestine that compresses waste to a solid form before it is excreted ● Gallbladder​- stores bile that is produced in the liver until it is neededDiseases/Disorders: ● Gallstones​- hard deposits that form in your gallbladder due to too much cholesterol or waste in your bile, or if your gallbladder doesn’t empty properly. ● Celiac Disease-​ a serious sensitivity to gluten, which can cause seizures, constipation, vomiting, weight loss, etc. ● Crohn’s Disease​- (also known as inflammatory bowel disease) an autoimmune disease that causes diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fever. ● Hemorrhoids-​ Inflammation of blood vessels at the end of your digestive tract, and can be recognized by blood in the stoolProfessions: ● Gastroenterologist-​ specializes in research, diagnosing, and treatment of illness or injury related to the stomach or small intestines ● Pancreas Specialist​- specializes in diagnosing and treating illness relating to the pancreas, especially diabetesStructures:

Urinary System:Key Terms: ● -cele​- hernia ● -lysis-​ breakdown, destruction ● Cysto-​ bladder ● nephr/o-​ kidney ● ren/o​- kidney ● -uria-​ urination ● -pexy-​ surgical fixation ● -ectasis​- dilation, widening ● pyel/o​- renal pelvisFunction:The urinary system’s function is to filter out waste in the form of urine, balance substances inthe blood, also controlling blood volume and maintaining blood pressure to help securehomeostasis in the body.Vocab: ● Renal pelvis​- a funnel shaped filter in the kidney that urine passes through before it is passed onto the ureters ● Nephron​- tubes that function as excretory units in the kidney ● Glomerulus​- a network of small capillaries located in nephrons where blood filtration takes place ● Filtration​- the process of fluid passing through a filter or a filtering medium, typically happens with blood ● Urea​- a waste product filtered out in the kidneys and blood and later excreted from the body as urine ● Ureters-​ the thin tubes that carry urine all the way from the kidneys to the bladder ● Urinary bladder​- a membranous sac that cn stretch for temporary retention of urine, until it’s ready to be excreted ● Urethra​- the duct at the end of the urinary system, where urine is carried through and discharged from ● Urinary retention​- the accumulation of urine in the bladder, and inability of the bladder to empty itself ● Uric acid​- a product of protein metabolism that is white, tasteless and odorless

Diseases/Disorders: ● Kidney stones​- clumps of calcium oxalate that form in the urinary tract and can cause great pain and discomfort, or may even require surgery to pass ● Urinary tract infection-​ most common in women, it occurs when bacteria gets inside the urinary tract, which affects the kidneys, urethra or bladder ● Bladder cancer​- frequent in men and older people, and the symptoms include painful and frequent urination, and back or pelvic pain ● Interstitial cystitis-​ a chronic bladder condition that can cause bladder scarring, less elasticity, pelvic pain and bladder pressureProfessions: ● Urologist​- physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating illness or injury in any of the urinary organs, including male reproductive organs ● Nephrologist​- a physician who specializes in researching, diagnosing, and treating illness or injury relating to the kidneysStructures:

Reproductive System:Key Terms: ● cervic/o​- cervix ● salping/o​- fallopian tube ● ov/o​- egg ● orchid/o-​ testes ● oophor/o​- ovary ● men/o-​ menstruation ● mamm/o​- breast ● gynec/o​- woman, female ● colp/o-​ vagina ● prostat/o-​ prostateVocab: ● Cervix-​ opening to the uterus ● Fallopian tube​- two tubes that the egg passes through after it is released from the ovary ● Infertility​- (occurs in men and women) it is being incapable of reproduction ● Menopause-​ the time in a woman’s life in which the menstrual cycle stops completely ● Menstrual Cycle​- a month long reoccurring cycle in which the lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy ● Ovary​- female sex organs that secrete estrogen and progesterone and produce ova for the reproductive process ● Uterus​- located in the pelvic cavity of females, it is a hollow muscular organ and it provides the womb during pregnancy ● Vagina​- a canal that leads from the uterus to the outer genitalia of the female reproductive system ● Ovulation-​ the process of a mature egg being released from the ovaries into the fallopian tubes, to be fertilized or discarded ● Estrogen-​ the female sex hormone that is responsible for the female sex characteristicsDiseases/Disorders: ● Prolapsed uterus​- when a prolapse occurs so severe that the uterus protrude through the vagina, requires surgery to fix.

● Hydrocele-​ Occurs in males, when a fluid filled sac partially surrounds the testes, causing discomfort. Fixed by surgery. ● Ovarian cysts-​ fluid filled sacs that form on the ovaries, and are not dangerous until they become cancerous (usually after age 40). ● Endometriosis-​ where endometrial issue (usually shed during menstruation) is attached to other organs in the abdomen.Professions: ● Gynecologist-​ a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating injury or illness relating to the female reproductive organs. ● Obstetrician- a physician who specializes in pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.Structures:​ardi/oWork Cited:http://www.globalrph.com/medterm.htmhttp://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/integumentary

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