Just Grammar C1C2 Greek sample

JUST ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΣΤΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ C1/C2 Exams

Contents UNIT GRAMMAR PAGE 1 Nouns / Articles / Quantifiers 4 2 Prepositions 3 Word Formation / Commonly Confused Verbs 14 23 Review 1 (Units 1-3) 34 4 Present Tenses / Future Forms 36 5 Past Forms 45 6 Gerunds & Infinitives 51 59 Review 2 (Units 4-6) 61 7 Modals / Semi-modals / Modals Perfect 69 8 Relative Clauses / Participle Clauses / Reduced Clauses 77 9 Conditionals 86 88 Review 3 (Units 7-9) 95 10 Wishes / Regrets / Other Structures 107 11 Adjectives / Adverbs 117 12 Reported Speech / The Subjunctive 119 127 Review 4 (Units 10-12) 135 13 The Passive / The Causative 142 14 Word order / Inversion / Cleft Sentences / Emphasis 144 15 Connectors & Conjunctions 149 151 Review 5 (Units 13-15) 152 Appendices Irregular Verbs Spelling Rules Notes

01 Nouns / Articles / Quantifiers NOUNS Υπάρχουν διάφοροι τύποι ουσιαστικών. Συγκεκριμένα ουσιαστικά (Concrete nouns) fur, noise, tree, meal, drink, etc (αντικείμενα που μπορούμε να αγγίξουμε, ακούσουμε, δούμε, μυρίσουμε ή γευτούμε) Αφηρημένα ουσιαστικά (Abstract nouns) beauty, curiosity, ability, education, culture, etc (ουσιαστικά που αντιπροσωπεύουν ένα χαρακτηριστικό, μια κατάσταση ή μία ιδέα) Κύρια ονόματα (Proper nouns) Patrick, Paris, November, Jupiter, etc (ονόματα συγκεκριμένων πραγμάτων που γράφονται με κεφαλαίο αρχικό γράμμα) Τα ουσιαστικά μπορούν να είναι μετρήσιμα (countable) ή μη μετρήσιμα (uncountable) Μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά a book à three books • Μπορεί να είναι ενικού ή πληθυντικού αριθμού one photo à fifty photos • Ο πληθυντικός συνήθως λήγει σε -s, -es, και -ies. toy à toys watch à watches fox à foxes baby à babies • Ορισμένα ουσιαστικά έχουν ανώμαλο πληθυντικό τύπο. (Δες man à men το Appendix 4 στη σελίδα 252 για περισσότερα ουσιαστικά με wife à wives ανώμαλο πληθυντικό τύπο.) foot à feet Μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά His advice was helpful. • Δεν παίρνουν a/an και δεν έχουν πληθυντικό αριθμό. He gave me lots of information. • Περιλαμβάνουν τα ακόλουθα: furniture, clothing, equipment, fruit, rubbish, money, - ομάδες ομοειδών αντικειμένων traffic, luggage, etc - γλώσσες και τομείς σπουδών French, Spanish, Italian, history, biology, literature, etc - αθλήματα, χόμπι, διασκέδαση baseball, cricket, football, etc - ουσίες και υλικά water, butter, hydrogen, metal, petrol, etc - πράξεις/δραστηριότητες jogging, reading, meditating, etc - αφηρημένα ουσιαστικά (abstract nouns) death, news, advice, knowledge, proof, etc - φυσικά φαινόμενα lightning, light, rain, humidity, electricity, etc • Μ πορούν να συμπεριφερθούν ως μετρήσιμα σε συνδυασμό με a piece of advice, a bit of cheese, a slice of cake, a litre of water, a jar of jam, a glass of juice, etc άλλα ουσιαστικά όπως piece, item, bit, slice, litre, jar, glass, κλπ. NOUNS ENDING IN -S Ορισμένα μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά ακολουθούνται από ρήμα ενικού αριθμού παρόλο που λήγουν σε -s - ασθένειες: measles, diabetes, mumps Mumps is an illness that makes the neck swollen and painful. - αθλήματα και παιχνίδια: aerobics, gymnastics, billiards Billiards is his favourite game and he’s pretty good at it. - τομείς σπουδών: physics, politics Physics is a popular subject at this university. - αφηρημένες έννοιες: thanks, news Loneliness is a common problem for elderly people living on - συναισθήματα: happiness, loneline their own. Ορισμένα ουσιαστικά αναφέρονται σε αντικείμενα που These scissors are blunt. Have you got a sharper pair? αποτελούνται από δύο μέρη και ακολουθούνται από ρήμα Those glasses look great on you! πληθυντικού αριθμού: jeans, shorts, tights, trousers, glasses, scissors, scales, κλπ. Όταν μία μονάδα μέτρησης χρησιμοποιείται ως υποκείμενο Three hours was a long time to wait. σε μια πρόταση, ακολουθείται από ρήμα ενικού αριθμού Two miles isn’t too far to walk. ακόμα και αν η μονάδα μέτρησης είναι στον πληθυντικό. Fifteen minutes is what it normally takes to cycle to work. Ορισμένα ουσιαστικά απαντώνται πιο συχνά στον πληθυντικό The stairs were very steep and difficult for Grandad to climb. και ακολουθούνται από ρήμα πληθυντικού αριθμού: goods, Facilities for young people are excellent in this town. remains, stairs, facilities, refreshments, ruins, κλπ. Refreshments are available during the interval. 4

Grammar COMPOUND NOUNS a car park (= somewhere to park your car) (a cars park ✗) Στα σύνθετα ουσιαστικά (compound nouns), η πρώτη λέξη a mountain climber (= someone who climbs mountains) προσδιορίζει τη δεύτερη και είναι συνήθως ενικού αριθμού. (a mountains climber ✗) bedroom, water tank, credit card Συνηθισμένοι συνδυασμοί λέξεων είναι: haircut, sky-diving, dog walker - ουσιαστικό + ουσιαστικό washing machine, driving licence, boxing ring - ουσιαστικό + ρήμα - ρήμα + ουσιαστικό COLLECTIVE NOUNS Τα περιληπτικά ουσιαστικά (collective nouns) αναφέρονται σε μία ομάδα ανθρώπων, ζώων ή αντικειμένων. Συνήθως μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε ρήμα ενικού ή My family is coming to visit this summer. πληθυντικού αριθμού αναλόγως αν θεωρούμε το ουσιαστικό ως (= They are travelling as one unit.) μια οντότητα ή ως ένα σύνολο ξεχωριστών ανθρώπων, ζώων ή My family are very creative. αντικειμένων. (= Each person in my family is very creative.) Ορισμένα περιληπτικά ουσιαστικά (police, folk, cattle) ακολουθούνται The police have arrested the gang leader. πάντα από ρήμα πληθυντικού αριθμού. Folk are complaining about his lack of talent Τα επίθετα που χρησιμοποιούνται ως περιληπτικά ουσιαστικά The elderly are more vulnerable than other citizens. ακολουθούνται πάντα από ρήμα πληθυντικού αριθμού. The famous often buy houses in this part of London. ALERT! Ορισμένα ουσιαστικά μπορεί να είναι μετρήσιμα και μη μετρήσιμα, αλλά με διαφορετική σημασία. Δες το Appendix 5 στις σελίδες 253-254 για επιπλέον παραδείγματα. There is a wood on the other side of the river. This table is made of wood. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) USE EXAMPLE • με μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά ενικού αριθμού a burger, a uniform, an egg, an MP3 player • με ουσιαστικά που αναφέρονται πρώτη φορά ή είναι μη- Jill bought a book. I had an omelette for lunch. συγκεκριμένα • με επαγγέλματα, εθνικότητες, δουλειές Chris is a lawyer. Marie is an Italian. I’m a chef. • για να αναφερθούμε σε ένα δείγμα από ένα μεγαλύτερο It takes many years of study to become a barrister. σύνολο, όπως ένα επάγγελμα ή είδος An orca is part of the dolphin family. • με ένα κύριο όνομα όταν δεν γνωρίζουμε το εν λόγω Do you know a James Carter? He’s sent me a birthday card. άτομο There’s a Marion at the door. She wants to speak to you. • με ορισμένα αφηρημένα ουσιαστικά σε ένα συγκεκριμένο He has a hatred of spiders! πλαίσιο: horror, dislike, love, hatred, fear, knowledge, She has a fear of heights. awareness, κλπ. This dress cost a thousand pounds! The price had been reduced by a third. • με μεγάλους αριθμούς και κλάσματα • με ποσοτικές εκφράσεις There are a lot of people here today. I’d like a kilo of grapes, please. • για να εκφράσουμε συχνότητα και ταχύτητα I have my hair cut once a month. The car was travelling at one hundred miles an hour. ALERT! Τα a/an έχουν παρόμοιο νόημα με το one. Ωστόσο, δεν σημαίνουν πάντα το ίδιο. Terrific Tees has a black T-shirt in Large. (= Το κατάστημα μπορεί να έχει πάνω από ένα. Ο ακριβής αριθμός δεν έχει σημασία.) Terrific Tees has one black T-shirt in Large. (= Το κατάστημα έχει μόνο ένα σε αυτό το συνδυασμό μεγέθους και χρώματος.) UNIT 1 5

Unit 1 THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) EXAMPLE the tree, the flowers USE the music, the atmosphere • με μετρήσιμα και μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά Jill bought a book. The book was on vegetarian cooking. • γ ια να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που έχει ήδη αναφερθεί The man who is sitting next to Mia is an actor. • γ ια να αναφερθούμε σε κάτι συγκεκριμένο ή κάτι που είναι The government are bringing in new measures. The media is to blame for the star’s fall from grace. γνωστό στον ακροατή The police are investigating the disappearance of a young woman. • μ ε ουσιαστικά ενικού για να αναφερθούμε σε ένα I’m going to the supermarket. χαρακτηριστικό που αφορά το σύνολο ή είδος (επίσημο) Can you put these magazines in the living room? The male peacock is a visually impressive bird. • με επίθετα όταν αναφερόμαστε σε ένα σύνολο ατόμων Sadly, the dodo is now extinct. • μ ε επίθετα εθνικότητας που λήγουν σε -ch, -sh, -ese, και -s (Για Even the rich are affected by these measures. Jacob says the Swiss are less hospitable than the Greeks. άλλες εθνικότητες χρησιμοποιούμε ουσιαστικό πληθυντικού αριθμού) The sky was full of ominous dark clouds. • για πράγματα που είναι μοναδικά The World Health Organisation was established in 1948. • με γεωγραφικές ονομασίες και για το φυσικό περιβάλλον We strolled along the River Seine. The Andes are in South America. • μ ε τα ονόματα ορισμένων χωρών, εφημερίδων, We went camping in the mountains. κινηματογράφων, θεάτρων, κλπ. Have you ever been to the desert? We visited the USA last summer. • με κάποια είδη μέσων (τέχνη/διασκέδαση) My parents read The Telegraph. What’s on at The Odeon? • μ ε τον υπερθετικό βαθμό και ορισμένα άλλα γραμματικά I’m theatre manager at The Globe. φαινόμενα Let’s go to the cinema. Would you like to come to the theatre with me? • με μουσικά όργανα και χορούς Do you ever listen to the radio? • με ώρες, ημερομηνίες (προφορικά), χρονικές περιόδους Was yesterday the hottest day of the year? The longer I wait, the more frustrated I become. The only thing I ask is that you act cautiously. The last thing she remembers is banging her head. It’s the right thing to do! Does he play the violin well? Have you ever danced the tango? in the afternoon, during the day (NB: at night) Today is the sixth of June. It took place in the nineteenth century. NO ARTICLE EXAMPLE Tourists often buy souvenirs to remind them of places they’ve visited. USE Adding cheese to a dish can make all the difference. • με ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού και μη Music helps me to unwind at the end of the day. μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά για να κάνουμε μία γενική All you need is love. αναφορά σε κάτι Maria is married to Jason. • με αφηρημένα ουσιαστικά Maureen Helston lives next door to my aunt. • με ονόματα και τίτλους (π.χ. Mr, Dr, κλπ.) Mr Johnson is our English teacher. Harrods is in Knightsbridge. • με ονόματα καταστημάτων και εταιριών My son’s dream is to work for Apple. Jenny has a Saturday job at Waterstones. 6

Grammar • μ ε ονόματα χωρών, ηπείρων, χωριών, πόλεων, Have you ever been to France? βουνών, λιμνών, νησιών Austria is in Europe. I’ve lived in Liverpool all my life. • μ ε γλώσσες και τομείς σπουδών Everest is the highest mountain in the world. • μ ε γεύματα, αθλήματα, παιχνίδια, χρώματα, χόμπι Lake Como is in Italy. Phil is going to Sicily on holiday this year. • μ ε ασθένειες και παθήσεις Does Kim speak Japanese? • μ ε τις λέξεις bed, church, college, home, prison, Medicine is a challenging degree to study for. What shall we have for lunch? school, university, work όταν αναφερόμαστε στο My daughter plays cricket for her school. σκοπό χρήσης τους I thoroughly enjoyed learning chess. • μ ε υλικά και ουσίες Pink is Laura’s favourite colour. • μ ε εκφράσεις που αφορούν στα μεταφορικά μέσα Pam loves jigsaw puzzles. Jodie has pneumonia. She won’t be at work this week. Measles is not as common as it used to be. Marcus was found guilty and now he’s in prison. (NB: Marcus’ mother goes to visit him at the prison once a week.) The children are at school. (NB: Is there a college in this town?) This shirt is made of cotton and polyester. Olive oil is good for you. Do you like butter in your sandwiches? My father travels to work by train. Pete is afraid of flying, so he won’t travel anywhere by plane. QUANTIFIERS Singular noun Plural noun Uncountable noun no cup no glasses no milk no - none of the tickets none of the luggage none of the each student each of the students - each (of the) every chair every one of the chairs - every (one of) either child either of the children - either (of the) neither bus neither of the buses - neither (of the) - many sites much information many/much - (a) few decisions (a) little help (a) few/little - some watches some jewellery some - several people - several most of the room most hotels most travel most (of the) - more cups more time more - a lot of/lots of cars a lot of/lots of traffic a lot of/lots of another book - - another - both bags - both half the recipe half the ingredients half the food half the any idea any thoughts any emotion any - all sweets all sugar all UNIT 1 7

Unit 1 MORE ABOUT QUANTIFIERS USE EXAMPLE Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε of the με τα περισσότερα quantifiers για να κάνουμε Some paintings are very valuable. ένα πληθυντικό ή μη μετρήσιμο ουσιαστικό (= paintings in general) να αναφέρεται σε μία συγκεκριμένη ομάδα Some of the paintings were stolen. αντικειμένων ή ανθρώπων αντί στο γενικό (= a collection of specific paintings) σύνολο αυτών. Most tourists love sightseeing. (= tourists in general) Όταν το νόημα είναι προφανές, μπορούμε να Most of the tourists enjoyed the trip to Knossos. χρησιμοποιήσουμε τα περισσότερα quantifiers (= a specific group of tourists) χωρίς το ουσιαστικό στο οποίο αναφέρονται. (Όχι όμως με τα no και every.) Two men were arrested. Both were held overnight in the police station. Όταν τα each, either και much χρησιμοποιούνται All students found the exam extremely difficult and a few couldn’t answer ως υποκείμενα, ακολουθούνται από ρήμα ενικού any questions at all. αριθμού. Five cars were stolen. None were recovered. Όταν τα both, several, a few, και many χρησιμοποιούνται ως υποκείμενα, There are five cars. Each is worth over £100,000. ακολουθούνται από ρήμα πληθυντικού αριθμού. Of the two dresses you tried on, either is suitable for a wedding. £3,000 has been given to charity this week. Much of it was raised by Όταν τα any, half, some, a lot/lots και children at the local school. all χρησιμοποιούνται ως υποκείμενα, ακολουθούνται από ρήμα είτε ενικού είτε Clive’s parents were at the hospital during his operation. Both were πληθυντικού αριθμού ανάλογα με το ουσιαστικό anxious to speak to the doctor afterwards. που αντικαθιστούν. We’ve had a lot of candidates show interest in the position. Several are Όταν τα neither και none χρησιμοποιούνται being interviewed today. A few have been short-listed already. με ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού, We are introducing a signing-in policy for our employees because many ακολουθούνται από ρήμα ενικού ή πληθυντικού. arrive late to work most mornings. (Η χρήση ενικού είναι πιο επίσημη.) Το each αναφέρεται σε δύο ή περισσότερα We don’t know much yet, so any information is welcome. άτομα ή πράγματα ενώ το every σε τρία ή Any of your friends are welcome to come to the party. περισσότερα. Δε χρησιμοποιούμε every για μόνο There was a fire at the furniture shop and a lot of furniture was δύο άτομα ή πράγματα. damaged. Half was completely destroyed. However, some pieces were Χρησιμοποιώντας any με ουσιαστικό ενικού saved because they were in a different showroom. δείχνουμε ότι ‘δεν έχει σημασία ποιο’. Μπορούμε All food is to be consumed in the designated areas. να χρησιμοποιήσουμε και το some αντιστοίχως, αλλά συνήθως έχει μια αγενή, τύπου ‘σκασίλα Neither of the explanations I gave was/were correct. μου’, χροιά. None of the students was/were able to make the experiment work. Πολλές φορές χρησιμοποιούμε some για να δώσουμε έμφαση σε μία αναφώνηση. There are two lawyers and twelve members of the jury in court. The judge listened carefully to each lawyer. (The judge listened carefully to every lawyer. ✗) The judge listened carefully to each member of the jury. The judge listened carefully to every member of the jury. Take any book; I’ve read all of them. (= it doesn’t matter which book) I saw her talking to some girl at school. (= I don’t know or care which girl) My cousin bought me a CD of some band I’ve never even heard of before. (= I don’t know the band and I don’t care about it) That’s some outfit you’re wearing! You look fantastic! That’s some house he lives in; it must have twenty rooms! ALERT! • Τα a few και a little σημαίνουν ‘λίγο, ένας μικρός αριθμός/ποσότητα’. Ωστόσο, τα few και little σημαίνουν ‘όχι αρκετός’. There is a little time left. If you’re quick, you’ll get there before the shop closes. There is little time left; I doubt our team will score a goal now. There are a few places left on the excursion. If you book now, you should get one. Few participants have signed up for the seminar. Do you think we should postpone it? • Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε few και little με ουσιαστικά που έχουν αρνητική σημασία (disabilities, problems, trouble, difficulties, κλπ.) για να κάνουμε το γενικότερο νόημα της πρότασης θετικό. There was little trouble at the football match last Saturday. (= There wasn’t much trouble.) There are few illnesses that modern medicine is unable to cure. (= There aren’t many illnesses that modern medicine can’t cure.) 8

Grammar Grammar in Action A Complete the sentences with the correct present simple or past simple form of the verb be. 1 His advice asked for, but I must admit that it was helpful. 2 The facilities at the sports centre that good; I really think they could be improved. 3 Do you think these trousers too tight? 4 The police asking for anyone with any information about the crime to come forward. 5 Passers-by shocked by the aggressive behaviour of two young men. 6 £60 much to pay for a good pair of shoes when you consider that they’ll last for several years. 7 The Netherlands a beautiful country and I’d love to visit it one day. 8 Both my mother and my father from a small town in Scotland. 9 Each child going to talk about his or her painting. 10 Physics a subject which has never interested me. 11 These scissors useless – they won’t even cut this paper properly. 12 Diabetes not an easy condition to live with. 13 His ability to remember dates, facts and numbers prodigious! 14 We were late because the traffic in the centre of town terrible. B C omplete the sentences with the singular or plural form of these words. Use each word twice. Add an article if necessary. beauty cheese failure noise paper room 1 Their new flat has five , not including the bathroom and kitchen. 2 There were some strange coming from the cupboard – our cat had got shut inside it! 3 Larry has just bought himself a Honda Africa Twin – it’s ! 4 Don’t add until the very end, or it will burn. 5 Richard is presenting on developing world economics at the World Business Forum. 6 I’m afraid the music festival was as very few people came to any of the concerts. 7 At the end of the meal, we were served with a variety of French . 8 Could you put these T-shirts into your case? There’s no in mine. 9 Monica Bellucci is famous for her acting skills and for her timeless . 10 We seem to have run out of for the printer. 11 from the machines was so loud that we couldn’t hear each other speak. 12 is an inevitable part of life, but you mustn’t let it get you down. UNIT 1 9

Unit 1 C Circle the correct words. 1 a I’m allergic to chocolate / chocolates, so I can’t try your cake. b Let’s buy Mum a box of chocolate / chocolates for her birthday. 2 a Travelling around India for three months was an experience / experience I’ll never forget. b I regret to inform you that your lack of experience / experiences has precluded you from the final candidate selection. 3 a W ould you like a toast / some toast and honey for breakfast? b I’d like to make a toast / toast to the happy couple – good health and a long life to you! 4 a My favourite game was marble / marbles and I used to have a collection of more than thirty. b The kitchen counter is made of imported Italian marbles / marble. 5 a A group of youths / youth was hanging around the shopping centre. b Ben regrets that he wasted his youth / a youth partying instead of getting a decent education. 6 a Michelangelo put in hundreds of hours of work / works painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. b Some of the greatest work / works of art can be seen in the Louvre Museum in Paris. 7 a A vision / Vision is the sense which I would most hate to lose. b Gandhi promoted a vision / vision of India free of religious and political divisions. 8 a In the interview, I was asked to outline my strengths / strength as a person and as a journalist. b Jeremy was so depressed after losing the championship that sometimes he didn’t have the strength / a strength to go on. D Read the sentences and make compound nouns. 1 The confidence which you feel in yourself 2 The light which comes from the moon 3 A snake which makes a rattling noise 4 A board which you can use to skate with 5 The central bone in your back 6 A centre for playing different sports 7 The room where you change your clothes in a shop 8 A person who is twelve years old E Complete the sentences with a, an, the or no article (–). 1 There is ____ plethora of restaurants lining River Tiber in Rome. 2 Would you agree that peacock possesses unrivalled beauty? 3 Cubans have reputation for being great dancers. 4 Jade is not at all academic and I doubt she’ll apply to university. 5 If you think Alps are awe-inspiring, you should see Mount Everest up close. 6 We’re planning a holiday to Seychelles next summer and as my husband is travel agent, we’re hoping to get good price. 7 I’m interested in learning how to play cello; music has always been great love of mine. 8 Let’s arrange holiday in France, including a few days in Paris and a trip up Eiffel Tower. 9 We’re going on outing to cinema this evening, but we can’t decide whether to go on foot or to take train. 10 She has passion for expensive fabrics; silk is her favourite. 11 It is imperative that travellers to Africa be vaccinated against Yellow Fever. Waterstones book shop. 12 There’s Katy Winters on phone for you; she says she’s from hundred pounds. 13 I visit private dentist once year and each examination costs 14 I found lot of dirty clothes under bed. 10

Grammar F Complete the text with a, the or – Giannis Antetokounmpo’s rise to fame Giannis Antetokounmpo, (1) professional basketball player who became (2) Greek citizen in 2013, now plays for (3) Milwaukee Bucks in (4) USA. He is (5) son of (6) Nigerian immigrants who was born in (7) Athens and he is renowned for court. his astounding skills on (8) Giannis was raised in (9) neighbourhood of Sepolia and like many of his fellow immigrants, his parents struggled to make ends meet. His career as (10) basketball player started in 2007 and (11) mere two years later, he was playing competitively for (12) Filathlitikos. In April 2013, Giannis succeeded in becoming eligible for the 2013 NBA draft and three months later, he signed (13) contract with them. His hard work and dedication had paved (14) way for his meteoric rise to fame. G Choose the correct answers. 1 Word has it that Iron Man and Civil War are both 6 You’ll need to put in time and effort if you’re remarkable films, but I haven’t seen of them. going to complete this project on your own. a any b either a a lot of b much 2 There are plenty of talented young players 7  people at the meeting expressed their out there, however, actually make it as dissatisfaction with the president’s handling of the professionals. matter. a few b a few a Any b Several 3 We will ensure that teachers receive a 8  member of this team is permitted to cheat at certificate of attendance for the annual workshop. any time. a every b all a No b Each 4 Quite of the interns appear to be extremely 9 The good news that the dance festival will go ambitious! ahead as planned. a few b a few a are b is 5  the suggestions that you made was adopted by 10 Both twins thrilled to see each other after having been separated for so long. the board I’m afraid. a were b was a Neither of b Half of H Complete the text with one word in each gap. The delights of pasta In recent years, many have disputed (1) origins of pasta. (2) people claim that its roots lie in China, others insist that Italy is (3) birthplace of the two of this internationally-famous food and yet others believe that (4) Middle East aforementioned theories (5) true, claiming instead that (6) is its real place of origin. Nonetheless, it is widely accepted that the development and adoption of pasta as (7) simple yet staple food is (8) Italian affair. In fact, (9) first reference to pasta dates back to (10) twelfth century – 1154 in fact – and to Sicily to be more specific. Pasta is (11) kind of noodle, mixed with water or eggs and subsequently formed into sheets that are cut into (12) manner of shapes and sizes. The advantage for today’s busy families, is that it requires almost (13) effort in terms of preparation and there are (14) of different sauces you can serve with it. (15) pasta dishes are eaten as a first course, whilst others serve as a main course in Italian cuisine. UNIT 1 11

Unit 1 Cambridge in Action Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. 1 The two candidates who applied for the post didn’t have the necessary qualifications. the necessary NEITHER Two candidates applied for the post, but qualifications. 2 As she gets older, she becomes more resilient. resilient she becomes. THE The older 3 Nearly all the students managed to pass their final exams. OF Most in passing their final exams. 4 All his ideas were a dismal failure. a dismal failure. ONE Every 5 How much furniture will the removal men have to carry? ITEMS will the removal men have to carry? How 6 It’s OK to wait two hours for tickets. wait for tickets. LONG Two hours 7 Caroline teaches English at a private school. at a private school. IS Caroline 8 They can’t prove that Celia took the money. that Celia took the money. NO There 12

Grammar Michigan in Action Choose the answer that best completes the conversation or sentence. 1 Those shorts suitable for a job interview; they’re 11 ‘I can’t find my glasses! Have you seen anywhere?’ simply too casual. ‘No, sorry.’ a isn’t a those b aren’t b it c haven’t c them d don’t d some of them 2 ‘How long is River Thames?’ 12 ‘This heatwave is terrible, isn’t it?’ ‘Sorry, I don’t know.’ ‘Yes. What we really need rain.’ a the a are a little b – b is a little c a c is little d that d is much 3 tend to feel the cold more than younger people. 13 A medal was given to the many participants. a Elderly a each of b The elderly b every c The elderly people c some d Elderly persons d neither of 4 Basketball is sport that is very popular in the USA. 14 I’ve been all day and I’m so bored! a – a at a home b the b in house c a c at the home d some d at home 5 is the only cure for one of my bad headaches. 15 Do you want to join me for ? a Some silence a a lunch b A silence b lunch c The silence c the lunch d Silence d any lunch 6 The furniture was all imported from Italy; they must 16  can sometimes get themselves into trouble have spent money on it. because they’re such curious animals. a many b much a Cats b The cats c lots of d a few c A cat d The cat 7 ‘Did you enjoy your meal?’ 17 Gemma told us about her childhood and it was ‘Yes, thank you. dish I chose was delicious.’ very touching story. a Some b One c A d The a the b one c a d any 8 your luggage on the counter? 18 Russian is a language I’m very keen to learn. a Are those b Is that a Some b Those c Are that d Is those c The d – 9 the guests wanted to stay late so the party broke 19 There are opportunities for graduates these days, up at eleven. so you should settle for what you are offered. a None b Nobody of a little b any c None of d Not one c some d few 10 Catherine has profound knowledge of adverse 20 There wasn’t enough evidence to prosecute Tamara; weather conditions; she has conducted a large of the information provided proved to be false. amount of research on the topic. a many b much a – b a c several d another c the d some UNIT 1 13

JUST C1/C2 Exams ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΣΤΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ Also available: Just Grammar for C1/C2 exams presents grammar in a clear and concise way. The book has been written Activate your Grammar Activate your based on the grammar needs of students at C1 and C2 & Vocabulary B2 Writing B2 levels. Students are able to consolidate the grammatical structures required for the C1 and C2 level examinations Just Grammar B2 Exams by means of a range of exam-based tasks as well as generic exercise types. Reactivate your Grammar Reactivate your & Vocabulary C1/C2 Writing C2 Just Grammar for C1/C2 exams features: • 15 units • c lear comprehensive grammar explanations in Greek with an emphasis on examples • a variety of grammar exercises that provide students with ample practice • exam-style tasks for a variety of C1 and C2 examinations • a review after every three units Components of this series include: Just Grammar C1/C2 Student’s Book Just Grammar C1/C2 Teacher’s Book Just Grammar C1/C2 Test Book Just Grammar C1/C2 Interactive Whiteboard Software