Ultimate English B2 Grammar International

English Grammar and Vocabulary B2

Contents Unit Grammar Vocabulary English in Use Review Unit 1 Present simple, Entertainment Selective cloze Grammar review present continuous, and the media Key word p. 11 pages 4–12 stative verbs transformation Vocabulary review Present perfect simple, p. 12 Unit 2 present perfect Selective cloze continuous Open cloze Grammar review pages 13–21 p. 20 Past simple, past Travel and Word formation Vocabulary review Unit 3 continuous, used to holiday Key word p. 21 Past perfect simple, transformation pages 22–30 past perfect Grammar review continuous p. 29 Unit 4 Vocabulary review The future, temporals, Environmental p. 30 pages 31–39 question tags issues Grammar review p. 38 Unit 5 Modals, semi-modals, Health and Selective cloze Vocabulary review modals perfect fitness Open cloze p. 39 pages 40–48 Grammar review Gerunds and infinitives Crime and Word formation p. 47 Unit 6 punishment Key word Vocabulary review transformation p. 48 pages 49–57 Grammar review Conditionals, Careers and Selective cloze p. 56 Unit 7 mixed conditionals, employment Open cloze Vocabulary review conditionals without if, p. 57 pages 58–66 I wish/if only Word formation Grammar review Key word p. 65 Unit 8 Reported speech, Shopping and transformation Vocabulary review reporting verbs consumerism p. 66 pages 67–75 Grammar review Relative clauses, Education and Selective cloze p. 74 Unit 9 participle clauses technology Open cloze Vocabulary review p. 75 pages 76–84 The passive voice, Relationships Word formation Grammar review personal and Key word p. 83 Unit 10 impersonal passive transformation Vocabulary review structures p. 84 pages 85–93 Selective cloze Grammar review page 94 Clauses (contrast and Science and Open cloze p. 92 pages 95–96 concession, purpose innovation Vocabulary review and reason), causative p. 93 forms Spelling rules Irregular verbs 3

Past simple, past continuous, used to Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous Grammar 1 Read and circle the correct answers. Survivor Survivor is a reality TV show in which a group of strangers are placed in an isolated location where they must find food and shelter on their own. Scotsman Alexander Selkirk was a sailor and a real survivor! In October 1704 Selkirk was on a ship when it 1 stopped / had stopped at a desert island, in the South Pacific Ocean. Selkirk 2 thought / was thinking the ship was in such bad shape that he’d rather be left on land! He was left behind with only clothing and some tools, feeling confident that another ship would soon sail by. Selkirk built two huts, fished for lobsters, and when his clothes wore out, he made new ones from animal skins. He 3 was spending / had spent four years and four months on the island when a ship finally rescued him. By the time he returned to England in 1711, he 4 was / had been away for eight years. His story of survival 5 became / had become a source of inspiration for writer Daniel Defoe’s fictional character, Robinson Crusoe. 13

Past simple, past continuous, used to Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous Past simple Form Use Example We went on a cruise around the I / You / He / She / It / We / • a n action that started and finished Mediterranean two years ago. They travelled. at a stated time in the past He always felt anxious about flying. Did I / you / he / she / it / we / • p ast routines and habits (often with She spent most of her time abroad they travel? adverbs of frequency) when she worked as sales manager. I grabbed my suitcase, closed the I / You / He / She / It / We / • s ituations or states which were true door behind me and stormed out of They did not (didn’t) travel. in the past, but are no longer true the house. • a ctions that happened one after the My brother graduated from college other in the past, for example when last June. telling a story • p ast actions which won’t happen again Time expressions We often use these time expressions with the past simple: yesterday, last night/week/month/summer, a week/month/year ago, twice a week, once a month, at the weekend, in March, in the morning/afternoon/ evening, at night, on Thursdays, on Monday mornings, in 2020, etc. Past continuous Form Use Example I / He / She / It was travelling. • a n action in progress at a stated time I was packing for my camping trip at We / You / They were travelling. in the past eight o’clock last night. Was I / he / she / it travelling? Were we / you / they travelling? • two or more actions that were in I was booking a hotel online while my I / He / She / It was not (wasn’t) progress at the same time in the past brother was looking for his passport. travelling. We / You / They were not (weren’t) • a n action in progress in the past that He was downloading an app when travelling. was interrupted by another action his phone crashed. • to give background information to a It was a nightmare! It was raining narrative heavily and the wind was blowing strongly. Time expressions We often use these time expressions with the past continuous: while, as, when, all day/week/month/year, at ten o’clock last night, last Sunday/week/year, this/that morning, this time last week/yesterday/year, etc. Used to Form Use Example • a ctions that we did regularly in the I / You / He / She / It / We / They When my brother and I were younger, used to work. past, but that we don’t do now we used to go on camping trips. Harry used to commute to work, Did I / you / he / she / it / we / • s tates that existed in the past, but but now he’s moved to a flat near his they use to work? that don’t exist now office. I / You / He / She / It / We / They I used to be afraid of heights, did not (didn’t) use to work. but I’ve got over it lately. • W e can also use would + bare infinitive to talk about actions that we did regularly in the past, but that we don’t do now. On Sundays, my best friend and I would go fishing in the river. • We cannot use would to talk about past states. We use it only to talk about actions. Ron used to like road trips. ✓ Ron would like road trips. ✗ 14

2 Circle the correct answers. 1 Did you use / used to be afraid of flying? 2 She use / used to be shy, but she’s a lot more confident now. 3 We don’t go fishing as often as we use / used to. 4 I used to / would like rock climbing when I was younger. 5 You didn’t used / use to be so stressed! 6 Didn’t / Wouldn’t she use to have short hair? 7 What games did you use / you used to play as a child? 8 Every Saturday I used / would go on a long bike ride. 3 Complete. Use the past simple or the past continuous. 1 We were preparing (prepare) for our trip to Alaska this time last year. 2 (you / remember) to pick up the tickets? 3 She dropped her smartphone as she (get) out of the taxi. 4 We (put up) the tent when the storm broke out. 5 I noticed that a white van (come) from the opposite direction. 6 He (set off) on a long journey across Australia a month ago. 7 Who (you / talk to) a few minutes ago? 8 She (suddenly / appear) in the doorway. 9 What (you / do) at 8.00 pm last night? 10 When my guests arrived, I (still / cook) dinner. 4 Join the sentences. Use the past simple, the past continuous and the words in bold. 1 I woke up this morning. It was snowing. when When I woke up this morning, it was snowing. 2 I was studying. I suddenly felt sleepy. while 3 I was walking home. I ran into a friend of mine. as 4 I made the final decision. I felt a lot more relaxed. as soon as 5 I heard him come in. We were having dinner. while 6 We were packing for our trip. The power went off. when 15

Past simple, past continuous, used to Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous Past perfect simple Form Use Example I / You / He / She / It / We / They • a n action that took place before a It was midnight and they had had (’d) driven. particular time in the past already reached their destination. Had I / you / he / she / it / we / • a n action that took place before The plane had just taken off when they driven? another action in the past. We use we got to the airport. the past perfect simple for the I / You / He / She / It / We / They action which took place first and had not (hadn’t) driven. the past simple for the action that followed it. Time expressions We often use these time expressions with the past perfect simple: before, after, when, by, by the time, already, as soon as, until, for two months/years, just, ever, never, once, since Tuesday/2020, the previous day/week/ month, the year before, etc. Past perfect continuous Form Use Example We had been driving for five hours I / You / We / They had (’d) been • a n action that was still in progress before we stopped at a petrol station. driving. when another action took place He / She / It had (’d) been driving. We had been living in the city centre • a n action that happened before for years before we sold up and Had I / you / we / they been another action in the past, and we moved to the country. driving? want to emphasise long it had been Had he / she / it been driving? happening She was angry because she had been waiting for an hour. I / You / We / They had not • a n action that had taken place (hadn’t) been driving. until a particular time in the past, He / She / It had not (hadn’t) when its effects were evident been driving. Time expressions We often use these time expressions with the past perfect continuous: all day/night/week long, for, since, How long … ?, years before/earlier, etc. 5 Complete. Use the past perfect simple or the past perfect continuous. 1 I suddenly realised what I had done (do), but it was too late. 2 A van (overturn) and was blocking traffic. 3 (you / wait) for more than an hour when they finally arrived? 4 The situation was more complicated than they (at first / realise). 5 He (look for) a new job for months. 6 Was that the first time she (ever / travel) abroad? 7 The report was not ready yet because they (not collect) all the information. 8 I couldn’t contact her by email because my laptop (crash). 9 She (never / be) to a rock concert before last night. 10 He (work) as a sales manager for ten years when he set up his own business. 16

6 Circle the correct answers. 1 Had you ever / recently visited the USA before your trip in 2019? 2 When we got to the station, Peter had already / once picked up the tickets. 3 As soon as / By the time I got to the office, the meeting had begun. 4 We had visited four small villages by noon / yet. 5 Had you studied Spanish as soon as / before you moved to Madrid? 6 Once / Since I had picked my sister up, I texted my parents. 7 We didn’t get to see them this year, but we had met them twice the previous year / year ago. 8 She wished she had been told a few days since / earlier. 9 It was four o'clock and they yet / still hadn't arrived. 10 When I texted him, he had just / since returned from a job interview. 7 Complete. Use the past simple, the past continuous or the past perfect simple. • In March 2020, a Boeing 787 1 completed (complete) the longest-ever scheduled passenger flight from Tahiti to Paris. • A British passenger plane disappeared while it 2 (fly) from Bermuda to Jamaica in 1949. • Alaska Airlines first 3 (introduce) online check-in in 1999. • In 1977, two passenger planes 4 (crash) upon landing in Tenerife because low-lying fog 5 (reduce) visibility. It 6 (be) one of the deadliest air crashes in history. • B ack in 1934, a plane left London and 7 (arrive) in Singapore eight days later, after it 8 (stop over) at 22 different airports! The same flight today takes about 12 hours. 17

Past simple, past continuous, used to Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous Vocabulary Travel and holiday 1 Read the text and circle the correct words. Tourism that’s out of this world Guy Laliberté was looking for a new 1 amazement / adventure. His business, the famous Cirque du Soleil, was a huge success and he had already travelled 2 far and wide / off the beaten track on five continents. That’s when a friend mentioned it was possible for wealthy people like him to visit the International Space Station. ‘That’s it!’ he thought and 3 booked / checked into the first available seat on a spaceflight in 2007. Unfortunately, he had to cancel his 4 accommodation / reservation that year. A second opportunity came up in 2009. Guy paid $35 million to 5 get on / pick up the spaceflight and spent six months training mentally and physically for the mission. In September, he and two astronauts finally 6 hit the road / set off on their journey. Eight minutes after taking 7 up / off, they were in orbit, and then spent the next two days circling the Earth until they could connect with the space station. His ten days on board the International Space Station were so busy and exciting that Guy hardly slept. He hosted a live webcast with other world celebrities to promote access to clean water. He also spent 8 endless / eventful hours gazing out of the windows at the 9 impressive / impressing views of Earth. He made it back 10 harmless / safe and sound, and declared that the remarkable experience of leaving Earth had been worth every penny. 2 Complete the sentences with adjectives formed from the words in bold. 1 The flight to Australia seemed endless . I thought we were never going to arrive. end 2 You shouldn’t catch too much sun. It can be to your skin. harm 3 The tiny museum had an collection of modern paintings. impress 4 Did you know that the dish of Mexico is turkey in chocolate chilli sauce? nation 5 Traffic was being diverted because there was a fire near the motorway. disaster 6 Package holidays are popular because they usually have very prices. attract 7 It’s best to avoid visiting the Bahamas between August and October, when hurricanes are frequent. season 8 Jennifer is about flying, so she prefers to travel by train. anxiety 3 Circle the correct words. 1 When we went / took / had sightseeing in Paris, we waited / took / spent our time to explore the amazing museums and monuments. 2 Frieda can’t stand waiting on / for / at the bus, so she usually gets around / off / back the city by taxi. 3 My brother dropped / picked / drove me off at the airport, but he didn’t have time to come in and see me out / off / away. 4 When we got into / out / away of the tour bus, my dad was waiting to pick us up / down / around in his car. 5 Dan checked up / into / out his hotel room and immediately took a nap because he was suffering from / for / by jetlag. 6 On our way to Australia, we decided to take / break / make the journey up, so we stopped off / down / by in Malaysia for a week. 18

English in Use 1 Read and choose the correct answers. Adventures, horses, thieves and friends In 2004, Tim Cope set off on an extraordinary 1 across Mongolia and Russia that would take him over three years to complete. What’s even more remarkable is that he made the trip on horseback in a region of the world that has 2 changes in weather, with temperatures reaching 50°C in summer and -50°C in winter. And he did it alone. Tim was no stranger to travelling off the beaten 3 . He had studied to be a wilderness guide, and he had already gone on several 4 expeditions through Finland, Russia, China and Mongolia. During these travels, he developed a passion for local people and their traditions. The 5 he planned was inspired by Genghis Khan, the Mongolian ruler who united the tribes of Northeast Asia in the 13th century. Tim’s journey was 6 to say the least. On the fifth night, he awoke to find his horses had been stolen. The next day he located them, and to his 7 , the thief returned the horses, invited Tim to his home and gave him some friendly advice. Tim met many kind people, who helped him along the way. Another 8 moment was when a local man helped Tim escape from a snowstorm in Kazakhstan. 1 A travel B ride C journey D destination 2 A seasonal B impressive C harmful D endless 3 A track B path C scene D course 4 A attractive B disastrous C national D adventurous 5 A road B commute C holiday D route 6 A eventful B anxious C comfortable D harmless 7 A horror B amazement C frustration D nightmare 8 A memorable B memory C memorial D memorise 2 Read and complete the text. Write one word in each gap. Could time travel really be possible? Professor Ronald Mallett is convinced that time travel is possible. For the past 50 years, he has 1 trying to come up with a mathematical theory to prove it. As a young boy, Ronald 2 to love reading books. While reading a copy of H.G. Wells’ The Time Machine, he became fascinated with the concept of time travel and decided to build his own time machine. His father 3 worked as a TV repairman, so Ronald had access 4 all kinds of tools and spare parts. Of course, his time machine was just a fantasy, but 5 inspired him to continue searching. A year later, he read The Universe and Dr Einstein and that’s 6 he realised that science was the key. Ronald’s theory of time travel is based on the work of Einstein, who estimated that the higher the speed of travel, the more time slows down. Ronald claims that travelling 7 the future is possible if a time machine moves at the speed of light. However, he admits that travelling to the 8 is more complicated. He doesn’t expect to witness time travel in his lifetime, but he hopes that he is on the fast track to success. 19

Grammar review Choose the correct answers. 1 The motorists were frustrated because they in 11 ‘Why didn’t you answer my call this morning?’ traffic for hours. ‘I to work and couldn’t pick up the phone.’ A drove A were waiting B had driven B had been waiting C was driving C had waited D had been driving D have been waiting 2 During the Middle Ages, many people that the 12 How long before you arrived at your Earth was flat. destination? A have believed A had you been travelling B would believe B did you travel C were believing C were you travelling D used to believe D you travelled 3  we arrived at the port, the ferry boat had already 13 W hen we were children, we the entire summer in left. the mountains. A By the time A had spent B While B would spend C Since C were spending D As soon as D use to spend 4 Immediately after the plane took off, I . 14 Luckily, we our rooms because the hotel was full A had fallen asleep when we checked in. B was falling asleep C fell asleep A had booked already D had been falling asleep B were already booked C had already booked 5 It was the first time Mia by plane, so she was a bit D already booked anxious. 15 It heavily for two days, so all flights from A has travelled Toronto were cancelled. B was travelling C travelled A was snowing D had travelled B had snowed C has been snowing 6 ‘Have you ever been to London?’ D had been snowing ‘Yes. I there last year to attend a conference.’ A have been 16 M y grandparents don’t travel as often as they . B had gone A use to C was B used to D went C would D had 7 ‘How long has it been since you last took a holiday?’ 17 It had been our last visit, so we hardly ‘The last time I went on holiday was .’ recognised the town. A two years ago B before two years A since a long time C for two years B a long time ago D during two years C for a long time D a long time since 8 The travel agent me that my hotel had been 18 ‘Did you go on holiday last summer?’ booked. ‘We to visit Italy but changed our minds.’ A has told A would plan B was telling B have planned C told C planned D would tell D were planning 9 While Jennifer was sightseeing, her friends in Milan. 19 Dylan broke his leg in the Alps. A would shop A while he was skiing B were shopping B when he had been skiing C had shopped C once he was skiing D shop D as soon as he skied 10 I eat spicy food, but I grew to like it when I lived in 20 After we a good night’s rest, we were ready to Mexico. tour the city. A used not to A had had B didn’t use to B had been having C wasn’t used to C were having D hadn’t use to D are having 20

Vocabulary review Choose the correct answers. 1 Air traffic controllers were unable to locate the 11 Returning from our holiday, we got stuck in a huge plane on their . jam for five hours. A radar A motorist B runway B travel C location C road D flight D traffic 2 My grandparents had the time of their lives when 12 ‘Could you from the train station?’ they took a around the Caribbean islands. ‘No problem. What time does your train arrive?’ A get me on A route B see me off B flight C pick me up C cruise D drop me off D course 3 We hadn’t booked a hotel room, so we had difficulty 13 O ur flight was , but we eventually arrived at our finding on the island. destination ten hours later. A accommodation A commuted B reservation B booked C location C delayed D dimension D cancelled 4 It was only a two-day trip, so Rachel light with 14 I could feel my growing as the hot-air balloon just one small suitcase. lifted off the ground. A booked A adventure B went B disaster C checked C anxiety D travelled D comfort 5 On our road trip to Mexico, we decided to at the 15 Passengers were relieved when the plane finally Grand Canyon. down safely. A get off A landed B set off B touched C drop off C took D stop off D navigated 6 They took a different on the way back and got 16 If you want to avoid the long , it’s best to book horribly lost. your ticket to the museum in advance. A course A queue B route B jam C journey C course D track D journey 7 To his , Jack realised that he had lost his passport 17 The hotel looked from the outside, but the and wouldn’t be allowed on the flight. rooms were small and dirty. A amazement A eventful B anxiety B harmless C horror C memorable D disaster D attractive 8 It was too hot to sightseeing in Rome. 18 It took the airline two days to my missing A go luggage. B take C leave A contact D spend B locate C navigate 9 The experienced pilots avoided a(n) crash by D control safely landing the plane in a river. 19 O n average, in London spend 75 minutes getting A impressive to and from work every day. B disastrous C eventful A commuters D harmless B passengers C pilots 10 The ship may have gone off because its GPS D tourists wasn’t working properly. 20 The next morning, we checked out of the hotel at A course the of dawn. B dimension C expedition A back D terminal B pack C crack 21 D track

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