Ultimate English B1+ Companion

COMPANION Β1+ ULTIMATE ENGLISH B1+ STUDENT’S BOOKKatrina Gormley English d Katrina Gormley B1+ ls, th STUDENT’S BOOK s. s 22/06/2020 15:00 skills

Contents Note to teachers page 4 Unit 1 page 5 Unit 2 page 26 Unit 3 page 51 Unit 4 page 68 Unit 5 page 88 Unit 6 page 108 Unit 7 page 127 Unit 8 page 142 Unit 9 page 160 Unit 10 page 176 Alphabetical word list with phonetics page 190

The Selfie Generation page 5 1.9 have your say (expr) to give your opinion 1.1 generation (n) ❖ λέω τη γνώμη μου all the people who were born at about Children didn’t use to have a say in family the same time decisions. ❖ γενιά Generation X refers to the people born 1.10 app (n) between 1980 and the late 1990s. application; a computer program that is ➤ generate (v) ✎ generation gap designed for a particular purpose ❖ εφαρμογή 1.2 quote (n) You can download a number of translation phrase from a book, speech, etc. which apps to your phone. you repeat because it is interesting page 6 ❖ φράση, λόγια Shakespeare’s most famous quote is ‘To be 1.11 digital age (n) or not to be, that is the question.’ the present time, in which many ➤ quote (v) ✎ Syn: quotation things are done by computer and large amounts of information are available 1.3 social media (n) because of computer technology websites and software programs used ❖ ψηφιακή εποχή The downside of the digital age it that it’s for communication impossible to disconnect. ❖ μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης Social media are used to spread truths and 1.12 vision (n) untruths. an idea or a picture in your imagination ❖ εικόνα 1.4 celebrity (n) I don’t like this author’s vision of the future. sb who is famous, especially in the He think’s people will have completely entertainment business destroyed the planet and will be living ❖ διασημότητα underground. TV cookery shows are all about celebrity chefs. ➤ visible (adj) ✎ vision of sb or sth ➤ celebrated (adj) 1.13 mention (v) 1.5 close (adj) to speak about sth without saying much If two people are close, they like or ❖ αναφέρω She mentioned that her cat had gone love each other very much. ❖ στενός (φίλος) missing, but she didn’t say when. Tara and Susie are friendly to each other, ➤ mention (n) but they’re not that close. ✎ close friend 1.14 research (n) ✎ be close to sb, get close to sb a detailed study of a subject ❖ έρευνα 1.6 matter (v) Journals specialise in publishing academic to be important or have an important research. effect on sb/sth ➤ research (v), researcher (n) ❖ έχω μεγάλη σημασία, είμαι πολύ σημαντικός ✎ do/carry out research Politeness matters a great deal to my grandparents. 1.15 take it for granted (expr) ✎ matter to sb to believe sth is true without first 1.7 relationship (n) making sure that it is the way in which two or more people ❖ θεωρώ κάτι δεδομένο A free education for all is something we take feel and behave towards each other for granted. ❖ σχέση, συγγένεια They have a business relationship, not a 1.16 concerned (adj) personal one. worried ➤ relation (n) ❖ ανήσυχος ✎ relationship with/between ‘What’s wrong?’ she asked, with a concerned 1.8 professional (adj) look on her face. doing an activity as a job rather than as ➤ concern (n, v) ✎ concerned about a hobby 1.17 effect (n) ❖ επαγγελματίας the result of a particular influence Becoming a professional actor takes a lot of ❖ συνέπεια, αποτέλεσμα talent and a bit of luck. The effects of global warming are plain to see. ➤ profession (n) ✎ a professional football player ➤ affect (v), effective (adj), effectively (adv) ✎ effect on/upon UNIT 1 5

1.18 increased (adj) 1.27 link (n) greater in amount, number, value, a connection between two people, size, etc. ❖ αυξημένος things or ideas I’ve upgraded my smartphone to one with ❖ σύνδεση, σχέση increased functions and a better camera. ➤ increase (n, v) There is a clear link between motivation and 1.19 screen time (n) success. time spent using a device such as a ➤ link (v) ✎ link between computer, television or tablet 1.28 excessive (adj) ❖ χρόνος μπροστά σε μια οθόνη If you don’t limit your screen time, you’ll go much more than is reasonable or blind! necessary 1.20 affect (v) ❖ υπερβολικός to produce a change in sb ❖ επηρεάζω Many road accidents are caused by Sunlight affects me in a positive way; I have excessive speed. ➤ excess (n) more energy in summer. 1.29 realise (v) ➤ effect (n) to understand or become aware of a 1.21 physical (adj) relating to your body particular fact or situation ❖ σωματικός ❖ συνειδητοποιώ, καταλαβαίνω She has amazing physical strength for such I didn’t realise today was your birthday. a small person! Happy birthday! ➤ realisation (n) ➤ physically (adv) 1.30 focus (v) 1.22 mental (adj) happening in the mind to give special attention to one ❖ πνευματικός, νοερός Regular exercise is linked to good mental particular person or thing ❖ εστιάζω health. ➤ mentally (adv), mentality (n) Focus on the negative feedback if you really 1.23 addicted (adj) want to improve. unable to stop using or doing sth as a ➤ focus (n), focused (adj) ✎ focus on habit, especially sth harmful 1.31 carry out (phr v) ❖ εθισμένος, εξαρτημένος to do a particular piece of work, Diane watched Downton Abbey all weekend. She’s completely addicted! research, etc. ➤ addict (v), addiction (n) ❖ διενεργώ, διεξάγω ✎ addicted to sth The marketing firm carried out a survey of 125 customers. 1.24 rested (adj) feeling healthy and full of energy 1.32 subject (n) the thing that is being discussed, because you have had a rest ❖ ξεκούραστος considered or studied Sam feels rested on just four hours of sleep, ❖ θέμα whereas I need seven. Have you chosen a subject for your research ➤ rest (v), restful (adj) project yet? 1.25 expert (n) 1.33 electronic (adj) sb who has special knowledge of a having or using many small parts, such subject ❖ ειδήμονας as microchips, that control and direct a Akira is a martial arts expert; he has a black belt in karate. small electric current ➤ expertise (n) ❖ ηλεκτρονικός 1.26 aware (adj) Nowadays, even the simplest appliances knowing or realising sth ❖ ξέρω, γνωρίζω, έχω το νου μου have an electronic chip in them. Good drivers are aware of the traffic in front ➤ electronically (adv) of them as well as behind. 1.34 device (n) ➤ awareness (n) an object or machine that has been ✎ be aware of invented for a particular purpose ❖ συσκευή Devices like smartphones and tablets sell more than laptops or home computers. 1.35 anxious (adj) worried and nervous ❖ αγχωμένος She’s anxious to get her test results. ➤ anxiety (n) 1.36 heart rate (n) how fast your heart is beating ❖ καρδιακός ρυθμός Blue whales have an incredibly slow heart rate at eight beats per minute. 6

1.37 shut off (phr v) 1.47 interact (v) to stop a machine, tool, etc. from to communicate with or react to ❖ αλληλεπιδρώ working Some animals can interact with humans ❖ αποσυνδέω, διακόπτω παροχή ‘Put on the hand brake and shut off the using sign language. engine,’ said the driving instructor. ➤ interaction (n), interactive (adj) ✎ interact with 1.38 provide (v) to give sb sth that they need 1.48 one another (pronoun) ❖ παρέχω, δίνω each other The website provides useful price ❖ ο ένας τον άλλο In any online discussion, it’s important to comparisons and customer reviews. ✎ provide sb/sth with sth respect one another. 1.39 valuable (adj) 1.49 form (v) very useful or important make create ❖ πολύτιμος ❖ φτιάχνω, δημιουργώ Vicky taught us a valuable lesson about Ben quickly formed an opinion of his new friendship. ➤ value (n), invaluable (adj) classmates: they were great. ➤ form (n), formation (n) 1.40 peer (n) a person who is the same age as you 1.50 lasting (adj) ❖ συνομήλικος continuing to exist or have an effect for Researchers have found that social media a long time can be an instrument of peer pressure. ❖ μόνιμος, σταθερός ✎ peer pressure No one knows what the lasting effects of global warming will be. 1.41 likely (adj) ➤ last (v) probable or expected ❖ πιθανός 1.51 particularly (adv) It’s likely to rain tomorrow; the weather is especially ❖ ιδιαίτερα changing. They found maths and physics particularly ➤ likelihood (n) difficult. 1.42 when it comes to (doing) sth (expr) ➤ particular (adj) when it is a question of sth ❖ σχετικά με, αναφορικά με, όσον αφορά 1.52 struggle (v) When it comes to birthday presents, to try hard to do sth that you find very everyone loves a gift voucher! difficult ❖ παλεύω, αγωνίζομαι, προσπαθώ σκληρά 1.43 benefit (n) Kaitlyn struggles to remember the names of an advantage you get from a situation people. ❖ πλεονέκτημα, προνόμιο ➤ struggle (n) Convenience is the main benefit of online 1.53 communicate (v) shopping, not savings. to share or exchange information, ➤ benefit (v), beneficial (adj) ✎ benefit of news, ideas, feelings, etc. ❖ επικοινωνώ 1.44 improved (adj) They communicate with each other by better than before email, mostly. ❖ βελτιωμένος ➤ communication (n), communicative (adj) Streaming channels give you an improved ✎ communicate with sb selection of films to watch. 1.54 connect (v) ➤ improve (v), improvement (n) to form a good relationship with sb ❖ συνδέομαι, δένομαι 1.45 networking (n) Luke is eager to connect with other the process of connecting computers computer experts. together so that they can share ➤ connection (n) information ✎ connect with sb ✎ Opp: disconnect ❖ δικτύωση A good example of networking is when you 1.55 globalisation (n) link your phone to your computer. the idea that the world is developing ➤ network (n) a single economy and culture as a 1.46 space (n) result of improved technology and a place that can be used for a particular communications ❖ παγκοσμιοποίηση purpose Globalisation means the death of local ❖ χώρος cultures, some people claim. Can’t you find a quieter space to study than ➤ globe (n), global (adj), globally (adv) in front of the TV? UNIT 1 7

1.56 get in touch with sb (expr) 1.65 understanding (n) to communicate with sb, especially by knowledge about a subject, situation, writing to them or phoning them etc. or about how sth works ❖ επικοινωνώ, έρχομαι σε επαφή ❖ γνώση Get in touch with a repairman about your She had a good understanding of the game car. Don’t try to fix it yourself! rules. ➤ understand (v) 1.57 exposure (n) ✎ Opp: misunderstanding the act of providing sb with the 1.66 educational (adj) opportunity to experience new ideas, relating to education activities, etc. ❖ εκπαιδευτικός ❖ έκθεση, επαφή Educational opportunities are the greatest Studying business isn’t enough. Students need real exposure to the industry through gift we can give children. work experience. ➤ educate (v), education (n), ➤ expose (v), exposed (adj) educationally (adv) ✎ exposure to sth 1.67 revolution (n) 1.58 culture (n) a great change in conditions, ways of a society that has its own set of ideas, working, beliefs, etc. that affects large beliefs and ways of behaving numbers of people ❖ κουλτούρα, πολιτισμός ❖ επανάσταση Kyoko and Jair come from very different Computer technologies are creating a cultures: she is Japanese, he’s from Brazil. revolution in children’s education and social ➤ cultural (adj), culturally (adv) lives. ➤ revolutionise (v), revolutionary (adj) 1.59 active (adj) involved in a particular activity 1.68 thanks to (expr) ❖ ενεργός because of My uncle is active in local politics and has ❖ χάρη σε Thanks to the public’s generosity, the town joined the city council. ➤ act (v), action (n), actively (adv) was able to save the old building. ✎ active in 1.69 fact-finding (adj) 1.60 global (adj) done in order to discover information relating to the whole world ❖ εύρεσης στοιχείων ❖ παγκόσμιος The Internet helps with fact-finding, but the By definition, a pandemic is a global health facts are often inaccurate or untrue. threat. ➤ globe (n), globally (adv), globalisation (n) 1.70 access (n) the right or opportunity to use sth that 1.61 happening (n) a meaningful event, particularly an will bring you benefits ❖ πρόσβαση unusual or strange one Access to the swimming pool is restricted to ❖ γεγονός, συμβάν residents of the building. The townspeople reported some strange ➤ accessible (adj) happenings, like dogs disappearing. ✎ have access to sth ➤ happen (v) 1.71 related (adj) 1.62 issue (n) connected a subject or problem that people ❖ σχετικός, συναφής Elbow and wrist injuries are often related to discuss or think about ❖ θέμα, ζήτημα playing tennis. Climate change, global health and racism ➤ relate (v), relation (n) are the big issues of our time. ✎ related to 1.63 respect (n) 1.72 case study (n) politeness towards sb or sth that is a piece of research that records details considered important of how a situation develops over a ❖ σεβασμός period of time The referee earned the players’ respect with ❖ μελέτη περίπτωσης her quick decisions. China and India are the two case studies ➤ respect (v), respectful (adj) she used to talk about globalisation. ✎ Opp: disrespect 1.73 presentation (n) 1.64 develop (v) a formal talk in which you describe or to grow into a better, larger or stronger explain sth to a group of people form ❖ παρουσίαση ❖ αναπτύσσω John only used three PowerPoint slides in his Compared to other mammals, humans presentation. develop slowly after birth. ➤ present (v) ➤ development (n) ✎ Syn: grow 8

1.74 confident (adj) page 7 being certain of your abilities ❖ σίγουρος 1.84 work out (phr v) Maisie is confident and always speaks her to find the answer to sth by thinking mind in class. about it ➤ confidence (n), confidently (adv) ❖ επιλύω ✎ self-confident I can’t work out this Sudoku puzzle, I’ve been stuck on it for twenty minutes. 1.75 independent (adj) confident and free to do things without 1.85 identify (v) to recognise sb or sth and say or prove needing help from other people ❖ αυτόνομος who or what that person or thing is Maisie’s essay showed independent thinking ❖ αναγνωρίζω and good research skills. A recent article identified bullying as a major ➤ independence (n), independently (adv) cause of teen anxiety. ✎ Opp: dependent ➤ identification (n) 1.76 learner (n) 1.86 purpose (n) sb who is learning sth the aim that sb wants to achieve ❖ μαθητής, σπουδαστής ❖ σκοπός Even if you’re a very quick learner, you can’t My purpose in playing ping-pong is to have speak another language in two months. fun. Who cares if I lose? ➤ learn (v) ✎ quick learner ➤ purposeful (adj) 1.77 wisely (adv) 1.87 criticise (v) showing good judgment to express disapproval of sb or sth ❖ σοφά, συνετά John wisely reduced the number of ❖ επικρίνω, κατακρίνω Parents criticised the coach for not letting PowerPoint slides in his presentation. the younger children into the game. ➤ wise (n), wisdom (n) ➤ criticism (n) 1.78 constantly (adv) 1.88 warn (v) all the time or often to tell sb about sth, especially sth ❖ διαρκώς The neighbours’ dog barks constantly and it dangerous or unpleasant that is likely to happen, so that they can avoid it drives us crazy. ❖ προειδοποιώ ➤ constant (adj) The referee warned the player once, then he showed him a yellow card. 1.79 mostly (adv) ➤ warning (n) mainly ❖ κυρίως 1.89 key word (n) Elderly people mostly stay at home and do a word that is very important in a not go out much. particular context ❖ λέξη κλειδί 1.80 neither … nor … (adv) A common study technique is to underline used when you want to say that two or the key words in a passage. more things are not true 1.90 underline (v) ❖ ούτε … ούτε … to draw a line under a word Our cat is neither very smart nor very ❖ υπογραμμίζω friendly, but we love it just the same! Mum left me a note in which ‘Don’t be late’ 1.81 challenge (n) was underlined three times. sth that tests strength, skill or ability, 1.91 relation (n) especially in a way that is interesting a connection between two or more ❖ δοκιμασία, πρόκληση Do you ever watch the ice challenge or the people or things pizza challenge on YouTube? ❖ σχέση, συσχέτιση, σύνδεση ➤ challenge (v), challenging (adj) There is an obvious relation between effort ✎ set a challenge and success. ➤ relate (v) 1.82 ensure (v) ✎ relation between to make sth certain to happen ❖ εξασφαλίζω 1.92 concentrate (v) The farmer installed an electric fence to to think very carefully about sth that ensure the cows would not escape. you are doing ❖ συγκεντρώνομαι 1.83 beneficial (adj) Some people claim that soft music helps having a helpful or useful effect them concentrate on their work. ❖ ωφέλιμος ➤ concentration (n) Drinking a lot of water is beneficial to our ✎ concentrate on health. ➤ benefit (n, v) UNIT 1 9

1.93 pay attention to sth (expr) 1.102 comment (v) to watch, listen to or think about sth to express an opinion about sth ❖ σχολιάζω carefully Several reporters commented on the size of ❖ δίνω προσοχή To solve a mystery, you must pay close the crowd, saying it was small. attention to details. ➤ comment (n) ✎ comment on 1.94 suggest (v) 1.103 post (n) to mention an idea for other people to a piece of writing that is published on think about the Internet ❖ προτείνω ❖ δημοσίευση, ανάρτηση A friend suggested three other books I This blogger averages one new post per week. might like. ➤ post (v) ✎ post about ➤ suggestion (n) 1.104 comment (n) 1.95 informed (adj) sth that you say or write that expresses having a lot of knowledge or your opinion information about sth ❖ σχόλιο ❖ ενημερωμένος You can ‘like’ your friends’ posts, but it’s Alyssa says that listening to podcasts keeps more fun to leave a comment. her informed. ➤ comment (v) ✎ comment about ➤ inform (v), information (n), informative (adj) ✎ informed about Useful words excessive (adj) access (n) exposure (n) 1.96 limited (adj) affect (v) generation (n) small in amount or number aware (adj) interact with (v) ❖ περιορισμένος benefit (n) valuable (adj) There’s only a limited number of cheap constantly (adv) effect (n) tickets available. ➤ limit (n, v) ✎ Opp: unlimited page 8 1.97 responsibility (n) 1.105 community (n) sth that it is your job or duty to deal with the feeling of sharing things and ❖ ευθύνη belonging to a group Whose responsibility is it to do the washing ❖ κοινότητα up at your house? Social media creates a sense of community. ➤ responsible (adj) ✎ Opp: irresponsibility ➤ communal (adj) 1.98 complicated (adj) 1.106 follower (n) involving many different things that are sb who chooses to see a particular difficult to understand person’s posts ❖ πολύπλοκος ❖ ακόλουθος The toy came with some complicated When her post went viral, she suddenly instructions for putting it together. gained thousands of followers. ➤ complicate (v), complication (n)) ➤ follow (v), unfollow (v) 1.99 addiction (n) 1.107 idol (n) the condition of being unable to stop sb that you admire very much ❖ είδωλο, ίνδαλμα using or doing sth as a habit, especially The singer became a teen idol after sth harmful ❖ εθισμός recording a couple of hit songs. Around the world, teens commonly develop an addiction to the Internet, gaming or 1.108 influencer (n) shopping. sb who uses social media to promote or ➤ addict (v), addicted (adj) ✎ addiction to recommend products or services so that 1.100 prompt (n) other people will buy or use them sth that you say to encourage sb to ❖ κάποιος που ασκεί επιρροή μέσα από τα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης, ινφλουένσερ speak or continue speaking Some social media influencers are paid to ❖ υπόδειξη advertise products. ➤ influence (v) You will be given a one-word prompt that you must use in a sentence. 1.109 live-streaming (n) ➤ prompt (v) broadcasting video and sound of an 1.101 switch off (phr v) event over the Internet as it happens to make a piece of electrical equipment ❖ ζωντανή μετάδοση σε πραγματικό χρόνο στο διαδίκτυο stop operating Two million viewers watched the live- ❖ κλείνω, σβήνω (ηλεκτρική συσκευή) streaming of the concert. ➤ stream (v) Always remember to switch off your phone at the cinema. ✎ Syn: turn off ✎ Opp: switch on 10

1.110 subscriber (n) 1.120 aim (v) sb who subscribes to a product, service to intend or hope to achieve sth ❖ σκοπεύω, στοχεύω or organisation We aim to find four new sponsors for our ❖ συνδρομητής The newspaper doubled the number of its charity. ➤ aim (n) ✎ aim at subscribers when it went online. ➤ subscribe (v), subscription (n) 1.121 post (v) to publish sth such as a message or 1.111 view (n) the act of playing and watching a video picture on a website or using social media ❖ αναρτώ, δημοσιεύω, ποστάρω στο διαδίκτυο file online When Bryson posted a new meme, he had ❖ επίσκεψη no idea it would go viral. This video was uploaded last night and it’s ➤ post (n) ✎ post sth on the Internet already got ten thousand views. ➤ view (v) 1.122 successful (adj) 1.112 YouTuber (n) If sth or sb is successful, it, he or she is sb who posts videos on YouTube ❖ κάποιος που ανεβάζει βίντεο στο YouTube popular or makes a lot of money. The USA has the highest number of ❖ επιτυχημένος She had an incredibly successful career as a YouTubers, followed by Brazil. teen idol. ➤ YouTube (n) ➤ succeed (v), success (n), successfully (adv) ✎ Opp: unsuccessful 1.113 ultimate (adj) the most important or best 1.123 block (v) ❖ τέλειος, ιδανικός to stop sth from being done The ultimate goal of influencers is to get ❖ μπλοκάρω Social media sites should block users from more subscribers. ➤ ultimately (adv) forwarding hateful messages. 1.114 channel (n) 1.124 follow (v) a band of waves on which messages to have a great interest in sth or watch can be sent and received sth closely ❖ κανάλι ❖ ακολουθώ Twitter® has become a news channel with They’re football fans, but they don’t follow influence. any team in particular. ➤ follower (n) 1.115 hack (n) 1.125 go viral (expr) a good solution or piece of advice to become very popular very quickly by ❖ έξυπνη λύση Clever people share life hacks to make being posted on the Internet or sent from one person to another by email, difficult or boring tasks easier. phone, etc. ✎ life hack ❖ γίνομαι ευρέως γνωστός A funny meme can go viral in a matter of 1.116 task (n) hours. ➤ virus (n) a piece of work to be done ❖ δουλειά 1.126 log in (phr v) It’s a big job. Why don’t you break it down to start using a computer system by into smaller tasks? typing a particular word ❖ συνδέομαι με όνομα χρήστη 1.117 main (adj) Be careful when you log in to your online larger or more important than others of accounts in public spaces. ➤ log-in (n) the same kind ✎ Syn: log on ✎ Opp: log off/out ❖ κύριος, βασικός Entertainment is the main reason people 1.127 subscribe (v) watch TV. ➤ mainly (adv) to add your name and email address 1.118 audience (n) to a list of people who want to receive the people watching or listening to a messages from a website automatically ❖ εγγράφομαι ως συνδρομητής play, film, presentation, concert, etc. My sister subscribes to three online ❖ κοινό, ακροατές newsletters. Adding fresh content to a website is the only ➤ subscriber (n), subscription (n) way to grow its audience. 1.128 unfollow (v) 1.119 gaming (n) to stop following sb on a social media the activity of playing games on website computers and other electronic devices ❖ σταματάω να ακολουθώ κάποιον στα μέσα ❖ ηλεκτρονικά παιχνίδια κοινωνικής δικτύωσης Gaming is a leading cause of Internet If people post offensive or rude messages, addiction. you should unfollow them. ➤ game (n), gamer (n) ✎ Opp: follow UNIT 1 11

1.129 annoying (adj) 1.138 charge (v) making you feel slightly angry to put electricity into an electrical ❖ ενοχλητικός Listening to loud music can be annoying to device such as a battery ❖ φορτίζω others. They say you shouldn’t charge your phone ➤ annoy (v), annoyance (n), annoyed (adj) battery beyond 80%. ➤ charger (n) 1.130 in order to (expr) with the aim of achieving sth 1.139 extremely (adv) ❖ για να, με σκοπό να very Dana climbed on a chair in order to reach a ❖ πολύ, υπερβολικά A Swiss army knife is an extremely useful tool. book on the top shelf. ➤ extreme (adj) 1.131 suffix (n) a letter or group of letters added at the 1.140 depend (v) to be influenced or determined by sth else end of a word to make a new word ❖ επίθημα ❖ εξαρτάται You can form many English adjectives with The price of a computer depends on the size the suffixes -al, -ous and -ful. of its memory. ➤ dependent (adj), dependence (n) 1.132 care (n) ✎ depend on the process of protecting sb ❖ φροντίδα 1.141 content (n) Who takes care of your pets when you everything that is contained within sth ❖ περιεχόμενο travel? For a blog to be popular, it needs to have ➤ careful (adj), carefully (adv), careless (adj), carelessly (adv) good content. ✎ take care of sb or sth ➤ contain (v), container (n) 1.133 harm (n) 1.142 fed up (adj) damage or injury that is caused by a annoyed or bored with sth that you feel person or an event you have accepted for too long ❖ βλάβη, ζημιά ❖ αγανακτισμένος The boy accidently kicked his friend, but he Susie got fed up with all the selfies her best didn’t mean any harm. friend kept posting. ➤ harmful (adj), harmfully (adv), harmless ✎ fed up with (adj), harmlessly (adv) ✎ do harm 1.143 bully (v) to frighten or hurt a weaker person page 9 ❖ παρενοχλώ, εκφοβίζω People who bully others need to rethink 1.134 operation (n) the process of cutting into sb’s body for their behaviour. ➤ bullying (n) medical reasons 1.144 stand up for (phr v) ❖ χειρουργική επέμβαση to defend or support a particular idea The tennis player had three operations on her elbow in five years. or a person who is being criticised or ✎ have an operation attacked ❖ υπερασπίζομαι, διεκδικώ δικαιώματα 1.135 hurt sb’s feelings (expr) If you don’t stand up for your little sister, to upset sb by criticising them who will? ❖ πληγώνω, στεναχωρώ κάποιον με την 1.145 limit (v) συμπεριφορά μου reduce, restrict Words can hurt somebody’s feelings as ❖ περιορίζω much as any action. Mum decided to limit our TV time to two 1.136 come across (phr v) hours a day. to meet or find sb/sth by chance ➤ limit (n), limited (adj) ✎ limit to ❖ βρίσκω, πέφτω πάνω σε κάτι Lara came across a photograph of her 1.146 vary (v) to be different in different situations grandparents in an old newspaper. ❖ ποικίλλω, διαφοροποιούμαι The speed of Internet connections varies 1.137 creative (adj) producing or using original and unusual according to peak times. ➤ variety (n), various (adj) ideas ✎ vary from … to … ❖ δημιουργικός Creative writing is a popular college course. 1.147 cyberspace (n) ➤ create (v), creation (n), creativity (n) the Internet considered as an imaginary area where emails, websites, etc. exist ❖ κυβερνοχώρος Some people have a completely different personality in cyberspace. 12

1.148 lookbook (n) 1.158 thoughtless (adj) a set of photographs which show what forgetting or ignoring other people’s different clothes styles look like, used wants, needs or feelings to advertise those clothes ❖ απερίσκεπτος, επιπόλαιος ❖ άλμπουμ Eric’s thoughtless comment really hurt his Lookbooks are an advertising tool for friend’s feelings. fashion designers. ➤ thoughtlessly (adv) ✎ Opp: thoughtful 1.149 overflow (v) to be so full that the contents go over 1.159 endless (adj) having no end the sides ❖ ατελείωτος ❖ ξεχειλίζω, πλημμυρίζω Where should we go on holiday? The If you have more than 50 unread messages, your inbox is overflowing. possibilities are endless. ➤ overflow (n) ✎ overflow with sth ➤ end (n, v), endlessly (adv) 1.150 craft (n) 1.160 hopeless (adj) an activity involving a special skill at very bad or totally without skill at a making things with your hands particular activity ❖ κατασκευές, δημιουργίες ❖ απελπιστικός, αποκαρδιωτικός There’s a market where they sell hand-made Frank dreams of being an engineer, but he’s crafts, like pottery. ➤ craft (v) hopeless at maths. 1.151 practical (adj) ➤ hope (n, v), hopelessly (adv) suitable for the situation in which sth ✎ Opp: hopeful is used 1.161 harmless (adj) ❖ πρακτικός, χρήσιμος not able or not likely to cause harm Mandy thinks a tablet would be more ❖ αβλαβής, ακίνδυνος practical than her big laptop. Tony told a few jokes for a bit of harmless fun. ➤ practically (adv) ➤ harm (n, v), harmlessly (adv) 1.152 in fact (adv) ✎ Opp: harmful in reality, actually 1.162 hopeful (adj) ❖ στην πραγματικότητα having hope Sarah is fond of Anna. They’re best friends, ❖ αισιόδοξος in fact. Grandma is hopeful that she’ll live to be a 1.153 model (v) hundred. ➤ hope (n, v), hopefully (adv) to show clothes by wearing them ✎ Opp: hopeless ❖ προβάλλω, επιδεικνύω Every morning, my big sister models her 1.163 thoughtful (adj) clothes in front of her mirror. ➤ model (n) kind, and showing that you consider 1.154 style (v) that what other people want or need is to shape or design sth so that it looks important ❖ καλόκαρδος, που σκέφτεται τους άλλους attractive ❖ φτιάχνω με στυλ, δίνω στυλ Can you think of a thoughtful graduation gift? ➤ think (v), thought (n), thoughtfully (adv) The actor spent two hours styling his hair to ✎ Opp: thoughtless look trendy. ➤ style (n) 1.155 outfit (n) 1.164 painful (adj) a set of clothes that you wear together causing emotional or physical pain ❖ σύνολο ❖ επώδυνος, οδυνηρός Carol bought two new work outfits. Breaking a finger is very painful. ➤ pain (n), painfully (adv) 1.156 inspiration (n) ✎ Opp: painless sb or sth that gives you ideas for doing sth 1.165 stick to sth (v) ❖ έμπνευση to continue with a subject, activity or Many poets find their inspiration in nature. ➤ inspire (v), inspirational (adj), inspired (adj) plan without changing ❖ μένω σε, δεν αποκλίνω από 1.157 graduation (n) Josh decided to stick to playing cricket for a special ceremony at university, another year. college or school, at which degrees and 1.166 express (v) diplomas are given to students who have to show a feeling, opinion or fact successfully completed their studies ❖ εκφράζω, εκφράζομαι ❖ αποφοίτηση, τελετή αποφοίτησης A letter of thanks is a good way to express Attending their children’s graduation ceremony is a proud moment for parents. your gratitude. ➤ graduate (n, v) ➤ expression (n), expressive (adj) UNIT 1 13

1.167 harmful (adj) 1.176 reduce (v) causing harm to make sth smaller or less ❖ βλαβερός ❖ μειώνω, ελαττώνω Keep the food refrigerated so harmful We have to urgently reduce the amount of bacteria doesn’t grow on it. plastic we use. ➤ harm (n, v), harmfully (adv) ➤ reduction (n) ✎ Opp: harmless 1.177 shy (adj) 1.168 option (n) nervous and uncomfortable with other sth that you can choose in a particular people situation ❖ ντροπαλός ❖ εναλλακτική επιλογή, πιθανή επιλογή It’s strange, but some actors are actually We’ve got two take-away options in our shy in their private life. town: Chinese or fish and chips. ➤ shyness (n) ➤ opt (v), optional (adj), optionally (adv) ✎ shyer / shyest 1.169 gap (n) Useful words: Social media a space where sth is missing ❖ κενό block (v) live-streaming (n) As a child, Laurie had a big gap between her comment (n, v) log in (phr v) two front teeth. community (n) post (n, v) page 10 follow (v) subscribe (v) 1.170 take part in (expr) to be actively involved in sth with other follower (n) subscriber (n) people gaming (n) unfollow (v) ❖ συμμετέχω All students are invited to take part in the go viral (expr) view (n) Fun Quiz. ✎ Syn: participate in influencer (n) 1.171 leave out (phr v) Useful words to not include sb or sth careful / careless (adj) ❖ αποκλείω, αφήνω απέξω endless (adj) The fact that no one was including her in the harmful / harmless (adj) hopeful / hopeless (adj) conversation made Macy feel left out. painful / painless (adj) thoughtful / thoughtless (adj) 1.172 pressure (n) the act of trying to persuade or to force page 12 sb to do sth 1.178 what’s more (expr) ❖ πίεση used to add an important or interesting There is a lot of pressure on teenagers to be active on social media. point ➤ press (v) ✎ peer pressure ❖ επιπλέον, επιπρόσθετα Urban pollution is the cause of many health page 11 problems and, what’s more, in many cities around the world it is getting worse. 1.173 document (n) a text that is written and stored on a 1.179 deal with sth (phr v) to be about or be on the subject of sth computer ❖ αρχείο ❖ αφορώ You can send documents as attachments to The book deals with the problem of crime in emails. big cities. 1.174 automatically (adv) 1.180 directly (adv) If a machine or device does sth with no other person, action, process, automatically, it does it independently, etc. between without human control. ❖ κατευθείαν, απευθείας ❖ αυτόματα This road leads directly to your hotel. You A spellchecker will automatically correct don’t have to turn anywhere or take any typing errors, but not grammar mistakes. other road. ➤ automatic (adj) ➤ direct (adj) 1.175 solution (v) 1.181 rest (n) the answer to a problem the other things, people or parts that ❖ λύση People all over the world are realising that are left ❖ υπόλοιπο there is no easy solution to climate change. We have one week left, so how would you ➤ solve (v) like to spend the rest of our holiday? 14

1.182 item (n) 1.191 greet (v) sth that is part of a list or group of things to welcome sb with particular words or ❖ στοιχείο a particular action This restaurant’s menu is very small; it has ❖ χαιρετώ only eight items. Ms Kaminski greeted our school visitors in fluent Polish. page 13 ➤ greeting (n) 1.183 relative (n) 1.192 introduce (v) a member of your family to tell sb another person’s name the ❖ συγγενής Zebras and donkeys are close relatives of first time that they meet ❖ συστήνω, γνωρίζω horses. A family friend introduced Nora to her music ➤ relate (v) ✎ close relative teacher. ➤ introduction (n), introductory (adj) 1.184 admire (v) to respect sb for what they have done 1.193 apologise (v) to tell sb that you are sorry for having or to respect their qualities ❖ θαυμάζω, εκτιμώ done sth Honesty and generosity are qualities to ❖ ζητώ συγνώμη admire. ➤ admiration (n) Kevin apologised for arriving late and quickly took his seat. 1.185 hang out (phr v) ➤ apology (n), apologetic (adj) to spend a lot of time in a particular ✎ apologise for place or with particular people 1.194 complaint (n) ❖ κάνω παρέα με κάποιον a statement that sth is wrong or not There was a group of girls hanging out at the entrance to the cinema. satisfactory ✎ hang out with sb ❖ παράπονο A downstairs neighbour sent Mary a letter 1.186 interrupt (v) of complaint after she had a late-night to stop a person from speaking for a party. ➤ complain (v) short period by sth you say or do ✎ complaint about ❖ διακόπτω I’m sorry to interrupt, but you have an 1.195 look forward to (phr v) important phone call. to feel happy and excited about sth that ➤ interruption (n) is going to happen 1.187 perform (v) ❖ ανυπομονώ, περιμένω με ανυπομονησία to do an action or piece of work Little Fran looked forward to starting school ❖ αποδίδω, είμαι αποτελεσματικός in September. The surgeon who performed the operation 1.196 cycle (v) told the patient it had been a success. to ride a bicycle ➤ performance (n) ❖ κάνω ποδήλατο There are specific lanes for people to cycle page 14 in and others for buses. 1.188 specific (adj) ➤ cyclist (n) relating to one thing and not others; 1.197 mild (adj) particular (of weather) not very cold, and ❖ συγκεκριμένος Olivia is looking for a very specific shirt that therefore pleasant she saw in a catalogue. ❖ ήπιος ➤ specifically (adv) May and October have the mildest weather. ✎ mild climate 1.189 point (n) an idea or opinion among a number of 1.198 casually (adv) in a relaxed and informal way others ❖ πρόχειρα, ανεπίσημα ❖ σημείο Ivan announced a little too casually that he The article made three good points about Internet safety. had crashed his dad’s car. ➤ casual (adj) 1.190 appropriate (adj) suitable, acceptable or correct for the 1.199 function (n) the job that sth is designed to do particular circumstances ❖ λειτουργία ❖ κατάλληλος An alarm clock has two functions: to tell the This restaurant has a dress code: trousers are appropriate, shorts are not. time and to ring in the morning. ➤ appropriately (adv) ➤ function (v), functional (adj) UNIT 1 15

page 15 1.209 update (n) the act of telling sb the most recent 1.200 note down (phr v) to write sth down quickly news or information about sth ❖ σημειώνω ❖ ενημέρωση Did you note down the address of the hotel The last update of this website is dated 2019. ➤ update (v) to give the taxi driver? 1.210 secure (adj) 1.201 reply (v) safe, reliable to answer ❖ σίγουρος, ασφαλής ❖ απαντώ Account passwords and access codes make Sam usually replies to emails the same day. ➤ reply (n) online purchases more secure. ✎ reply to ➤ secure (v), security (n) ✎ Opp: insecure 1.202 greeting (n) sth friendly or polite that you say when 1.211 socialise (v) to meet and spend time with people in you meet sb ❖ χαιρετισμός a friendly way When writing an email to a friend, you can ❖ συναναστρέφομαι με άλλους start with an informal greeting. There isn’t much time left over to socialise ➤ greet (v) when you work 50 hours a week. ➤ socialisation (n) 1.203 introduce (v) to bring a subject to sb’s attention for 1.212 face to face (adv) in a way that involves two people who the first time ❖ παρουσιάζω, εισάγω are together in the same place The teacher introduced the subject to the ❖ πρόσωπο με πρόσωπο class in an interesting way, hoping that they It was nice to meet my friend face to face would want to learn about it. after chatting online for so many months. ➤ introduction (n), introductory (adj) page 17 1.204 closing (n) the end part of an email, speech, 1.213 make a living (expr) to earn enough money to buy the things performance, etc. ❖ κλείσιμο you need The concert’s closing was very exciting; ❖ βγάζω το ψωμί μου, βγάζω τα προς το ζην everyone left with smiles on their faces. More and more people make a living selling ➤ close (v) products and services online. 1.205 group (v) 1.214 doubt (n) to put people or things into groups the feeling of being uncertain about sth ❖ ομαδοποιώ Our school groups music students by ability, ❖ αμφιβολία The survival of many animal species is in not by age. doubt because of global warming. ➤ group (n) ➤ doubt (v) ✎ there is no doubt page 16 1.215 wealthy (adj) rich 1.206 up to date (adj) ❖ πλούσιος modern, recent or containing the latest Sandy doesn’t come from a wealthy family; information her parents were factory workers in Liverpool. ❖ ενημερωμένος ➤ wealth (n) Is your anti-virus protection up to date? ➤ update (n, v) 1.216 sale (n) the process of selling goods or services 1.207 helpful (adj) useful, or providing help for money ❖ χρήσιμος, εξυπηρετικός ❖ πώληση Most people say the map finder on their Jack says he lost money on the sale of his old car. phone is the most helpful app. ➤ sell (v), sales (n pl) ➤ help (n, v) ✎ for sale ✎ Opp: helpless 1.217 source (n) 1.208 helpless (adj) a place, person or thing that sth comes not able to do anything without help ❖ αβοήθητος, ανίκανος from or starts at She threw her hands up in a helpless ❖ πηγή Grandparents are an amazing source of gesture. information and knowledge. ➤ help (n, v) ✎ Opp: helpful ✎ source of sth 16

1.218 flow (n) 1.228 aim (n) a supply of sth that continues without sth you hope to achieve by doing sth ❖ στόχος stopping Sylvia’s aim is to get a part-time sales job in ❖ ροή The water flow in this river is much faster in a clothing shop. winter. ➤ flow (v) ➤ aim (v) 1.219 loads (n) 1.229 high-quality (adj) much or many, a lot very good, well-made (products, etc.) ❖ πάρα πολύ, -λοι, -λες, ένα σωρό ❖ υψηλής ποιότητας, εξαιρετικής ποιότητας, Mary has loads of babysitting experience. ➤ loads of sth άριστης ποιότητας High-quality training shoes are essential 1.220 set (n) sportswear. the place where a film or play is 1.230 extend (v) performed or recorded, and the to make sth longer or larger pictures, furniture, etc. that are used ❖ επεκτείνω ❖ σκηνικό Fortunately, our teacher extended our During the longest day of filming, the actors were on set for twelve hours. project deadline by another week. ➤ extended (adj), extension (n) 1.221 financial (adj) involving money 1.231 cover (v) ❖ οικονομικός to provide enough money for sth The financial cost of getting a university ❖ καλύπτω, περιλαμβάνω Twenty-five pounds should cover the cost of education is rising. ➤ finance (n), financially (adv) cinema tickets for two. ✎ cover the cost 1.222 support (n) practical or emotional help 1.232 annoy (v) ❖ υποστήριξη to make sb angry Jason is grateful for his parents’ financial ❖ ενοχλώ, εκνευρίζω Adverts constantly interrupt TV films, and support while he looks for a new job. ➤ support (v), supportive (adj) that really annoys me. ➤ annoying (adj), annoyed (adj), 1.223 process (n) annoyance (n) a series of things that are done in order 1.233 sponsor (n) to achieve a particular result a person or business that pays money ❖ διαδικασία You can get to the correct answer by to sb as a way to advertise their following a process of elimination. products or services ❖ χορηγός 1.224 essential (adj) It’s hard to find a football shirt that doesn’t completely necessary have the name of a sponsor on it. ❖ απολύτως απαραίτητος ➤ sponsor (v), sponsorship (n) Patience and a sense of humour are 1.234 entertaining (adj) essential qualities in parents. enjoyable or fun to do, watch, etc. ➤ essentially (adv) ❖ διασκεδαστικός, ψυχαγωγικός Sydney always thinks of entertaining games 1.225 donate (v) to give money, food, clothes, etc. to for her daughter’s birthday parties. ➤ entertain (v), entertainer (n), charity entertainment (n) ❖ κάνω δωρεά A team of volunteers donate their time to 1.235 entertainment (n) run our charity shop. shows, films and television or other ➤ donation (n) performances or activities that 1.226 in return (expr) entertain people in exchange for sth ❖ ψυχαγωγία, διασκέδαση ❖ σε αντάλλαγμα Watching sports live or on TV is a very I'll help you, but then you must do popular form of entertainment. ➤ entertain (v), entertaining (adj), something for me in return. entertainer (n) ✎ in return for 1.236 suitable (adj) 1.227 founder (n) right for a particular situation sb who starts a school, organisation, ❖ κατάλληλος A black tie and jacket are suitable for any business or community ❖ ιδρυτής formal occasion. The founder of this bakery still runs it with ➤ suitability (n) one of his grandchildren. ➤ found (v) ✎ suitable for ✎ Opp: unsuitable UNIT 1 17

WORKBOOK page 5 page 4 W1.10 encourage (v) to help sb to feel confident and able to W1.1 growing (adj) increasing in size or quantity do sth ❖ αυξανόμενος ❖ ενθαρρύνω, παροτρύνω There is a growing demand for products that The young girl encouraged her friend to speak up. don’t harm the environment. ➤ grow (v) ➤ encouragement (n), encouraging (adj), encouraged (adj) W1.2 participant (n) ✎ Opp: discourage a person who takes part in or becomes W1.11 advisable (adj) involved in a particular activity sth that is advisable should be done in ❖ συμμετέχων, που συμμετέχει All participants in the fun run received a free order to avoid problems or risks T-shirt and hat. ❖ σκόπιμος, φρόνιμος ➤ participate (v), participation (n) Starting to look for a new flat now would be advisable. You don’t know how long it will W1.3 survey (n) take to find one. a study of people’s opinions, behaviour, ➤ advise (v), advice (n) ✎ Opp: inadvisable etc. made by asking people questions ❖ δημοσκόπηση W1.12 effective (adj) At election time, new opinion surveys come successful or achieving the results that out every day. you want W1.4 exchange (v) ❖ αποτελεσματικός to give sth to sb and receive sth from Do you know an effective method of removing tough stains? that person ➤ effect (n), effectively (adv) ❖ ανταλλάσσω We exchanged phone numbers and page 6 promised to call each other the following week. ➤ exchange (n) W1.13 proposal (n) a formal suggestion or plan W1.5 the elderly (n) ❖ πρόταση old people considered as a group The firm requested proposals from two ❖ ηλικιωμένοι Care homes specialise in helping the elderly different architects. ➤ propose (v) to live independently. ➤ elderly (adj) W1.14 promote (v) to encourage people to like, buy, use, W1.6 react (v) to behave in a particular way because do or support sth ❖ προωθώ of sth that has happened or been said The Tourism Board promotes active holidays ❖ αντιδρώ, ανταποκρίνομαι and stays in farmhouses. ➤ promotion (n) Jim reacted positively to his boss’s criticism. ➤ reaction (n) ✎ Syn: respond page 7 W1.7 reasonable (adj) W1.15 account (n) based on or using good judgment and an arrangement you have with a therefore fair and practical company that gives you access to a ❖ λογικός, εύλογος computer, website or app The first architect sent in a reasonable ❖ λογαριασμός proposal. ➤ reason (n) All major retailers encourage their customers to sign up for an online account. W1.8 affordable (adj) ✎ email account cheap enough that people who are not W1.16 eventually (adv) rich can pay it or buy it in the end ❖ οικονομικός ❖ τελικά The proposal from the second architect was Sam resisted it for years, but eventually she much less affordable than the first. ➤ afford (v) opened an online account. ✎ Opp: unaffordable ✎ affordable price ➤ eventual (adj) W1.9 scroll (v) W1.17 thoughtfully (adv) to move text or other information on in a way that shows you are thinking of a computer screen in order to see a others different part of it ❖ ευγενικά ❖ κυλάω τον δρομέα, κάνω scroll We must respond thoughtfully, so let’s not Maureen always scrolls to the end of a rush to give an answer. ➤ thoughtful (adj) report to read the conclusion first. 18

W1.18 harmfully (adv) W1.26 catchphrase (n) in a way that causes harm a short phrase that many people know ❖ βλαβερά The label says that this drug could mix because a famous person often says it ❖ πιασάρικη ατάκα harmfully with other medicines. Marketing slogans rely on catchphrases that ➤ harmful (adj) ✎ Opp: harmlessly focus on creating positive feelings. page 8 W1.27 represent (v) to be a sign or symbol of sth W1.19 gain (v) ❖ αντιπροσωπεύω, συμβολίζω to get sth that is useful Letters to the editor do not represent the ❖ αποκτώ, κερδίζω In 1980, a country in Southern Africa views of this newspaper. ➤ representation (n), representative (adj) gained its independence and a new name: Zimbabwe. W1.28 form (v) to make sth start to exist or develop W1.20 patience (n) ❖ δημιουργώ, σχηματίζω the ability to wait, or to continue doing She closed her eyes and formed a mental sth despite difficulties, or to suffer picture of her childhood home. without complaining or becoming ➤ form (n) annoyed ❖ υπομονή, κατανόηση W1.29 qualify (v) Patience is an important quality that to meet requirements teachers need to have when dealing with ❖ πληρώ τις προϋποθέσεις small children. To qualify for consideration, job applicants ➤ patient (adj), patiently (adv) need three years of relevant experience. page 10 W1.30 recreate (v) W1.21 admit (v) to make sth exist or happen again to say that you have done sth wrong ❖ αναπαράγω ❖ παραδέχομαι, ομολογώ Modern zoo displays recreate the animals’ The mechanic admitted that he couldn’t natural habitat as far as possible. guarantee the car repair would last. ➤ recreation (n) ✎ admitted, admitting W1.31 massively (adv) page 11 to a great degree ❖ σε μεγάλο βαθμό W1.22 cause (v) The public safety announcement aired to make sth happen, especially sth bad ❖ προκαλώ massively on radio and TV channels. Hitting an iceberg caused the Titanic to take ➤ massive (adj) in water quickly. W1.32 appealing (adj) ➤ cause (n) ✎ cause a problem attractive and interesting ❖ ελκυστικός, θελκτικός W1.23 refer (v) Living in the tropics sounds appealing, but to mention sth when you are speaking that’s where the most extreme weather or writing happens. ❖ αναφέρομαι ➤ appeal (n, v) ✎ appealing to Our English Literature teacher often refers to writers we’ve never heard about! W1.33 adapt (v) ➤ reference (n) ✎ refer to sth to change sth to make it more suitable page 12 for a new use or situation ❖ προσαρμόζω, αλλάζω W1.24 spread (v) Jodi will need to adapt to life in a city where If sth spreads or is spread, it becomes she doesn’t know anybody. ➤ adaptation (n), adaptable (adj) larger or moves so that it affects more people or a larger area. W1.34 evolve (v) ❖ εξαπλώνομαι to gradually change and develop over a An epidemic is a disease that spreads widely and quickly through the population. period of time ➤ spread (n) ❖ εξελίσσομαι The volcano’s activity is evolving rapidly, W1.25 concept (n) and scientists now believe that it may erupt. an idea ➤ evolution (n) ❖ ιδέα, αντίληψη This difficult concept is better explained W1.35 reportedly (adv) used for showing that you are not visually, using a diagram. ➤ conceive (v) certain that sth you are reporting is true ❖ λέγεται, φημολογείται The new hospital director is reportedly an expert in heart transplants. ➤ report (v) UNIT 1 19

W1.36 age (v) W1.43 ignore (v) to become older to give no attention to sth or sb ❖ γερνάω, μεγαλώνω ❖ αγνοώ As skin ages, it starts to look drier and Don’t ignore her opinion because she’s a wrinkly. child. She happens to be right! ➤ age (n) ➤ ignorance (n), ignorant (adj) W1.37 distinct (adj) W1.44 argue (v) separate and different in a way that is If people argue, they speak to each clear other in an angry way because they ❖ ιδιαίτερος, ξεχωριστός disagree. Organise your essay into four distinct ❖ καβγαδίζω, τσακώνομαι, μαλώνω paragraphs. Parents often wish that their children will ➤ distinctive (adj), distinction (n) stop arguing with them and just do what they’re told to do. W1.38 concern (v) ➤ argument (n) to worry sb ✎ argue with sb / argue about sth ❖ απασχολώ, αφορώ, ενδιαφέρω The lawyer is concerned with getting a fair W1.45 deserve (v) to have earned sth because of the judgement for her clients. ➤ concern (n), concerned (adj) qualities you have ❖ αξίζω page 13 The team worked hard and deserves a reward. W1.39 popularity (n) the state of being liked, enjoyed or W1.46 publicly (adv) in a way that many people notice supported by a large number of people ❖ δημόσια ❖ δημοτικότητα Write in social media as if you’re prepared In terms of their popularity with tourists, inland regions cannot compete with seaside to have it shared publicly. areas. ➤ public (n) ➤ popular (adj) W1.47 unlikely (adj) W1.40 appeal (v) not probable or likely to happen to attract or interest sb ❖ απίθανος ❖ είμαι ελκυστικός, αρέσω It’s unlikely that shops will be open today; The idea of a self-catering holiday appeals it’s a national holiday. to many families with children. ✎ Opp: likely ➤ appeal (n), appealing (adj) W1.48 motivate (v) W1.41 trend (n) to make sb want to achieve sth a general direction in which a situation ❖ δίνω κίνητρο, κινητοποιώ The coach used his half-time speech to is changing or developing ❖ μόδα motivate the team. What will the fashion trends be this winter? ➤ motive (n), motivation (n) ➤ trendy (adj) ✎ Syn: fashion W1.42 respond (v) to say or do sth as a reaction to sth that has been said or done ❖ αποκρίνομαι, ανταποκρίνομαι Jane wasn’t sure how to respond to the man’s abusive comment. ➤ response (n) 20

Present simple Affirmative I/You/We/They clean. He/She/It cleans. Negative Question I/You/We/They do not clean. He/She/It doesn’t clean. Short answers Do I/you/we/they clean? Does he/she/it clean? Yes, I/you/we/they do. Yes, he/she/it does. No, I/you/we/they don’t. No, he/she/it doesn’t. Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present simple για • γενικές αλήθειες και μόνιμες καταστάσεις. Heather follows celebrities on social media. • γεγονότα και νόμους της φύσης. The Earth goes around the Sun. • συνήθειες και ρουτίνες (συχνά με επιρρήματα συχνότητας). Becky always makes comments on her friends' posts. • προγράμματα, ώρες άφιξης ή αναχώρησης, και προγραμματισμένα γεγονότα στο μέλλον. The live stream starts at eight o’clock tonight. • κριτικές, ιστορίες και περιγραφές αθλητικών γεγονότων. The player kicks the ball hard and scores a goal. Time expressions: επιρρήματα συχνότητας (always, often, κλπ), every day/month, in the morning/afternoon, at night, at the weekend, on Thursday, in (the) spring, in June, once/twice/four times a day, κλπ. Present continuous Affirmative I am cleaning. He/She/It is cleaning. Negative Question I am not cleaning. He/She/It is not cleaning. Short answers Am I cleaning? Is he/she/it cleaning? Yes, I am. Yes, he/she/it is. No, I’m not. No, he/she/it isn’t. Spelling: share ➞ sharing mop ➞ mopping tidy ➞ tidying Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present continuous για • κάτι που συμβαίνει τώρα, την ώρα που μιλάμε. She is sending an email. • προσωρινές καταστάσεις. They are updating their website this weekend. • καταστάσεις που αλλάζουν. He is getting more and more addicted to social media. • ενοχλητικές συνήθειες, συχνά με επιρρήματα όπως always, forever, continuously. You are always posting negative comments. • μελλοντικά σχέδια και πράγματα που έχουμε κανονίσει για το μέλλον. They are watching funny YouTube videos this afternoon. Time expressions: now, right now, at the moment, today/tonight, these days, this year, at present, nowadays, for now, for the time being, κλπ. UNIT 1 21

Stative verbs Τα stative verbs περιγράφουν καταστάσεις και όχι πράξεις, και δεν τα χρησιμοποιούμε σε χρόνους continuous, ακόμα και αν θέλουμε να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που συμβαίνει τώρα. Τα πιο συνηθισμένα stative verbs είναι: Ρήματα αισθήσεων feel, hear, see, smell, taste, look, κλπ. The flowers smell wonderful! Ρήματα αντίληψης ή νόησης believe, know, remember, think, He knows a famous YouTuber. understand, κλπ. I enjoy chatting online with my Ρήματα συναισθημάτων dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, enjoy, friends. κλπ. He owns a YouTube channel. Άλλα ρήματα be, belong, appear, seem, need, own, weigh, κλπ. Ορισμένα από αυτά τα ρήματα μπορούν να περιγράψουν καταστάσεις αλλά και πράξεις. Όταν περιγράφουν πράξεις, μπορούμε να τα χρησιμοποιήσουμε σε χρόνους continuous. Δες την αλλαγή στη σημασία τους. appear She appears to be helpful. = δίνω την εντύπωση be Frank is appearing on TV tonight. = εμφανίζομαι, δίνω παράσταση have My best friend is very ambitious. περιγράφει συνηθισμένη συμπεριφορά ή χαρακτήρα look You are being very annoying. περιγράφει προσωρινή συμπεριφορά see I have lots of followers. = έχω, μου ανήκει taste χρησιμοποιείται σαν μέρος έκφρασης (have a party, think They are having a party next week. have a meal, have a bath, have a picnic, have a good time, κλπ.) Stella looks so happy in this selfie. = έχω την εμφάνιση She is looking at her posts. = κοιτάζω, βλέπω κάτι Yes, I see Peter in the photo. = παρατηρώ κάτι με τα μάτια Yes, I see your point. = καταλαβαίνω I am seeing an old friend later today. = συναντώ This cheese doesn’t taste good. = έχει μια συγκεκριμένη γεύση She is tasting the cake to see if it’s sweet. = ελέγχω, δοκιμάζω τη γεύση I think the Internet is a very useful tool. She is thinking of starting her own = πιστεύω, έχω μια γνώμη YouTube channel. = χρησιμοποιώ το νου, προσπαθώ να αποφασίσω 22

Comparison of adjectives & adverbs Χρησιμοποιούμε τον comparative (συγκριτικός τύπος) για να συγκρίνουμε δύο πρόσωπα, ζώα ή πράγματα, ή δύο ομάδες ανθρώπων, ζώων ή πραγμάτων. Σχηματίζουμε τον comparative προσθέτοντας την κατάληξη –er στο επίθετο ή επίρρημα. Αν το επίθετο ή το επίρρημα έχουν δύο ή περισσότερες συλλαβές, χρησιμοποιούμε more πριν από τη λέξη. Συχνά μετά τον comparative χρησιμοποιούμε τη λέξη than. Why is your Internet connection faster than mine? He reacted more maturely than I expected. Χρησιμοποιούμε τον superlative (υπερθετικός τύπος) για να συγκρίνουμε ένα ή περισσότερα πρόσωπα, πράγματα ή ζώα με μια άλλη ομάδα ανθρώπων, πραγμάτων ή ζώων. Συνήθως σχηματίζουμε τον superlative προσθέτοντας –est στο επίθετο ή στο επίρρημα. Αν το επίθετο ή το επίρρημα έχουν δύο ή περισσότερες συλλαβές, χρησιμοποιούμε the most πριν από τη λέξη. Πριν από τον superlative χρησιμοποιούμε τη λέξη the. Which YouTuber is the funniest? This is the most thoughtfully planned project of the three. Ορισμένα adjectives και adverbs είναι ανώμαλα και σχηματίζουν τον comparative και τον superlative με διαφορετικούς τρόπους. Adjective/Adverb Comparative Superlative good/well better the best bad/badly worse the worst many/more more the most much more the most little less the least far farther/further the farthest/furthest Other types of comparison as … as όταν δύο πρόσωπα, ζώα ή πράγματα This website is as entertaining not as … as είναι ίδια as the other one. less … (+ than) όταν δύο πρόσωπα, ζώα ή πράγματα δεν Tablets are not as useful as είναι ίδια laptops. comparative + and + comparative όταν ένα πρόσωπο, ζώο ή πράγμα έχει Veronica is less addicted to the The + comparative …, μια συγκεκριμένη ιδιότητα σε μικρότερο Internet than her brother. the + comparative … ή μεγαλύτερο βαθμό από ένα άλλο πρόσωπο, ζώο ή πράγμα όταν κάτι αυξάνεται ή μειώνεται συνέχεια Access to the Internet is getting easier and easier. όταν μια αλλαγή σε ένα πράγμα εξαρτάται The longer you stay online, the από μια αλλαγή σε κάτι άλλο more tired you will feel in the morning. UNIT 1 23

Vocabulary practice 1 Complete the sentences with these words. block community followers log in peers posts subscribers views 1 Cristiano Ronaldo has 196 million followers followers on Instagram®. 2 Are teenage girls generally better at maths than their male ? 3 My friend Jake always the funniest comments on Instagram®. 4 Her new invention created a lot of excitement in the scientific . 5 You need to to your account before you can check your emails. 6 Netflix has about 183 million all over the world. 7 I don’t like the comments he makes on Facebook®; I think I’m going to him. 8 If you watch the same YouTube video twice on the same computer, does it count as one or two ? 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets. 1 If there is no electricity, the electrical devices in your house become completely useless . (use) 2 No operation can be completely . After all, they’re cutting into your body. (pain) 3 Thanks to the advice Melinda gave me about job interviews, I got the job. (help) 4 Mark spent hours studying for his science exam, but he still didn’t do very well. (end) 5 If you’re lucky, you’ll have a friend who calls when you are ill and helps you catch up on your lessons when you feel better. (thought) 6 The exam questions had been easy so they felt about doing well on the exam. (hope) 7 Drinking too much water can in fact be quite to your health. (harm) 8 He lost a lot of points in the competition because of the mistakes he made. (care) 3 Circle the correct words. 1 If you don’t stand up for/ with your rights, who will? 2 I’m addicted on / to singing contests such as The Voice and American Idol. 3 Fashion trends vary from / for generation to generation. 4 The doctor told Peter that he exercises too much, so he has to limit his gym time to / with three times a week. 5 Why do you always have to comment on / in what your friends are wearing? 6 Whether your new blog becomes popular or not depends to / on its content. 24

Grammar practice 1 Complete. Use the present simple or the present continuous. 1 Jessica speaks (speak) three languages: English, French and Polish. 2 The Nile River (flow) into the Mediterranean Sea. 3 Jake can’t come to the phone right now. He (help) his sister with her project. 4 The train (leave) at 8 o’clock tonight. 5 I want to visit China next year so I (take) Chinese lessons. 6 He (forget) his keys at home at least twice a month. 7 You (always / use) my computer without asking. I wish you’d stop it! 8 You can’t go out with your friends on Friday afternoon because grandma (come) to visit and she’s missed you. 2 Are the verbs in bold action or stative verbs? Write A (action) or S (stative). 1 My brother loves eating vanilla ice cream together with salt and vinegar crisps. S 2 I need to think about the problem before I suggest a solution. 3 These noodles taste delicious! 4 Even though he is my twin brother, he doesn’t look like me at all. 5 Many people believe that robots are going to take over the world. 6 We are having dinner with the Joneses tonight. 7 She seems very nice. Maybe we can be friends. 8 My mother is the one smelling the roses in the garden. 3 C omplete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the words in brackets. Use between one and three words. 1 This laptop is the best one out of the three in the shop window. (good) 2 My friend is the person I know. (kind) 3 Her second novel is as her first one. It has sold the same number of copies. (popular) 4 The pay at my new job is I got in my old job, but I’m enjoying the work more. (little) 5 The harder you work, you will be. (successful) 6 He began to cycle and faster so that he could get home early. (fast) 7 Keeping in touch with friends all over the world is as it used to be in the past before the invention of social media and emails. (difficult) 8 It was the designed building in the competition. That’s why it won first prize. (beautiful) UNIT 1 25

The Power of Learning page 139 10.10 estimate (v) to say what you think an amount or 10.1 stage (n) a part of an activity or a point or value will be, either by guessing or by using available information to period in a process calculate it ❖ στάδιο ❖ υπολογίζω, εκτιμώ Breaking the work down into stages makes It was estimated that at least five hundred it easier to complete. people showed up at the event. ➤ estimate (n), estimation (n) 10.2 education (n) the process of teaching or learning in 10.11 absent (adj) not in a place because of illness, etc. a school or college ❖ απών ❖ εκπαίδευση If you are absent more than three days, There should be more health education in schools. ➤ educate (v), educated (adj), you will need to bring a doctor’s note. educational (adv), educationalist (n) ➤ absence (n) ✎ absent from 10.3 treasure (n) ✎ Opp: present a collection of very valuable things ❖ θησαυρός 10.12 extended (adj) They organised a treasure hunt in the continuing for longer than usual ❖ παρατεταμένος, εκτενής garden for the children. She worked in Australia for an extended 10.4 proverb (n) period of time. a short well-known statement that ➤ extend (v) gives practical advice about life 10.13 long-term (adj) ❖ παροιμία, γνωμικό having existed for a long time and Chinese proverbs are life lessons in a few words. ➤ proverbial (adj) unlikely to change ❖ μακροχρόνιος 10.5 interest (v) The long-term effects of plastic pollution to make sb want to know about or are not well understood yet. take part in sth 10.14 absence (n) ❖ ενδιαφέρω, δελεάζω a period of time when sb is not where Can I interest you in a game of Scrabble? ➤ interest (n), interesting (adj) they should be or where they usually are ❖ απουσία page 140 Her absence from the party became the topic of conversation. 10.6 user (n) ➤ absent (adj) sb who uses sth such as a service or a ✎ absence from piece of equipment 10.15 department (n) ❖ χρήστης one of the sections in a government, The new software will help users to complete their work faster. organisation or business that deals ➤ use (n, v), useful (adj), useless (adj) with one type of work ❖ υπουργείο, τμήμα 10.7 assist (v) The Sales Department employs more staff to help sb or sth compared to other departments. ❖ βοηθάω ✎ the Education Department Your job is to assist him with the 10.16 attendance (n) management of the project. the fact of being present at an event ➤ assistance (n), assistant (n) or of going regularly to school, etc. 10.8 attend (v) ❖ παρουσία, παρακολούθηση, συμμετοχή to go regularly to a place, for example The Headmaster reminded us that our attendance was required at the school to a school as a student event. ❖ πηγαίνω, παρίσταμαι ➤ attend (v) I attended his classes for a month. He is an amazing teacher. 10.17 lengthy (adj) ➤ attendance (n) long, often lasting for longer than you 10.9 nickname (n) want or expect an informal name that your friends or ❖ μακροσκελής, εκτενής, μεγάλος The committee produced a lengthy report family call you that is not your real name on the effects of climate change. ❖ χαϊδευτικό, υποκοριστικό ➤ length (n), lengthen (v) Zach earned the nickname “Houdini” because of his amazing magic skills. 176

10.18 avatar (n) 10.27 context (n) a picture of a person or animal that the general situation in which sth represents you on a computer screen happens, which helps to explain it ❖ άβαταρ, εικονικός εαυτός ❖ γενικό πλαίσιο, συνθήκες The earliest use of an avatar was in a It is important to understand traditions in computer game in 1985. their cultural contexts. 10.19 loudspeaker (n) 10.28 loneliness (n) a speaker that is part of a radio or a feeling of being unhappy because you music system have no friends or people to talk to ❖ μεγάφωνο, ηχείο ❖ μοναξιά Wireless loudspeakers are becoming more People often join a book club to overcome and more popular. the loneliness of reading alone. ➤ lonely (adj) 10.20 live feed (n) broadcast 10.29 public health (n) ❖ ζωντανή μετάδοση the government system for providing You can watch a live feed of the match on for the health needs and services of all a sports channel. the people of a country or region ❖ δημόσια υγεία 10.21 stream (v) In a pandemic, public health becomes the to play video or sound on a computer main priority of governments. or mobile device by getting it as a 10.30 combat (v) continuous stream rather than having to try to stop sth unpleasant or to download it ❖ μεταδίδω σε πραγματικό χρόνο harmful from happening or increasing Your subscription enables you to stream ❖ μάχομαι, πολεμάω any show, any time you want. It is important to combat diseases that ➤ stream (n) have no known cures. ➤ combat (n) ✎ Syn: fight ✎ combat crime/disease 10.22 maintain (v) to make sure that sth stays at the page 141 same level, rate or standard 10.31 blink (v) ❖ διατηρώ (of a light) to flash on and off The company is using aggressive ❖ αναβοσβήνω advertising to maintain its position as A light on his phone was blinking, letting market leader. him know he had an unread message. 10.23 presence (n) the existence of sb or sth in a 10.32 alert (v) to warn sb of a possibly dangerous particular place ❖ παρουσία situation or a situation that needs Scientists discovered the presence of more attention planets on the edge of our solar system. ❖ ειδοποιώ, ενημερώνω, προειδοποιώ ➤ present (adj) Public health officials put up posters to alert the public to the disease. 10.24 struggle (v) ➤ alert (n) to find it difficult to cope with sth ❖ παλεύω, ζορίζομαι 10.33 dare (v) He struggled to keep control of the car on If you dare to do sth, you are not the icy road. afraid to do it, even though it may be ➤ struggle (n) dangerous or shocking or may cause trouble for you. 10.25 sickness (n) ❖ τολμώ a condition in which you have an The children didn’t dare to enter the old building. illness ❖ αρρώστια, ασθένεια 10.34 buddy (n) Being inside a moving plane or car can a friend cause sickness, namely airsickness or ❖ φιλαράκι, κολλητός seasickness. Dean and his buddies went down to the ➤ sick (adj) lake for a swim. 10.26 educational (adj) relating to education 10.35 rural (adj) ❖ εκπαιδευτικός relating to the countryside, or in the There are so many educational apps countryside available today. ❖ εξοχικός, της υπαίθρου ➤ educate (v), education (n), Life in rural areas is much more peaceful educationally (adv), educationalist (n) than in cities. ✎ Opp: urban UNIT 10 177

10.36 bond (n) 10.44 present (v) close connection, relationship ❖ δεσμός, σχέση to show or offer sth for other people to A strong bond of friendship developed look at or consider between the two women. ➤ bond (v) ❖ παρουσιάζω ✎ bond with/between We liked most of the ideas he presented at 10.37 summarise (v) to provide a short account of the most the meeting yesterday. ➤ presentation (n) important facts or features of sth ❖ συνοψίζω, ανακεφαλαιώνω 10.45 apply (v) Jennifer summarised her research findings in a few minutes. to use sth or make sth work in a ➤ summary (n) particular situation 10.38 select (v) ❖ χρησιμοποιώ, εφαρμόζω to choose ❖ επιλέγω, διαλέγω He is looking for a job where he can apply Participants in the survey were selected at his expertise in cybersecurity. random. ➤ selection (n), selective (adj), ➤ application (n) selectively (adv) 10.46 assignment (n) 10.39 academic (adj) relating to schools, colleges and a task that sb is given to do as part of universities, or connected with their job or studies studying and thinking ❖ εργασία ❖ ακαδημαϊκός, σχολικός We are looking for a candidate with the Tim is away on a month-long assignment right academic qualifications. in Canada. ➤ assign (v) ➤ academically (adv) ✎ academic subjects/qualifications/books 10.47 beneficial (adj) 10.40 keep up with (phr v) having a helpful or useful effect to continue to be informed about sth ❖ ωφέλιμος ❖ μαθαίνω ό,τι συμβαίνει, ενημερώνομαι Teachers need to keep up with Swimming is beneficial to your health. ➤ benefit (n, v) developments in technology. 10.48 informative (adj) 10.41 fall behind (phr v) to fail to do sth fast enough or on time providing many useful facts or ideas ❖ κατατοπιστικός, ενημερωτικός ❖ (μεταφορικά) μένω πίσω The company will fall behind its The documentary Our Planet is both competitors unless it innovates. stunning and informative. ➤ information (n), inform (v) 10.49 supporter (n) sb who supports a particular person, group or plan ❖ υποστηρικτής Jamie is a strong supporter of the new environmental laws. ➤ support (n, v), supportive (adj), supportively (adv) Useful words estimate (v) 10.50 assign (v) absence (n) live feed (n) academic (adj) performance (n) to give sb a particular job or make assist (v) presence (n) attend (v) struggle (v) them responsible for a particular attendance (n) educational (adj) person or thing ❖ αναθέτω, βάζω page 142 Ryan has been assigned the task of 10.42 flip (v) to turn over quickly, or to make sth creating a training programme for new employees. ➤ assignment (n) turn over ✎ assign a task ❖ γυρίζω, αναποδογυρίζω He flipped through the newspaper to the 10.51 creatively (adv) sports pages. in a way that involves a lot of 10.43 approach (n) a particular way of thinking about or imagination and new ideas ❖ δημιουργικά dealing with sth ❖ προσέγγιση Employers often prefer candidates who can Margaret Atwood is known for her unique approach to storytelling. think creatively. ➤ approach (v), approachable (adj) ➤ create (v), creation (n), creativity (n), creative (adj) 10.52 guide (v) to show sb the right way to do sth ❖ καθοδηγώ I need someone to guide me through the application process. ➤ guide (n), guidance (n) 178

10.53 query (n) 10.62 absorb (v) a question that you ask to get to learn and understand new facts, information so that they become part of your ❖ ερώτηση, απορία knowledge Customer Service assistants are ready to ❖ απορροφώ, μαθαίνω answer your queries. Tim absorbs information quickly, especially if it’s to do with numbers. 10.54 feedback (n) information or statements of opinion 10.63 compulsory (adj) sth that must be done because of a about sth ❖ γνώμη, ανατροφοδότηση rule or law The management makes sure that all ❖ υποχρεωτικός employees receive regular feedback. It is compulsory to attend the morning ➤ feedback (v) assembly at school. ✎ give feedback on 10.64 conventional (adj) 10.55 engagement (n) of the usual, traditional or accepted when you participate or become type, instead of being new and involved in an activity with other people different ❖ ενασχόληση με κάτι ❖ συμβατικός, κλασικός, παραδοσιακός, Community engagement in the τυπικός development of a new park is critical. Conventional teaching methods often fail to ➤ engage (v) engage every student. ✎ engagement with/in ➤ convention (n), conventionally (adv) 10.56 learning style (n) 10.65 direct (v) a way of learning to which an to control or organise how a person or individual is particularly suited group of people does sth ❖ τρόπος μάθησης ❖ κατευθύνω There is not one learning style that is Nick directs the marketing activities for his better than another. organisation. ➤ direction (n) 10.57 enrol (v) to put yourself onto the official list of 10.66 fluency (n) the ability to speak or write a members of a course ❖ γράφομαι, εγγράφομαι language easily, well and quickly The new learning centre will start to enrol ❖ ευχέρεια students from September. Everyone was impressed by Fiona’s fluency ➤ enrolment (n), enrolled (adj) in German. ➤ fluent (adj) 10.58 graduate (v) to complete school, college or 10.67 individual (adj) considered separately from other university successfully ❖ αποφοιτώ people or things in the same group Students usually need a certain number of ❖ χωριστός, ξεχωριστός credits to graduate. The company set up a helpline to answer ➤ graduate (n), graduation (n) individual queries from customers. ✎ graduate from ➤ individual (n), individually (adv) 10.59 hand in (phr v) 10.68 optional (adj) to give sth to a person in authority that you can choose to do or have if ❖ παραδίδω The teacher reminded the students to hand you want to ❖ προαιρετικός in their assignments on Friday. Last semester, Norah took three compulsory and two optional courses. 10.60 mark (v) ➤ opt (v), option (n), optionally (adv) to read a piece of written work and put 10.69 interest (n) a number or letter on it to show how an activity that sb enjoys doing or a good it is ❖ βαθμολογώ subject that they like to spend time Miss Claudia said she has to mark 55 learning about history tests. ➤ mark (n) ❖ ενδιαφέρον Mandy has always only had two interests: 10.61 deadline (n) gaming and volleyball. a date or time by which you have to do ➤ interest (v), interested (adj), interesting (adj) or complete sth ✎ interest in ❖ προθεσμία Lisa is excellent at meeting deadlines; she never misses one. ✎ meet a/the deadline UNIT 10 179

10.70 besides (adv) 10.79 pick up (phr v) also; in addition to learn a new skill by practising it ❖ εξάλλου, επιπλέον ‘I didn’t call you because I didn’t think rather than being taught it ❖ μαθαίνω you’d want to come, and besides, I don’t I picked up some Spanish while I was even have your new number.’ travelling in Costa Rica. 10.71 genuinely (adv) 10.80 sign up for (phr v) honestly, or in a sincere way to put your name on a list for sth ❖ ειλικρινά, αληθινά, ανυπόκριτα Kevin sounded genuinely interested in the because you want to take part in it ❖ γράφομαι topic we were discussing. ➤ genuine (adj) Harry decided to sign up for evening classes after work. 10.72 path (n) the way to achieve sth 10.81 height (n) the distance from the top to the ❖ διαδρομή, πορεία The path to success is rarely a straight line. bottom of sth ✎ career path ❖ ύψος The girls are the same height as the boys, Useful words graduate (n) but they’re a year older. ➤ high (adj) approach (n) informative (adj) beneficial (adj) mark (v) 10.82 favour (v) compulsory (adj) optional (adj) to support an idea and believe that it deadline (n) query (n) enrol (v) is better than other ideas that have been suggested page 143 ❖ προτιμάω, ευνοώ Tourists visiting Greece generally favour 10.73 catch up with (phr v) the Aegean islands, not knowing that there to reach the same level as sb or sth else are also beautiful places to explore on the mainland. ➤ favour (n) ❖ φτάνω, προφταίνω, προλαβαίνω Francisco worked hard to catch up with the 10.83 furthermore (adv) rest of the class. in addition; more importantly ❖ επιπλέον, επίσης 10.74 cross out (phr v) The resort is beautiful. Furthermore, it’s to draw a line or lines through sth right on the beach. you have written or drawn, usually because it is wrong Useful words hand in (phr v) ❖ διαγράφω, τραβάω μια γραμμή σε κάτι catch up with (phr v) keep up with (phr v) για να το διαγράψω cross out (phr v) make out (phr v) The instructions are to cross out the wrong drop out (phr v) pick up (phr v) words in the passage. fall behind (phr v) fit in (phr v) 10.75 drop out (phr v) to leave sth such as an activity, page 144 school or competition before you have 10.84 standardise (v) finished what you intended to do to make all the things of a particular ❖ εγκαταλείπω, παρατάω Zuckerberg dropped out of Harvard to type have the same features or level of focus on Facebook. quality ❖ τυποποιώ 10.76 fit in (phr v) Wouldn’t it be nice if they could to be accepted by the other people in a standardise British and American spellings so it’s all the same? group ✎ standardised exam ❖ ταιριάζω με κάποιον Mary is exactly the type of person we need 10.85 integral (adj) in our team; she will fit in perfectly. being an essential part of sth ✎ fit in with ❖ αναπόσπαστος Research is an integral part of scientific 10.77 get sth across (phr v) to make people understand sth studies. ❖ εκφράζω, μεταδίδω, μεταβιβάζω You need to use simpler words if you want 10.86 educationalist (n) a specialist in theories and methods of to get your point across to the reader. teaching 10.78 make out (phr v) ❖ ειδικός σε θέματα εκπαίδευσης, to be just able to see or hear sth παιδαγωγός ❖ διακρίνω, ξεχωρίζω Educationalists research the effectiveness Without my glasses, I could just make out of learning and teaching methods. ➤ education (n), educational (adj) a tall person standing in the corner. 180

10.87 examine (v) 10.95 collaborative (adj) to give sb a test to see how much involving people or groups working they know about a subject or what together to produce sth they can do ❖ συλλογικός ❖ εξετάζω The presentation was a collaborative effort The students will be examined in all by Dean and Sam. subjects at the end of the year. ➤ collaborate (v), collaboration (n), ➤ examiner (n), examination (n) collaboratively (adv) ✎ be examined in sth 10.96 transformative (adj) 10.88 orally (adv) causing great and positive change in by speaking rather than writing ❖ προφορικά sb or sth Stories are transmitted orally in many ❖ µετασχηµατιστικός, που σε αλλάζει (π.χ. εμπειρία) cultures. ➤ oral (adj) The transformative power of the Internet has changed the way people do routine page 145 tasks. ➤ transform (v), transformation (n), 10.89 ineffective (adj) transformatively (adv) not achieving what you want to 10.97 blackboard (n) achieve; not having any effect a board with a dark smooth surface, ❖ αναποτελεσματικός, ατελέσφορος Despite being so expensive, the medicine used in schools for writing on with chalk was ineffective – I’m still feeling sick. ❖ πίνακας, μαυροπίνακας ✎ Opp: effective The teacher explained the mathematical problem on the blackboard. 10.90 interactive whiteboard (n) a piece of classroom equipment using 10.98 overhead (adj) above your head or in the sky a computer connected to a large ❖ υπερυψωμένος, εναέριος screen that you can write on or use to There are plans to move the overhead control the computer by touching it with your finger or a pen telephone cables underground. ❖ διαδραστικός πίνακας Activities for interactive whiteboards are 10.99 projector (n) written straight into our maths textbooks. a piece of equipment used for showing 10.91 journal (n) films or slides on a screen a newspaper or magazine that deals ❖ προβολέας διαφανειών, προτζέκτορας The speaker asked for an overhead with a particular subject or profession projector to give his presentation. ❖ περιοδικό ➤ project (v) Tom subscribes to the Journal of Medical ✎ an overhead projector Science. ➤ journalist (n) page 147 10.92 pass (n) 10.100 generalise (v) a successful result in an exam or test to make a statement or remark about ❖ βάση (για να περάσω) Lee got a pass in his maths exam even a group of people or things without going into any detail though he had hardly studied. ❖ γενικεύω ➤ pass (v) It’s hard to generalise from the survey results because they are incomplete. page 146 ➤ general (adj), generally (adv), generalisation (n) 10.93 partially (adv) partly; not completely 10.101 personalise (v) ❖ μερικώς, εν μέρει to give examples about real people The company is partially owned by Chinese when discussing a general subject investors. ❖ προσωποποιώ ➤ partial (adj) Good speakers personalise their talks to the audience they are addressing. 10.94 engaging (adj) ➤ personal (adj), personally (adv) interesting or pleasant in a way that 10.102 generally speaking (expr) attracts your attention used to show that what you are saying ❖ καθηλωτικός, συναρπαστικός, εντυπωσιακός is true in a general way That author’s writing style is really ❖ γενικά μιλώντας engaging; she really makes you want to Generally speaking, January is usually the read on. coldest month. ➤ engage (v) ✎ Syn: in general UNIT 10 181

10.103 all in all (expr) 10.112 course (n) when everything is considered the things that you choose to do in a ❖ γενικά, συνολικά, εν γένει It was, all in all, a great experience. particular situation ❖ πορεία page 148 We planned to follow the course of action that would produce the best results. 10.104 dissatisfaction (n) ✎ course of action a feeling of not being satisfied 10.113 bold (adj) ❖ δυσαρέσκεια, απογοήτευση printed in letters that are darker and Many users expressed dissatisfaction with the new mobile phone model. thicker than ordinary printed letters ➤ dissatisfied (adj) ❖ με έντονη γραφή ✎ Opp: satisfaction The teacher asked the students to look up the words in bold. 10.105 license (v) ✎ in bold to give official permission for sb to do page 149 or produce sth, or for an activity to take place 10.114 unnecessary (adj) ❖ δίνω άδεια, χορηγώ άδεια not needed Only a few companies are licensed to sell ❖ περιττός medical equipment. ➤ licence (n) We decided to leave early for the airport to 10.106 subscribe (v) avoid unnecessary stress. to pay money, usually once a year, to ✎ Opp: necessary have some services 10.115 unacceptable (adj) ❖ γίνομαι συνδρομητής so wrong or bad that it should not be Mark subscribes to several health and fitness magazines. allowed ➤ subscription (n) ❖ απαράδεκτος The company has guidelines to deal with 10.107 glitch (n) unacceptable workplace behaviour. a small fault in a computer program ➤ unacceptably (adv) or piece of equipment that stops it 10.116 apology (n) working sth that you say or write to show that ❖ σφάλμα, βλάβη There hasn’t been a single glitch in the new you are sorry for doing sth wrong app since we started running it. ❖ συγγνώμη ✎ a software glitch I sent them a letter of apology for not being able to attend their annual charity event. 10.108 entry (n) ➤ apologise (v), apologetic (adj) recorded information in a computer, ✎ apology for book, etc. 10.117 explanation (n) ❖ καταχώριση the details or reasons that sb gives to The idea of a diary is that you write an entry in it every day. make sth clear or easy to understand ❖ εξήγηση 10.109 massive (adj) Don’t you think you owe your parents an extremely large or serious explanation? ➤ explain (v) ❖ σοβαρός, σημαντικός, έντονος Hurricane warnings led to massive traffic 10.118 I trust (that) (expr) used to say politely that you hope sth jams as everyone tried to leave the city. ➤ massively (adv) is true ❖ ευελπιστώ, ελπίζω 10.110 subscription (n) The manager said, ‘I trust that the new an amount of money you pay, usually shop will be a success’. once a year, to receive a service 10.119 alarming (adj) ❖ συνδρομή making you feel worried or frightened I decided not to renew my subscription to ❖ ανησυχητικός Sports TV. I wasn’t watching it enough. Rainforests are disappearing at an alarming ➤ subscribe (v) rate. ✎ Syn: disturbing 10.111 compensation (n) money paid to sb because they have 10.120 inadequate (adj) not good enough, big enough, skilled suffered injury or loss, or because sth they own has been damaged enough, etc. for a particular purpose ❖ αποζημίωση ❖ ανεπαρκής, ακατάλληλος The insurance company will decide the The courses offered by the online training amount of compensation for the car company seemed to be inadequate. repairs. ➤ inadequacy (n), inadequately (adv) ➤ compensate (v) ✎ Opp: adequate 182

10.121 substandard (adj) 10.130 involved (adj) not as good as the average, and not taking part in an activity or event ❖ εμπλεκόμενος acceptable The teachers were not involved in the ❖ κατώτερης ποιότητας Substandard seatbelts have been found to production of the school play. ➤ involve (v), cause injuries to drivers. involvement (n) ✎ actively involved in sth 10.122 unclean (adj) 10.131 -based (adj) dirty used to form adjectives describing the ❖ ακάθαρτος, βρόμικος Drinking unclean water is a serious health main thing from which sth is made or the main area in which sth works risk. ❖ που βασίζεται Computer-based exams are marked much 10.123 unhygienic (adj) faster than paper-based exams. dirty and likely to make people ill ❖ ανθυγιεινός 10.132 customise (v) The rooms were dirty and the bathrooms to change the way sth looks or works so were unhygienic, to say the least. that it is exactly what you want or need ➤ unhygienically (adv) ❖ προσαρμόζω (στις ανάγκες κάποιου), εξατομικεύω (ανάλογα με κάτι) 10.124 cancel (v) The website offers tips and guidance on to decide that sth that was officially customising your car. planned will not happen 10.133 convertible (adj) ❖ ακυρώνω, ματαιώνω (of a car) having a soft roof that can We decided to cancel the event due to the lack of participants. ➤ cancellation (n) be folded back ❖ κάμπριο, καμπριολέ page 150 They rented a convertible car for their summer holiday in Spain. ✎ convertible car 10.125 incomplete (adj) not having everything that should be 10.134 source (v) If a company sources materials, parts, there, or not completely finished ❖ ημιτελής, ανολοκλήρωτος etc. from a particular place, it obtains I think you might have sent me an them from there. incomplete report by mistake. ❖ προμηθεύομαι ✎ Opp: complete Restaurants in this area source their ingredients from local farmers. ➤ source (n) page 151 10.135 accuracy (n) 10.126 illustrate (v) the quality of being correct or true to make the meaning of sth clearer by ❖ συνολική ορθότητα, ακρίβεια The accuracy of her translation from giving examples ❖ διευκρινίζω, επεξηγώ Norwegian into English is remarkable. Students are expected to illustrate their ➤ accurate (adj), accurately (adv) answers with diagrams. ✎ Opp: inaccuracy ➤ illustration (n) 10.136 stimulate (v) 10.127 involvement (n) to make a part of the body become the act of taking part in sth ❖ συμμετοχή, ανάμειξη active or stronger The headmaster welcomes parental ❖ διεγείρω Games like Sudoku and crossword puzzles involvement in organising the school trip. stimulate the brain. ➤ stimulation (n) ➤ involve (v), involved (adj) ✎ involvement in 10.137 track (v) to record or study the behaviour or 10.128 a shining example (of sth) (expr) sb or sth that has very impressive development of sb or sth over time ❖ καταγράφω qualities The study tracks the development of children ❖ λαμπρό παράδειγμα between the ages of three and nine. The Colosseum in Rome is a shining example of classic architecture. 10.138 precisely (adv) exactly and correctly 10.129 open-plan (adj) ❖ ακριβώς An open-plan building or area does not The device measures blood pressure have inside walls dividing it up into precisely. ➤ precise (adj), precision (n) rooms. ❖ χωρίς εσωτερικούς τοίχους, με ανοιχτή page 152 διαρρύθμιση In the UK, large organisations prefer large, 10.139 headmistress (n) open-plan floors. a woman who is in charge of a school ❖ διευθύντρια We waited for the headmistress to arrive and start the school assembly. ✎ headmaster UNIT 10 183

10.140 measure (v) 10.149 campaigner (n) to judge the quality, effect, importance sb who takes part in actions which are or value of sth intended to achieve a particular social ❖ υπολογίζω, μετρώ, συγκρίνω or political result Students’ intelligence cannot be measured ❖ αυτός που συμμετέχει σε εκστρατεία only by their grades. Shelby is an active campaigner for human ✎ measure sth against sth else rights. ➤ campaign (n) 10.141 accomplishment (n) 10.150 knitting (n) sth successful or impressive that is the activity or action of knitting achieved after a lot of effort and hard clothes work ❖ πλέξιμο ❖ επιτυχία, επίτευγμα Knitting may be done by hand or by All accomplishments start with the decision machine. ➤ knit (v) to try. ➤ accomplish (v) 10.151 knit (v) 10.142 disappoint (v) to make clothes, etc. by using two long to make sb feel unhappy because sth needles to connect wool or another they hoped for did not happen or was type of thread into joined rows not as good as they expected ❖ πλέκω ❖ απογοητεύω Mum knit me a scarf and gloves for my To be honest, the film disappointed me. birthday. ➤ disappointment (n), disappointing (adj), disappointed (adj) page 154 10.143 approach (v) 10.152 protester (n) to come near to sth sb who takes part in a public activity ❖ πλησιάζω At fifty-eight, he was now approaching such as a demonstration in order to show their opposition to sth retirement age. ❖ διαδηλωτής ➤ approach (n), approachable (adj) Peaceful protesters gathered outside the mayor’s office. ➤ protest (n, v) 10.144 objective (n) sth that you are trying hard to achieve 10.153 demand (v) ❖ σκοπός, στόχος to ask for sth very firmly, especially The objective of this course is to help because you think you have a right to students improve their communication skills. do this ✎ Syn: goal ❖ απαιτώ Students went on a school strike to 10.145 face up to (phr v) demand action about global warming. to accept and deal with a difficult fact ➤ demand (n), demanding (adj) or problem 10.154 award (v) ❖ αντιμετωπίζω to give sb a prize It’s time we faced up to the harsh realities ❖ βραβεύω of climate change. Peter Handke was awarded the Nobel Prize page 153 for literature in 2019. ➤ award (n) 10.146 leadership (n) 10.155 container (n) the quality of being good at leading a sth such as a box or bowl that you use group, organisation, country, etc. to keep things in ❖ ηγετική ικανότητα ❖ δοχείο Tony’s vision and leadership qualities We need to find a large container to store explain why he is a good manager. the rice. ➤ leader (n) ✎ glass container 10.147 captain (n) WORKBOOK sb who leads a team or other group of page 102 people ❖ αρχηγός W10.1 carve (v) Sonya is captain of the school’s volleyball to make objects, patterns, etc. by team. cutting away material from a piece 10.148 conservationist (n) of wood or stone, or another hard sb who works to protect animals, material ❖ σκαλίζω, λαξεύω plants, etc. She carved a beautiful little boat with her ❖ οικολόγος pocket knife. Wildlife conservationists in Africa are trying to save gorillas from extinction. ➤ conservation (n) 184

W10.2 bare (adj) W10.10 overheat (v) empty to become or to make sth become ❖ γυμνός, άδειος The room looks much bigger with bare walls. too hot ❖ υπερθερμαίνομαι, υπερθερμαίνω W10.3 interior (n) Bring the sauce up to temperature, but the inside part of sth make sure it doesn’t overheat. ❖ εσωτερικό The interior of the cave is completely dark. page 110 ➤ interior (adj) W10.11 notification (n) W10.4 hands-on (adj) a message that is automatically sent doing sth rather than just reading to sb to let them know there has been about it activity in one of their social media ❖ πρακτικός accounts The workshop promises hands-on ❖ ειδοποίηση, γνωστοποίηση experience for participants to learn the use Rose received a notification on her phone of tools. letting her know that one of her friends ✎ hands-on experience had commented on the photo she had posted on Instagram. ➤ notify (v) W10.5 pioneer (n) a person who is the first to study W10.12 age (n) a particular period and develop a particular area of ❖ εποχή knowledge, culture, etc. that other We are in the Age of Man, a period named people then continue to develop ❖ πρωτοπόρος, καινοτόμος for the effect our species has on the planet. NASA was a pioneer of space exploration. ✎ Syn: era ➤ pioneer (v) W10.13 initial (adj) W10.6 model (v) happening at the beginning; first to use a system, process, etc. as an ❖ αρχικός, πρώτος Her initial reaction was surprise, followed example to follow or copy ❖ φτιάχνω κάτι έχοντας κάτι ως πρότυπο by anger. ➤ initial (n) Our new system was modelled on a management technique we had read about W10.14 boost (n) last year. sth that helps or encourages sb/sth ➤ model (n) ❖ ώθηση ✎ model sth on Many people drink coffee to get a boost of W10.7 meaningful (adj) energy. ➤ boost (v) serious and important ❖ σημαντικός, ουσιαστικός W10.15 disconnected (adj) The old man doesn’t speak much, but separate from sb or sth else, and not everything he says is meaningful. fitting well together or understanding ➤ mean (v), meaning (n) each other ✎ Opp: meaningless ❖ αποκομμένος Spending too much time on your own can page 107 make you feel disconnected from the real world. W10.8 headset (n) ✎ to be disconnected a pair of headphones, especially one page 111 with a microphone attached to it ❖ ακουστικά W10.16 pace (v) Wearing a headset improves the quality of to set the speed at which sth happens video calls. or develops page 109 ❖ ορίζω τον ρυθμό Athletes learn to pace themselves in a long- W10.9 unresponsive (adj) distance race. ➤ pace (n) not reacting or answering, or not ✎ self-paced giving the response that you would W10.17 fulfil (v) expect or hope for to do or achieve what was hoped for ❖ δεν ανταποκρίνεται Customer Service is unresponsive; we or expected phoned four times. ❖ εκπληρώνω, πραγματοποιώ ➤ respond (v), response (n) Let’s hope the new training course fulfills ✎ Opp: responsive our needs. ➤ fulfilling (adj), fulfilment (n) ✎ fulfilled, fulfilling UNIT 10 185

The passive voice: Tenses, gerunds, infinitives and modals Χρησιμοποιούμε την passive voice (παθητική φωνή) όταν η πράξη είναι πιο σημαντική από το πρόσωπο που ευθύνεται γι’αυτήν (the agent/ποιητικό αίτιο). Επίσης την χρησιμοποιούμε όταν δεν γνωρίζουμε ή δεν μας ενδιαφέρει το ποιητικό αίτιο (agent). Online learning was introduced a few decades ago. The software has been upgraded twice this year. Σχηματίζουμε την passive voice με το ρήμα to be και την past participle του κυρίου ρήματος. Tense Active Passive present simple He designs websites. Websites are designed. present continuous He is designing websites. Websites are being designed. past simple He designed websites. Websites were designed. past continuous He was designing websites. Websites were being designed. present perfect simple He has designed websites. Websites have been designed. past perfect simple He had designed websites. Websites had been designed. future simple He will design websites. Websites will be designed. future perfect simple He will have designed websites. Websites will have been designed. be going to He is going to design websites. Websites are going to be designed. Note: Δεν έχουν παθητικό τύπο οι χρόνοι future continuous, present perfect continuous και past perfect continuous. Τα gerunds, infinitives και modal verbs σχηματίζουν την passive voice ως εξής: gerund Active Passive bare infinitive He went on designing websites. Websites went on being designed. full infinitive He must design websites. Websites must be designed. modal I expect him to design websites. I expect websites to be designed. He could design websites. Websites could be designed. Στην καθομιλουμένη, μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε το ρήμα to get αντί το ρήμα to be για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι δυσάρεστο που έγινε τυχαία ή χωρίς να το περιμένουμε. The student got caught cheating in the exam. Όταν είναι σημαντικό να αναφέρουμε το ποιητικό αίτιο (agent) σε μια παθητική πρόταση, χρησιμοποιούμε by + όνομα/ουσιαστικό. Όταν θέλουμε να δείξουμε το εργαλείο, το αντικείμενο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για κάτι, χρησιμοποιούμε τη λέξη with. Were the tests marked by the teacher? The classrooms will be equipped with interactive whiteboards. The passive voice: Impersonal and personal structures Συχνά χρησιμοποιούμε ρήματα όπως believe, consider, know, expect, say, report, think και suppose στην passive voice. Χρησιμοποιούνται με απρόσωπη (impersonal) ή προσωπική (personal) σύνταξη. Σχηματίζουμε την απρόσωπη παθητική σύνταξη (impersonal passive structure) με it + passive verb + that + απλή πρόταση. Many people believe that compulsory subjects are more difficult than optional subjects. (active voice) It is believed that compulsory subjects are more difficult than optional subjects. (passive voice) Σχηματίζουμε την προσωπική παθητική σύνταξη (personal passive structure) με noun + passive verb + full infinitive. Some people say that access to the Internet assists learning. (active voice) Access to the Internet is said to assist learning. (passive voice) 186

Causative form: have/get something done Χρησιμοποιούμε την causative form have + αντικείμενο + past participle για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που δεν κάνουμε εμείς οι ίδιοι, αλλά κανονίζουμε να το κάνει κάποιος άλλος για μας. Σύγκρινε: My friend Andrew designed the school website. (Το σχεδίασε ο ίδιος.) The headteacher had the school website designed. (Κανόνισε να το σχεδιάσει κάποιος άλλος για αυτόν.) Μπορούμε επίσης να χρησιμοποιήσουμε την causative form για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι δυσάρεστο που συμβαίνει σε κάποιον. Stan had his smartphone stolen during the student conference. present simple He has his printer fixed once a year. present continuous He is having his printer fixed now. present perfect simple He has had his printer fixed this month. present perfect continuous He has been having his printer fixed. past simple He had his printer fixed last week. past continuous He was having his printer fixed at that time. past perfect simple He had had his printer fixed before the presentation. past perfect continuous He had been having his printer fixed for years. future simple He will have his printer fixed again. future continuous He will be having his printer fixed. future perfect simple He will have had his printer fixed by tonight. future perfect continuous He will have been having his printer fixed. be going to He is going to have his printer fixed next Monday. modal verbs He might not have his printer fixed again. Στην καθομιλουμένη, συχνά χρησιμοποιούμε get αντί για have όταν μιλάμε για κάτι που έχουμε κανονίσει. Δεν μπορούμε όμως να χρησιμοποιήσουμε get αντί για have για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι δυσάρεστο που συνέβη σε κάποιον. Dan got new software installed in his computer. Nick had his computer system hacked. √ (Nick got his computer system hacked. x) Και οι δυο αυτοί συντακτικοί τύποι μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε διάφορους χρόνους. Frank hasn’t had his test marked yet. He is getting his test marked in three days’ time. Όταν θέλουμε να αναφέρουμε τον agent, χρησιμοποιούμε τη λέξη by. Frank is getting his test marked by Professor Berkley. Causative form: have somebody do something Χρησιμοποιούμε την causative form have + αντικείμενο + bare infinitive για να πούμε ότι κάνουμε κάποιον να κάνει κάτι. Μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε διάφορους χρόνους. I will have my brother write my essay. (= Θα βάλω τον αδελφό μου/Θα ζητήσω από τον αδελφό μου να γράψει την έκθεση.) The headteacher had the secretary write a report about attendance. (= Ο διευθυντής έβαλε τη γραμματέα/ ζήτησε από τη γραμματέα να γράψει την αναφορά.) Causative form: get somebody to do something Χρησιμοποιούμε την causative form get + αντικείμενο + full infinitive για να πούμε ότι έχουμε πείσει κάποιον να κάνει κάτι. Μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε διάφορους χρόνους. Maggie got her dad to pay for the summer course. The school is going to get the mayor to buy new equipment. UNIT 10 187

Vocabulary practice 1 Circle the correct words. 1 We all wondered why it was taking so long for Mr Anderson to present / mark our tests. 2 The subject is so difficult that many students assist / struggle to understand it. 3 Cathy wants to enrol / apply on a Chinese language course that will be starting next month. 4 ‘There’s so much information to learn! How are you going to absorb / maintain it all?’ 5 The tasks that their teacher assigned / directed seemed easy but were actually quite challenging. 6 Jeff had very little time to attend / prepare for the exam. 7 The feedback they gave / did on his presentation wasn’t very helpful. 8 Dominic was worried about getting sick and staying / falling behind in his subjects. 2 Complete the sentences with these words. cross … out drop out fit in get … across hand … in pick up 1 I’m sure she’ll pick up Dutch quite easily when she moves to the Netherlands. 2 The students were asked to find the incorrectly spelled words in the list and to them . 3 On average, about 6% of students in the UK of university in the first year. 4 It’s sometimes difficult for scientists to their point when they’re speaking to a non-specialised audience. 5 When he finished writing his proposal, he was told to it to the manager. 6 No one was particularly sad to see him leave the company, since he never really tried to . 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets. 1 They were playing their music so loudly that their neighbours made a complaint (complain) to the police. 2 In what jobs is physical (strong) more important than any other ability? 3 Her family felt such (proud) when she became an Olympic champion. 4 Moving to Italy and leaving her friends and family behind was a really difficult (choose). 5 Hair (lose) is not only a result of getting older; it’s also caused by stress. 6 His parents’ (believe) that he would succeed made him try harder and not give up. 7 Even though we were wearing our coats, it was so cold inside that we all sat close to the fireplace for extra (warm). 8 I’ve made a note of how long this room is, but I forgot to jot down its (wide). Do you remember it, by any chance? 188

Grammar practice 1 Rewrite the sentences in the passive. 1 Our company develops apps for mobile phones. Apps for mobile phones are developed by our company. 2 Many people think that today’s students are much more stressed than students in the past. 3 They will have completed the job by this time next week. 4 They can take the exam on Friday morning. 5 Have they fixed your phone yet? 6 Her friend Joey is going to bake her birthday cake. 2 Complete. Use the causative form. 1 The winners of the writing competition are having/getting their stories printed (stories / print) in the local newspaper next week. 2 The company (all the old computers / replace) last month. 3 Dad (his hair / cut) by the same hairdresser for two decades by the end of this year. 4 You can’t have seen Mike at the supermarket at 8 a.m. He (his teeth / check) at that time. 5 Mrs Jameson (her husband / take out) the rubbish tomorrow morning. 6 He (his car / break into) while he was in a meeting yesterday. 3 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using the word given. Do not change the word. Use between three and five words. 1 They might install new computers in our school this year. INSTALLED might be installed in our school this year. New computers 2 People expect that robots will play a much bigger role in our lives in the future. EXPECTED Robots a much bigger role in our lives in the future. 3 In many countries, students don’t have to wear school uniforms. BE In many countries, school uniforms . 4 Beth got a new tablet. Her dad bought it for her after she asked him. GOT Beth her a new tablet. 5 They always hold the Olympics in the summer months. ARE The Olympics in the summer months. 6 A repairman is fixing Jenny’s television. HAVING Jenny by a repairman.  UNIT 10 189

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