Level 11

CONTENTS UNIT Reading Vocabulary Grammar multiple choice • words related to • simple present, present 1 • finding the answer in the communication and feelings continuous text before you read the • collocations and expressions, • present perfect, present perfect Communication options commonly confused words, word continuous formation pages 5-15 Vocabulary Booster 1 pages 16-17 Reload 1: Exam Skills pages 18-20 2 multiple choice • words related to appearance • simple past, past continuous, • using the text to confirm and feelings simple past vs. present perfect The Way We Are what the writer says • collocations and expressions, • used to, would, be/get used to • using the text to answer phrasal verbs, word formation pages 21-31 questions from the writer’s point of view Vocabulary Booster 2 pages 32-33 Reload 2: Exam Skills pages 34-36 Progress Review 1 pages 37-38 3 multiple choice • words related to the • past perfect, past perfect • dealing with four related environment and natural events continuous The World Around Us texts • word formation, collocations • past perfect forms vs. the simple • using key words to help and expressions, prepositions past pages 39-49 you find the answer Vocabulary Booster 3 pages 50-51 Reload 3: Exam Skills pages 52-54 4 multiple choice • words related to education and • future with will, be going to, • understanding the studying future continuous, future perfect, Lessons for Life purpose or the main idea of • collocations and expressions, future perfect continuous each paragraph in the text phrasal verbs, commonly • temporals, tag questions pages 55-65 confused words Vocabulary Booster 4 pages 66-67 Reload 4: Exam Skills pages 68-70 Progress Review 2 pages 71-72 5 multiple choice • words related to money and • modals: ability – permission – • dealing with vocabulary lifestyle requests, offers, suggestions Money, Money, questions • collocations and expressions, • modals: obligation and word formation, prepositions necessity – advice and criticism Money! – prohibition – possibility – deduction pages 73-83 Vocabulary Booster 5 pages 84-85 Reload 5: Exam Skills pages 86-88 6 multiple choice • words related to jobs and work • the passive: past, present, and • reading between the lines • word formation, phrasal verbs, future; gerunds, infinitives, and The World of Work to draw conclusions and commonly confused words modals answer inference questions • the passive: impersonal and pages 89-99 personal structures; let, allow, and make Vocabulary Booster 6 pages 100-101 Reload 6: Exam Skills pages 102-104 Progress Review 3 pages 105-106 7 multiple choice • words related to crime • conditionals: zero, first, second, • dealing with four related • collocations and expressions, and third Law and Order texts prepositions, commonly confused • mixed conditionals, conditionals words without if pages 107-117 Vocabulary Booster 7 pages 118-119 Reload 7: Exam Skills pages 120-122 8 multiple choice • words related to looking after • gerunds and infinitives • being careful with words yourself • causative forms Looking After Yourself in the options that appear • prepositions, word formation, in the text collocations and expressions pages 123-133 Vocabulary Booster 8 pages 134-135 Reload 8: Exam Skills pages 136-138 Progress Review 4 pages 139-140 9 multiple choice • words related to problems • relative clauses • identifying which answer • collocations and expressions, • participle clauses That’s Life! option paraphrases the text prepositions, commonly confused words pages 141-151 Vocabulary Booster 9 pages 152-153 Reload 9: Exam Skills pages 154-156 10 multiple choice • words related to travel and • reported speech: statements, • dealing with four related transportation questions, commands, and Travel and texts • phrasal verbs, prepositions, requests • matching key words in word formation • reported speech: reporting Transportation questions and text headings verbs as a time-saving technique pages 157-167 Vocabulary Booster 10 pages 168-169 Reload 10: Exam Skills pages 170-172 Progress Review 5 pages 173-174 Grammar Reference pages 175-189 Irregular Verbs pages 190-191 Writing Bank pages 192-197 Speaking Bank page 198 Speaking Information pages 199-205 2

Listening Speaking Writing multiple choice: short talk conversation skills essay • identifying and understanding • talking about communication • using the task as a guide paraphrasing • asking someone to repeat or confirm what • using topic sentences and supporting they said or to explain what they mean them with examples multiple choice: extended help solve a problem letter dialogue • talking about how you treat others and how • making notes and planning 1 • identifying and eliminating they treat you • thinking of positive and negative aspects options you know are wrong • speaking in favor of or against something and adding justification multiple choice: extended description / narration essay based on a newspaper prompt monologue • talking about the environment • focusing on the essay task (and not the • making sure you understand • using time expressions to sequence ideas prompt) what the options actually say and connect events • discussing problems and solutions multiple choice: short dialogues supported opinion / elaboration essay • using key words in the • talking about school, education, and • writing your opening paragraph questions and options to help technology • paraphrasing (rather than copying) ideas focus your listening • expressing reservations from the writing task multiple choice: short dialogues help solve a problem essay with picture choices • talking about money • using your notes • listening with an open mind • comparing solutions/options • using questions to attract your reader’s and waiting for the question interest and including yourself in a before answering description to make it more interesting multiple choice: short description / narration letter conversations • talking about work • giving your opinion • identifying the focus of the • building up a description, sequencing your • using a personal letter style and a broad question and using non-verbal ideas, explaining, and clarifying range of vocabulary clues to help you short dialogues conversation skills letter • being careful of distractors • talking about crime and the law • including your reason for writing • interrupting politely and encouraging • using linking words and conditional someone to speak sentences to join your ideas essay multiple choice: short dialogues expanding on your ideas • creating a good impression with picture choices • talking about healthy lifestyles • using gerunds to emphasize activities • taking notes related to the • giving and justifying your opinion rather than the people doing them picture choices essay • making notes and planning 2 multiple choice: extended conversation skills • identifying which plan suits the writing dialogue • talking about problems task • staying focused while you are • responding or adding to a comment, essay listening making an alternative suggestion • giving a relevant opinion • using the opposing viewpoint to multiple choice: short talk choosing the best option strengthen your own opinion • eliminating options you know • talking about travel and transportation are wrong to help you identify • evaluating options the correct answer 3

1 Communication 1 Work with a partner and guess which country each behavior is common in. Australia Bahrain China Ghana Greece Sweden 1 They speak indirectly and sometimes what they mean is the opposite of what they say. 2 People may avoid saying “no” to others because it is very important to avoid any sort of confrontation. 3 They hate arrogance and are usually modest about their achievements. 4 They tend to speak loudly and with a lot of emotion, which makes them seem annoyed even when they aren’t. 5 Periods of silence are common in conversation, and it is best not to try and fill in the gaps. 6 The statement “You look fat today” is common and is considered a compliment. 2 Think of types of behavior that are common in your country. Discuss them with your partner. Use the ideas below or your own. Hospitality and how guests are treated Topics of conversation to avoid Ways of greeting friends and strangers DVD 1 5

READING 1 W ork with a partner. Choose an emotion below and make a facial expression that shows it. Your partner must guess the emotion you are expressing. • anger • awe • confidence • disgust • embarrassment • fear • joy • sadness • surprise • sympathy 2 L ook at the smiling faces below. Do you think all the smiles are genuine, or do you think some of them might be fake? Give reasons for your answers. 3 Q uickly read the text. Which means of communication are mentioned? What’s in a smile? Smile. We all do it; some of us more than others. However, if they were to focus only on the face, they We flash a smile to break the ice or melt a heart. would probably know whether a smile was genuine We use smiles to open doors or make someone’s or not. day. We can feel like a million dollars when someone gives us a sweet smile. But beware! This is because two muscles are involved in The wrong kind of smile can create suspicion, fear, spontaneous smiling. The first muscle, the or anger. obicularis oculi, is a ringlike band of muscle around each eye. When it contracts, it causes According to a well-known team of researchers, wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes. It causes there are three kinds of smiles: felt, false, and what we know as “smiling eyes.” The other muscle, miserable. Felt smiles express genuine emotion the zygomaticus major, extends from the top of the and are spontaneous; false smiles are fake and cheekbone to the corners of the mouth. It moves are attempts to display positive emotion when it the mouth upwards when we smile. This muscle isn’t actually felt; and miserable smiles show that on its own produces what we call the “mouth someone is feeling down in the dumps but isn’t smile.” The mouth smile can occur with other planning on doing much about it. facial muscle contractions at the same time and when it does, it can show negative emotions. For So what do these smiles look like and how can we example, a smiling mouth may be accompanied differentiate them? In experiments where subjects by eyebrows showing anger, eyes showing fear, or are shown photos of fake and spontaneous smiles, a nose showing disgust. When people genuinely people are pretty good at telling the difference. smile, in a spontaneous burst of positive emotion, But in the real world, most people are less able the corners of the mouth move up and the muscles to distinguish between them. They are distracted around the eyes also contract. It is these muscles by other elements of communication such as that show that a smile is sincere. speech, hand gestures, and other body movements. 6

4 Read the article again and answer the questions. Circle A, B, C, or D. 1 What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A to advise people when to smile B to warn against angering others Try to answer multiple-choice questions by C to show how to become popular looking only at the question and going back D to explain the functions of a smile immediately to the text to find out what it says about the question. When you have decided 2 What is suggested about the three smiles what the text says, you can look at the answer identified by the researchers? options to discover which one fits what you A They can be successfully faked. have already decided is the answer. B They are appropriately named. C They show a person is happy. D They can’t be identified. 3 What did the experimental studies show about 5 Which statement about the way Asians view smiles? smiling is true? A They are as important as body language in communicating. A They would be too embarrassed to smile a lot. B We can recognize a fake smile more often than a real one. B Smiling allows others to see exactly how they feel. C Certain situations make it more difficult to detect a fake smile. C They should not smile under certain circumstances. D Spontaneous smiles can distract us from people’s speech. D Smiling makes them feel positive when they are sad. 4 What does the fourth paragraph suggest about smiles and smiling? 6 What does the writer mean by cultural norms? A a range of emotions A A smile isn’t always what it appears to be. B expected social behavior B People who are genuine smile a lot more. C types of relationships C A mouth smile always shows sincerity. D complicated issues D When the mouth moves up, we are happy. 5 U se the words below to complete the bold expressions in these sentences. To add to the complexity, there are also break feel flash make melt open the cultural associations of smiling since smiles can mean very different things 1 A good way to the ice with in different countries. In the USA, for example, a smile is a friendly, positive strangers at a party is to tell a joke. gesture of trust. In contrast, in some Asian societies, people smile when they 2 Put on this designer outfit. It will make you are happy, of course, but also when like a million dollars. they feel anger, sadness, confusion, or embarrassment, perhaps to mask their true 3 I know someone who can doors feelings. To their way of thinking, smiling for me in the music industry. is a superficial act and is inappropriate in situations where a person wants to show 4 OK, everybody! Move in closer together and they take the situation seriously. a smile for the camera. Cultural norms aside, some people tend to 5 If you buy Tammy a bunch of flowers, you will smile more than others and that seems to indicate they are cheerful, optimistic types. definitely her day. But that relationship isn’t strictly true. Some people rarely smile and are quite happy. 6 Pictures of cute little kittens and puppies always Others often have a smile on their face when my heart! they are actually feeling anxious. 6 Which sentence in 5 contains an expression that Human communication is full of uncertainties and we sometimes have a difficult time means the following? understanding each other, but a genuine, heartfelt smile that lights up a face can never a cause (someone) to feel warm inside be misunderstood. b feel fantastic c give (someone) great pleasure d make people feel relaxed when they first meet e smile quickly f create opportunities for success UNIT 1 7

VOCABULARY 1 C omplete the words that describe actions that show how someone is feeling. 1 I always l gh when I hear a good joke. 2 Don’t c , Maggie! Everything will be all right. 3 If I ever saw a ghost, I’d sc a! 4 Don’t sh t at me, Dad. I know what I did was wrong. 5 I heard my teacher s gh with disappointment when I told her I hadn’t done my homework ... again. 6 If you must talk in the library, please wh p so that you don’t disturb others. 7 Children often g um e when their parents ask them to do household chores. 8 Some of my classmates g ss about me, but I don’t care because no one ever believes what they say. 2 Complete the definitions with these words. delighted embarrassed grumpy hurt lonely optimistic pessimistic sarcastic 1 When someone is , they tend to think that bad things will happen. 2 When someone is , they feel ashamed and worry about what others will think of them. 3 When someone is , they are unhappy and a bit angry, often for no apparent reason. 4 When someone is , they are upset and feel emotional pain. 5 When someone is , they are very happy. 6 When someone is , they feel sad because they have no one to talk to or to do things with. 7 When someone is , they tend to think that good things will happen. 8 When someone is , they say the opposite of what they mean, often to make fun of someone or make someone feel bad. 3 Complete the sentences with these words. achievement arrival compliment confrontation feelings hospitality 1 After our visit, I sent my aunt flowers to thank her for her . 2 My father taught me to avoid . He thought calm discussion was always best. 3 Fran never boasts about getting into Harvard University; she is modest about her . 4 Thousands of fans were at the airport to greet the actress on her . 5 Ifelt like a million dollars when Tony paid me a(n) on my new outfit! 6 You really hurt my when you said that I wasn’t a real friend. 8

Collocations and Expressions 4 Match. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 cross a your eyes 2 shake b hands 3 shrug c your shoulders 4 nod d your nails 5 bite e your head 6 rub f your arms 5 What do you think the body language in 4 means? Write collocations from 4. 1 You agree with what I am saying. 4 You’re sleepy. 2 You feel uncomfortable or nervous. 5 You’re nervous. 3 You make an agreement. 6 You don’t know. Commonly Confused Words 6 Complete the pairs of sentences with the words in bold. 1 express impress a Some people find it very hard to their emotions. b If you want to your new boss, work hard. 2 alone lonely , I call a friend. when I need to think about things. a When I’m feeling sad and b I like being 3 frown smile ; it lights up her whole face. off your face; it makes you look angry. a Julia has a lovely b Take that 4 amount number a The professor teaches a(n) of courses that deal with how we communicate. b The of respect the students had for their new teacher was surprising. 5 beware aware or it may bite you. that body language is as important as spoken language? a That dog is upset, so b Are you Word Formation 7 Complete the chart with the opposites of the words below. Use the prefixes in the chart. accompanied appropriate avoidable direct modest personal im- in- un- 1 3 5 2 4 6 8 Now complete the sentences with some of the words from 7. 1 Your rude comments about her were completely . 2 Hans loves talking about his own success. He’s one of the most people I know. 3 The birthday card was cold and . The sender hadn’t even bothered to sign it! 4 Joe came to the party by himself; he was . 5 You say the mistakes you made were , but I think you could have prevented them. 6 Lyle made only references to college. He didn’t tell us what he was studying. UNIT 1 9

GRAMMAR Simple Present and Present Continuous 1 Read about the uses of the simple present and the present continuous. Simple Present Present Continuous • facts and permanent situations • actions happening at the time of speaking Do you live in China with your family? Sam is trying to make his girlfriend laugh. • general truths and natural laws • temporary situations or changing situations Certain muscles produce a smile. I am staying with friends for the time • habits and routines (often with adverbs of frequency) being. My uncle sometimes tells us jokes after dinner. Jane is becoming more and more • schedules and programmed events (future) pessimistic. The lecture on communication starts at two o’clock. • annoying habits, often with adverbs like • reviews, stories, and sports commentaries always The grumpy old man shouts at the little girl and she My friend is always hurting my feelings. begins to cry. • plans and arrangements (future) • feelings and states We aren’t going to the airport to greet Joe Tina doesn’t like talking to strangers. on his arrival. Note: Remember that we do not use continuous forms with stative verbs. 2 Complete the sentences. Use the simple present in one and the present continuous in the other. In which sentence is the adverb of frequency used to express an annoying habit? a My friends (always / laugh) at my jokes. b My friends (always / laugh) at me. Read 1.1-1.3 of the Grammar Reference before you do the tasks. 3 Complete the sentences. Use the simple present or the present continuous. 1 (you / ask) your relatives to visit every weekend? 2 Jim is mad at Tina, so now he (not speak) to her. 3 Her parents (not allow) her to go out on school nights. 4 (ice / melt) at 10 degrees Celsius? 5 We 6 In this story the evil witch (have) a surprise party on Friday to celebrate Mom’s birthday. 7 Eve and Penny (laugh) at the little boy and girl. 8 (not get) a house together next year. 9 My colleagues (you / know) why people smile in different ways? 10 (always whisper) about me behind my back. It’s awful! (your coach / often grumble) when your team loses? 4 Circle the correct words to complete the text. It’s All about Communication 1 Is it seeming / Does it seem like it 2 becomes / is becoming more and more difficult to talk to your parents as you get older? Communicating with your mother and father 3 isn’t being / isn’t always easy, but it is something you 4 need / are needing to do to get along with them and avoid nasty confrontations. It’s a fact that being able to communicate well with your mom and dad 5 has / is having a lot of advantages. Let’s take this example. Your parents 6 are always asking you / are asking you always where you’re going and when you’ll be back. Next time tell them, for example, that the movie 7 is ending / ends at 9 pm and arrive home at exactly 9:30. This will show them that you 8 learn / are learning to be responsible and that they can trust you. This is an advantage because they’ll realize that they 9 aren’t having to / don’t have to worry about you any more, and they’ll give you more freedom to do the things that you 10 are wanting / want to do. Good communication will make things easier for everyone. 10

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous 5 Read about the uses of the present perfect and the present perfect continuous. Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous • something that started in the past and has • actions that started in the past and are continued until now still in progress now or have happened Has she worked here for three months? time and time again until now • s omething that happened in the past, but we don’t Mom and Dad have been taking German know or we don’t say exactly when lessons since May. The businessman has written a number • actions that happened time and time again of reports. in the past and have finished recently, but • s omething that happened in the past, but has a have a result or an effect on the present result or an effect on the present His eyes are red because he’s been Cliff has lost his voice, so he can’t give his speech rubbing them. tonight. • to emphasize how long actions have been • experiences and achievements in progress My sister has started college. You’ve been biting your nails for weeks. What’s the matter? Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous We use the present perfect to focus on the result of a completed action or how many times something has happened. In contrast, we use the present perfect continuous to focus on the action itself or how long something has been happening. It is unimportant whether the action has finished or not. Joseph has spoken to me once. Pat’s been trying to meet him all evening. 6 Read these sentences and underline the verb forms. Which sentence focuses on how long something has been happening? Which form does it use? Which sentence focuses on how many times something has happened? Which form does it use? a Aunt Barbara has visited us twice this year. b Debra has been studying for exams all month. Read 1.4-1.6 of the Grammar Reference before you do the tasks. 7 Complete the second sentence so it has the same meaning as the first. Use the word in bold together with the present perfect or the present perfect continuous. 1 We bought this house over ten years ago. lived over ten years. We 2 Sam went to work at nine o’clock. It’s five o’clock and he’s still there. been Sam all day. 3 Joe is still in college. finished college yet. Joe 4 I arrived at the library three hours ago. Perhaps I should leave. have I at the library for three hours. Perhaps I should leave. 5 They are in Bahrain. They’ll be back in a week. have Bahrain. They’ll be back in a week. They 6 It’s been a week since Tony called me. for a week. Tony 7 Julia started studying at eight o’clock. has eight o’clock. Julia 8 My sister began dinner preparations two hours ago, and she’s still not finished. preparing My sister for two hours. UNIT 1 1111

LISTENING 1 M any listening questions test your ability to rephrase (or paraphrase) what someone has said. You hear a speaker say something on the recording, and you need to recognize the choice that says the same thing using different words. Circle the choice that rephrases each phrase in bold. 1 We put a lot of effort into the project. a put pressure on b tried hard with 2 I can handle it. a I want to do it. b I can manage it. 3 It is an indicator of how we feel. a shows b affects 4 She plays a major role in the company. a is important b is an actor 5 His non-verbal communication is not consistent with what he says. a written message b body language 2 Now work with a partner. Discuss what the words in bold in these sentences mean. How could the words be rephrased? 1 He reassured me that everything was under control. 2 Her answer to my question was an emphatic “yes.” 3 I’m not sure that he is aware of the dangers. 4 Hand gestures convey the speaker’s enthusiasm. 5 When you apply for a job, don’t look at the floor. Instead, hold your head up and make eye contact with the interviewer. 6 She was smiling, but her eyes spoke volumes about what she really felt. 3  Read the questions. Then listen to a woman talking about non-verbal Whether you are listening to a conversation or a communication. Circle the choice that best answers each question. short or extended talk, you should expect several 1 What does Sandra say about the way we communicate? questions to test your a Most of us don’t put much effort into the words we use. ability to recognize correct b Words are not the only way to get our meaning across. paraphrasing. In this type of question, the correct 2 What might cause you to feel that something isn’t right when you talk to answer will almost always someone? be slightly different than what you hear on the a The person’s body language creates a different impression than their words. recording. What’s more, the b The person’s words and non-verbal communication match each other exactly. question itself will probably contain a paraphrase of 3 What point does Sandra make about someone who comes to a job interview what is heard. For these wearing messy clothing? reasons, it’s important to listen and read carefully. a The person doesn’t have much confidence. b The person probably won’t be a hard worker. 4 What behavior does Sandra suggest we might expect from someone who is telling the truth? a The person does not avoid eye contact. b The person can’t look you straight in the eyes. 5 What does Sandra say about the way we use our hands? a It reveals a lot about the emotions we’re experiencing. b It plays no role in communicating our true feelings. 12

SPEAKING 1 Ask and answer these questions with a partner. • What are the advantages of communicating with people face to face? • How important is listening as a part of communicating? Do you think you are a good listener? • Do you think technology makes communication between people easier or more difficult? 2 S ometimes when speaking, we don’t hear what the other person has said or perhaps we are not sure that we have understood. We can ask them politely to repeat what they have said, to confirm that we have understood correctly, or to explain what they mean. Read the dialogues below and use the Language Bank to help you complete what Speaker B says. 1 A: D o you think there’s a “generation gap” between 3 A: What do you think is the most difficult thing teenagers and their parents? about ~~~? B: ­Sorry, are I think teenagers B: Sorry, I . Could you say and older people have trouble communicating? it again? 2 A: W hat kinds of non-verbal communication do you 4 A: O ur lifestyle choices speak volumes about who find hard to understand? we are. B: I non-verbal communication B:  by the phrase “speaks is. Could you explain? volumes”?  3 Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering these questions. Before answering each question, the person answering should ask the other person to repeat the question, confirm what is wanted, or explain something in the question. Use the Language Bank to help you. • W hen you and your friends are not together, what form of communication do you use to stay in touch with them? • Can you describe your favorite social media app? • D o you think people spend too much time on their cell phones and not enough time communicating face to face? • If you have something important to discuss with a close friend, what do you think is the best way to communicate: face to face, text messaging, a phone call, some other way? Give reasons for your answer. 4 Work in pairs to discuss these questions. While interacting with another person, it is quite natural to miss • Do you think that people should be available for communication or not understand something they 24 hours a day or that they should set aside some totally private time? are saying. Don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat or confirm what they • H ow do you adapt the way you communicate to suit different just said. You may also need to ask situations? For example, how would you talk to a young child, a close them to explain what they mean. friend, a stranger, or an important person? • H ow important do you think it is to use correct grammar and vocabulary when you speak? Give reasons for your answer. Asking someone to repeat or confirm what they said Asking someone to explain what they mean Sorry, I didn’t catch that. Could you say it again? I’m not sure (I understand) what you mean by ... Could you repeat that, please? Could you explain (what you mean)? Sorry, but when you say ... do you mean ...? I don’t know what ... is. Could you explain? Are you asking if ... ? What do you mean by the phrase/expression ... ? UNIT 1 13

WRITING Essay: Using the Task as a Guide Don’t rush to start writing during an exam. The task is designed to guide your thinking, so take time to read it carefully. For example, sometimes the task will begin with 1–2 sentences making a statement about a certain topic, followed by a question asking your opinion; other times you might be presented with two opposing opinions and asked which you agree with. You might also be presented with a situation and then asked how you would handle it; or you might be asked to describe something. Always underline the key information and refer back to it while you are planning and writing to make sure you are answering with relevant ideas. 1 Look at how the underlining in this writing task guides you as to what you have to write about. Then brainstorm the class question to help you form your opinion and get ideas. Anyone who has spent time abroad for business or on a vacation can see Class Question: What that people from different countries have problems communicating with are the advantages and each other because they all speak different languages. What is your opinion? disadvantages of one Should we all learn to speak the same international language? Be sure to international language? support your answer with examples, reasons, and explanations. 2 Read this writing task and underline the important information that guides you. Then complete the class question that could be used for brainstorming. Nowadays more and more people are leaving their homes to live in a different Class Question: country. Do you think this is a difficult thing to do? Be sure to support your What are the challenges of answer with examples, reasons, and explanations. ? 3 Read this essay that was written in answer to the task in 2 and circle the topic of paragraphs 2-4. There are many kinds of people starting new lives in other countries: from refugees escaping danger in war-torn parts of the world to senior citizens retiring to sunnier places. While there are many good reasons to do this, I don’t think that adjusting to a new country is an easy thing to do. To begin with, people have to learn a new language quite quickly in order to be able to organize their daily life. In the beginning, children will have a difficult time at school and older people will probably find it hard to find housing, shop for food, and even get medical attention. In addition, they have to find a job and this will require patience as they will probably not have a network of friends or family nearby to help them. Furthermore, making friends can be difficult in a new culture. Newcomers will need to observe and imitate such things as table manners, polite ways to address strangers, and other cultural behavior in order to be accepted by the locals. T o sum up, it can take many difficult and stressful months before people are really able to enjoy their lives in a new country. 14

4 Y ou should introduce the topic of each paragraph in the first sentence. This helps readers know what specific idea you are going to write about in more detail in the rest of the paragraph. Complete the topic sentences in these short paragraphs about communication. 1 Humans are capable of communicating without . We can often understand how someone feels, for example, just by looking at the expression on their face. 2 Another way of understanding more about a person is by observing their . For example, a messy person who leaves their clothes all over their bedroom is probably not very good at organizing their life. 5 To expand the topic of your paragraph, you can use examples. Underline where the writer has done this in the essay in 3. Then underline the topic of the sentences below and write a second sentence giving an example. Use the Language Bank to help you. 1 A person’s appearance can tell you a lot about them. 2 A person’s body language can reveal how they are really feeling. 6 R ead this writing task, underline the important information, Introducing Topics and decide on the question you should brainstorm. Then use To begin with,/In the first place, the Plan and the Language Bank to help you write your essay. When you have finished, check your work carefully. In addition,/Furthermore,/Moreover, To sum up,/All in all, Many people say they can learn a lot about people just by Contrasting Topics watching them, without having a conversation with them. For example, people’s appearance speaks volumes about However,/On the other hand, them, and so do their expressions and gestures. Do you think observing different kinds of non-verbal communication is a Although/Despite good way of getting to know people? Be sure to support your answer with examples, reasons, and explanations. Communication verbal/non-verbal Plan gestures and body language Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic and state your opinion. to form a first impression (of sb) Paragraph 2: Make a point on the topic of appearance. to make a first impression (on sb) Paragraph 3: Make a point on the topic of expressions and to express yourself to hide your feelings gestures. to observe/watch Paragraph 4: Make your own point either in support of your to show/reveal opinion or in contrast to it. Appearance Paragraph 5: Summarize your opinion, and add a comment. hairstyle/make-up/clothes body decoration: jewelry, tattoos actions speak louder than words truthful/honest Expressions and Gestures to smile to frown to shake hands to nod/shake your head to shrug your shoulders to make eye contact (with sb) Underline the important information in the writing task and use it to guide your thinking. Refer back to it to make sure your ideas are relevant. Help the reader by writing the topic of each paragraph in the first sentence. UNIT 1 15

VOCABULARY BOOSTER 1 1 FACES WITH FEELING – A One way to reinforce your understanding of a new word or phrase is to associate it with a visual image. Label each picture with the appropriate emotion word from the box. confidence confusion disgust embarrassment fear joy sadness surprise 234 1 5 678 B Complete each sentence with the adjective form of one of the emotion words above. 1 The birth of a child is a occasion. 2 Whatever you do, try to appear when you walk into the interview. It’s important to make a good first impression. 3 H ave you ever slipped on a banana peel? I have, and all I can remember is how terribly I felt when all my friends laughed at me! 4 She said she was totally when her boyfriend proposed, but I know she’d been expecting it for months. 5 I think the milk is bad. It’s giving off a smell! 6 The teacher didn’t give a very clear explanation of mixed conditionals so most of the class felt thoroughly . 7 You’d be , too, if a giant dog came out of nowhere and started barking at you! 8 It’s perfectly natural to feel after a beloved pet dies. 2 FOCUS ON NOUNS – Complete the paragraph with these nouns. arms communication development enthusiasm frown language researchers role stranger words Communicating without Words Gestures are a common form of body 1 that we often use. We accompany our 2 with an appropriate smile or 3 , we pat someone on the back to show approval, or we cross our 4 to show disapproval. Gestures may become more emphatic when we want to convey encouragement or 5 or when we want to stop someone from getting too close to us. Actually, proximity – in other words, how far we allow other people into our “personal space” – is another type of non-verbal 6 . We show familiarity and affection by standing close to those we like or love, while we might keep a 7 at a distance; and we will often move away to avoid someone touching us if that person makes us feel uncomfortable. Interestingly, 8 have shown that touching and physical closeness between infants and those who look after them play a major 9 in children’s emotional 10 because they reinforce the message that the children are loved and protected. 16

3 C OMMON COMBOS – Complete the paragraph with the words and phrases below. As you work, pay careful attention to the highlighted expressions. bite break feel down feel like flash hide light up make make a nod shake shake hands shrug Communicating Confidence at a Job Interview It’s only natural to 1 in the dumps after you’ve applied for a job and you find out that you didn’t get it. So how can you 2 good first impression on the person interviewing you? The first thing you can do is walk into the room confidently, 3 a smile, extend your right arm, and firmly 4 with the interviewer. Sure, you’ll feel nervous – everyone does! – but you should try your best to 5 your feelings and appear confident. Next, take a deep breath and be sure to 6 eye contact. That’s right, look the interviewer straight in the eyes and don’t be shy! Then you can say something to help 7 the ice, like how you admire the company or how excited you are that they are considering you for the job. As the interview goes on, you can 8 your head in agreement or 9 your head to disagree, but whatever you do, never 10 your shoulders or 11 your nails as these are gestures that destroy the air of strength and confidence you’re trying to project. All in all, if you follow this advice, sooner rather than later your phone will ring and the voice on the other end will deliver a message that will 12 your face and make you 13 a million dollars! 4 P REPOSITION PRACTICE – You’ve already listened to this talk in the Listening section of this unit. Now read it, and use the words in the box to fill in the missing prepositions. (Some will be used more than once.) about at for in into of on through to with We communicate 1 other people 2 lots of different situations and 3 various reasons 4 a daily basis. We put a lot 5 effort 6 choosing the right words to make sure we convey the correct meaning. But communication doesn’t happen only 7 the content 8 our speech. Whether we are aware 9 it or not, we use a number 10 non-verbal signals that can convey important information 11 what we are not saying, the way we feel, or even who we are. Imagine that you’re talking 12 a person, but you have the feeling that something’s not quite right. It may be because the speaker’s non-verbal communication doesn’t match what they’re saying 13 words. 14 example, someone who reassures you that he can handle a difficult situation while he’s chewing on his fingernails is probably not as confident as he’d like you to believe. Or, let’s say, an applicant turns up for a job interview looking as if he hasn’t had a change 15 clothes 16 the last few days. He might not be the kind 17 person who would make an effort 18 work. ... UNIT 1 17

RELOAD 1: EXAM SKILLS Vocabulary Grammar Choose the correct answers. Choose the correct answers. 1 As a psychologist, with children who have 1 Why don’t you give your mother a call? It will her day. problems communicating? a are you working a melt b you work b flash c you are working c make d do you work d open 2 “ long?” “No, I just arrived.” 2 My parents with disappointment when I told a Have you waited them that I got a bad grade in math. b Have you been waiting c Are you waiting a sighed d Do you wait b screamed 3 “ at the children all evening. What’s wrong?” c whispered “I’m sorry. I’m in a terrible mood.” d gossiped a You have been shouting b Have you been shouting 3 I realize that you’re having a bad day, but you c Do you shout shouldn’t be so . d You have shouted 4 I this book on body language twice. It’s very a optimistic b delighted interesting. c grumpy a have been reading d hurt b have read c do read 4 Can you believe it? My husband actually paid me d sometimes read on my new hairstyle! 5 Certain gestures different things depending on a a confrontation which country you’re in. b an achievement a are meaning c an arrival b mean d a compliment c is meaning d means 5 If you want to your colleagues, you should 6 I my sister’s children this weekend. work harder. a look after b am looking after a impress c looks after b shrug d looking after c cross 7 The talk on communication styles at 7 pm. d express Would you like to have dinner afterwards? 6 Your eyes are red. Have you been them? a often is ending a shaking b has ended b biting c is ending c nodding d ends d rubbing 8 “Why his desk?” “Because he insulted the boss and she fired him!” 7 You shouldn’t wear all the time; you’ll get a is Mark always clearing out wrinkles on your forehead. b Mark clears out c does Mark clear out a an amount d has Mark cleared out b a frown 9 “Why Jake’s hand?” c a number “Because they’ve just agreed to work together.” d a smile a is Joe shaking b does Joe shake 8 Dad got Mom an iron for her birthday. What c Joe is shaking an gift! d Joe shakes a unavoidable b unaccompanied c impersonal d indirect 9 Meg has moved to a new city, so she is feeling quite without her friends. a embarrassed b lonely c sarcastic d pessimistic 18

RELOAD 1: EXAM SKILLS Listening  In this part, you will hear two short talks followed by some questions. Before each talk begins, you will have time to preview the questions. Read the questions silently. Then listen to the talk and the questions. Circle the best answer. Question 1–5 Questions 6–10 Look at the questions. Then listen to a man Look at the questions.Then listen to a radio show talking about visiting Japan. about smiling. 1 What is the purpose of the man’s talk? 6 W hat point does the woman make in the opening of a to tell the audience about his recent trip there the radio show? b to discuss cultural information that might be a Body language is harder to interpret than we helpful think. c to advise business travelers on how to do b Being able to understand facial expressions is a business there useful skill. d to summarize information his audience already c You probably have a lot to learn about body knows language. 2 What point does the man make about Japanese d We can never really tell who our true friends are. people in general? 7 What situation does the speaker ask you to a They think many Westerners are loud and poorly imagine? behaved. a a chance meeting with an acquaintance b They seem cold and unfriendly until you get to b a planned get-together with a close friend know them. c an accidental encounter with a total stranger d a party at a mutual friend’s house c They do not express their emotions as freely as Westerners. 8 What is true of the girl the speaker describes? a Her words and her facial expression don’t d They tend to be in a bad mood much of the time. match. 3 What does the man say about visiting a Japanese b She is probably not telling you the truth. home? c She seems genuinely happy to see you. d She may or may not mean what she says. a On arrival you will always be offered a pair of slippers. 9 According to the speaker, what is the first thing you should check for to determine whether or not the b You should always bring a clean pair of socks. girl’s smile is genuine? c It’s impolite to bring indoor slippers to a how long the smile lasts for someone’s house. b whether or not you can see her teeth d You should be prepared to remove your shoes. c how open or shut her eyes are d how happy she claims to be 4 In general, how should house guests behave? a They should not try to be the center of 10 If the girl is genuinely glad to see you, what would you expect to see? attention. b They should not talk until their hosts invite them a Her eyes and mouth are both wide open. b Her eyes are slightly closed and her top teeth to speak. c They should always be friendly and talkative. are showing. d They should always bring a gift with them. c Her eyes are open and her bottom teeth are 5 According to the man, which of the following is showing. appropriate? d Her eyes are wide open and her top teeth are a make a drawing for their hosts before leaving showing. b tell the hostess how good the meal was c invite their hosts out for a meal d stay until the hosts say it’s time to leave UNIT 1 19

RELOAD 1: EXAM SKILLS Speaking 1 Warm-Up Phase • What is your favorite school subject? • Do you take part in any clubs, sports teams, or after-school activities? • How long have you been studying English? • What other languages do you speak? • What job would you like to do when you finish your education? 2 Description What is your favorite way of communicating with your friends? Why do you like this way of communicating? 3 Narration Talk about a time when you had to give a speech in class or in front of a large audience. What did you do to prepare for giving the speech? What happened on the day of the speech? What happened after it was over? (If you’ve never given a speech, talk about the experience of a friend or family member.) 4 Supported Opinion A Do you think schools in your country put enough emphasis on teaching students to develop their spoken and written communication skills? How important do you think these skills will be to you after you complete your education? B Do you think it’s important for you personally to be able to communicate in a foreign language? Why/Why not? 20