Just Grammar C1C2 International Sample

JUST C1/C2 Exams

Contents UNIT GRAMMAR PAGE 1 Nouns / Articles / Quantifiers 4 2 Prepositions 3 Word Formation / Commonly Confused Verbs 14 23 Review 1 (Units 1-3) 34 4 Present Tenses / Future Forms 36 5 Past Forms 45 6 Gerunds & Infinitives 51 59 Review 2 (Units 4-6) 61 7 Modals / Semi-modals / Modals Perfect 69 8 Relative Clauses / Participle Clauses / Reduced Clauses 77 9 Conditionals 86 88 Review 3 (Units 7-9) 95 10 Wishes / Regrets / Other Structures 107 11 Adjectives / Adverbs 117 12 Reported Speech / The Subjunctive 119 127 Review 4 (Units 10-12) 135 13 The Passive / The Causative 142 14 Word order / Inversion / Cleft Sentences / Emphasis 144 15 Connectors & Conjunctions 149 151 Review 5 (Units 13-15) 152 Appendices Irregular Verbs Spelling Rules Notes

01 Nouns / Articles / Quantifiers NOUNS There are different types of noun. Concrete nouns fur, noise, tree, meal, drink, etc (things that can be touched, heard, seen, smelled or tasted) Abstract nouns beauty, curiosity, ability, education, culture, etc (things that represent a quality, a state or an idea) Proper nouns Patrick, Paris, November, Jupiter, etc (names used for specific things, spelled with an initial capital letter) Nouns can be countable or uncountable. a book > three books Countable nouns one photo > fifty photos • They can be singular or plural. toy > toys fox > foxes • The plural form usually ends in -s, -es and -ies. watch > watches baby > babies • S ome plural forms are irregular. (See Appendix 4 on page 252 man > men for more nouns with irregular forms.) wife > wives foot > feet Uncountable nouns • They do not take a/an and have no plural form. His advice was helpful. He gave me lots of information. • They include the following: - groups made up of related items furniture, clothing, equipment, fruit, rubbish, money, traffic, luggage, etc - languages and fields of study French, Spanish, Italian, history, biology, literature, etc - sports, pastimes, leisure baseball, cricket, football, etc - substances and materials water, butter, hydrogen, metal, petrol, etc - actions/activities jogging, reading, meditating, etc - abstract nouns death, news, advice, knowledge, proof, etc - natural phenomena lightning, light, rain, humidity, electricity, etc • T hey can be itemised or ‘counted’ with other nouns such as a piece of advice, a bit of cheese, a slice of cake, a litre of water, a jar of jam, a glass of juice, etc piece, item, bit, slice, litre, jar, glass, etc. NOUNS ENDING IN -S Some uncountable nouns end in -s and yet they take a singular verb. - illnesses: measles, diabetes, mumps Mumps is an illness that makes the neck swollen and painful. - sports and games: aerobics, gymnastics, billiards Billiards is his favourite game and he’s pretty good at it. - areas of study: physics, politics Physics is a popular subject at this university. - abstract ideas: thanks, news Loneliness is a common problem for elderly people living on - feelings: happiness, loneliness their own. Some nouns refer to one object having two parts and take a These scissors are blunt. Have you got a sharper pair? plural verb: jeans, shorts, tights, trousers, glasses, scissors, Those glasses look great on you! scales, etc. Three hours was a long time to wait. When a specific measurement is the subject of a sentence, Two miles isn’t too far to walk. it takes a singular verb even if the measurement is plural. Fifteen minutes is what it normally takes to cycle to work. Some nouns are more common in the plural form and The stairs were very steep and difficult for Grandad to climb. take a plural verb: goods, remains, stairs, facilities, Facilities for young people are excellent in this town. refreshments, ruins, etc. Refreshments are available during the interval. 4

Grammar COMPOUND NOUNS a car park (= somewhere to park your car) (a cars park X) In compound nouns, the first word classifies the second word a mountain climber (= someone who climbs mountains) and is usually singular. (a mountains climber X) Common combinations are: bedroom, water tank, credit card - noun + noun haircut, sky-diving, dog walker - noun + verb washing machine, driving licence, boxing ring - verb + noun COLLECTIVE NOUNS My family is coming to visit this summer. (= They are travelling as one unit.) Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animals or objects. My family are very creative. We can usually use a singular or plural verb after these nouns (= Each person in my family is very creative.) depending on whether we are considering the noun as one entity or as a group of individual people, animals or objects. The police have arrested the gang leader. Folk are complaining about his lack of talent Some collective nouns (police, folk, cattle) always take a plural verb. The elderly are more vulnerable than other citizens. Adjectives used as collective nouns always take a plural verb. The famous often buy houses in this part of London. ALERT! Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, but with a change in meaning. See Appendix 5 on pages 253-254 for examples. There is a wood on the other side of the river. This table is made of wood. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) USE EXAMPLE • with singular countable nouns • with nouns that have not been mentioned before or are a burger, a uniform, an egg, an MP3 player non-specific Jill bought a book. • with professions, nationalities, jobs I had an omelette for lunch. • to refer to one example in a larger group such as a Chris is a lawyer. profession or species Marie is an Italian. I’m a chef. • with a proper noun when we are not familiar with the person in question It takes many years of study to become a barrister. An orca is part of the dolphin family. • with certain abstract nouns in a specific context: horror, dislike, love, hatred, fear, knowledge, awareness, etc Do you know a James Carter? He’s sent me a birthday card. There’s a Marion at the door. She wants to speak to you. • with large numbers and fractions He has a hatred of spiders! • with expressions of quantity She has a fear of heights. • for frequency and speed This dress cost a thousand pounds! The price had been reduced by a third. There are a lot of people here today. I’d like a kilo of grapes, please. I have my hair cut once a month. The car was travelling at one hundred miles an hour. ALERT! A/an has a similar meaning to one. However, it does not always mean the same thing. Terrific Tees has a black T-shirt in Large. (= The shop may have more than one; the exact number isn’t important.) Terrific Tees has one black T-shirt in Large. (= The shop only has one T-shirt in this size and colour combination.) UNIT 1 5

Unit 1 THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) USE EXAMPLE • with countable and uncountable nouns • to refer to nouns that have been mentioned before the tree, the flowers • to refer to something specific, or something that is known to the music, the atmosphere the listener Jill bought a book. The book was on vegetarian cooking. • w ith single nouns to refer to a generic characteristic of the The man who is sitting next to Mia is an actor. whole group or species (formal) The government are bringing in new measures. The media is to blame for the star’s fall from grace. • with adjectives when we refer to a group of people The police are investigating the disappearance of a • w ith nationality adjectives that end in -ch, -sh, ese, and -s (For young woman. I’m going to the supermarket. other nationalities we must use a plural noun.) Can you put these magazines in the living room? • with things that are unique • with geographical names and the physical environment The male peacock is a visually impressive bird. Sadly, the dodo is now extinct. • with the names of some countries, newspapers, cinemas, theatres, etc Even the rich are affected by these measures. • with some forms of media (art/entertainment) Jacob says the Swiss are less hospitable than the Greeks. • with the superlative and some other grammatical structures The sky was full of ominous dark clouds. The World Health Organisation was established in 1948. • with musical instruments and dances • with time, date (when spoken), periods of time We strolled along the River Seine. The Andes are in South America. We went camping in the mountains. Have you ever been to the desert? We visited the USA last summer. My parents read The Telegraph. What’s on at The Odeon? I’m theatre manager at The Globe. Let’s go to the cinema. Would you like to come to the theatre with me? Do you ever listen to the radio? Was yesterday the hottest day of the year? The longer I wait, the more frustrated I become. The only thing I ask is that you act cautiously. The last thing she remembers is banging her head. It’s the right thing to do! Does he play the violin well? Have you ever danced the tango? in the afternoon, during the day (NB: at night) Today is the sixth of June. It took place in the nineteenth century. NO ARTICLE EXAMPLE USE Tourists often buy souvenirs to remind them of places they’ve visited. • w ith plural countable and uncountable nouns to Adding cheese to a dish can make all the difference. refer to something in general Music helps me to unwind at the end of the day. • with abstract nouns All you need is love. • with names and titles Maria is married to Jason. Maureen Helston lives next door to my aunt. • names of shops and companies Mr Johnson is our English teacher. Harrods is in Knightsbridge. My son’s dream is to work for Apple. Jenny has a Saturday job at Waterstones. 6

Grammar • w ith countries, continents, towns, cities, Have you ever been to France? mountains, lakes, islands, Austria is in Europe. I’ve lived in Liverpool all my life. • with languages and fields of study Everest is the highest mountain in the world. • with meals, sports, games, colours, pastimes Lake Como is in Italy. Phil is going to Sicily on holiday this year. • with illnesses and diseases • with the words bed, church, college, home, prison, Does Kim speak Japanese? Medicine is a challenging degree to study for. school, university, work when we refer to their function What shall we have for lunch? • with materials and substances My daughter plays cricket for her school. I thoroughly enjoyed learning chess. • with expressions to do with transport Pink is Laura’s favourite colour. Pam loves jigsaw puzzles. Jodie has pneumonia. She won’t be at work this week. Measles is not as common as it used to be. Marcus was found guilty and now he’s in prison. (NB: Marcus’ mother goes to visit him at the prison once a week.) The children are at school. (NB: Is there a college in this town?) This shirt is made of cotton and polyester. Olive oil is good for you. Do you like butter in your sandwiches? My father travels to work by train. Pete is afraid of flying, so he won’t travel anywhere by plane. QUANTIFIERS Singular noun Plural noun Uncountable noun no cup no glasses no milk no - none of the tickets none of the luggage none of the each student each of the students - each (of the) every chair every one of the chairs - every (one of) either child either of the children - either (of the) neither bus neither of the buses - neither (of the) - many sites much information many/much - (a) few decisions (a) little help (a) few/little - some watches some jewellery some - several people - several most of the room most hotels most travel most (of the) - more cups more time more - a lot of/lots of cars a lot of/lots of traffic a lot of/lots of another book - - another - both bags - both half the recipe half the ingredients half the food half the any idea any thoughts any emotion any - all sweets all sugar all UNIT 1 7

Unit 1 MORE ABOUT QUANTIFIERS USE EXAMPLE We can use of the with most quantifiers to make the plural or uncountable noun refer Some paintings are very valuable. to something specific rather than something (= paintings in general) general. Some of the paintings were stolen. (= a collection of specific paintings) When the meaning is obvious, we can use Most tourists love sightseeing. most quantifiers without the noun. (This is not (= tourists in general) possible with no and every.) Most of the tourists enjoyed the trip to Knossos. (= a specific group of tourists) When each, either and much are used as subjects, they take a singular verb. Two men were arrested. Both were held overnight in the police station. All students found the exam extremely difficult and a few couldn’t answer When both, several, a few and many are used any questions at all. as subjects, they take a plural verb. Five cars were stolen. None were recovered. When any, half, some, a lot /lots and all are There are five cars. Each is worth over £100,000. used as subjects, they take a singular or plural Of the two dresses you tried on, either is suitable for a wedding. verb depending on the noun they replace. £3,000 has been given to charity this week. Much of it was raised by children at the local school. When neither and none are used with plural nouns, they can take a singular or a plural verb. Clive’s parents were at the hospital during his operation. Both were (Using a singular verb is more formal.) anxious to speak to the doctor afterwards. Each refers to two or more people or things We’ve had a lot of candidates show interest in the position. Several are whereas every refers to three or more. Every being interviewed today. A few have been short-listed already. cannot be used when there are only two people We are introducing a signing-in policy for our employees because many or things. arrive late to work most mornings. We can use any with a singular noun to mean ‘it We don’t know much yet, so any information is welcome. doesn’t matter which’. We can also use some in Any of your friends are welcome to come to the party. this way, but it usually has an impolite, ‘couldn’t There was a fire at the furniture shop and a lot of furniture was care less’ kind of meaning. damaged. Half was completely destroyed. However, some pieces were saved because they were in a different showroom. We often use some to emphasise an All food is to be consumed in the designated areas. exclamation. Neither of the explanations I gave was/were correct. None of the students was/were able to make the experiment work. There are two lawyers and twelve members of the jury in court. The judge listened carefully to each lawyer. (The judge listened carefully to every lawyer. X) The judge listened carefully to each member of the jury. The judge listened carefully to every member of the jury. Take any book; I’ve read all of them. (= it doesn’t matter which book) I saw her talking to some girl at school. (= I don’t know or care which girl) My cousin bought me a CD of some band I’ve never even heard of before. (= I don’t know the band and I don’t care about it) That’s some outfit you’re wearing! You look fantastic! That’s some house he lives in; it must have twenty rooms! ALERT! • A few and a little mean ‘some, a small number/amount of’. However, few and little mean ‘not enough of’. There is a little time left. If you’re quick, you’ll get there before the shop closes. There is little time left; I doubt our team will score a goal now. There are a few places left on the excursion. If you book now, you should get one. Few participants have signed up for the seminar. Do you think we should postpone it? • We can use few and little with nouns that have a negative meaning (disabilities, problems, trouble, difficulties, etc). In such cases, the overall meaning of the sentence becomes positive. There was little trouble at the football match last Saturday. (= There wasn’t much trouble.) There are few illnesses that modern medicine is unable to cure. (= There aren’t many illnesses that modern medicine can’t cure.) 8

Grammar Grammar in Action A Complete the sentences with the correct present simple or past simple form of the verb be. 1 His advice asked for, but I must admit that it was helpful. 2 The facilities at the sports centre that good; I really think they could be improved. 3 Do you think these trousers too tight? 4 The police asking for anyone with any information about the crime to come forward. 5 Passers-by shocked by the aggressive behaviour of two young men. 6 £60 much to pay for a good pair of shoes when you consider that they’ll last for several years. 7 The Netherlands a beautiful country and I’d love to visit it one day. 8 Both my mother and my father from a small town in Scotland. 9 Each child going to talk about his or her painting. 10 Physics a subject which has never interested me. 11 These scissors useless – they won’t even cut this paper properly. 12 Diabetes not an easy condition to live with. 13 His ability to remember dates, facts and numbers prodigious! 14 We were late because the traffic in the centre of town terrible. B C omplete the sentences with the singular or plural form of these words. Use each word twice. Add an article if necessary. beauty cheese failure noise paper room 1 Their new flat has five , not including the bathroom and kitchen. 2 There were some strange coming from the cupboard – our cat had got shut inside it! 3 Larry has just bought himself a Honda Africa Twin – it’s ! 4 Don’t add until the very end, or it will burn. 5 Richard is presenting on developing world economics at the World Business Forum. 6 I’m afraid the music festival was as very few people came to any of the concerts. 7 At the end of the meal, we were served with a variety of French . 8 Could you put these T-shirts into your case? There’s no in mine. 9 Monica Bellucci is famous for her acting skills and for her timeless . 10 We seem to have run out of for the printer. 11 from the machines was so loud that we couldn’t hear each other speak. 12 is an inevitable part of life, but you mustn’t let it get you down. UNIT 1 9

Unit 1 C Circle the correct words. 1 a I’m allergic to chocolate / chocolates, so I can’t try your cake. b Let’s buy Mum a box of chocolate / chocolates for her birthday. 2 a Travelling around India for three months was an experience / experience I’ll never forget. b I regret to inform you that your lack of experience / experiences has precluded you from the final candidate selection. 3 a W ould you like a toast / some toast and honey for breakfast? b I’d like to make a toast / toast to the happy couple – good health and a long life to you! 4 a My favourite game was marble / marbles and I used to have a collection of more than thirty. b The kitchen counter is made of imported Italian marbles / marble. 5 a A group of youths / youth was hanging around the shopping centre. b Ben regrets that he wasted his youth / a youth partying instead of getting a decent education. 6 a Michelangelo put in hundreds of hours of work / works painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. b Some of the greatest work / works of art can be seen in the Louvre Museum in Paris. 7 a A vision / Vision is the sense which I would most hate to lose. b Gandhi promoted a vision / vision of India free of religious and political divisions. 8 a In the interview, I was asked to outline my strengths / strength as a person and as a journalist. b Jeremy was so depressed after losing the championship that sometimes he didn’t have the strength / a strength to go on. D Read the sentences and make compound nouns. 1 The confidence which you feel in yourself 2 The light which comes from the moon 3 A snake which makes a rattling noise 4 A board which you can use to skate with 5 The central bone in your back 6 A centre for playing different sports 7 The room where you change your clothes in a shop 8 A person who is twelve years old E Complete the sentences with a, an, the or no article (–). 1 There is ____ plethora of restaurants lining River Tiber in Rome. 2 Would you agree that peacock possesses unrivalled beauty? 3 Cubans have reputation for being great dancers. 4 Jade is not at all academic and I doubt she’ll apply to university. 5 If you think Alps are awe-inspiring, you should see Mount Everest up close. 6 We’re planning a holiday to Seychelles next summer and as my husband is travel agent, we’re hoping to get good price. 7 I’m interested in learning how to play cello; music has always been great love of mine. 8 Let’s arrange holiday in France, including a few days in Paris and a trip up Eiffel Tower. 9 We’re going on outing to cinema this evening, but we can’t decide whether to go on foot or to take train. 10 She has passion for expensive fabrics; silk is her favourite. 11 It is imperative that travellers to Africa be vaccinated against Yellow Fever. Waterstones book shop. 12 There’s Katy Winters on phone for you; she says she’s from hundred pounds. 13 I visit private dentist once year and each examination costs 14 I found lot of dirty clothes under bed. 10

Grammar F Complete the text with a, the or – Giannis Antetokounmpo’s rise to fame Giannis Antetokounmpo, (1) professional basketball player who became (2) Greek citizen in 2013, now plays for (3) Milwaukee Bucks in (4) USA. He is (5) son of (6) Nigerian immigrants who was born in (7) Athens and he is renowned for court. his astounding skills on (8) Giannis was raised in (9) neighbourhood of Sepolia and like many of his fellow immigrants, his parents struggled to make ends meet. His career as (10) basketball player started in 2007 and (11) mere two years later, he was playing competitively for (12) Filathlitikos. In April 2013, Giannis succeeded in becoming eligible for the 2013 NBA draft and three months later, he signed (13) contract with them. His hard work and dedication had paved (14) way for his meteoric rise to fame. G Choose the correct answers. 1 Word has it that Iron Man and Civil War are both 6 You’ll need to put in time and effort if you’re remarkable films, but I haven’t seen of them. going to complete this project on your own. a any b either a a lot of b much 2 There are plenty of talented young players 7  people at the meeting expressed their out there, however, actually make it as dissatisfaction with the president’s handling of the professionals. matter. a few b a few a Any b Several 3 We will ensure that teachers receive a 8  member of this team is permitted to cheat at certificate of attendance for the annual workshop. any time. a every b all a No b Each 4 Quite of the interns appear to be extremely 9 The good news that the dance festival will go ambitious! ahead as planned. a few b a few a are b is 5  the suggestions that you made was adopted by 10 Both twins thrilled to see each other after having been separated for so long. the board I’m afraid. a were b was a Neither of b Half of H Complete the text with one word in each gap. The delights of pasta In recent years, many have disputed (1) origins of pasta. (2) people claim that its roots lie in China, others insist that Italy is (3) birthplace of the two of this internationally-famous food and yet others believe that (4) Middle East aforementioned theories (5) true, claiming instead that (6) is its real place of origin. Nonetheless, it is widely accepted that the development and adoption of pasta as (7) simple yet staple food is (8) Italian affair. In fact, (9) first reference to pasta dates back to (10) twelfth century – 1154 in fact – and to Sicily to be more specific. Pasta is (11) kind of noodle, mixed with water or eggs and subsequently formed into sheets that are cut into (12) manner of shapes and sizes. The advantage for today’s busy families, is that it requires almost (13) effort in terms of preparation and there are (14) of different sauces you can serve with it. (15) pasta dishes are eaten as a first course, whilst others serve as a main course in Italian cuisine. UNIT 1 11

Unit 1 Cambridge in Action Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. 1 The two candidates who applied for the post didn’t have the necessary qualifications. the necessary NEITHER Two candidates applied for the post, but qualifications. 2 As she gets older, she becomes more resilient. resilient she becomes. THE The older 3 Nearly all the students managed to pass their final exams. OF Most in passing their final exams. 4 All his ideas were a dismal failure. a dismal failure. ONE Every 5 How much furniture will the removal men have to carry? ITEMS will the removal men have to carry? How 6 It’s OK to wait two hours for tickets. wait for tickets. LONG Two hours 7 Caroline teaches English at a private school. at a private school. IS Caroline 8 They can’t prove that Celia took the money. that Celia took the money. NO There 12

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