Amazing English 3 Grammar Greek

GRAMMAR Angela Carlton Jennifer Heath

Contents Welcome Lesson 1: a rticles, some / any / every / no, -one / -thing / -where, comparative and 4 superlative forms, (not) as ... as 10 Lesson 2: b oth ... and ... / either ... or ... / neither ... nor ..., one / ones, question tags, subject and object questions 14 19 Lesson 1: present simple, present continuous, stative verbs 24 Lesson 2: past simple, past continuous, used to 28 Lesson 3: relative clauses, defining relative clauses, non-defining relative clauses 33 Lesson 4: passive I 36 Lesson 5: order of adjectives 40 Lesson 1: present perfect simple 43 Lesson 2: past simple and present perfect simple 47 Lesson 3: present perfect continuous, time expressions 51 Lesson 4: present perfect simple and present perfect continuous Lesson 5: clauses of contrast 55 REVIEW 1: Units 1 & 2 59 63 Lesson 1: past perfect simple 66 Lesson 2: past simple and past perfect simple 70 Lesson 3: future simple and be going to 74 Lesson 4: future continuous 78 Lesson 5: clauses of reason, clauses of result 83 Lesson 1: zero conditional, first conditional, unless 86 Lesson 2: second conditional 90 Lesson 3: third conditional 94 Lesson 4: wishes and regrets Lesson 5: would rather, had better 99 REVIEW 2: Units 3 & 4 103 108 Lesson 1: reported speech I 113 Lesson 2: reported speech II 117 Lesson 3: passive II 121 Lesson 4: causative 125 Lesson 5: make, let and be allowed to 130 Lesson 1: can / could / be able to / may, should 134 Lesson 2: must / have to, may / might / could, must / can’t 138 Lesson 3: modals perfect 142 Lesson 4: gerunds, full infinitives and bare infinitives Lesson 5: gerund or full infinitive? 146 REVIEW 3: Units 5 & 6 150 Irregular Verbs

Lesson 1 Present Simple, Present Continuous, Stative Verbs The amazing kids usually ride their bikes in the park at the weekend. But today it’s snowing, so they aren’t riding their bikes. Rocky and Cat are making a snowman. Are Feather and Dash helping? I love our snowman! No, they aren’t! They’re throwing snowballs! We love snow, too! Ahh! Present Simple Be amazing! • Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present simple για να μιλήσουμε για: Θυμήσου ότι στον - γενικές αλήθειες. - μόνιμες καταστάσεις. καταφατικό τύπο Teenagers buy lots of clothes. My sister works in a shoe shop. του present simple, - πράγματα που κάνουμε συχνά. - χρονοδιαγράμματα και προγραμματισμένα προσθέτουμε -s ή -es Amy and Lee go to the shopping γεγονότα στο μέλλον. στο τρίτο ενικό πρόσωπο centre on Saturdays. The TV programme about hip hop starts (he/she/it). at half past seven. Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers No, I don’t. I copy I don’t (do not) copy Do I copy? Yes, I do. No, you don’t. you copy you don’t (do not) copy Do you copy? Yes, you do. No, he doesn’t. he copies he doesn’t (does not) copy Does he copy? Yes, he does. No, she doesn’t. she copies she doesn’t (does not) copy Does she copy? Yes, she does. No, it doesn’t. it copies it doesn’t (does not) copy Does it copy? Yes, it does. No, we don’t. we copy we don’t (do not) copy Do we copy? Yes, we do. No, you don’t. you copy you don’t (do not) copy Do you copy? Yes, you do. No, they don’t. they copy they don’t (do not) copy Do they copy? Yes, they do. 14

Spelling rules Time Expressions Συχνά χρησιμοποιούμε time expressions (χρονικές εκφράσεις) με I he/she/it τον present simple για να δείξουμε πότε κάνουμε κάτι. explore explores every day / night / week / month / spring / year do does at the weekend(s) / at night catch catches in the morning(s) / afternoon(s) / evening(s) press presses on Saturday(s) fish fishes fix fixes carry carries buy buys Adverbs of Frequency Χρησιμοποιούμε adverbs of frequency (επιρρήματα συχνότητας) με τον present simple για να πούμε πόσο συχνά κάνουμε κάτι. Τα adverbs of frequency μπαίνουν πριν από τα κύρια ρήματα, αλλά μετά από το ρήμα to be. I always wear comfortable clothes. He’s usually at home in the afternoon. 100% always I always have my headphones with me. 0% usually Jenny usually wears a scarf. often Will often borrows his brother’s clothes. sometimes That shop sometimes has cool accessories. rarely My friend and I rarely listen to hip hop. never I never throw my old clothes away. A Complete the dialogues with the words in brackets. Use the present simple. 1 A: Do you wear (you / wear) a school uniform, girls? B: Yes, w e do . All the stu dents a t our sch ool hav e to, but we don’t like (not like) it! 2 A: How often (you / get) new clothes, Katy? B: Not very often. I (not spend) my money on clothes. I (usually save) it for other things. 3 A: Suzy’s parents (give) her a lot of money every week. B: Y es, they . She (always be) at the shopping centre. She (buy) a lot of clothes. 4 A: M y dad (not like) my new trousers because they’re baggy. He (say) they look silly! B: Don’t worry about it. Parents (never understand) fashion! 5 A: ‘Next Top Model’, our favourite TV show, (start) at seven o’clock and (finish) at eight o’clock. Is Mum going to watch it with us? B: No, she isn’t. She (rarely watch) TV shows about fashion. Present Continuous • Χ ρησιμοποιούμε τον present continuous για να μιλήσουμε για: - πράγματα που συμβαίνουν τώρα. - μελλοντικά σχέδια. Emma is in that shop and she’s buying a T-shirt. The girls are going to the fashion show next Saturday. - π ράγματα που συμβαίνουν για σύντομο χρονικό - αυτό που συμβαίνει σε μια φωτογραφία ή σε σκηνή διάστημα ή είναι προσωρινά. από μια ιστορία. Dave usually wears jeans, but today he’s wearing This is a photo from my holiday. I’m wearing a big hat shorts. and sunglasses. UNIT 1 LESSON 1 15

Lesson 1 Present Simple, Present Continuous, Stative Verbs Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers No, I'm not. I’m (am) copying I’m not (am not) copying Am I copying? Yes, I am. No, you aren't. you’re (are) copying you aren’t (are not) copying Are you copying? Yes, you are. No, he isn't. he’s (is) copying he isn’t (is not) copying Is he copying? Yes, he is. No, she isn't. she’s (is) copying she isn’t (is not) copying Is she copying? Yes, she is. No, it isn't. it’s (is) copying it isn’t (is not) copying Is it copying? Yes, it is. No, we aren't. we’re (are) copying we aren’t (are not) copying Are we copying? Yes, we are. No, you aren't. you’re (are) copying you aren’t (are not) copying Are you copying? Yes, you are. No, they aren't. they’re (are) copying they aren’t (are not) copying Are they copying? Yes, they are. Spelling rules Time Expressions • Χ ρησιμοποιούμε συχνά time expressions (χρονικές εκφράσεις) με τον Infinitive -ing leave leaving present continuous για να δείξουμε ότι: dig digging - κάτι συμβαίνει τώρα. begin beginning now / at the moment travel travelling - κάτι συμβαίνει για σύντομο διάστημα ή είναι προσωρινό. lie lying these days this week / month / spring / year - κάτι είναι ένα σχέδιο για το μέλλον. this afternoon / evening tomorrow / tonight / soon at the weekend / at seven o’clock on Wednesday / Saturday / my birthday next week / month / year B Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the present continuous. 1 ‘What are you listening (you / listen) to, boys?’ ‘Hip hop.’ 2 You don’t need an umbrella – it (not rain). 3 The girls (get dressed) to go out. 4 I (travel) to London tomorrow. 5 (Kelly / study) fashion this year? 6 In this photo, my friends and I (wear) silly costumes. 7 ‘ (you / work) these days?’ ‘Yes, I have a job at a shoe shop.’ 8 Jack (not put on) a scarf. He (try) to take it off. C Circle the correct words. 1 ‘Do you use / Are you using the computer?’ ‘Yes, I am.’ 2 We don’t meet / aren’t meeting our friends tonight. 3 Alex goes / is going to the shopping centre every weekend. 4 Where does your sister work / is your sister working these days? 5 Why do you and Anna laugh / are you and Anna laughing in this photo? 6 Teenagers buy / are buying trainers because they’re comfortable to wear. 7 I don’t wear / I’m not wearing a uniform on Saturdays and Sundays. 8 ‘Do you wear / Are you wearing jeans and trainers?’ ‘ Yes, always.’ 16

Stative Verbs • Υ πάρχουν ρήματα που δεν περιγράφουν πράξεις. Αυτά ονομάζονται stative verbs. Συνήθως δεν τα χρησιμοποιούμε με χρόνους continuous, ακόμη και όταν έχουν σημασία continuous. I want to buy those trainers now. • Τα stative verbs περιγράφουν: - συναισθήματα: hate, like, love, want - σκέψη ή αντίληψη: forget, - γνώμη: agree, believe, prefer I hate hip hop! imagine, know, remember, I’m sorry, but I don’t believe you. - κτήση ή ιδιοκτησία: belong to, have think, understand - αισθήσεις: feel, hear, see, smell, taste (= έχω, μου ανήκει), own Ian always forgets his This ice cream tastes great! Does this phone belong to you? phone number. • Άλλα stative verbs είναι: appear, cost, hope, look (= φαίνομαι), mean, need, seem, sound. This dress costs €30. You look happy today! What do you mean? State or action? • Ορισμένα ρήματα έχουν δύο σημασίες: μια που περιγράφει κατάσταση και μια που περιγράφει πράξη. Όταν αυτά τα ρήματα περιγράφουν πράξεις, μπορούμε να τα χρησιμοποιήσουμε σε χρόνους continuous. Verb Meaning see χρησιμοποιείς τα μάτια σου Do you see that girl at the bus stop? έχω ραντεβού/συνάντηση με We’re seeing our friends today. think έχω μια γνώμη I think that’s a great idea! σκέφτομαι να κάνω κάτι Jim is thinking about what to do tonight. look φαίνεται, δείχνει, μοιάζει Those gold earrings look great! κοιτάζω I’m looking, but I can’t see him. have έχω δικό μου, κατέχω Do you have a belt for these trousers? διαδικασία μιας ενέργειας, π.χ. τρώγω, περνάω καλά, κλπ They’re having fun at the fashion show. feel τι αίσθηση δίνει κάτι όταν το αγγίζεις This scarf feels soft. αγγίζω I’m feeling the jacket. Is it wool? smell πώς μυρίζει κάτι Your old trainers smell terrible! χρησιμοποιείς τη μύτη σου Why are you smelling the milk? taste Does the cake taste good? τι γεύση έχει κάτι I’m tasting the soup – I think it needs some salt. δοκιμάζω κάτι για να δω τι γεύση έχει D Complete the email with the words in brackets. Use the present simple or the present continuous. HHIa5bwbee2iorvgunioAtweryohtelr.uhiyaacIhgtetetr’ihserhm,tii7dynmm.iogTfeofuhiI.cn?e1Iuet11c’lystl!oabIteb1h3ceeaasuuinstAeiftruehthleyceosorhueuoaneprntersjy(oaat.(yartWlerisonatetgvegor4e)eflg)agr(ittenrhteaoIiattnoatak.l(sn(y)Isyt.dei9yotWel’iuset)es,a(/6.bhm3eIuon1at0pjzoIein1y)2)gI ycaoannudrgIseu8tmamfeewr(lthohovinleid)gtashybe?e(Mfftoohyoriend(fn(ak.hmomI)at(tyawvi lcbehyaoo)(oannsu ltntoit)d)dtawtaoh ylhoabeavtu(nt!eaMytd)gosyr!ee) See you soon, Milly UNIT 1 LESSON 1 17

Lesson 1 Present Simple, Present Continuous, Stative Verbs E Correct the sentences. I see 1 ‘There’s Mike. Look.’ ‘Yes, I’m seeing him.’ 5 Look at that dog. What does it smell? 2 Does Grandma taste the soup now? 6 What do you look at, girls? 3 These flowers are smelling nice. 7 He feels the scarf because he doesn’t think it’s wool. 4 Thank you for the book. It is looking really 8 Ben and I want jobs, so we see the manager interesting. of a shop tomorrow. TALK ABOUT IT! Describe the pictures to your partner. Talk about the people and what they are wearing. Use the present simple and the present continuous. She’s wearing glasses and a necklace. She has purple and blue hair. I like it! I think it looks really nice. 18

Lesson 2 Past Simple, Past Continuous, Used to When Rocky was younger, he had a skateboard. Yesterday, Rocky found his skateboard in He used to ride it a lot. But five years ago, he put the cupboard. He was very happy. But ... it in a cupboard and he forgot about it. Oh no! What happened, Rocky? I was riding my old skateboard when it broke! Past Simple Be amazing! • Χρησιμοποιούμε τον past simple για να μιλήσουμε για: - πράγματα που έγιναν στο παρελθόν. Θυμήσου, προσθέτουμε -ed He downloaded an app yesterday. στον καταφατικό τύπο του past - πράγματα που κάναμε συχνά στο παρελθόν. simple των ομαλών ρημάτων, M um gave us pocket money every Friday. αλλά δεν προσθέτουμε -ed - π ράγματα που έγιναν το ένα μετά το άλλο στο παρελθόν. στον καταφατικό τύπο του past They bought a video game, went home and played it. simple των ανώμαλων ρημάτων. - καταστάσεις που υπήρχαν στο παρελθόν. Δες τη λίστα με τα ανώμαλα I lived in London for two years. ρήματα στις σελίδες 150-151. UNIT 1 LESSON 2 19

Lesson 2 Past Simple, Past Continuous, Used to Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers No, I didn’t. I drove I didn’t (did not) drive Did I drive? Yes, I did. No, you didn’t. you drove you didn’t (did not) drive Did you drive? Yes, you did. No, he didn’t. he drove he didn’t (did not) drive Did he drive? Yes, he did. No, she didn’t. she drove she didn’t (did not) drive Did she drive? Yes, she did. No, it didn’t. it drove it didn’t (did not) drive Did it drive? Yes, it did. No, we didn’t. we drove we didn’t (did not) drive Did we drive? Yes, we did. No, you didn’t. you drove you didn’t (did not) drive Did you drive? Yes, you did. No, they didn’t. they drove they didn’t (did not) drive Did they drive? Yes, they did. Spelling rules Time expressions yesterday Infinitive Past Simple last night / week / month / year hate hated three days / two months / a year ago carry carried in May / 2016 hop hopped five minutes / two days later travel travelled fix fixed A Complete the paragraph with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple. Last night, my brother Mark and I 1 were (be) bored. There 2 (be) nothing interesting on TV and we 3 (not have) anything to do. But I 4 (remember) that my parents 5 (keep) some board games in a cupboard. We 6 (decide) to play one of them and we 7 (choose) Monopoly. Dad 8 (get) it 30 years ago! When my aunt and uncle 9 (come) to our house when we 10 (be) young, they sometimes 11 (play) it. We 12 (not think) it 13 (be) cool then, but we really 14 (enjoy) playing it last night! B Complete the dialogues with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple. 1 A: Did t h e P o k é m o n G o c r a z e begin in 2015? (begin) B: No, it didn’t begin t h e n . I t began in 2016. 2 A: I like your new game. it a lot? (cost) B: No, it a lot. It only £10. 3 A: When Ben his new camera? (buy) B: Actually, he 4 A: it. His parents it for him for his birthday. B: No, they 5 A: the boys to the shopping centre every Saturday during the holidays? (go) B: No, she 6 A: there every Saturday. They on Fridays. B: No, I Suzie all her money? (spend) it all. She only some on a game. you these photos? (take) them. My sister them on our holiday. 20

Past Continuous Be amazing! • Χρησιμοποιούμε τον past continuous για: - να μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που συνέβαιναν σε Δεν χρησιμοποιούμε τον past continuous με stative verbs ακόμη και αν έχουν σημασία continuous. συγκεκριμένη χρονική στιγμή στο παρελθόν. I was eating some soup and it didn’t taste very nice. At ten o’clock last night, Liam was sleeping. - ν α μιλήσουμε για δύο ή περισσότερα πράγματα Time expressions (all) last Thursday / week / month / year που συνέβαιναν ταυτόχρονα στο παρελθόν. all morning / afternoon / day / night (yesterday) I was listening to music and my brothers were this morning at three o’clock / half past nine playing a game. this time last week / month / year - να περιγράψουμε το σκηνικό μιας ιστορίας. (from one o’clock) until two o’clock The weather was bad. It was raining, and people were walking quickly. Δες τους κανόνες ορθογραφίας για το πώς προσθέτουμε -ing στη σελίδα 16. Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers No, I wasn't. I was driving I wasn’t (was not) driving Was I driving? Yes, I was. you were driving you weren’t (were not) driving Were you driving? Yes, you were. No, you weren't. he was driving he wasn’t (was not) driving Was he driving? Yes, he was. No, he wasn't. she was driving she wasn’t (was not) driving Was she driving? Yes, she was. No, she wasn't. it was driving it wasn’t (was not) driving Was it driving? Yes, it was. No, it wasn't. we were driving we weren’t (were not) driving Were we driving? Yes, we were. No, we weren't. you were driving you weren’t (were not) driving Were you driving? Yes, you were. No, you weren't. they were driving they weren’t (were not) driving Were they driving? Yes, they were. No, they weren't. C Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the past continuous. 1 Dave a nd I weren’t driving (not drive) to the library at four o’clock in the afternoon – we were reading (read) books at home. 2 All last month, my dad (watch) the World Cup on TV. 3  (you / download) games this morning while I (make) breakfast? 4 This time last week, Nina (play) badminton with her friends. 5 At half past six, the girls (get dressed) for the party. 6 I (not have) my breakfast at nine o’clock – I was at school. 7 It was a beautiful day and the birds (sing) in the trees. 8 (it / rain) last night when you (study)? D Complete the dialogues with the words in brackets. Use the past continuous. 1 A: Was the sun shining (the sun / shine) this morning? B: No, it wasn’t . It was cold and wet. 2 A: (they / learn) to do tricks earlier? B: Yes, and they (have) fun. 3 A: I (not play) video games at eight o’clock. B: Really? What (you / do)? 4 A: (I / talk) a lot in the cinema? B: Yes, you . You (not watch) the film! 5 A: (Tom / dance) at the party? B: No, he . He (sing) very loudly! 6 A: (you / run) yesterday afternoon? B: Yes, we . We were at the stadium for two hours. UNIT 1 LESSON 2 21

Lesson 2 Past Simple, Past Continuous, Used to Past Simple and Past Continuous • Μ πορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τον past simple και τον past continuous στην ίδια πρόταση για να δείξουμε ότι: - μια σύντομη πράξη στο παρελθόν διέκοψε μια άλλη μεγαλύτερης διάρκειας πράξη στο παρελθόν. I was taking photos at the beach when it started to rain. - μια σύντομη πράξη έγινε κατά τη διάρκεια μιας άλλης μεγαλύτερης διάρκειας πράξης στο παρελθόν. D ad gave us our pocket money while we were having breakfast. • Χρησιμοποιούμε τον past simple για τη σύντομη πράξη και τον past continuous για τη μεγαλύτερης διάρκειας πράξη. A nita dropped her mobile while she was playing a game. • Σ υνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε when ή while για να συνδέσουμε τις δύο πράξεις στην πρόταση. Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε when πριν από την πράξη στον past simple και while πριν από την πράξη στον past continuous. When I saw my friends, they were going to the beach. Lia broke the Rubik’s Cube while she was trying to solve it. E Circle the correct words. 1 Yesterday, I fixed / was fixing the door when I hurt / was hurting my finger. 2 When he called / was calling Ellie, she went / was going to the train station. 3 Lisa didn’t meet / wasn’t meeting us last week because she studied / was studying. 4 While my brother looked / was looking for a video game in the shop, he found / was finding this one. 5 Did the girls buy / Were the girls buying accessories when you saw / were seeing them? 6 Ross and I didn’t do / weren’t doing anything when you sent / were sending us the message. 7 Last night, we went / were going for a walk while it didn’t rain / wasn’t raining. 8 My sister and I played / were playing football in the garden when I broke / was breaking a window! Used to Be amazing! • T o used to τονίζει τη διαφορά ανάμεσα στο παρελθόν Χρησιμοποιούμε use to, και όχι used to, σε και στο παρόν. Χρησιμοποιούμε used to με bare infinitive αρνητικές προτάσεις και σε ερωτήσεις. (ρήμα χωρίς to) για να μιλήσουμε για: He didn’t use to have an MP3 player. ✔ - π ράγματα που κάναμε συχνά στο παρελθόν, αλλά (He didn’t used to have an MP3 player. ✘) A: Did you use to get pocket money, Mum? ✔ δεν κάνουμε τώρα. B: (Did you used to get pocket money, Mum? ✘) I used to play football every day. - σ υνθήκες και καταστάσεις που ίσχυαν στο παρελθόν, αλλά δεν ισχύουν τώρα. Jane used to download a lot of apps. • Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε there used to be για να μιλήσουμε για καταστάσεις που ίσχυαν στο παρελθόν. There used to be a camera shop in this town. Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers No, I didn’t. I used to drive I didn’t (did not) use to drive Did I use to drive? Yes, I did. you used to drive you didn’t (did not) use to drive Did you use to drive? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t. he used to drive he didn’t (did not) use to drive Did he use to drive? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. she used to drive she didn’t (did not) use to drive Did she use to drive? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t. it used to drive it didn’t (did not) use to drive Did it use to drive? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t. we used to drive we didn’t (did not) use to drive Did we use to drive? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t. you used to drive you didn’t (did not) use to drive Did you use to drive? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t. they used to drive they didn’t (did not) use to drive Did they use to drive? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t. 22

F Match. a but now I don’t. b but now she does. 1 He runs every day, c but they do now. 2 There used to be a Pokémon Go craze, d but there isn’t now. 3 Nina didn’t use to wear scarves, e when you were a teenager? 4 Did video games f use to cost more? 5 Eric used to copy my style g when we were friends. 6 I used to wear baggy clothes, h but he didn’t use to. 7 Did you use to go out a lot 8 They didn’t use to have video games, G Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the correct form of used to. 1 My grandfather used to solve (solve) puzzles very quickly. 2 We (not go) to an island in the summer. 3 My mum (not have) a mobile when she was a girl. .’ 4 ‘ (you / borrow) your best friend’s clothes?’ ‘Yes, I 5 I don’t listen to hip hop now, but I (like) it. 6 You and Gina (not speak) English well. 7 ‘ (they / live) in Scotland?’ ‘No, they .’ 8 There (be) a playground next to the hospital. TALK ABOUT IT! Ask and answer questions with your partner about the things you used to do when you were younger. Use the past simple and used to. Did you use to have a toy train? Yes, I did. It was my favourite toy. UNIT 1 LESSON 2 23

Lesson 3 Relative Clauses, Defining Relative Clauses, Non-defining Relative Clauses Flash, who is Dash’s younger cousin, likes green trainers, but his trainers are old. Hmm. These are the trainers Oh no! My that Dash wore when he was trainers! Mum! seven. Flash can wear them now. I’ll wash them. Dash, put the trainers that you’re wearing in the washing machine when you take them off later. They’re dirty. OK. Relative Clauses A Complete the sentences with which, who, whose, when Χρησιμοποιούμε relative clauses (αναφορικές προτάσεις) για να δώσουμε or where. περισσότερες πληροφορίες για το ουσιαστικό μιας πρότασης. Οι relative 1 Linda is the girl whose father is a police officer. clauses εισάγονται με relative pronouns (αναφορικές αντωνυμίες): which, who ή 2 That’s the stadium my football team plays. whose ή με relative adverbs (αναφορικά επιρρήματα): when ή where. 3 The boy is wearing red trainers is my Irene is the girl who has her own YouTube cousin Jim. channel. Ryan is the boy whose videos earn him 4 ‘X Factor’ is a show I used to watch. millions of dollars. The animal videos which I watch are very 5 Is Sam the boy video channel is very funny. popular these days? The USA is the country where YouTube started. Last Tuesday was the day when 6 Pop stars have a lot of fans are usually I watched Dan’s videos for the first time. on Instagram. 24 7 The video-sharing website I like has lots of music videos. 8 Was 1990 the year the Internet started? 9 America is the country a lot of film stars live. 10 August is the month we go on our summer holiday.

Defining Relative Clauses • Οι defining relative clauses (προσδιοριστικές αναφορικές προτάσεις) δίνουν απαραίτητες πληροφορίες για κάποιον ή κάτι. Δεν χωρίζονται από την υπόλοιπη πρόταση με κόμμα. Max is the boy whose favourite sport is football. 1995 was the year when my dad got his first computer. Edinburgh is the city where my friend lives. • Σ τις defining relative clauses, μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε that στη θέση του who και which. People who/that play games online have a lot of fun. The videos which/that Tom watches are about funny animals. • Δεν χρειάζεται να χρησιμοποιήσουμε την relative pronoun ή το relative adverb όταν είναι αντικείμενο της defining relative clause. This is the YouTube channel. I watch it every day. (Ι είναι το υποκείμενο της δεύτερης πρότασης, και it είναι το αντικείμενο.) This is the YouTube channel which/that I watch every day. ✔ This is the YouTube channel I watch every day. ✔ (Η relative pronoun (which/that) αναφέρεται στο αντικείμενο (it). Μπορούμε να την παραλείψουμε.) • Π ρέπει να χρησιμοποιήσουμε την relative pronoun ή το relative adverb όταν είναι υποκείμενο της defining relative clause. That’s the girl. She has a blog. (She είναι το υποκείμενο της δεύτερης πρότασης και a blog είναι το αντικείμενο.) That’s the girl who/that has a blog. ✔ (That’s the girl has a blog. ✘) (Η relative pronoun (who/that) αναφέρεται στο υποκείμενο (she). Δεν μπορούμε να την παραλείψουμε.) B Complete the second sentences so they mean the same as the first sentences. Use that. 1 I play Minecraft with Michael. that I play Minecraft with. Michael is the person yesterday. me is fun. 2 He downloaded this game yesterday. best is Beyoncé. This is the game are great. are funny. 3 You gave me a video game and it’s fun. The video game 4 Beyoncé is a celebrity and Lucy likes her best. The celebrity 5 We use apps and some of them are great. Some of the apps 6 Alex and Dan make funny videos. The videos C Cross out the relative pronouns and adverbs that can be left out of these sentences. 1 Italy is the country where my grandparents are from. 2 We want to watch the TV show which starts at eight o’clock. 3 Did you buy the video game that I told you about? 4 Tony is the boy whose brother is a pop singer. 5 Yesterday I saw my friend who lives in Brighton. 6 The people who are the best players practise a lot. 7 The books which Jane reads are very interesting. 8 Saturday is the day when my friends and I play basketball. 9 Samantha is the girl who I met yesterday. 10 We watch the videos that are about animals because they’re very funny! UNIT 1 LESSON 3 25

Lesson 3 Relative Clauses, Defining Relative Clauses, Non-defining Relative Clauses D Complete the sentences with relative pronouns and adverbs. If the relative pronoun or adverb can be left out, put a tick (✔) next to the sentence. 1 This is the website where you can find the best game reviews. 2 He’s the singer has the most fans on YouTube. 3 The shop has the best video games is in Main Street. 4 Leo is the player game has improved a lot. 5 Julie is the friend I play video games with. 6 The evening is the time of day he watches sports videos. 7 Evie and Stella are the girls want to become YouTube superstars. 8 The reviews I like best are about video games. Non-defining Relative Clauses Οι non-defining relative clauses (προσθετικές αναφορικές προτάσεις) δίνουν πρόσθετες πληροφορίες για κάποιον ή κάτι. Τις χωρίζουμε από το κύριο μέρος της πρότασης με κόμμα. Δεν μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε that στη θέση του who και which στις non-defining relative clauses. Kim, who loves video games, plays Super Mario very well. Minecraft, which is my favourite video game, is very popular. The University of Northampton, where Mark studied, is in England. E Put commas in the correct places to make non-defining relative clauses. 1 Max, who was tired, stopped playing games and went to sleep. 2 My computer which isn’t very old has a problem and I can’t use it. 3 Tony whose sister has a YouTube channel doesn’t watch videos. 4 The toy shop in Brown Street where I buy my games is closing. 5 Bill and Tom’s house which is in my street is very big. 6 Grace whose brother is a football player watches him play every week. 7 May and Jill who are my best friends are both 12 years old. 8 Last Saturday when I had my birthday party was cold and wet. F Join the sentences. Use non-defining relative clauses. Use the information in the second sentence in the relative clause. 1 Will Ferrell is very funny. He’s my favourite actor. Will Ferrell, who is my favourite actor, is very funny. 2 Natalie wants to be a famous YouTuber. Her blog is new. 3 This mobile takes great photos. I bought it last week. 4 Brighton is a city near the sea. Anna lives there. 5 August is the hottest month of the year in Malta. Many people visit Malta then. 6 Beth knows a lot about music. Her father played in a band. 7 Scrabble is popular with older players. It’s a word game. 8 Hollywood is famous for its films. Many actors live there. 26

G C omplete the paragraph with which, who, whose, when or where. If the relative pronoun or adverb can be left out, write -. TCw2v3vK5hwshioidahdeaerreoedkbiHomroesHtis,dist–4auoteatorinttloSre’sPtnyayhaln,eo2eySsD3fPtssrYeaiidtetovleh,geuAsatotTpConauZrohr2ipbowt.let,0eeIhoent2wdos.e,0weJpwaY0vacaonl.5iewoysdud.tonceeMThIJutodduoea’ostusbywuwwnalledbcoedaa.vaednsTsawil.dglyhcifKeani,e.oeldat1mYoymcfro4rMhieo6wmtubhdneva,ce.itanFd1aTgoettenhaefbtoenhdstrsyth.euitTaelpazolhnoruwemeydotl,wae,fapt2itpshhrkc0uhsheoeh0ttoa5vYattwnhh,iodwtsaeeusetieJTrvaoa9ibusitowd.sob1twvieehne3taeoendelrtplyh at minemd e leave a comment. first office was above two restaurants, Y ouTube, 7 over a thousand is now a very big company 8 people work. H In which question in G could we use that? TALK ABOUT IT! Talk with a partner about the videos you watch online. Use relative clauses. The videos that I watch are usually Videos which are about animals are about sports. There are lots of videos great. I think the people who make about Lionel Messi, who is my those videos have a lot of fun. favourite football player. UNIT 1 LESSON 3 27

Lesson 4 Passive I Last year, Feather was chosen to play Tinkerbell in Peter Pan because she can Feather is a good actor. She is always chosen for the best roles. fly. But there was a problem. This is Feather in Romeo and Juliet. Oh Romeo, Romeo ... I’m Peter Pan and this ... er ... this is my friend, Tinkerbell. Passive I • Χρησιμοποιούμε την passive (παθητική): - ό ταν μας ενδιαφέρει περισσότερο η πράξη παρά αυτός που την κάνει. English is spoken around the world. - ό ταν δεν γνωρίζουμε ποιος κάνει την πράξη. The show is made in the USA. - ό ταν είναι εύκολο να καταλάβουμε ποιος κάνει την πράξη. The students are taught how to sing. • Όταν θέλουμε να πούμε ποιος κάνει την πράξη, χρησιμοποιούμε by. Αυτό το πρόσωπο ονομάζεται agent (ποιητικό αίτιο). Αναφέρουμε τον agent μόνο όταν γνωρίζουμε ποιος/ποια είναι, και όταν προσθέτει καινούργια ή σημαντική πληροφορία στην πρόταση. He is followed by millions of fans on Instagram. • Σ χηματίζουμε την passive με τον κατάλληλο χρόνο του ρήματος to be και την past participle (παθητική μετοχή) του κύριου ρήματος. Δες τη λίστα με τα ανώμαλα ρήματα στις σελίδες 150-151. Millions of videos are watched on YouTube every hour. My brother was given a great skateboard for his birthday. 28

Present Simple Passive • Σ χηματίζουμε την present simple passive με am, are ή is και την past participle του κύριου ρήματος. Δες τη λίστα με τα ανώμαλα ρήματα στις σελίδες 150-151. I’m given pocket money every week. His books are read by teenagers. The song is sung at the end of the film. • Στην άρνηση, χρησιμοποιούμε not μετά από τα am / are / is και πριν από την past participle. Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε τον σύντομο τύπο. I’m not driven to school in the morning. These games aren’t played by many people. The TV show isn’t filmed in London. • Στις ερωτήσεις, χρησιμοποιούμε am / are / is πριν από το υποκείμενο. Στις σύντομες απαντήσεις, χρησιμοποιούμε μόνο am / are / is και δεν επαναλαμβάνουμε την past participle. A: Am I invited to the party? B: Yes, you are. A: Are the competition winners chosen by the fans? B: Yes, they are. A: Is the role played by a young actor? B: No, it isn’t. A Read the sentences. Decide if they are active (A) or passive (P). P 1 My favourite TV show is filmed in the USA. 2 The actors are told what to say and do. 3 Not many people watch this YouTube channel. 4 Are millions of songs downloaded around the world every day? 5 When you need help, who do you ask? 6 Are you leaving a comment on Instagram? 7 Is the film star usually asked a lot of questions? 8 These books aren’t written for children – they’re for teenagers. B Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the present simple passive. 1 A lot of photos are put (put) on Instagram by celebrities. 2 On Saturday and Sunday, Tom (not wake up) at eight o’clock. 3 (you / give) lots of homework by your teachers? 4 This TV series (show) around the world. 5 When I make YouTube videos, I (film) by my sister. 6 (the pop star / drive) everywhere? 7 We (not teach) new words in every English class. 8 You and May (invite) to birthday parties all the time. C PCaosmt pSliemtepthlee sPeanstseinvcees with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple passive. • Σ χηματίζουμε την past simple passive με was ή were και την past participle του κύριου ρήματος. Δες τη λίστα με τα ανώμαλα ρήματα στις σελίδες 150-151. I was invited to a party last night. We were shown an amazing game. • Σ την άρνηση, χρησιμοποιούμε not μετά από τα was / were και πριν από την past participle. Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε τον σύντομο τύπο. Jane wasn’t taught how to sing at school. Those films weren’t seen in many cinemas. • Σ τις ερωτήσεις, χρησιμοποιούμε was / were πριν από το υποκείμενο. Στις σύντομες απαντήσεις, χρησιμοποιούμε μόνο was / were και δεν επαναλαμβάνουμε την past participle. A: Was the puzzle solved? B: No, it wasn’t. A: Were many prizes given? B: Yes, they were. UNIT 1 LESSON 4 29

Lesson 4 Passive I C Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple passive. 1 The film was boring – it wasn’t seen (not see) by many people. 2 Lots of tickets 3 I (sell) for the band’s last concert. 4 5 Tim and I (ask) to write a review of some children’s toys. 6 7 Sophia (Peter / give) a costume to wear on the TV show? 8 (not help) to make the video. (you / hurt) in the accident? (tell) which song to sing. (Alice and Pat / meet) at the airport by Sam? D Complete the text with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple passive. T1kwTtostMnsSihohhhmdtooeloeooeadwmeyrMuwry,ye,sisae.tinlettchtYnoohohkke1adtpeaefeas9tytptBtyr5soehws1Mero530feiodltam.ayornssAsotwueeen.etusTye’Mrotetn,hahSfdiCogarnaptiolutnotupet(nnsgshdbtaeeetiaearmotakwmshyrpe1eatwe’stel9),eseea9sbm9eaubas0yrorpepsosst,uceon!haaoTsrplrenseymheutDe(ai1evlemnari1aecsosrfr,phrnatsT2ywioemldV6dfyrhaotorsecame)hunonnlosiomtktwwbuhecpeshhe((fttawcyooathenoanrara1wuyd1igctct.s.aeehheIeTytr)i)eh7l.5tbdtJheooyrureen esb ynAttewialhnaebraenxeTesdas(itpmtnhntayoeoodbkoprwreYeueauo)rn6cllDfuaagtrTooruktuemormesbn(eaadaeTnn(Ysnwihoadso.decgeruaoTaeseTcvhirruvnt)esroebgebrtnre)eehyR.orIaMtnBsynth(?utuac4eechntsrhkboi(nG(neimosoletdohtyestarhs.oeeseklDer)wiaennsfinp)’)odsg–tdafrTooytwsthVgotrhte,eihutsreirhtlheeas Te ods1o(Vcwvfh2niaesrosslyhnt,wlth)eo t auew–rrs.e E Complete the dialogue with the words in brackets. Use the present simple passive or the past simple passive. Grandma Carly, what are blogs? Carly Well, Grandma, a blog is a website with short articles. Blogs 1 are written (write) by people who 2 (call) bloggers. They write about topics that they think are interesting, like sport or fashion. Then the articles 3 (put) on the Internet. Grandma So 4 (read / blogs) by people who like the same topic? Carly Yes, that’s right. Most blogs also have comments from readers. They 5 (include) at the end of the article. Grandma ’Blog’ is a funny word, isn’t it? Carly Yes, it is. It’s a new word. Actually, ‘blog’ 6 (choose) as the ‘Word of the Year’ by a famous dictionary in 2004. Grandma 7 (blogs / start) a long time ago? Carly Yes, they were. The first blog 8 (create) in 1994. Would you like to have a look at a blog with me now? How about a travel blog? Grandma Oh, yes please! 30

Changing active sentences into passive sentences • Χρησιμοποιούμε το αντικείμενο της ενεργητικής πρότασης ως υποκείμενο της παθητικής πρότασης. The fans choose a winner. ➝ A winner is chosen by the fans. • Χ ρησιμοποιούμε το ρήμα to be και την past participle του κύριου ρήματος της ενεργητικής πρότασης. Δες τη λίστα με τα ανώμαλα ρήματα στις σελίδες 150-151. The fans choose a winner. ➝ A winner is chosen by the fans. • Χρησιμοποιούμε by + το υποκείμενο της ενεργητικής πρότασης αν θέλουμε να αναφέρουμε τον agent (ποιητικό αίτιο). The fans choose a winner. ➝ A winner is chosen by the fans. Tense Active Passive Present simple They film shows here. Shows are filmed here. They don’t film shows here. Shows aren’t filmed here. Past simple Do they film shows here? Are shows filmed here? Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. They filmed shows here. Shows were filmed here. They didn’t film shows here. Shows weren’t filmed here. Did they film shows here? Were shows filmed here? Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t. Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t. F Read the sentences. Which sentence, a or b, is true? Choose the correct answers. 1 A beautiful costume was made by the designer. a The designer made a beautiful costume. b Someone made a beautiful costume for the designer. 2 The visitors were taken to the entrance. a The visitors found the entrance themselves. b Someone showed the visitors where the entrance was. 3 My favourite book was written many years ago. a I wrote a book many years ago. b Many years ago, someone wrote a book that I love. 4 Questions weren’t asked by the film star. a No one asked the film star any questions. b The film star didn’t ask any questions. 5 Was a comment left on Eva’s blog? a Did someone leave a comment on Eva’s blog? b Did Eva leave a comment on her blog? 6 I wasn’t called last night. a No one called me last night. b I didn’t call anyone last night. 7 The actor was driven to the theatre. a The actor drove to the theatre. b Someone drove the actor to the theatre. 8 Were you chosen to be in the music video? a Did they choose you to be in the music video? B Did you choose to be in the music video? UNIT 1 LESSON 4 31

Lesson 4 Passive I G Write sentences. Use the present simple passive or the past simple passive. 1 Terry’s mum teaches the students to sing. The students are taught to sing by Terry’s mum. 2 They didn’t build that cinema in 1980. 3 Some people follow me on Instagram. 4 Jason broke the digital camera. 5 Do they pay the actor a lot of money? 6 Where did they see Ariana Grande? 7 Older people don’t enjoy hip hop music. 8 They didn’t take the photos yesterday. TALK ABOUT IT! Talk with a partner about these young stars. Use the information to help you. Tell your partner which stars you know and if you like them. Ariana Grande Ariana Grande is a pop star. She was born in the USA in 1993. Ariana Pop star is famous for her songs. She is also Born in: the USA, 1993 Famous for: her songs, famous for her role as Cat Valentine in and her role as Cat the TV series Victorious. She’s followed Valentine in the TV by 126 million people on Instagram. series Victorious Instagram followers: Her fans are called Arianators. 126 million They call her fans Arianators. Maisie Williams Giannis Antetokounmpo Actor Basketball player Born in: the UK, 1997 Born in: Greece, 1994 Famous for: playing Famous for: being one Arya Stark in Game of of the best players in Thrones the NBA and the first Instagram followers: Greek NBA All-Star nearly 8 million Instagram followers: Her name is Margaret 3 million Williams, but they call They call him the her Maisie. ‘Greek Freak’. 32

Lesson 5 Order of Adjectives Cat’s happy because she has a new blue laptop Now Cat’s happy and excited. bag. It has a big pocket on the front which has a She likes presents. picture of a cool Egyptian cat on it. Wow! It’s a new blue tablet bag! And it has the Your present from same beautiful Egyptian Uncle Leo is here. cat on it as my laptop bag! Uncle Leo is amazing! Order of Adjectives • Χ ρησιμοποιούμε adjectives (επίθετα) για να περιγράψουμε κάποιον ή κάτι. Όταν έχουμε περισσότερα από ένα επίθετα, συνήθως τα χρησιμοποιούμε με συγκεκριμένη σειρά. Τα επίθετα που περιγράφουν υποκειμενική γνώμη (amazing) συνήθως τα χρησιμοποιούμε πρώτα, πριν από τα πιο ουδέτερα επίθετα ή αυτά που περιγράφουν αντικειμενικά γνωρίσματα (yellow). Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Type interesting small new round black Japanese plastic electronic She wants a small round electronic clock. It was an interesting new game. They had a round black plastic ball. • Τ α επίθετα συνήθως μπαίνουν πριν από το ουσιαστικό που περιγράφουν, και όταν έχουμε περισσότερα από ένα επίθετα, συνήθως δεν χρησιμοποιούμε and. Look at these beautiful gold earrings. • Ό ταν τα επίθετα που μπαίνουν πριν από το ουσιαστικό ανήκουν στην ίδια κατηγορία, χρησιμοποιούμε and. He wore a black and white tie. (χρώμα) She bought a glass and metal table. (υλικό) • Τα επίθετα μπορούν επίσης να μπουν μετά από το ρήμα to be. Όταν αυτά τα επίθετα δεν ακολουθούνται από ουσιαστικό, χρησιμοποιούμε κόμμα ανάμεσα στα επίθετα, και τη λέξη and. His car was big, new and red. (ΑΛΛΑ: It was a big new red car.) UNIT 1 LESSON 5 33

Lesson 5 Order of Adjectives A Read the adjectives in the list. Are they opinion (O) or fact (F)? 1 baggy F 4 dirty 7 French 10 round 2 boring 5 excellent 8 long 11 terrible 3 cool 6 favourite 9 nice 12 furry B Put the adjectives in the correct order. Add a or an where necessary. 1 amazing / digital / Japanese camera an amazing Japanese digital scarf 2 pretty / long / red armchair toy 3 blue / old / comfortable box singer 4 yellow / plastic / big trousers shoes 5 silver / small / round 6 Australian / famous / young 7 baggy / black / cool 8 new / Italian / expensive C Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with these adjectives in the correct order. big comfortable dirty expensive happy gold grey metal plastic red round young 1 4 We got some big red Our friend is a(n) Italian man. plastic cups for our party. 2 5 I found a(n) old That’s a very box in the garden. table. 3 6 She has lots of new My 34 shoes are very good for walking. jewellery.

D Complete the sentences with the adjectives in brackets. Use and where necessary. 1 Do you like these pretty pink bracelets? (pretty / pink) 2 Her dress was . (yellow / white) 3 This app is . (interesting / new) 4 I don’t want to watch that film. (boring / old) 5 She wears lots of jewellery. (gold / silver) 6 This chocolate is very unusual. (sweet / salty) 7 I wore a jacket because it was cold outside. (big / warm) 8 Everyone likes Amanda because she’s . (kind / friendly) TALK ABOUT IT! Talk with a partner. Use adjectives in the correct order to describe the pictures. The boy is wearing red and black headphones. His keyboard is on an old brown desk. UNIT 1 LESSON 5 35