Ultimate English B1 Grammar Greek

English GRAMMAR B1

Contents Unit 1 Present simple and present continuous, stative verbs Past simple, past continuous, (be / get) used to pages 4–11 Present perfect simple, present perfect continuous Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous Unit 2 The future Nouns, quantifiers, articles pages 12–19 Modal verbs (1) Unit 3a Modal verbs (2) pages 20–25 Conditionals, wishes Gerunds and infinitives Unit 3b Relative clauses Reported speech pages 26–29 The passive Causative form Unit 4 Spelling rules Irregular verbs pages 30–37 Unit 5 pages 38–47 Unit 6a pages 48–53 Unit 6b pages 54–61 Unit 7 pages 62–71 Unit 8a pages 72–79 Unit 8b pages 80–85 Unit 9 pages 86–97 Unit 10a pages 98–103 Unit 10b pages 104–108 pages 109–110 pages 111–112 3

Present simple and present continuous, stative verbs 1 Read and circle the correct answers. 1 Jennifer does yoga to keep fit. a This is a habit, something BFFs – Best Friends Forever that happens regularly. b This is happening now. Oscar-winning actresses Emma Stone and Jennifer Lawrence are close friends 2 Today Emma and Jennifer are attending an awards and have a lot in common. Emma ceremony. usually walks or goes jogging to keep a This is a permanent truth. fit. Jennifer does yoga to keep fit. b This is happening now. Today Emma and Jennifer are attending an awards ceremony and they look very happy. Loyal and mysterious 3 Holmes solves crimes using science. Sherlock Holmes, the most famous detective in literature, and Doctor John Watson are loyal friends and they share a passion a This is a fact. for mystery. Holmes solves crimes using science and logic, b This is a situation that is and Watson writes down their great adventures in his diary. changing. In this picture, Sherlock Holmes is using a magnifying glass to find evidence for a crime. 4 Holmes is using a magnifying glass to find evidence for a crime. 4 a This is a regular action. b This is happening now.

Present simple and present continuous Present simple Affirmative Negative Question Present continuous Sam checks his emails Sam doesn’t check his Does Sam check his every morning. emails every morning. emails every morning? Sam is checking his Sam isn’t checking his Is Sam checking his emails now. emails now. emails now? Present simple Use Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present simple: • γ ια να μιλήσουμε για μια συνήθεια, κάτι που κάνουμε συχνά. • για να μιλήσουμε για προγράμματα Pete rarely gets home before five o’clock in the afternoon. (κινηματογράφου, θεάτρου κλπ.), • για να αναφερθούμε σε μόνιμες καταστάσεις. δρομολόγια (πλοίων, τρένων κλπ.). People exercise to keep fit. The film starts at ten o’clock. • για να αναφερθούμε σε γενικές αλήθειες. • ό ταν αφηγούμαστε ή περιγράφουμε κάτι Plants give us oxygen. (π.χ. μια ιστορία, έναν αγώνα, κλπ.). Ron passes to Jim, he shoots and scores! Time expressions • Μ ε τον present simple χρησιμoποιούμε συχνά επιρρήματα συχνότητας (adverbs of frequency) όπως always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, hardly ever, seldom. Τα adverbs of frequency μπαίνουν πριν από το κύριο ρήμα. Όταν όμως κύριο ρήμα της πρότασης είναι το ρήμα to be, τα adverbs of frequency μπαίνουν μετά από αυτό. Louise never goes to bed before 11 o’clock. Ian is always keen to learn something new. • Κάποιες άλλες χρονικές εκφράσεις που χρησιμοποιούμε συχνά με τον present simple είναι: every day / week / year, in the morning / afternoon / evening, at night, at the weekend, on Monday, on Fridays, in (the) winter, in August, once / twice / three times a week, κλπ. Αυτές οι χρονικές εκφράσεις μπαίνουν συνήθως στην αρχή ή το τέλος της πρότασης. On Saturdays I hang out with my friends. Fiona doesn’t work at the weekend. Present continuous Use • για να περιγράψουμε μια επαναλαμβανόμενη Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present continuous: πράξη, μια συνήθεια που μας ενοχλεί και θέλουμε να σταματήσει. Σε αυτήν την • για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που γίνεται τώρα, τη στιγμή που περίπτωση χρησιμοποιούμε συχνά το μιλάμε. επίρρημα always. Are you having fun at the party or do you want to go home? I am always losing my keys! It’s so annoying! • γ ια να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που γίνεται για λίγο, προσωρινά. • για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που έχουμε Beth is staying with some friends until her parents return προγραμματίσει να κάνουμε στο άμεσο μέλλον. from their business trip. I’m having dinner with John tonight. • για να περιγράψουμε καταστάσεις που αλλάζουν ή εξελίσσονται. Your work is getting better! Time expressions Με τον present continuous χρησιμoποιούμε συχνά χρονικές εκφράσεις όπως now, right now, at the moment, today / tonight, these days, this week, at present, nowadays, for now, for the time being. Tom is working part-time in a restaurant this summer. Προσέχουμε ότι ο present simple περιγράφει κάτι που γίνεται συχνά, κάτι που ισχύει πάντα ή κάτι που επαναλαμβάνεται. Ο present continuous περιγράφει κάτι που γίνεται τώρα ή που ισχύει για λίγο, που είναι προσωρινό. Συγκρίνετε τις παρακάτω προτάσεις: Kate works from 9 to 5. Today she’s working overtime because she has a lot to do. Joanna rarely goes out on Fridays but today she’s going to a birthday party. 5

Present simple and present continuous, stative verbs 2 Complete. Use the present simple. 1 How often do you spend (you / spend) quality time with your family? (find) the diamonds, 2 And then the detective (save) (stop) the burglar. the elderly lady and (cause) serious accidents. 3 Careless driving (connect) China and Hong Kong. (freeze) faster than cold water? 4 The world’s longest bridge (she / have)? 5 Did you know that hot water (not grow) in warm climates. (take off) in an hour. 6 How many siblings (shops / close) here? 7 Apple trees (not share) the same bedroom. 8 The plane 9 What time 10 Jake and his twin brother 3 Write sentences. Use the present simple. Put the words in brackets in the correct place. 1 you / argue / with your brother? (often) Do you often argue with your brother? 2 how / you / get in touch / with your friends? (usually) 3 the train / leave / at 8.00 or 8.30? (tomorrow morning) 4 my best friend / stay / at home (on Sunday evenings) 5 we / see / owls / during the day (hardly ever) 6 our neighbours / keep an eye on / our children (sometimes) 7 the swimming pool / open / at 9.00 am (every morning) 8 big arguments / end / well (rarely) 9 elderly people / complain / about the weather (often) 10 I / forget / a face (never) 4 Read and complete. Use the present continuous. It’s a lovely Sunday morning and the Higgins 1 are having (have) a relaxing day at home. Mr and Mrs Higgins 2 (spend) some quality time with their children. At the moment they 3 (play) Jenga and they 4 (enjoy) themselves. Sophie and her brother Will 5 (try) to decide which block to remove. Mrs Higgins 6 (not update) her fashion blog today and Mr Higgins 7 (not work). 8 (they / plan) to do anything else today? Yes, they are! Mr Higgins 9 (take) them out to lunch at 2.00 pm and they are all looking forward to it! 6

5 Circle the correct answers. TIPS 1 Alexandra and I are usually getting together / usually get together after school. Πριν αποφασίσετε 2 Helen is doing / does her maths homework at the moment. ποιο χρόνο θα 3 Dad often reads / is often reading newspapers online on Saturday mornings. χρησιμοποιήσετε, 4 Please be quiet! The children sleep / are sleeping. κοιτάξτε τις χρονικές 5 I’ve got a computer, but I don’t use / ’m not using it very often. εκφράσεις στην 6 Hurry up! Everyone is waiting / waits for you. πρόταση. Είναι μια 7 Your marks are great! I think you get / are getting better and better. χρονική έκφραση που 8 Does it often snow / Is it often snowing in your town in winter? χρησιμοποιούμε με 9 Nina, what are you doing? Do you listen / Are you listening to me? τον present simple 10 Where is Irma? Is she looking after / Does she look after her baby sister today? ή με τον present continuous; Hi, Dad. How are you? 6 Read and complete. Use the present simple or the present continuous. Jane: Hi, Dad. How are you? Dad: Hello, sweetie! I’m fine. Where are you? Jane: I’m still in the school library. I 1 ’m working (work) on a biology project and I 2 (look for) information on the Internet. What about you? Dad: I 3 (get) ready for an important meeting with the company manager. He is very bossy and he 4 (want) everything to be perfect. Jane: I 5 (hope) everything goes well, Dad. What time 6 (you / come) home tomorrow? I 7 (not think) I can do this project without your help. Dad: My plane 8 (leave) at ten o’clock tomorrow morning and the flight 9 (take) about two hours. Jane: Oh, that’s good news. 10 (Mum / pick) you up from the airport? Dad: Yes, she is! See you tomorrow. Jane: Bye, Dad. 7

Present simple and present continuous, stative verbs 7 Read and complete. Use the present simple or the present continuous. believe cost do look prefer think 1 A: What are you thinking about? B: I’m thinking about my summer holidays. 2 A: W hat type of restaurant you , Chinese or Italian? B: Well, I think I like Italian best. 3 A: H ave you seen Brian? What he these days? B: He’s studying for a very important exam. 4 A: W hat you for? B: My ski jacket, boots and goggles. 5 A:  you Max when he says he didn’t break the window? B: No, I don’t. 6 A: H ow much a good smartphone ? B: You can find one for about €300. TIPS Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present simple για κάτι που συμβαίνει συχνά και τον present continuous για κάτι που συμβαίνει για λίγο, προσωρινά. Garry wakes up at 8 o’clock every morning. (καθημερινή συνήθεια) He is working hard on a school project these days. (προσωρινή κατάσταση) 8 Read and complete. Write one word in each gap. Sixteen-year-old Millie Bobby Brown stars in the popular science fiction series Stranger Things, but she is not ‘strange’ at all. She 1 lives in London and Atlanta, USA with her family. Millie is an ordinary teenager. She goes to school 2 day and hangs out with her friends. How 3 she spend her free time? Millie enjoys singing and reading novels before she 4 to bed. She also 5 hide-and-seek with her younger siblings – her favourite hiding place is the tree house in their garden. Next week, Millie and her family 6 planning a trip to Spain, where Millie was born. Today she 7 attending the MTV Music Awards. In April 2018, Millie became the youngest person to be included in TIME magazine’s list of the 100 most important people in the world. 8

Stative verbs Κάποια ρήματα δεν περιγράφουν πράξεις και δε χρησιμοποιούνται με χρόνους διαρκείας, ακόμα και όταν αναφέρονται στη στιγμή που μιλάμε. Τα ρήματα αυτά ονομάζονται stative verbs και ορισμένα από αυτά είναι: • ρήματα αισθήσεων: feel, hear, see, smell, taste • ρήματα αντίληψης: know, notice, realise, remember, think, understand • ρήματα που εκφράζουν αρέσκεια ή δυσαρέσκεια: dislike, hate, like, love, not mind, prefer • άλλα ρήματα, όπως appear (= φαίνομαι), be, believe, belong, cost, forget, have (= έχω), hope, look (= φαίνομαι), mean, need, own, seem, sound, want I believe that she is telling the truth. Dylan prefers football to basketball. Κάποια από τα παραπάνω ρήματα μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν και με χρόνους διαρκείας. Στην περίπτωση αυτή όμως, η έννοιά τους αλλάζει γιατί περιγράφουν πράξεις και όχι καταστάσεις. Ας συγκρίνουμε τα παρακάτω παραδείγματα: The sand feels hot. The mother is feeling the baby’s head. (feel = έχω συγκεκριμένη υφή) (feel = αγγίζω) Do you see the rainbow in the sky? I’m seeing John in half an hour. (see = βλέπω) (see = συναντώ) I made some burgers and my hands smell of onions. I am smelling the sauce. (smell = έχω μια μυρωδιά) (smell = μυρίζω κάτι) These muffins taste delicious. She is tasting the pudding to see if it’s sweet enough. (taste = έχω συγκεκριμένη γεύση) (taste = δοκιμάζω κάτι) I think May is from Japan. He’s thinking about buying a new laptop. (think = νομίζω, πιστεύω) (think = σκέφτομαι) I don’t have much money with me. Paul is having a salad for lunch. (have = έχω) (have = τρώω) She looks beautiful in that dress. They’re looking at the fireworks in the sky. (look = φαίνομαι) (look = κοιτώ) She appears to be a very clever girl. He’s appearing at the Royal Concert Hall tonight. (appear = φαίνομαι) (appear = εμφανίζομαι) The boys are in their room. You’re being very annoying. Stop it! (be = είμαι) (be = συμπεριφέρομαι σε μια περίσταση) 9

Present simple and present continuous, stative verbs 9 Circle the correct answers. 1 Roger is still thinking / still thinks about his holiday in the Bahamas. 2 I am feeling / feel hungry. Is there anything to eat? 3 The sauce is great. It tastes / is tasting really good! 4 Are you believing / Do you believe in ghosts? 5 You don’t seem / aren’t seeming very happy today. 6 Do you see / Are you seeing Bob again this week? 7 Betty looks / is looking nervous. She must calm down. 8 She told me her name, but I don’t remember / am not remembering it right now. TIPS I feel that we should accept his invitation. (= Αυτό νομίζω.) This T-shirt feels wet. You can’t wear it. (= Είναι βρεγμένο όταν το ακουμπάς.) Dan is feeling much better today. (= Δεν είναι άρρωστος, αισθάνεται καλύτερα.) I feel happy today. (= Αισθάνομαι χαρούμενος.) 10 Complete. Use the present simple or the present continuous. 1 Who does this jacket belong (this jacket / belong) to? 2 Are you tired? (you / want) to go to bed? 3 I (know) that I was wrong. 4 Excuse me. (anybody / sit) here? 5 Don’t put the sugar away. I (need) it. 6 What (you / think) about? 7 I (feel) exhausted right now. I must have a break. 8 This shampoo (smell) like green apples. 9 Linda (appear) in a chat show tonight and I want to watch it. 10 Why (you / taste) the smoothie? 11 Are the sentences right or wrong? Tick ✔ or cross ✘. ✘ 1 I’m not understanding what you are saying. 2 Her father is owning a restaurant. 3 We’re having a picnic tomorrow afternoon. 4 I’m thinking this is a waste of time. 5 I don’t know what to say. 6 I’m wanting to visit Edinburgh Castle next summer. 7 You are not seeming interested in the subject. 8 I dislike people who are impolite. 9 Helen is taking after her mum. 10 Do you look up to your parents? 10

12 Read and circle the correct answers. Fun mother and daughter activities Here are some fun mother and daughter activities to do at home between school, work and household chores. Have a spa day Keep a journal Mothers and daughters Keeping a mother- can enjoy the luxury daughter journal of a spa day at home. can be a great A face mask 1 feels / experience. ‘My mum is feeling great and a and I 4 usually write / are usually writing about glass of refreshing cucumber water 2 tastes /is our dreams and feelings in this journal,’ says tasting perfect at the end of a tiring week. ‘Here Alison. ‘We 5 never read / are never reading each I am with my three daughters,’ says Monica. ‘We other’s notes. We are going to read this journal 3 spend / are spending quality time together and in twenty years’ time. It 6 sounds / is sounding we’re having fun!’ exciting, doesn’t it?’ Organise a film marathon Go on a road trip Pick a TV series or film Make a playlist of and make your favourite all the songs you snack. It 7 doesn’t cost / 11 like / are liking, isn’t costing much and pick a destination home-made popcorn 8 smells / is smelling and set off. ‘My daughters and I 12 go / are going delicious! ‘Today Mum and I 9 watch / are watching on a road trip this week. They both 13 feel / are musicals. We 10 prefer / are preferring musicals to feeling excited because we are sharing this comedies or adventures,’ says Jennifer. wonderful experience,’ says Katie. Writing 13 Do you spend time with your family? Write down what you usually do with your family (present simple) and what you are doing this week (present continuous). 11

a The passive 1 Read and tick ✔ the passive sentences. The art of ice sculpting Ice sculpting is rising in popularity. International competitions are held around the world every year. Huge blocks of man-made ice are produced in special factories. Sculptures are carved from these blocks of ice. Carving ice is made from clean water. Artists use handsaws that are specially designed for cutting ice. China leads the world of ice sculpture. Chinese artists prefer natural ice, so ice is pulled out of frozen rivers. Masterpieces like the Colosseum of Rome were created in last year’s snow festival in China. Ice sculpting is considered ‘temporary art’ as the works of art will eventually melt. 1 Ice sculpting is rising in popularity. 2 Carving ice is made from clean water. ✔ 3 Artists use handsaws. 4 Chinese artists prefer natural ice. 5 Ice is pulled out of frozen rivers. 6 Ice sculpting is considered ‘temporary art’. 7 The works of art will eventually melt. 98

a Present simple Active Passive Present continuous They build their new house. Their new house is built. Past simple They are building their new house. Their new house is being built. Past continuous They built their new house. Their new house was built. Present perfect simple They were building their new house. Their new house was being built. Past perfect simple They have built their new house. Their new house has been built. Future simple They had built their new house. Their new house had been built. Future perfect simple They will build their new house. Their new house will be built. Be going to They will have built their new house. Their new house will have been built. Modal verbs They are going to build their new house. Their new house is going to be built. They must build their new house. Their new house must be built. Form • Σχηματίζουμε την παθητική φωνή (passive voice) με το ρήμα to be στο σωστό χρόνο και την παθητική μετοχή (past participle) του κύριου ρήματος. Their house was destroyed after the earthquake. • Σ την άρνηση προσθέτουμε not μετά από το ρήμα to be. Their house was not destroyed by the earthquake. • Στην ερώτηση βάζουμε το ρήμα to be στην αρχή της πρότασης. Was their house destroyed by the earthquake? • Μπορούμε επίσης να χρησιμοποιήσουμε το ρήμα to get αντί για το to be στην παθητική φωνή. Συνήθως το χρησιμοποιούμε στον καθημερινό λόγο, για να αναφερθούμε σε κάτι δυσάρεστο που συμβαίνει τυχαία ή απρόσμενα. He got held up in traffic. Use Χρησιμοποιούμε την παθητική φωνή όταν αυτό που μας ενδιαφέρει περισσότερο σε μια πρόταση είναι η ίδια η πράξη και όχι αυτός που την κάνει. Συνήθως δε γνωρίζουμε ή δε μας ενδιαφέρει ποιος την κάνει, γι’ αυτό και δίνουμε έμφαση στην πράξη. This house is made of wood. The website has been updated. Agent • Σ υχνά χρειάζεται να αναφέρουμε από ποιον έγινε μια πράξη, χρειάζεται, δηλαδή, να αναφέρουμε το agent. Σε αυτήν την περίπτωση, χρησιμοποιούμε τη λέξη by και ένα όνομα, ένα ουσιαστικό ή μια αντωνυμία. Her portrait was painted by a famous artist. • Π ροσέχουμε ότι αναφέρουμε το agent μόνο όταν γνωρίζουμε ποιος έκανε την πράξη που περιγράφουμε, και μόνο όταν αυτό είναι σημαντικό. Συγκρίνετε τις παρακάτω προτάσεις: The paintings were stolen. (Δεν ξέρουμε ποιος τους έκλεψε. Δεν αναφέρουμε το agent.) All flights were cancelled. (Η σημαντική πληροφορία είναι ότι ακυρώθηκαν. Δε μας ενδιαφέρει ποιος τις ακύρωσε. Δεν αναφέρουμε το agent.) The man was arrested. (Εννοείται ότι τον συνέλαβε η αστυνομία. Δε χρειάζεται να αναφέρουμε το agent.) The car was destroyed by vandals. (Το agent μας δίνει σημαντικές πληροφορίες, γι’ αυτό και το αναφέρουμε.) • Προσέχουμε ότι όταν θέλουμε να αναφερθούμε στο αντικείμενο ή στο υλικό που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για μια πράξη, χρησιμοποιούμε with και όχι by. Harry Potter was written by J.K. Rowling. The man was threatened with a knife. Active and passive sentences Αλλάζουμε μια πρόταση από την ενεργητική φωνή (active voice) στην παθητική φωνή (passive voice) ως εξής: • Τ ο αντικείμενο της ενεργητικής πρότασης γίνεται υποκείμενο της παθητικής πρότασης. Jane Summers gave the talk. ➝ The talk was given by Jane Summers. • Χ ρησιμοποιούμε το ρήμα to be στον ανάλογο χρόνο και την παθητική μετοχή του ρήματος που είχαμε στην ενεργητική πρόταση. Jane Summers will give the talk. ➝ The talk will be given by Jane Summers. • Αν θέλουμε να αναφέρουμε το agent, στο τέλος της πρότασης βάζουμε τη λέξη by και το υποκείμενο της ενεργητικής πρότασης. Spain beat Brazil in the final. ➝ Brazil was beaten by Spain in the final. 99

a The passive 2 Complete. Use the passive. 1 Look! The sculpture is being carved (carve) in ice. TIPS 2 Ten people (interview) for the job since Για να βρούμε ποιος είναι ο σωστός χρόνος που πρέπει last Monday. να χρησιμοποιήσουμε σε μια πρόταση της παθητικής 3 Our games console (damage) a few days ago. φωνής, ελέγχουμε τις χρονικές εκφράσεις 4 The new art gallery (open) next week. (χρονικές λέξεις και φράσεις). 5 Unfortunately, my phone screen (can / not repair). The paintings were stolen from the museum two 6 By the time the sales started, the new shop assistants weeks ago. (Η χρονική έκφραση είναι (train). το two weeks ago, έτσι χρησιμοποιούμε past 7 The situation is serious. Something (must / do) simple passive.) before it’s too late. 8 A man was walking right behind us. We (follow)! 3 Write questions. Use the passive. 1 Watercolour paints have been used for this painting. Have watercolour paints been used for this painting? 2 These books are going to be returned to the library next week. 3 Workers will be replaced by robots. 4 The Eiffel Tower was built in 1887. 5 Beans and carrots can be cooked together. 6 Eagles are found in Alaska. 7 Lunch had been prepared on time. 8 The electricity bill should be paid tomorrow. 4 Write sentences. Use the passive. 1 This self-portrait was painted by Paul Gauguin. (Van Gogh) No, it wasn’t painted by Paul Gauguin. It was painted by Van Gogh. 2 The car has been found in the field. (by the river) 3 The website is updated on Mondays. (Thursdays) 4 Their application will be sent next week. (next month) 5 The packet is going to be delivered by post. (drone) 6 His exhibition was held in Munich. (Berlin) 7 The new video is being downloaded at the moment. (the new app) 8 The smartphone had already been charged. (the tablet) 100

TIPS a Στις περισσότερες προτάσεις της παθητικής φωνής, όταν το agent είναι 101 οι λέξεις people, they ή someone, το παραλείπουμε καθώς δεν παρέχει καμία σημαντική πληροφορία. Someone has stolen the painting. ➝ The painting has been stolen. (Παραλείπουμε το by someone.) 5 Rewrite the sentences in the passive. Include the agent only where necessary. 1 Very few people appreciate abstract art. Abstract art is appreciated by very few people. 2 Someone has stolen my new smartphone. 3 Somebody was recording our conversation. 4 They have designed new video games. 5 They are going to build a new motorway around the city. 6 Students can’t use the science lab today. 7 They will repair the printer next week. 8 Agatha Christie wrote a lot of detective stories. 6 Rewrite the sentences in the active or passive. Active Passive 1 They have developed new software for graphic New software for graphic designers has been designers. developed. 2 They are cooking dinner at the moment. 3 More than one hundred emails are sent by the manager every day. 4 The class president organised the recycling campaign. The animals should be fed. 5 6 Are Mike and Jim going to present the project tomorrow? 7 They don’t have to book the tickets yet. 8 3D images can be uploaded to this website.

a The passive 7 Read and complete. Use the passive. Face and body painting l Face and body painting has been around for years. Some researchers say that body painting was actually the first form of art. l Ancient people from Africa, Asia, Europe and Australia all decorated themselves with colourful were used ‘paint’. Plants and fruit 1 (use) to make paints, typically in red, blue, yellow and white. Face paints 2 (make) from berries, beetroot or onions. Artists painted mask-like designs that 3 (inspire) by patterns in nature. l How many faces do you think someone can paint in one hour? 217 different faces 4 (paint) in one hour by Gary Cole, a professional face painter from the USA, in September 2007! This world record 5 (not break) yet. l B ut what happens when your face 6 (cover) in paint that you want to remove? Water-based body and face paints 7 (can / clean) off your skin with a soft cloth and baby oil. l Body and face painters 8 (hire) by advertising companies or film studios. It takes long hours and a lot of very hard work for actors to be transformed into space aliens or mythical hairy monsters! TIPS 8 Rewrite the sentences. Use the word in bold. Use no more than Χρησιμοποιούμε το by πριν το five words. agent (το άτομο που έκανε την πράξη). Χρησιμοποιούμε το with 1 People express creativity in different ways. is για να αναφερθούμε στο εργαλείο, αντικείμενο ή όργανο που μπορεί Creativity is expressed in different ways. να χρησιμοποιήθηκε. The bread was cut by the baker. 2 Nobody informed me about the meeting. not The bread was cut with a knife. I the meeting. 102 3 They will have repaired the damage by the end of August. been The damage by the end of August. 4 People call cinema the seventh art. called Cinema the seventh art. 5 You can find rare books in this bookshop. be Rare books in this bookshop. 6 The secretary has already emailed the report. by The report the secretary. 7 They couldn’t identify the objects in this abstract painting. be The objects in this abstract painting . 8 Money can’t buy happiness. with Happiness money.

a 9 Read and write sentences. Use the passive. A Mona Lisa: Fact file • Mona Lisa / paint / Leonardo Writing Da Vinci / 1517 • the famous portrait / also call / La Gioconda • her smile / describe / as the perfect smile • the painting / sell / King Francis I / for 4,000 gold coins / in 16th century • it / display / in the Louvre Museum in Paris / since 1797 • in 1962 / the painting / value / at $100 million Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1517. The Starry Night: Fact file B • The Starry Night / create / Vincent van Gogh / June 1889 • the painting / give to / the Museum of Modern Art in New York City / an American art collector • it / display / there / since 1941 • its beautiful patterns / easily / recognise / most people • if / painting / sell / it / cost more than $300 million 103

b Causative form Unusual homes around the world1 Read and tick ✔ the sentences in the causative form. Transparent house, Japan This two-storey house in Japan was inspired Skateboard by life in nature. The owners had windows house, USA installed everywhere instead of walls. The skateboard house is going They enjoy the daylight, but they to be built in Malibu, California. don’t have much privacy. The owners are skateboard lovers. They will have special surfaces World’s slimmest house, built which will allow them to skate both inside and Poland outside the house. The world’s slimmest house measures 1 This two-storey house in Japan only 152 centimetres in width at its was inspired by life in nature. widest point! The architect had it constructed between two existing 2 The owners had windows installed ✔ everywhere. buildings. It’s ideal for university students or people who hate 3 They enjoy the daylight. household chores. 4 The skateboard house is going to be built in Malibu, California. 5 They will have special surfaces built. 6 The world’s slimmest house measures only 152 centimetres in width. 7 The architect had it constructed between two existing buildings. 104

b Present simple We have the car serviced every six months. Present continuous We are having the car serviced at the moment. Past simple We had the car serviced last month. Past continuous We were having the car serviced at the time. Present perfect simple We have just had the car serviced. Present perfect continuous We have been having the car serviced. Past perfect simple We had already had the car serviced by then. Past perfect continuous We had been having the car serviced for days. Future simple We will have the car serviced soon. Future continuous We will be having the car serviced when you come. Future perfect simple We will have had the car serviced by September. Be going to We are going to have the car serviced next week. Modal verbs We must have the car serviced soon. Form • Σ χηματίζουμε το causative form με το ρήμα have στο σωστό χρόνο, το αντικείμενο και την παθητική μετοχή (past participle) του κύριου ρήματος. Χρησιμοποιούμε δηλαδή τον εξής τύπο: subject + have + object + past participle, βάζοντας κάθε φορά το have στο σωστό χρόνο. She has her house painted every two years. (present simple) She has just had her house painted. (present perfect simple) She had her house painted last month. (past simple) She will have her house painted soon. (future simple) • Η ερώτηση και η άρνηση σχηματίζονται και αυτές σύμφωνα με τον χρόνο που χρησιμοποιούμε κάθε φορά. She hasn’t had her house painted yet. How often does she have her house painted? • Μπορούμε επίσης να χρησιμοποιήσουμε το get αντί για το have στο causative form. Το χρησιμοποιούμε συνήθως στον καθημερινό λόγο. She’s getting her house painted tomorrow. • Για να πούμε από ποιον έγινε η πράξη που περιγράφουμε, να αναφέρουμε, δηλαδή, το agent, χρησιμοποιούμε by, όπως και στην παθητική φωνή. Και εδώ, αναφέρουμε το agent μόνο όταν μας δίνει σημαντικές πληροφορίες. She had her house built by BlueLadder Constructions. Use • Χρησιμοποιούμε το causative form όταν θέλουμε να αναφερθούμε σε κάτι που δεν κάναμε εμείς οι ίδιοι αλλά αναθέσαμε σε κάποιον άλλο (συνήθως έναν επαγγελματία) να κάνει για εμάς. Συγκρίνετε τις παρακάτω προτάσεις: Louis installed the new software. (To έκανε ο ίδιος.) Louis had the new software installed. (Το ανέθεσε σε κάποιον άλλο, μάλλον επαγγελματία.) • Σ υχνά χρησιμοποιούμε το causative form για να αναφερθούμε σε κάτι δυσάρεστο που συμβαίνει. Σε αυτήν την περίπτωση χρησιμοποιούμε μόνο have και όχι get. Sam had his skateboard stolen! ✓ (He got his skateboard stolen! ✗) 105

b Causative form 2 Complete. Use the causative form. 1 She had her bedroom redecorated (her bedroom / redecorate) last year. 2 This is the third time we (the printer / fix) in one week. 3 We (the air conditioner / must / service) as soon as possible. 4 The students (usually / their essays / check) every Monday. 5 They (the broken pipes / change) when the kitchen flooded. 6 We (the pool / clean) in the next few days before the summer begins. 7 Hundreds of people (their homes / destroy) by the hurricane last week. 8 Fiona’s at the hairdresser’s at the moment. She (her hair / style). 3 Write sentences. Use the causative form. 1 Alison / her portrait / paint / famous painter (street artist) past simple Alison didn’t have her portrait painted by a famous painter. She had it painted by a street artist. 2 We / our holiday photos / print (upload) past continuous 3 He / the new laptop / deliver / his home (his office) be going to 4 Francis / his computer / service / a friend (a computer technician) present perfect simple 5 Leon / his passport / renew (his driving licence) should 6 The art collector / paintings / hang on the wall (mirrors) past perfect simple 106

b 4 Write questions. Use the causative form. Then write answers that are true for you. 1 you / ever / your picture / take / by a professional photographer? Have you ever had your picture taken by a professional photographer? Students' own answers 2 how often / you / need to / your smartphone / repair? 3 you / a new key / make / after you lost it? 4 you / usually / the shopping / deliver / to your house? 5 how often / you / your teeth / check? 6 your bedroom / redecorate / next year? 5 Rewrite the sentences in the causative form. Include the agent only where necessary. 1 We asked someone to fit new cupboards in our kitchen. TIPS We had new cupboards fitted in our kitchen. 2 Someone is cutting the grass for Dad. Χρησιμοποιήστε το agent μόνο εφόσον 3 The Browns must ask someone to install an alarm system for them. παρέχει κάποια σημαντική πληροφορία. 4 A famous hairdresser is styling the actress’s hair. Nina is having her hair cut. (Εννοείται ότι τα 5 Someone stole my sister’s handbag at the airport. μαλλιά της Νίνας τα έκοψε ένας κομμωτής, 6 Mr Oswald will ask the builders to replace the living room floor. άρα δεν είναι ανάγκη να το αναφέρουμε.) 7 They usually deliver the goods to customers by drone. Nina is having her hair cut by her 8 Someone was building a garden shed for our neighbours. cousin. (Αναφέρουμε το agent επειδή εδώ παρέχει πρόσθετες πληροφορίες.) 107

b Causative form 6 Rewrite the sentences in the causative form. Use the word in bold. Use no more than five words. 1 The president always asks someone to write his speeches for him. has The president always has his speeches written for him. 2 The travel agent is going to plan a holiday trip for the Millers. are The Millers a holiday trip planned. 3 Mrs Wilson immediately realised that someone had stolen her paintings. she Mrs Wilson immediately realised that stolen. 4 Hugh will have asked someone to repair his smartphone by the end of the day. had Hugh will by the end of the day. 5 You should ask someone to shorten the sleeves. have You should . 6 The hairdresser was dying my hair when you texted me. was I when you texted me. 7 Combine words from the boxes below and write about things that people couldn’t have done in the past. Use the causative form. cars deliver to homes central heating dry-clean Writing install clothes floors print in colour food service at garage photos vacuum 1 People couldn’t have their cars serviced at garages. 2 3 4 5 6 108

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