All American C1/C2 Companion Sample

COMPANION C1/C2

CONTENTS Note to teachers page 4 Unit 1 page 5 Unit 2 page 26 Unit 3 page 48 Unit 4 page 68 Unit 5 page 87 Unit 6 page 104 Unit 7 page 121 Unit 8 page 138 Unit 9 page 153 Unit 10 page 166 Alphabetical word list page 182

1 THE DIGITAL WORLD page 5 1.9 cyberbullying (n) ˌsaɪbərˈbʊliɪŋ the activity of using messages on social 1.1 point of view (n) pɔɪnt əv vjuː media, emails, text messages, etc. to the particular attitude or opinion that sb has frighten or upset sb about sth ❖ διαδικτυακός εκφοβισμός ❖ άποψη, γνώμη A recent survey reported that cyberbullying He has changed his point of view about the is increasing among young children. amount of screentime that’s healthy after ➤ cyberbully (n) learning more about its harmful effects. ✎ Syn: viewpoint ✎ from my point of view 1.10 harmful (adj) ˈhɑːrmfəl causing damage or injury to sb/sth, 1.2 drastically (adv) ˈdræstəkli especially to a person’s health or to the in a way that is severe and sudden or has environment very noticeable effects ❖ βλαβερός, επιβλαβής, επιζήμιος ❖ δραστικά, δραματικά The overuse of cellphones and other digital The number of social media users has grown devices can be harmful mentally as well as drastically over the last few years as more physically. ➤ harmfully (adv), harm (n, v) and more people have gained access to the ✎ Opp: harmless Internet. ➤ drastic (adj) 1.11 favor (v) ˈfeɪvər  1.3 deterioration (n) dɪˌtiːriːəˈreɪʃən  to support or prefer one particular possibility the fact or process of becoming worse ❖ προτιμώ ❖ επιδείνωση, χειροτέρευση Some students favor online classes because Some people think that there has been they can focus better when they’re on their a deterioration in academic standards own. as students spend more and more time ➤ favor (n), favorite (adj), favorable (adj), engaging with social media. favorably (adv) ➤ deteriorate (v) ✎ deterioration in/of sth ✎ deterioration into sth 1.12 face-to-face (adj) feɪs tuː feɪs involving people who are close together and 1.4 merely (adv) ˈmiːrliː  looking at each other used meaning “only” or “simply” to ❖ προσωπικός, κατ' ιδίαν emphasize a fact or sth that you are saying Many employees evaluate a person’s ❖ απλά, απλώς personal skills during face-to-face interviews I was merely trying to help her by giving her to see how they behave around other some advice, but she saw it as criticism. people. ➤ mere (adj) ✎ a face-to-face conversation 1.5 potential (adj) pəˈtenʃəl  1.13 push the panic button (expr) pʊʃ ðə that can develop into sth or be developed in ˈpænɪk ˈbʌtn the future to react in a sudden or extreme way to sth ❖ πιθανός, υποψήφιος, δυνητικός unexpected that has frightened you The new travel app has many potential uses ❖ παθαίνω πανικό in planning exciting and safe journeys. There’s no need to push the panic button if ➤ potentially (adv), potential (n) you can’t access your emails for an hour. 1.6 drawback (n) drɔːˌbæk 1.14 signal (v) ˈsɪgnl  a disadvantage or the negative part of a to indicate that sth exists or is going to situation happen ❖ μειονέκτημα Anne had a sinking feeling in her stomach One of the drawbacks of home schooling is the before the exam. This signaled that she lack of social interaction between students. didn’t feel prepared enough. ➤ signal (n) ✎ Syn: disadvantage, snag ✎ drawback of/to ✎ Syn: indicate sth ✎ drawback of/to doing sth 1.15 log off (phr v) lɔːg ɔːf  1.7 uncertain (adj) ənˈsɜːrtn  to perform the actions that allow you to feeling doubt about sth; not sure finish using a computer system, application, ❖ αβέβαιος, επισφαλής or online account Harry is still uncertain about which course to ❖ αποσυνδέομαι take when he goes to college next year. Make sure you have noted your password ➤ uncertainty (n) ✎ Opp: certain before you log off. ✎ Opp: log in/on ✎ uncertain about/of sth 1.16 guidelines (n pl) ˈɡaɪdˌlaɪnz 1.8 addiction (n) əˈdɪkʃən  information intended to advise people on how the condition of being unable to stop using or sth should be done or what sth should be doing sth as a habit, especially sth harmful ❖ οδηγίες, κατευθυντήριες γραμμές ❖ εθισμός The Department of Education has issued Suzy has a video game addiction – once she new national guidelines on assessment for starts, she can’t stop playing. ➤ addict (n, v), English students. addicted (adj) ✎ addiction to ➤ guide (v), guidance (n) 5

1 1.17 define (v) dɪˈfaɪn  When he saw that a storm was on its way, to describe or show the nature or range of he wisely decided to go indoors. sb/sth ➤ wise (adj), unwise (adj), wisdom (n) ❖ καθορίζω ✎ Opp: unwisely The teacher asked her students to define the genres of poetry, drama, prose, and short 1.26 repercussion (n) ˌriːpərˈkʌʃən stories. ➤ definite (adj), definitely (adv), the effect of an action or event, especially a definition (n) bad effect that continues for some time ❖ συνέπεια, επίπτωση 1.18 excessive (adj) ɪkˈsesɪv  She worried about the repercussions if she much more than is reasonable or necessary got bad marks in the final exams. ❖ υπερβολικός ✎ Syn: consequence ✎ repercussions of Excessive exercise can sometimes cause ✎ political/social/economic repercussions injury, so be cautious and informed about the amount you choose to do. 1.27 misunderstanding (n) ˌmɪsəndərˈstændɪŋ  ➤ excess (n, v), excessively (adv) an occasion when sb does not understand sth correctly 1.19 exemplary (adj) ɪgˈzempləriː  ❖ παρεξήγηση, παρανόηση very good and suitable to be copied by other The two friends met over coffee to discuss people a misunderstanding that had led to an ❖ υποδειγματικός, παραδειγματικός argument between them. Her project on blogging was exemplary, ➤ misunderstand (v), misunderstood (adj) so the teacher chose it to demonstrate the ✎ misunderstanding of/about sth principles of good writing. ✎ misunderstanding between ➤ example (n), exemplar (n), exemplify (v), exemplification (n) 1.28 detrimental (adj) ˌdetrəˈmentl  harmful or damaging 1.20 deactivate (v) diˈæktəveɪt ❖ επιβλαβής, επιζήμιος to make sth such as a device or chemical Paula’s use of social media during the night process stop working had a detrimental effect on the amount and ❖ απενεργοποιώ quality of sleep she got. ➤ detriment (n) She had to deactivate her alarm so that ✎ detrimental effect ✎ detrimental to she could sleep an hour later the following morning. ➤ deactivated (adj), deactivation (n) 1.29 advantageous (adj) ˌædvənˈteɪʤəs  giving advantages or helping to make you 1.21 perpetually (adv) pərˈpeʧuːəlli  more successful in a way that continues for a long time ❖ επωφελής without stopping Her experience in computer coding was ❖ διαρκώς, μόνιμα advantageous when she applied for an entry- He was perpetually checking his phone, level job. ➤ advantage (n), advantageously even when his friends were trying to talk (adv), disadvantage (n), disadvantageously to him. ➤ perpetual (adj), perpetuate (v), (adv) ✎ Opp: disadvantageous perpetuation (n) ✎ Syn: continuously 1.30 pervasive (adj) ˈpʌrveɪsɪv  1.22 continuously (adv) kənˈtɪnjuːəsli  existing everywhere in a way that happens or exists for a period ❖ διάχυτος of time without being interrupted The school found that cyberbullying was ❖ αδιάκοπα pervasive and took steps to equip students She had switched off her phone and worked with skills to cope with it. ➤ pervasively continuously on her project for almost three (adv), pervasiveness (n) ✎ all-pervasive hours. ➤ continuous (adj), continue (v) ✎ Syn: continually 1.31 limited (adj) ˈlɪmɪtɪd  kept within a particular size, range, time, etc. 1.23 intermittently (adv) ɪntərˈmɪtntli  ❖ περιορισμένος in a way that stops and starts often over a Jenny’s limited exposure to social media period of time; not regularly while she was studying for her year-end ❖ κατά διαστήματα exams paid off when she got good grades. After Paul started to access his account only ➤ limit (n, v), limitation (n) intermittently, he found he had much more ✎ Opp: unlimited ✎ limited to time for sport. ➤ intermittent (adj), intermission (n) 1.32 widespread (adj) ˈwaɪdˈspred  ✎ Syn: sporadically existing or happening in many places and/or among many people 1.24 medium (n) ˈmiːdiːəm  ❖ εκτεταμένος a way of communicating information or The widespread pandemic led to the loss of providing entertainment to people life in almost every country. ❖ μέσο Her preferred medium for international news 1.33 innovative (adj) ˈɪnəˌveɪdɪv was the newspaper. ➤ media (n pl) introducing or using new ideas, ways of ✎ medium of communication doing sth, etc. ❖ πρωτότυπος, καινοτόμος 1.25 wisely (adv) ˈwaɪzli  Gretel looked for innovative ideas on how in a way that shows you have good judgement to grow her blog following. ➤ innovate (v), ❖ με σοφία, με σύνεση innovation (n) 6

1 1.34 content (n) ˈkəntent  1.43 ills (n pl) ɪlz  the subject matter of a book, speech, problems or troubles program, etc. ❖ δεινά ❖ περιεχόμενο Some people blame the Internet for many The content of the TV show was rated ills, but the Internet has many more suitable for people of all ages. advantages than disadvantages when used ➤ contain (v), container (n) responsibly. ➤ ill (adj) ✎ social/economic ills 1.35 accessible (adj) ækˈsesəbəl  ✎ the ills of the modern world easy to understand ❖ ευνόητος, κατανοητός, προσιτός 1.44 concur (v) kənˈkɜːr She uses a simple style when writing to to agree make her work accessible to all readers. ❖ συμφωνώ ➤ access (v, n), accessibility (n) Most educators concur that young children’s ✎ Opp: inaccessible screen time should be limited and that their play time should be increased. 1.36 inordinate (adj) ɪnˈɔːrdnɪt  ➤ concurrence (n), concurrent (adj), far more than is usual or expected concurrently (adv) ✎ concur with sb/sth ❖ υπέρμετρος, υπερβολικός Basil found that he spent an inordinate 1.45 reap (v) riːp  amount of money on things he did not really to obtain sth, especially sth good, as a need. ➤ inordinately (adv) ✎ Syn: excessive direct result of sth that you have done ❖ αποκομίζω, απολαμβάνω τα οφέλη 1.37 sufficient (adj) səˈfɪʃənt  He knows that he will reap the benefits of enough for a particular purpose; as much as his off-season training when the soccer you need season starts. ➤ reaper (n) ❖ αρκετός, επαρκής ✎ reap the rewards/benefits Mary had sufficient funds to pay for a week’s holiday. ➤ sufficiently (adv) 1.46 consume (v) kənˈsuːm  ✎ Opp: insufficient to use sth, especially in large amounts ❖ καταναλώνω 1.38 plague (v) pleɪg  The students were asked to discuss how to cause pain or trouble to sb/sth over a technology has changed the way people period of time consume goods and services. ❖ μαστίζω ➤ consumer (n), consumption (n) Plastic pollution is a plague caused by careless human behavior and has a 1.47 pop up (phr v) pɑːp ʌp  detrimental effect on the environment. to appear very quickly or suddenly ➤ plague (n) ✎ Syn: trouble ❖ ξεπετάγομαι, πετάγομαι Mary was worried that a problem would pop 1.39 gambling (n) ˈgæmbʌlɪŋ up at work while she was on vacation. the activity of risking money in a card game, on a horse race, etc. 1.48 peer (n) piːr  ❖ τζογάρω, στοιχηματίζω a person who is the same age as you or has He knows that gambling can be addictive, the same status as you so he only spends a small amount of money ❖ συνομήλικος on it once or twice a year. ➤ gambler (n), John wanted to be the type of peer that his gamble (v) classmates would admire. ✎ peer pressure 1.40 inspire (v) ɪnˈspaɪr  1.49 assistance (n) əˈsɪstəns  to give sb the enthusiasm to do or create sth help or support ❖ δίνω κίνητρο, εμπνέω ❖ βοήθεια James hoped that his behavior would inspire She is always willing to give assistance to his sister to spend more time outdoors, those who do not understand a particular away from her phone. ➤ inspiration (n), math problem. ➤ assist (v), assistant (n, adj) inspirational (adj), inspired (adj), 1.50 depression (n) dɪˈpreʃən inspiring (adj) the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the future Reading pages 6–7 ❖ κατάθλιψη He made it very clear that depression is a 1.41 gender (n) ˈʤendər  mental illness that can be treated like any the fact of being male or female, especially other illness or disease. when considered with reference to social ➤ depressed (adj), depressing (adj), and cultural differences depressingly (adv) ❖ φύλο Anna refused to let her gender stand in the 1.51 disrupt (v) dɪsˈrʌpt  way of her ambition of becoming an astronaut. to make it difficult for sth to continue in the ✎ gender differences/relations/roles/equality normal way ❖ διαταράσσω, αναστατώνω 1.42 myriad (n) ˈmɪriːəd  The tornado is expected to disrupt power an extremely large number of sth supplies and people should stock up with ❖ μυριάδες, χιλιάδες alternative methods of cooking, heating, and He had to solve a myriad of problems before lighting. ➤ disruptive (adj), disruption (n) he could launch his app. ➤ myriad (adj) 7

1 1.52 nevertheless (adv) nevəðəˈles  1.61 account (n) əˈkaʊnt  despite sth that you have just mentioned an arrangement that sb has with a company ❖ ωστόσο, όμως that allows them to use the Internet, send Libby doesn’t like being in the limelight, and receive messages by email, social nevertheless she agreed to take part in the media, etc. school play. ✎ Syn: however ❖ λογαριασμός He structured his social media account in 1.53 mitigate (v) mɪtɪˌgeɪt  such a way that he could control his time to make sth less harmful, serious, etc. online. ✎ an email/a Twitter account ❖ αμβλύνω, μετριάζω, περιορίζω Stretching exercises can mitigate the 1.62 lessen (v) ˈlesən  stiffness associated with sitting at a to make sth become smaller, weaker, less computer for long periods. important, etc. ➤ mitigating (adj), mitigation (n) ❖ μειώνω, ελαττώνω ✎ Syn: alleviate She agreed with her parents to lessen her time online during the week in exchange for 1.54 function (v) ˈfʌŋkʃən  more time online over weekends. to work in the correct way ➤ less (adj, adv) ✎ Syn: diminish ❖ λειτουργώ Martin’s phone did not function properly 1.63 amplify (v) æmpləˌfaɪ  after he dropped it on the floor and it had to to increase sth in strength, especially sound be repaired. ➤ function (n), functional (adj), ❖ ενισχύω, εντείνω functionally (adv) As his hearing deteriorated, he used a ✎ function properly hearing aid that helped to amplify sounds. ➤ amplification (n), amplifier (n) ✎ to 1.55 pros and cons (expr) pɑːoʊz ænd kɑːnz  amplify a guitar/an electric current/a signal the advantages and disadvantages of sth ❖ τα υπέρ και τα κατά 1.64 hooked (adj) hʊkt She made a list of all the pros and cons enjoying sth so much that you are unable to associated with the choices she had to make stop having it, watching it, doing it, etc. about her future. ❖ κολλημένος με κάτι She was so hooked on video games that she 1.56 aspect (n) ˈæspekt  would often play throughout the night. a particular part or feature of a situation, ➤ hook (v, n) idea, problem, etc.; a way in which it may be considered 1.65 glued (adj) gluːd  ❖ πλευρά, άποψη, διάσταση watching obsessively The aspect that he likes most about social ❖ (μεταφορικά) κολλημένος, προσηλωμένος media is his ability to stay in contact with He was glued to the screen watching his friends and family while traveling. YouTube clips on topics that interested him. ➤ glue (n, v) ✎ glued to sth 1.57 contest (v) kənˈtɛst to formally oppose a decision or statement 1.66 disorder (n) dɪsˈɔːrdər  because you think it is wrong a mental or physical illness which prevents ❖ αμφισβητώ part of your body from working properly She decided to contest the organization’s ❖ διαταραχή decision to not allow employees to dress She was glad when her disorder was more casually. diagnosed, because she could then start to get treatment for it. ➤ disorder (v) 1.58 dispute (v) dɪˈspjuːt  to argue or disagree strongly with sb 1.67 concern (n) kənˈsɜːrn  about sth a feeling of worry, especially one that is ❖ διαφωνώ, έρχομαι σε αντιπαράθεση shared by many people He was eager to dispute the matter because ❖ λόγος ανησυχίας he was certain that he had all the correct His concern about the river’s pollution was facts. ➤ dispute (n), disputable (adj) shared by many others and they started a clean-up campaign. ➤ concern (v), 1.59 adolescent (n) ædˈlesənt  concerned (adj) ✎ concern about a young person who is developing from a child into an adult 1.68 diagnostic (adj) daɪəgˈnɑːstɪk  ❖ έφηβος connected with identifying an illness or An adolescent can be expected to other problem sometimes behave like a child and ❖ διαγνωστικός sometime like an adult. ➤ adolescent (adj), She had to undergo many diagnostic tests adolescence (n) before doctors could determine what caused her illness. ➤ diagnose (v), diagnosis (n), 1.60 guidance (n) ˈgaɪdns  diagnostically (adv) ✎ diagnostic help or advice that is given to sb, especially assessments/tests by sb older or with more experience ❖ καθοδήγηση 1.69 manual (n) ˈmænjuːəl  She looked to her mother for guidance a book that tells you how to do or operate sth about assertive behavior in the workplace. ❖ εγχειρίδιο ➤ guide (n, v) It is always a good idea to read the manual ✎ under the guidance of sb before you use an electrical tool or a device. ➤ manual (adj) 8

1 1.70 ubiquitous (adj) juːˈbɪkwɪtəs  Her obsession with her appearance and seeming to be everywhere or in several weight led to an eating disorder from which places at the same time; very common she nearly died. ❖ ευρύς, ευρέως διαδεδομένος ➤ obsess (v), obsessed (adj), Cell phones are so ubiquitous these days obsessional (adj), obsessive (adj), that few people still have a telephone at obsessively (adv) ✎ obsession with sb/sth home. ➤ ubiquity (n), ubiquitously (adv) 1.79 neglect (v) nɪˈglekt  1.71 come up with (phr v) kʌm ʌp wɪð to not give enough attention to sth to suggest or think of an idea or plan ❖ παραμελώ, αμελώ ❖ βρίσκω (μια ιδέα) He neglected his school work and got low The three friends held a brainstorming marks, which could prevent him from session to come up with good ideas for an being accepted at his college of choice. app they could develop. ➤ neglectful (adj), neglectfully (adv), neglected (adj), negligence (n) 1.72 sufferer (n) ˈsʌfərrə a person who suffers, especially sb who is 1.80 at the expense of (expr) ət ðiː ɪkˈspens əv suffering from a disease If sth is done at the expense of sb or sth ❖ που υποφέρει else, it is only achieved by doing sth that A sufferer of diabetes should watch their could harm the other person or thing. diet to keep their blood sugar levels under ❖ εις βάρος του control. ➤ suffer (v), sufferance (n) She spent time on her social media feeds at the expense of her studies. 1.73 primary (adj) ˈpraɪmeriː  main; most important; basic 1.81 devote to (phr v) dɪˈvoʊt tuː  ❖ πρωταρχικός, βασικός to give an amount of time, attention, etc. The primary function of social media is to sth instant communication. ➤ primal (adj), ❖ αφιερώνω primarily (adv) ✎ Syn: chief ✎ primary Lionel decided to devote more time to sports objective/goal/purpose/concern and less to social media to live a more balanced life. ➤ devoted (adj), devotedly 1.74 optimally (adv) ˈɑptəmælli  (adv), devotion (n) in the best possible or most effective way ❖ με τον καλύτερο δυνατό τρόπο 1.82 fruitful (adj) ˈfruːtfəl  People should schedule their time optimally producing many useful results between work, leisure, and other activities ❖ αποτελεσματικός, αποδοτικός to get the most out of each day. He had a fruitful talk with his English ➤ optimal (adj) teacher, who helped him draw up a proper study program. ➤ fruitfully (adv), 1.75 occupational (adj) ɑːkjəˈpeɪʃənl  fruitfulness (n) ✎ Syn: productive connected with a person’s job or profession ❖ επαγγελματικός 1.83 granted (adv) ˈgræntɪd  Employees should be aware of the used to admit that sth is true, before saying occupational hazards of their job and take sth else about it care to avoid injuries while at work. ❖ ομολογουμένως ➤ occupation (n) ✎ occupational health Granted, he can be arrogant, but he also is ✎ an occupational risk/hazard a really good football player. ➤ grant (v, n) 1.76 obligation (n) ˌɑːbləˈgʌʃən  1.84 deprive of (phr v) dɪˈpraɪv əv  sth which you must do because you have to prevent sb from having or doing sth, promised, because of a law, etc. especially sth important ❖ υποχρέωση, δέσμευση ❖ στερώ The nurse fulfilled her obligation to care for She was deprived of her phone after she her patients as best as she could. missed her curfew five nights in a row. ➤ oblige (v), obligate (v), obligatory (adj), ➤ deprived (adj), deprivation (n) obliged (adj), obliging (adj) ✎ Syn: commitment 1.85 anger (n) ˈæŋgər  ✎ legal/professional/financial obligations the strong feeling that you have when sth has happened that you think is bad and 1.77 preoccupation (n) priːˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃən  unfair a state of thinking about sth continuously; ❖ θυμός, οργή sth that you think about frequently or for a He felt anger when he realized that his long time friend was being bullied and no one was ❖ ενασχόληση, μανία doing anything to stop it from happening. His preoccupation with playing video games ➤ angry (adj), angrily (adv) ✎ anger at/ led him to a career as a games developer. over/about/against/towards ➤ preoccupy (v), preoccupied (adj) ✎ preoccupation with 1.86 tension (n) ˈtenʃən  a feeling of worry and stress that makes it 1.78 obsession (n) əbˈseʃən  impossible to relax the state in which a person’s mind is ❖ ένταση completely filled with thoughts of one Tension can be bad for a person’s mental particular thing or person in a way that is health, but exercise can help you to feel not normal more relaxed. ➤ tense (adj), tensely (adv) ❖ εμμονή 9

1 1.87 rival (adj) ˈraɪvəl  1.96 varied (adj) ˈveriːd  competing with another person, company, of many different types thing, etc. ❖ διάφορος, ποικίλος, που παρουσιάζει ❖ αντίπαλος ποικιλομορφία Everyone was really nervous because the Experts have varied opinions about certain rival team they would be playing against health issues. ➤ vary (v), variety (n) was last year’s champion. ➤ rivalry (n) ✎ varied opinions 1.88 adopt (v) əˈdɑːpt 1.97 interpretation (n) ɪnˌtɜːrprɪˈteɪʃən  to start to use a particular method or to the particular way in which sth is understood show a particular attitude towards sb/sth or explained ❖ υιοθετώ μια ιδέα, μέθοδο, κτλ. ❖ ερμηνεία They had to adopt a different approach to His interpretation of the project was solving the problem. ➤ adoption (n) completely off the mark, and he got zero marks for it. ➤ interpret (v), interpretative 1.89 protocol (n) ˈproʊtəkɔːl  (adj), interpreter (n) a system of fixed rules about the correct ✎ Opp: misinterpretation way to act in formal situations ❖ πρωτόκολλο, εθιμοτυπία 1.98 officially (adv) əˈfɪʃəlli  The protocol for diagnosing the problem publicly and formally changed when more information became ❖ επίσημα available. Even though the results had not been released officially, Steven knew he had done 1.90 lack (v) læk  well in the exam. ➤ official (adj) to have none or not enough of sth ✎ Syn: unofficially ❖ δεν έχω, έχω έλλειψη They lacked important information and 1.99 justify (v) ʤʌstəˌfaɪ  couldn’t make an informed decision. to show that there is a good reason for sth, ➤ lack (n) ✎ lack in sth especially sth that other people think is wrong 1.91 consistency (n) kənˈsɪstənsiː  ❖ δικαιολογώ, αιτιολογώ the quality of always behaving in the They had to justify their decision to spend same way or of having the same opinions, more money on computers to the school standard, etc. board. ➤ just (adj), justification (n), ❖ σταθερότητα, συνέπεια justified (adj) Consistency is key to achieving success in one’s studies. ➤ consistent (adj), 1.100 expenditure (n) ɪkˈspendɪʧər  consistently (adv) the act of spending or using money; an ✎ Opp: inconsistency amount of money spent ❖ έξοδα, δαπάνες 1.92 faulty (adj) ˈfɔːltiː  The school’s expenditure on IT equipment is wrong or containing mistakes, often seen as a good investment in their students’ resulting in bad decisions education. ➤ expense (n), expensive (adj), ❖ ελαττωματικός expensively (adv) ✎ public/government/ Faulty data could lead to dangerous military expenditure decisions because of the lack of correct information. ➤ fault (n), faultless (adj), 1.101 funds (n pl) fʌndz  faultlessly (adv) money that is available to be spent ✎ Syn: defective ❖ κεφάλαιο, κονδύλια, πόροι The school raised enough funds to establish 1.93 misleading (adj) mɪsˈliːdiːŋ  a full computer lab. ➤ funding (n) giving the wrong idea or impression and ✎ government/public funds making you believe sth that is not true ❖ παραπλανητικός, αποπροσανατολιστικός 1.102 clarify (v) klærʌˌfaɪ  The interpretation of data could be to make sth clearer or easier to understand misleading if the data is lacking vital ❖ διευκρινίζω, αποσαφηνίζω information. ➤ mislead (v), misled (adj) The teacher clarified the differences ✎ Syn: deceptive between rural and urban development. ➤ clarification (n) 1.94 establish (v) eˈstæblɪʃ  to discover or prove the facts of a situation 1.103 consensus (n) kənˈsensəs ❖ καθορίζω an opinion that all members of a group The teachers establish the rules to be agree with followed when doing projects. ❖ επικρατούσα άποψη, ομοφωνία There was general consensus among 1.95 assure (v) əˈʃʊr parents and teachers that students spend to tell sb that sth is definitely true or is too much time on their devices to surf the definitely going to happen, especially when net. ➤ consensual (adj) they have doubts about it ✎ consensus about/on ❖ διαβεβαιώνω I can assure you that what I am telling you 1.104 intermittent (adj) ɪntərˈmɪtnt  is true, because I have read up about it stopping and starting often over a period of extensively. ➤ assurance (n), assured (adj), time, but not regularly assuredly (adv) ❖ διαλείπων, διακοπτόμενος 10

1 The intermittent use of devices led to 1.112 virtual (adj) ˈvɜːrʧuːəl  increased marks at school. created by computers ➤ intermittently (adv) ✎ Syn: sporadic ❖ εικονικός, ηλεκτρονικός The creation of virtual reality has led to 1.105 versatile (adj) ˈvɜːrsətɪl  another form of Internet addiction. having many different uses ➤ virtually (adv) ❖ που έχει πολλές χρήσεις, πολλαπλών χρήσεων 1.113 community (n) kəˈmjuːnɪtiː  Most devices nowadays are versatile and a group of people who have common could be used to good effect in learning. interests ➤ versatility (n) ❖ κοινότητα Some people feel that they have a stronger 1.106 distinguish (v) dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ  community online that in real life. to cause two things to be regarded as ➤ communal (adj) different ❖ διακρίνω, χαρακτηρίζω 1.114 narrative (n) ˈnærʌtɪv  Humans’ ability to speak distinguishes a story or a description of a series of events them from animals. ➤ distinguishable (adj), ❖ αφήγηση, διήγηση, περιγραφή distinguished (adj), distinguishing (adj) A good narrative is descriptive on all levels – ✎ distinguish sth from sth else intellectual, physical, and emotional. ➤ narrative (adj), narrate (v) Vocabulary pages 8–9 1.115 algorithm (n) ælgəˌrɪðəm  1.107 bombard (v) bɑːmˈbɑːrd  a set of instructions that are followed to ask sb so many questions, give them so in a fixed order and used for solving a much information, etc. that it is difficult for mathematical problem, making a computer them to deal with it all program, etc. ❖ βομβαρδίζω ❖ αλγόριθμος ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή We are bombarded with so many different Advertisers use algorithms to target which ads opinions about Covid-19 that it can become to show you when you are surfing the net. difficult to filter out the useful information. ➤ bomb (n), bombardment (n) ✎ bombard 1.116 solely (adv) ˈsoʊlliː  sb/sth with sth involving nothing except the person or thing mentioned 1.108 distinction (n) dɪˈstɪŋkʃən  ❖ αποκλειστικά και μόνο a difference between two things He solely relied on his memory to aid him to ❖ διαφορά, διαφοροποίηση navigate the city. ➤ sole (adj) Students are becoming savvier about making a distinction between mindlessly 1.117 hysterical (adj) hɪˈsterɪkəl  surfing the net and using the net for extremely funny learning purposes. ➤ distinct (adj), distinctly ❖ ξεκαρδιστικός (adv), distinctive (adj), distinctively (adv), Most people find cat videos hysterical, which distinguish (v) ✎ distinction between explains their popularity. ✎ a clear/sharp distinction ✎ make/draw ➤ hysterically (adv) a distinction 1.118 process (v) ˈprɑːses  1.109 impose (v) ɪmˈpoʊz  to put information into a computer in order to force sb to have the same opinion, belief, to organize it etc. as you ❖ επεξεργάζομαι ❖ επιβάλλω The software can process many different Barry did not want to impose his opinion instructions at the same time. ➤ process (n) on his friends. ➤ imposed (adj), imposing (adj), imposition (n) ✎ impose sth on sb 1.119 proceed (v) prəˈsiːd  to continue to happen 1.110 interact (v) ˌɪntərˈækt  ❖ συνεχίζω, προχωράω If two or more people interact, or if The students could proceed with the task in one person interacts with another, they the same way as before. ➤ procedure (n) communicate with one another and react to one another, often while performing an 1.120 component (n) kəmˈpoʊnənt activity together. an individual quality or feature of sth ❖ αλληλεπιδρώ, επικοινωνώ ❖ (δομικό) στοιχείο People tend to interact more with people Personal interaction is an important with similar interests to themselves. component of strong relationships in any ➤ interaction (n), interactive (adj), part of life. interactively (adv) ✎ interact with 1.121 segment (n) ˈsegmənt  1.111 scroll (v) skroʊl a separate part of anything to move information up or down a computer ❖ τμήμα, κομμάτι screen in order to read it Teenagers are the biggest growing segment ❖ κυλάω τον δρομέα, σκρολάρω of Instagram users. ➤ segment (v), Social media addicts can scroll through segmentation (n) Facebook status updates for hours on end. ➤ scroll (n) ✎ scroll up/down 1.122 estimated (adj) ˈestəˌmeɪtɪd  approximate ❖ εκτιμώμενος 11

1 The estimated number of video gamers in 1.132 position (v) pəˈzɪʃən  Asia is over 1.5 billion. ➤ estimate (n, v), to put sth in a particular place estimation (n) ❖ τοποθετώ, βάζω στη θέση του Advertisers position their ads to target 1.123 intercommunication (n) specific groups of people. ˈɪntɜːrkəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən  ➤ position (n), positional (adj), the process of communicating between positioned (adj), positioning (n) people or groups ❖ αλληλεπικοινωνία 1.133 comprehension (n) ˌkɑːmprɪˈhenʃən  Intercommunication forms an important the ability to understand sth aspect of establishing relationships in all ❖ κατανόηση, αντίληψη areas of life. ➤ intercommunicate (v) Comprehension is a vital skill to achieve success in one’s studies. 1.124 interaction (n) ɪntərˈækʃən  ➤ comprehend (v), comprehensive (adj), the activity of talking to other people, comprehensively (adv), comprehensible working together with them, etc. (adj), incomprehensible (adj) ❖ διάδραση, αλληλεπίδραση Face-to-face interaction is an important 1.134 knowledge (n) ˈnɑːlɪʤ  component of strong relationships. the state of knowing about a particular fact ➤ interact (v), interactive (adj), or situation interactively (adv) ❖ γνώση ✎ interaction with Knowledge of potentially dangerous situations could help save lives. 1.125 bot (n) bɑːt ➤ know (v), knowledgeable (adj), a computer program that carries out knowledgeably (adv) automatic, repetitive tasks ❖ μποτ, ρομπότ 1.135 exponentially (adv) ˌekspəˈnenʃəlli Bots have become part of our way of life, increasing or growing very fast as most people have some interaction with ❖ πολύ, σημαντικά bots every day on the Internet. The number of Internet users are growing exponentially every year. ➤ exponential (adj) 1.126 generate (v) ʤenəˌreɪt  to cause to exist, produce 1.136 at the push of a button (expr) ət ðə pʊʃ ❖ παράγω, δημιουργώ əv ə ˈbʌtn  Influencers have to generate new content used to emphasize how easy a machine is regularly to keep their followers’ interest. to use because it is controlled simply by ➤ generation (n), generator (n) pushing a button ❖ με το αγγιγμα ενός κουμπιού 1.127 induce (v) ɪnˈduːs  Most information these days can be found at to cause sth, especially a mental or physical the push of a button. change ❖ προκαλώ, προξενώ, επιφέρω 1.137 get your wires crossed (expr) get jʊr Not being online could induce panic in social waɪrz krɔːst  media addicts. ➤ induction (n), inductive (adj) to become confused about what sb has said to you so that you think they meant sth else 1.128 spam (n) spæm ❖ μπερδεύομαι emails that are sent to large numbers of Eli and Anni got their wires crossed about people on the Internet, especially when their joint workshop on writing skills. these are not wanted ❖ ανεπιθύμητη αλληλογραφία 1.138 press the right buttons (expr) pres ðə She created a useful app to filter out spam raɪt ˈbʌtnz emails. ➤ spam (v), spammer (n) to successfully cause a reaction or emotion in sb, especially when this makes them do 1.129 flog (v) flɑːg what you want to hit sb very hard with a stick or whip as a ❖ θίγω τα κατάλληλα ζητήματα punishment Jess’s writing presses all the right buttons ❖ μαστιγώνω to get her followers to give her thousands of The rider flogged the horse to move faster. ‘likes’. ➤ flogger (n), flogging (n) 1.139 light years ahead (expr) laɪt jiːrz əˈhed  1.130 clog (v) klɑːg  an extremely long time from now in the to block sth or become blocked future ❖ φράζω ❖ έτη φωτός μπροστά The drain clogged up from waste that could The group’s thinking about how to solve not decompose. ➤ clogged (adj) climate problems is light years ahead of their time. 1.131 pose (v) poʊz  to present a difficult or dangerous situation 1.140 it’s not rocket science (expr) its nɑːt ❖ αποτελλώ, συνιστώ ˈrɑːkɪt ˈsaɪəns  Unsupervised access to the Internet used to say that you do not think that sth is could pose a threat to people who cannot very difficult to do or to understand differentiate between truth and fake ❖ δεν είναι πυρηνική φυσική information. ✎ pose a problem/difficulty/ Navigating the Internet consciously and risk/threat successfully is not rocket science. 12

1 1.141 on the same wavelength (expr) ɑːn ðə It can be quite difficult to filter out seɪm weɪv leŋkθ  undesirable content when you surf the net. to understand the way that another person ➤ desire (n, v) ✎ Opp: desirable thinks because you often have the same ideas and opinions as they do 1.151 key in (phr v) kiː ɪn  ❖ στο ίδιο μήκος κύματος to put information into a computer or other He had to get everyone on the same electronic machine using keys or a keyboard wavelength in order for his project to ❖ πληκτρολογώ succeed. Make sure that you key in all the data correctly. ➤ key (n), keyboard (n) 1.142 pull the plug (expr) pʊl ðə plʌg  to stop an activity, especially by no longer 1.152 plug in/up (phr v) plʌg ɪn/ʌp  providing the money needed to allow it to to connect a piece of equipment to an continue electricity supply or to another piece of ❖ διακόπτω την υποστήριξη, τερματίζω, equipment διακόπτω ❖ βάζω στην πρίζα They had to pull the plug on the research Jason had forgotten to plug in his cellphone when they could not get funds to continue. to recharge, with the result that he was left with a dead battery. ➤ plug (n) 1.143 manipulate (v) məˈnɪpjəˌleɪt  ✎ Opp: unplug (v) to influence sb, or to control sth, in a clever or dishonest way 1.153 go down (phr v) goʊ daʊn  ❖ χειραγωγώ, χειρίζομαι If sth such as a computer or an electrical Fake news can manipulate people into system goes down, it stops working for a beliefs and actions that are not based on period of time. fact. ➤ manipulation (n), manipulative (adj), ❖ σταματάω τη λειτουργεία manipulator (n) The huge storm caused the power to go down and people in the city were left 1.144 initiative (n) ɪˈnɪʃiːətɪv  without electricity for a day. an important action that is intended to solve a problem 1.154 cut off (phr v) kʌt ɔːf  ❖ πρωτοβουλία If sb or sth cuts you off when you are The class launched an initiative to raise talking on the telephone, they make the money for the animal shelter. telephone line stop working. ❖ διακόπτω συνομιλία 1.145 log off/out (phr v) lɔːg ɔːf/aʊt We got cut off, so I couldn’t finish explaining to finish using a computer system or app, to Mom how to change her Netflix password. for example by pressing certain keys ➤ cutoff (n) ❖ αποσυνδέομαι Make sure you save your files before you log 1.155 click on (phr v) klɪk ɑːn  off/out your computer. to make a computer do sth by pressing a ✎ Opp: log in/on button on the mouse ❖ πατάω, επιλέγω, κλικάρω 1.146 disconnect (v) ˌdɪskəˈnekt  You simply click on the word to highlight it. to end a phone or Internet connection ❖ αποσυνδέομαι από το διαδίκτυο, κλείνω το 1.156 register (v) ˈreʤɪstər  διαδίκτυο to make a record of sth; to enter Disconnect your phone so that you do not ❖ καταχωρώ use data in the background. When you buy a new car, you have to ➤ disconnection (n) register it to get your license plates. 1.147 log in/on (phr v) lɔːg ɪn/ɑːn  1.157 junk mail (n) ʤʌŋk meɪl  to start using a computer system or app, for advertising and other information sent to you example by typing a particular word by post, email, or on your phone, although ❖ συνδέομαι you did not ask for it and do not want it Remember your password to log in/on to ❖ ανεπιθύμητη αλληλογραφία your computer. Tessa immediately deletes all junk mail when it lands in her inbox – she doesn’t 1.148 back up (phr v) bæk ʌp  even bother to open it. to make a copy of information on your computer 1.158 accumulate (v) əˈkjuːmjəˌleɪt  ❖ αντιγράφω, δημιουργώ αντίγραφα to get more and more of sth over a period Make sure you back up all your work before of time logging off. ❖ συγκεντρώνω, συσσωρεύω He allowed junk mail to accumulate 1.149 filter out (phr v) ˈfɪltər aʊt  in his inbox, and had to spend hours to remove sth that is not wanted using a filter deleting everything. ➤ accumulated (adj), ❖ αφαιρώ, απομακρύνω, ξεσκαρτάρω accumulation (n), accumulative (adj), You could use a spam filter to filter out accumulator (n) unwanted messages. 1.159 activate (v) æktəˌveɪt 1.150 undesirable (adj) ʌndɪˈzaɪrəbəl  to make a piece of equipment or a process bad, or harmful start working ❖ ανεπιθύμητος ❖ ενεργοποιώ 13

1 You have to activate your account before Kevin decided to update his old cellphone to you can access and use the website. a more advanced model. ➤ update (n) ➤ activated (adj), activation (n) ✎ update the software ✎ Opp: deactivate 1.168 upgrade (v) ʌpˈɡreɪd 1.160 literate (adj) ˈlɪtərɪt  to make a computer or other machine more having skills or knowledge in a specific area powerful or effective ❖ γνώστης ❖ αναβαθμίζω Older people are often not very computer- The system upgrade will mean that all literate and have to rely on younger people computers connected to it will run much to help them with using the Internet. faster. ➤ upgrade (n) ➤ literacy (n) ✎ Opp: illiterate ✎ computer literate 1.169 uplift (v) əpˈlɪft  to make sb feel happier or more hopeful 1.161 compatible (adj) kəmˈpætʌbəl  ❖ φτιάχνω τη διάθεση, ανεβάζω τη διάθεση If one piece of computer equipment or Motivational podcasts always uplift her spirit software is compatible with another, they and give her a sense of hope for the future. can be used together. ➤ uplifting (adj) ❖ συμβατός Before you buy a new phone app, check that 1.170 disapproval (n) ˌdɪsəˈpruːvəl  it is compatible with your cellphone. a feeling of not approving of sb or sth ➤ compatibility (n), incompatibility (n) ❖ αποδοκιμασία, αντιπάθεια ✎ Opp: incompatible She was shocked by his rude behavior and made her disapproval of it very clear. 1.162 violent (adj) ˈvaɪələnt  ➤ disapprove (v), disapproved (adj), involving the use of physical force disapproving (adj), disapprovingly (adv) ❖ βίαιος ✎ Opp: approval He is not a violent person and prefers to settle misunderstandings by talking about 1.171 disintegration (n) dɪsˌɪntəˈgreɪʃən  them. ➤ violence (n), violently (adj) the process of becoming much less strong or ✎ Opp: nonviolent united and being gradually destroyed ❖ διάλυση, αποσύνθεση 1.163 improbability (n) ɪmprɑːbəˈbɪlɪtiː  The disintegration of plastic takes a long the fact of not being likely to be true or to time, which is why plastic pollution is such a happen; sth that is not likely to be true or to big environmental problem. happen ➤ disintegrate (v) ❖ απιθανότητα, το ότι δεν είναι πιθανό Sarah thinks the improbability of people one 1.172 degradation (n) ˌdegrəˈdeɪʃən  day living on the Moon decreases as the the process of sth becoming worse or technology to make it possible advances. weaker ➤ improbable (adj), probable (adj) ❖ υποβάθμιση, εξαχρείωση, κατάντια ✎ Syn: unlikelihood He made a lot of bad choices in his youth; ✎ Opp: probability he now leads a life of degradation and nobody respects him. ➤ degrade (v), 1.164 surpass (v) sərˈpæs  degraded (adj), degrading (adj) to do or be better than sb/sth ❖ ξεπερνώ, υπερβαίνω 1.173 ingredient (n) ɪnˈgriːdiːənt  He trained really hard in an attempt to one of the substances that are combined to surpass his previous record. make sth ❖ συστατικό, υλικό 1.165 frustration (n) frəˈstreɪʃən  He made sure he had all the ingredients he an annoyed or impatient feeling that you get needed before he started cooking his supper. when you are prevented from doing what you want 1.174 input (n) ɪnˌpʊt  ❖ ενόχληση, δυσφορία, δυσαρέσκεια information that is put into a computer or a His frustration at having to stand in a line piece of electronic equipment using another grew as time went by. ➤ frustrate (v), machine such as a keyboard or microphone frustrating (adj) ❖ εισαγωγή, καταχώρηση The program gives the user a choice 1.166 tax return (n) tæks rɪˈtɜːrn  between input using a keyboard or a voice- an official document on which you activated system. ➤ input (v) give details of your income so that the government can calculate the amount of tax 1.175 output (n) aʊtˌpʊt  that you have to pay the information shown on a screen or ❖ φορολογική δήλωση printed on paper by a computer She postponed doing her tax return and ❖ απόδοση, αποτέλεσμα now has to pay a penalty because she filed The spreadsheet input had many mistakes, it after the deadline. which affected the output; nobody could use the data. ➤ output (v) 1.167 update (v) ʌpˈdeɪt to make sth more modern or suitable for 1.176 processing unit (n) ˈprɑːsesɪŋ ˈjuːnɪt use now by adding new information or the part of a computer that controls all the changing its design other parts of the system ❖ ενημερώνω ❖ κεντρική μονάδα επεξεργασίας 14

1 A computer’s processing unit acts like its 1.187 proficient (adj) prəˈfɪʃənt  brain; if the unit is damaged, the computer very skillful at sth that you have learned ❖ ικανός, επιδέξιος will not function. 1.177 on the brink of sth (expr) ɑːn ðə brɪŋk əv  He is as proficient in his second language as the point in time when sth very bad or very he is in his mother tongue. good is about to happen ➤ proficiency (n), proficiently (adv) ❖ στα πρόθυρα, στο χείλος 1.188 get the hang of sth (expr) get ðə hæŋ əv  She was on the brink of falling asleep when to learn how to do sth or use sth ❖ παίρνω το κολάι, μπαίνω στο νόημα the phone rang and could not go to sleep afterwards. It took some time, but he eventually did get 1.178 on the edge of sth (expr) ɑːn ðiː eʤ əv  the hang of using a chain saw. nearly in a particular state or condition 1.189 revenue (n) revənˌjuː  ❖ στο όριο, στα πρόθυρα money that a business or organization He was on the edge of answering her receives over a period of time, especially question when there was a knock on the from selling goods or services ❖ έσοδα door. 1.179 on the verge of sth (expr) ɑːn ðə vɜːrʤ əv  The restaurant’s revenue declined after the about to do sth or experience sth chef left and fewer and fewer people went ❖ στο χείλος, στα πρόθυρα there for meals. He was on the verge of tears after ✎ Syn: income somebody drove into his new car. 1.190 simulate (v) ˈsɪmjʊleɪt  1.180 breakthrough (n) ˈbreɪkθruː  to make or produce sth that is not real but an important discovery or event that helps has the appearance or feeling of being real to improve a situation or provide an answer ❖ προσομοιάζω, προσομοιώνω to a problem Emergency staff often use technology ❖ σημαντική πρόοδος that simulate car accident injuries in their Scientists have a made an important training. ➤ simulation (n), simulator (n) breakthrough in the development of a 1.191 predominantly (adv) prɪˈdɑːmənəntli  malaria vaccine. ✎ a major breakthrough mostly or mainly ❖ κυρίως 1.181 mode (n) moʊd  William uses his cellphone predominantly a particular form of sth as a camera. ➤ predominant (adj), ❖ τρόπος predominate (v) Which mode of transport do you use the most? I use the bus. 1.192 reflexes (n pl) rɪˈfleksɪz  1.182 module (n) ˈmɑːʤuːl  the natural ability to react quickly and well a unit of a computer system or program that to sudden situations has a particular function ❖ αντανακλαστικά ❖ δομοστοιχείο λογισμικού His reflexes were too slow for him to become The size of a computer’s memory module a good boxer and he took up another sport. determines the speed at which the computer ➤ reflex (adj) performs. 1.193 don (v) dɑːn  1.183 acknowledge (v) ækˈnɑːlɪʤ  to put clothes, etc. on to accept that sth is true ❖ φοράω, βάζω ❖ αναγνωρίζω, παραδέχομαι Cosplayers don costumes that portray their You may not like him, but you have to favorite character. acknowledge that he is a great basketball 1.194 -oriented (adj) ˈɔːriːəntɪd player. ➤ acknowledgment (n) directed towards sth or made or adapted for 1.184 grasp (v) græsp  a particular purpose to understand sth completely ❖ με συγκεκριμένο προσανατολισμό, ❖ κατανοώ, καταλαβαίνω, αντιλαμβάνομαι προσανατολισμένος σε His failure to grasp how serious the problem He decided to quit his deadline-oriented job was led to him losing his job. for one where he would have more time for family life. 1.185 hold (v) hoʊld ➤ orient (v), orientation (n) to have a particular opinion or belief ❖ υποστηρίζω 1.195 correlation (n) ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃən  She holds the opinion that restricting social a connection between two ideas, facts, etc., media use among teenagers is wrong. especially when one may be the cause of the other ❖ συσχέτιση, σχέση, σύνδεση Grammar pages 10–11 Research has found that there is a direct 1.186 pursue (v) pərˈsuː  correlation between children who had to to follow a course of activity do chores at home and their success in ❖ επιδιώκω later life. ➤ correlate (v), correlated (adj), Ellen had wanted to pursue a career in correlative (adj) medicine from a young age. ➤ pursuit (n) ✎ correlation between 15

1 1.196 ratio (n) ˈreɪʃoʊ  1.206 attainment (n) əˈteɪnmənt  the relationship between two groups of success in achieving sth or reaching a people or things that is represented by two particular level numbers showing how much larger one ❖ επίτευξη group is than the other His parents were extremely proud and ❖ αναλογία relieved that his dyslexia did not have a In a school where the teacher-student ratio negative effect on his academic attainment. is 1:25, there is 1 teacher for every 25 ➤ attain (v), attainable (adj) students. ✎ Syn: achievement 1.197 insert (v) ɪnˈsʌrt  Listening page 12 to put sth inside or into sth else ❖ εισάγω, προσθέτω 1.207 cramped (adj) kræmpt  She inserted the knife into its sheath before A cramped room, building, etc. does not putting it away. ➤ insertion (n) have enough space for the people in it. ❖ στριμωγμένος, παστωμένος 1.198 unwind (v) ənˈwaɪnd  The lack of space in their cramped room to relax and stop feeling anxious was made even worse when people came to ❖ εκτονώνομαι, χαλαρώνω visit. A long hot bath is a great way to unwind after a long hike in the rain. 1.208 gist (n) ʤɪst  the main idea and meaning of what sb has 1.199 immense (adj) ɪˈmens  said or written extremely large ❖ νόημα, γενική ιδέα ❖ αχανής, τεράστιος, απέραντος He knows enough English to follow the gist Computers can do an immense number of of an informal conversation, but he finds it operations in a short period. hard to follow a lecture. ➤ immensely (adv) ✎ Syn: enormous ✎ the gist of 1.200 lucrative (adj) ˈluːkrətɪv  1.209 eliminate (v) ɪˈlɪməneɪt  A job or activity that is lucrative lets you to remove or get rid of sth earn a lot of money. ❖ αποκλείω ❖ επικερδής, κερδοφόρος, προσοδοφόρος In a multiple-choice question, you have to Even though she had a lucrative job, the eliminate all the wrong answers to reach the money did not make up for the long hours correct one. ➤ elimination (n) at her desk. ✎ Syn: profitable ✎ lucrative business/market/contract, etc. 1.210 attentive (adj) əˈtentɪv listening to or watching sb carefully because 1.201 bumpy (adj) ˈbʌmpiː  you are interested A bumpy ride, flight, or journey is ❖ προσεκτικός uncomfortable because of bad weather or a A teacher is always pleased when there are bad road. more attentive than bored students in a ❖ με αναταράξεις, ανώμαλη διαδρομή class. ➤ attend (v), attention (n) His fear of flying was made worse when they ✎ Opp: inattentive flew through a storm and had a very bumpy ✎ attentive to flight. ➤ bump (n, v) ✎ bumpy ride 1.211 overworked (adj) ˌoʊvərˈwɜːrkt 1.202 hone (v) hoʊn made to work too hard to improve your skill at doing sth, especially ❖ φορτωμένος με δουλειά when you are already very good at it Edward was so overworked that he often fell ❖ τελειοποιώ, βελτιώνω asleep at his desk. To stay on top in any sport, you have to ➤ overwork (v) always hone your skills to be better than your competitors. Speaking page 13  1.203 approachable (adj) əˈproʊʧəbəl  1.212 appealing (adj) əˈpiːlɪŋ  friendly and easy to talk to attractive or interesting ❖ προσιτός, ευπρόσιτος ❖ ελκυστικός, ενδιαφέρων Because Mary is so approachable, everybody Compared with desktop computers, tablets likes to be in her company. are a more appealing option to people on ➤ approach (n, v) ✎ Opp: unapproachable the move because they are easy to carry and use. ➤ appeal (v, n) 1.204 expendable (adj) ɪkˈspendəbəl  ✎ appealing to not needed enough to be kept or saved ❖ αναλώσιμος 1.213 upside (n) ʌpˌsaɪd  He cleaned his room and recycled all the the more positive aspect of a situation that expendable junk that he no longer needed. is generally bad ❖ πλεονέκτημα, θετικό 1.205 bandwidth (n) ˈbændwɪdθ Linda was frustrated because her broken leg the amount of information that can be was preventing her from doing sport. The carried through a telephone wire, computer upside was that she now had time to read. connection, etc. at one time ✎ Opp: downside ❖ (μεταφορά δεδομένων) εύρος ζώνης To his disgust, his slow bandwidth left him almost unable to play video games. 16

1 1.214 downside (n) ˈdaʊnsaɪd 1.222 tolerate (v) tɑːləˌreɪt  the disadvantages or less positive aspects to accept sb/sth that is annoying, of sth unpleasant, etc. without complaining ❖ ελάττωμα, μειονέκτημα ❖ ανέχομαι, επιτρέπω Gavin was excited to be chosen for the We have to tolerate people’s quirks in order team. The downside was that with the extra to live together in harmony. ➤ tolerant training that involved, he would have less (adj), tolerance (n) ✎ Syn: put up with time to spend with his friends. ✎ Opp: upside 1.223 refrain (v) rɪˈfreɪn  to not do sth that you want to do Writing p ages 14–16 ❖ αποφεύγω, απέχω He decided to refrain from constantly 1.215 instructional (adj) ɪnˈstrʌkʃənəl checking his social media. ✎ Syn: abstain providing instruction ✎ refrain from ❖ εκπαιδευτικός, διδακτικός, καθοδηγητικός A rowdy student can have a negative effect 1.224 reiterate (v) riːˈɪtəreɪt on available instructional time and that can to repeat a statement or opinion in order to influence students’ performance. make your meaning as clear as possible ➤ instruct (v), instruction (n) ❖ επαναλαμβάνω ✎ Syn: educational In order to get his message across, he had to reiterate it a few times until everybody 1.216 policy (n) ˈpɑːlɪsiː  understood. ➤ reiteration (n) a way of doing sth that has been officially ✎ Syn: restate agreed and chosen by a political party, a business, or another organization 1.225 contradiction (n) ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃən ❖ τακτική, πολιτική a lack of agreement between facts, opinions, The school has a no-cellphone policy which actions, etc. most parents approve of but which the ❖ αντίφαση students dislike. There is a contradiction between his words and his actions, and people feel that he 1.217 display (v) dɪˈspleɪ cannot be trusted. to show a quality, feeling, skill, or type of ➤ contradict (v), contradictory (adj) behavior ✎ contradiction between ❖ δείχνω, επιδεικνύω ✎ in contradiction to sth The group decided to display their data in the form of a pie chart rather than a column 1.226 at fault (expr) ət fɔːlt chart. ➤ display (n) to be responsible for sth ❖ υπεύθυνος, υπαίτιος, υπόλογος 1.218 rationale (n) ˌræʃʌˈnæl  The court will have to decide who was at the reasons for a decision, belief, etc. fault and caused the accident. ❖ λογική, σκεπτικό, συλλογισμός The rationale behind the decision was based 1.227 countless (adj) ˈkaʊntlɪs  on research and not emotion. ✎ rationale very many, or too many to be counted behind/for/of ❖ αμέτρητος, αναρίθμητος He made countless attempts to stop 1.219 distracted (adj) dɪˈstræktɪd  smoking and was very proud when he unable to pay attention to sb/sth because managed to do so. ➤ count (v), you are worried or thinking about sth else countable (adj), uncountable (adj) ❖ διασπασμένη (προσοχή, συγκέντρωση), αφηρημένος 1.228 elaboration (n) ɪˌlæbʌˈreɪʃən  She was so distracted by the sound of a detailed explanation or description of sth a dripping faucet that she could not ❖ ανάπτυξη, επεξεργασία concentrate on what she was reading. His elaboration of his thinking convinced ➤ distract (v), distraction (n) many people that his suggestion of how to ✎ distracted by solve the problem was the best. ➤ elaborate (v, adj), elaborately (adv) 1.220 opinion poll (n) əˈpɪnjən poʊl  ✎ the elaboration of an idea the process of asking a large group of people the same questions in order to find 1.229 pertinent (adj) ˈpɜːrtnənt  out what most people think about sth directly relating to sth that is being ❖ δημοσκόπηση considered An opinion poll is one method used to ❖ σχετικός, συναφής find out what people think of government The price of an article is often pertinent to policies. a person’s decision to buy it or not. ➤ pertinence (n) ✎ Syn: relevant 1.221 etiquette (n) ˈetəkɪt  ✎ pertinent to the formal rules of correct or polite behavior in society, among members of a particular 1.230 exemplify (v) ɪgˈzempləˌfaɪ  profession or in a particular area of activity to give an example of sth ❖ πρότυπο συμπεριφοράς ❖ παραδειγματίζω Etiquette can differ across cultures, and She used evidence from case studies to what is considered good manners in one exemplify the effect of homelessness on society may be seen as rudeness in another. people’s mental health. ➤ example (n), exemplification (n) 17

1 1.231 likewise (adv) laɪkˌwaɪz  Older people who struggle with computers in the same way are often envious of millennials, who all ❖ ομοίως, επίσης seem to be digital natives: they never knew Running is good exercise, likewise any other a life without computers. activity that raises your heart rate. ✎ Syn: similarly W1.6 digital immigrant (n) ˈdɪʤɪtl ˈɪməgrənt  a person who was born or grew up before 1.232 bar chart (n) bɑːr ʧɑːrt  the use of digital technology became a picture of boxes of different heights, common in which each box represents a different ❖ κάποιος που έχει γεννηθεί πριν την εποχή amount or quantity της ψηφιακής τεχνολογίας ❖ ιστόγραμμα, ραβδόγραμμα I see myself as a digital immigrant – I really A bar chart is useful to show the average struggle with digital technology and can monthly temperatures of a location. still remember a time when offices were equipped with typewriters. 1.233 commitment (n) kəˈmɪtmənt sth that takes up of your time because you W1.7 power outage (n) ˈpaʊər ˈaʊtɪʤ  have agreed or have the responsibility to do it a situation in which the supply of electricity ❖ υποχρέωση is interrupted; a period of time when this She has so many work commitments that she happens rarely spends time at home. ➤ commit (v), ❖ διακοπή ρεύματος committed (adj) ✎ family/professional/ It is a good idea to have flashlights or long-term commitment candles in the house in case there is a power outage during a heavy storm. 1.234 for one (expr) fər wʌn  used to emphasize that a particular person W1.8 frank (adj) fræŋk  does or believes sth, even if other people honest and truthful don’t ❖ ειλικρινής ❖ προσωπικά We had a frank discussion, and ironed out I, for one, feel that reading is one of the the differences between us. best ways of improving one’s foreign ➤ frankly (adv), frankness (adv) language skills. ✎ to be frank WORKBOOK W1.9 grant (v) grænt  to give sb sth or allow them to have sth that Vocabulary pages 4–5 they have asked for ❖ παραχωρώ, δίνω W1.1 toddler (n) ˈtɑːdlər  If a genie appeared to grant you three a child who has only recently learnt to walk wishes, what would they be? ❖ νήπιο ➤ grant (n) The toddler has only just started walking and still falls down often. W1.10 grip (n) grɪp  ➤ toddle (v) an understanding of sth ❖ αντίληψη, κατανόηση W1.2 self-esteem (n) ˈselfɪsˈtiːm  His grip of computer coding is remarkable a feeling of being happy with your own for somebody so young – but then, he grew character and abilities up with the technology. ➤ grip (v) ❖ αυτοσεβασμός, αυτοεκτίμηση ✎ have/get a grip on sth He not only knows his strengths and weaknesses, but his confidence in his abilities W1.11 miscalculation (n) ˈmɪsˌkælkjʊˈleɪʃən shows that he has good self-esteem. a mistake made in deciding how long sth will take to do, how much money you will need, W1.3 aptitude (n) æptɪˌtuːd  etc. natural ability or skill at doing sth ❖ λάθος υπολογισμός ❖ κλίση, έφεση My miscalculation of how much money I She has an aptitude for languages, while I would need on holiday meant that I could have to work really hard at my English. not spend as much as I wanted. ✎ Syn: talent ➤ miscalculate (v) W1.4 confer (v) kənˈfɜːr  Grammar pages 6–7 to give sb an award, a university degree, or a particular honor or right W1.12 secretive (adj) ˈsiːkrɪtɪv  ❖ απονέμω A secretive person or organization likes to The country’s newly elected president was keep their thoughts, intentions, or actions a student at the university and this played hidden from others. a big role in their decision to confer an ❖ κρυψίνους, μυστικοπαθής honorary degree on him. ➤ conference (n) The company is very secretive about their new cellphone design; there have been no W1.5 digital native (n) ˈdɪʤɪtl ˈneɪtɪv leaks about it in the media. a person who is very familiar with digital ➤ secret (n), secretly (adv), secretively technology, computers, etc. because they (adv), secretiveness (n) have grown up with them ✎ Opp: open ❖ ψηφιακή γενιά 18

1 W1.13 payroll (n) ˈpeɪroʊl  If you want to prove that you are legally a list of people employed by a company employed at the firm, you need to produce a showing the amount of money to be paid to valid contract. ➤ validity (n), validation (n) each of them ✎ valid license/evidence ❖ μισθοδοσία The company had to drastically reduce the W1.21 violate (v) ˈvaɪəleɪt  people on its payroll to survive during the to disobey or do sth against an official economic crisis. ✎ on the payroll agreement, law, principle, etc. ❖ παραβιάζω Cloze page 8 People who violate the law must appear in court and be punished for their wrongdoing. W1.14 prevalence (n) ˈprevələns  ➤ violation (n) ✎ Syn: disobey the fact of existing or being very common at a particular time or in a particular place W1.22 censorship (n) sensərˌʃɪp  ❖ συχνότητα the act or policy of censoring books, etc., The prevalence of smoking among teenagers in other words, cutting out the parts is worrying to health professionals. considered to be inappropriate ➤ prevail (v), prevailing (adj), ❖ λογοκρισία prevalent (adj) During a class discussion about free speech and censorship the students strongly argued W1.15 encounter (v) enˈkaʊntər  their positions and points of view. to experience sth, especially sth unpleasant ➤ censor (v), censored (adj), censorial or difficult, while you are trying to do sth (adj), censorious (adj) else ❖ βρίσκω, ανακαλύπτω, αντιμετωπίζω W1.23 incite (v) ɪnˈsaɪt  Whenever I encounter my talkative neighbor to deliberately encourage people to fight, in the mornings, I miss the bus and am late argue, etc. for work. ➤ encounter (n) ❖ υποκινώ, προκαλώ, παρακινώ ✎ Syn: meet If you incite somebody to commit a crime, you should also be charged for the crime. W1.16 purposefully (adv) ˈpɜːrpəsfəlli  ➤ incitement (n), inciter (n) in a way that has a useful purpose; with a clear aim and determination W1.24 inflammatory (adj) ɪnˈflæmʌtɔːriː  ❖ σκόπιμα An inflammatory speech, piece of writing, He walked purposefully to the office: he had etc. is likely to make people feel angry. a brilliant idea that he wanted to discuss ❖ προκλητικός with his sales manager. ➤ purpose (n), His inflammatory speeches played a big purposeful (adj) part in the violence that erupted a short while later. ➤ inflame (v), inflamed (adj), W1.17 perception (n) pərˈsepʃən  inflammation (n) the way you think about sth and your idea of what it is like W1.25 controversial (adj) ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃəl  ❖ αντίληψη causing a lot of angry public discussion and I’ve always liked him, but my perception of disagreement him changed when I noticed how badly he ❖ αμφιλεγόμενος, επίμαχος treated restaurant staff. Censorship is a controversial matter, and ➤ perceptiveness (n), perceptible (adj), there are many arguments for and against imperceptible (adj), perceptive (adj), it. ➤ controversially (adv), controversy (n) perceive (v), perceptibly (adv), imperceptibly (adv), perceptively (adv) W1.26 suspend (v) səˈspend to officially stop sth from continuing, W1.18 fictionalize (v) ˈfɪkʃənəlaɪz especially for a short time to write a book or make a movie about a ❖ αναστέλλω, διακόπτω προσωρινά true story, but changing some of the details, The Ministry of Transport announced that characters, etc. regular bus services would be suspended ❖ μυθιστορηματοποιώ tomorrow. ➤ suspension (n) The book is about a true event, but the author decided to fictionalize it because W1.27 blatant (adj) ˈbleɪtnt  she was worried that some of the people sth bad that is very clear and easy to see, appearing in it would sue her for libel. but the person responsible for it does not ➤ fiction (n), fictionalization (n), seem embarrassed or ashamed fictionalized (adj), fictitious (adj) ❖ προφανής, κραυγαλέος, καταφανής He is a blatant liar. Does he not feel W1.19 stumble across (phr v) ˈstʌmbəl əˈkrɔːs  ashamed of himself? ➤ blatancy (n), to discover sth/sb unexpectedly blatantly (adv) ❖ συναντώ τυχαία, βρίσκω τυχαία I’m so glad I stumbled across this website W1.28 intensify (v) ɪnˈtensəˌfaɪ  – it has a lot of free templates I can use on to increase in degree or strength, or to my blog. make sth do this ❖ ενισχύω, ισχυροποιώ W1.20 valid (adj) ˈvælɪd  The politician said that our country would accepted by people in authority intensify its efforts to help the refugees ❖ έγκυρος arriving at our borders. ➤ intense (adj), intensely (adv), intensification (n) 19

1 Listening page 9 W1.33 clean-cut (adj) kliːn kʌt said of sb who looks neat and clean, and W1.29 subject matter (n) ˈsʌbʤɪkt ˈmætʌr  appears to have a good moral character the ideas or information contained in a ❖ ευπαρουσίαστος, περιποιημένος book, speech, painting, etc. His clean-cut appearance certainly helps in ❖ θέμα, αντικείμενο his job as a used-car salesman. The subject matter of her latest book is global warming and its effect on people W1.34 eccentric (adj) ɪkˈsentrɪk  living in low-lying areas close to the ocean. considered by other people to be strange or unusual W1.30 e fficiency (n) ɪˈfɪʃənsɪ  ❖ εκκεντρικός, ιδιόρρυθμος the quality of doing sth well with no waste Artists are often seen as eccentric, and of time or money their fashion sense and hairstyle help to ❖ αποδοτικότητα, απόδοση emphasize this image. Improved working conditions led to ➤ eccentrically (adv), eccentricity (n) increased efficiency, which benefited the company’s production time and income. Writing page 11 ➤ efficient (adj), efficiently (adv) W1.35 cybercrime (n) ˈsaɪbərraɪm W1.31 retrieve (v) rɪˈtriːv  criminal activity that involves the use of to find sth and bring it back computers or the Internet ❖ ανακτώ, επαναφέρω ❖ ηλεκτρονικό έγκλημα The divers hope to retrieve all the bodies One way to protect yourself against from the water; this will give closure to their cybercrime is to use strong passwords and relatives. to change them often. ✎ Syn: recover Speaking page 10 W1.32 outspoken (adj) aʊtˈspoʊkən expressing your opinions honestly and directly, even when doing this might annoy some people ❖ ευθύς, ειλικρινής Mary is very outspoken about global warming, which often leads to arguments with friends and family, but she refuses to keep quiet about it. ➤ speak (v), speech (n) ✎ Opp: reticent 20

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 1 1.1 Present simple Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present simple για • προγράμματα, ώρες άφιξης ή αναχώρησης και • γεγονότα και μόνιμες καταστάσεις. προγράμματισμένα γεγονότα στο μέλλον. Facebook dominates social media with nearly three billion The first train leaves at five o’clock every morning. users worldwide. • αφηγήσεις, κριτικές και περιγραφές αθλητικών • γενικές αλήθειες και φυσικούς νόμους. γεγονότων. Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius. Neymar shoots the ball and scores for Brazil! • συνήθειες και ρουτίνες (συχνά με επιρρήματα συχνότητας – adverbs of frequency). Teenagers often spend over six hours a day in front of screens. Χρονικές εκφράσεις: adverbs of frequency (always, never, κλπ.), every day/week, in the morning/afternoon, at night, on weekends, on Tuesday, in (the) summer, in May, once/twice a day, two/three/four times a day, κλπ. 1.2 Present continuous Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present continuous για • ενοχλητικές συνήθειες (συχνά με επιρρήματα όπως • κάτι που συμβαίνει τώρα, την ώρα που μιλάμε. always, forever, continuously, κλπ.). Please be quiet because the baby is sleeping. Cindy is forever chatting on her phone. • προσωρινές καταστάσεις. • προγραμματισμένες πράξεις για το κοντινό μέλλον, I am staying at a hotel while my apartment is being συνήθως με χρονικές εκφράσεις. renovated. I am meeting my friends for lunch tomorrow. • μεταβαλλόμενες ή σε εξέλιξη καταστάσεις. Technology is progressing more rapidly than ever before. Χρονικές εκφράσεις: now, right now, at the moment, today/tonight, these days, this week, at present, nowadays, for now, for the time being, κλπ. 1.3 Stative verbs Τα ρήματα κατάστασης (stative verbs) περιγράφουν καταστάσεις και όχι πράξεις. Δεν τα χρησιμοποιούμε σε συνεχείς χρόνους, ακόμα και όταν θέλουμε να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που συμβαίνει τώρα. ρήματα αισθήσεων see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look, etc. Peter looks tired this morning. ρήματα αντίληψης believe, understand, know, think, remember, ή νόησης recognize, suspect, suppose, etc. Do you know what VR and AR stand for? ρήματα συναισθημάτων adore, appreciate, love, like, hate, dislike, etc. Jamie doesn’t like posting her photos on Facebook. άλλα ρήματα be, belong, appear, seem, need, own, weigh, concern, matter, deserve, etc. Quality matters more than quantity. Ορισμένα από αυτά τα ρήματα μπορούν να περιγράψουν καταστάσεις αλλά και πράξεις. Όταν περιγράφουν πράξεις, μπορούμε να τα χρησιμοποιήσουμε σε συνεχείς χρόνους (continuous tenses). appear Thomas appears to enjoy college life. = δίνω την εντύπωση, φαίνομαι be The actor is appearing in a Broadway musical. = συμμετέχω, εμφανίζομαι σε παράσταση The children are usually well-behaved. περιγράφει μια συνηθισμένη συμπεριφορά have περιγράφει μια προσωρινή, εκτός χαρακτήρα look They are being very naughty today! συμπεριφορά see = έχω, κατέχω taste Do you have an account on LinkedIn? είναι μέρος μιας έκφρασης (have a party, have lunch/ think dinner, have a good time, have a problem, κλπ.) weigh We’re having a problem with the new software. = φαίνομαι = παρατηρώ κάποιον/κάτι He looks handsome in his new suit. = παρατηρώ με τα μάτια Why are you looking at me like that? = αντιλαμβάνομαι Do you see the deer behind the tree? = συναντώ I don’t see what you mean. = έχω μια συγκεκριμένη γεύση Patricia is seeing her accountant tomorrow. = γεύομαι, δοκιμάζω κάτι These cookies taste delicious. = πιστεύω, έχω μια γνώμη The chef is tasting the sauce to see how spicy it is. = εξετάζω κάτι, σκέφτομαι I think Internet addiction is a serious issue. = έχω ένα συγκεκριμένο βάρος I’m thinking about changing careers. = ζυγίζω κάτι για να διαπιστώσω πόσο βαρύ είναι The suitcase weighs 20 kilograms. The nurse is weighing the baby. 21

1 1.4 Present perfect simple Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present perfect simple για • κάτι που ξεκίνησε στο παρελθόν και συνεχίζεται στο παρόν. Rachel has lived in Seattle her entire life. • κάτι που έχει συμβεί στο παρελθόν, αλλά δε γνωρίζουμε ή δεν αναφέρουμε πότε. The bank has upgraded its online security. • κάτι που έχει συμβεί στο παρελθόν και το αποτέλεσμα του επηρεάζει το παρόν. The Internet has revolutionized communication and entertainment. • κάτι που έγινε ή τέλειωσε πριν λίγο, συχνά με το just. Dylan has just graduated from university. • εμπειρίες ή πράγματα που έχουμε ή δεν έχουμε κάνει στη ζωή μας. The businessman has received many awards for his charity work. • μετά από υπερθετικό βαθμό ή εκφράσεις όπως it/this is the first/second time, κλπ. This is the second time the computer has crashed this week. Σημείωση: Χρησιμοποιούμε το have been to όταν κάποιος έχει πάει κάπου και έχει επιστρέψει. Χρησιμοποιούμε το have gone to όταν κάποιος έχει πάει κάπου αλλά δεν έχει επιστρέψει ακόμα. Mr. Phelps has been to New York on business several times. Mr. Phelps has gone to New York and won’t be back until next week. Χρονικές εκφράσεις: already, ever, never, for, for a long time, for ages, just, once, recently, since 2020/June, so far, twice, four times, until now, yet, κλπ. 1.5 Present perfect continuous Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present perfect continuous • όταν θέλουμε να τονίσουμε για πόσο καιρό μια πράξη βρίσκεται σε εξέλιξη. They’ve been playing video games for six hours. It has been raining all week. • για κάτι που άρχισε στο παρελθόν και συνεχίζεται στο παρόν, ή έχει συμβεί επανειλημμένα μέχρι τώρα. I’ve been saving all my data and photos in a cloud storage app. • για κάτι που ολοκληρώθηκε πρόσφατα και το αποτέλεσμα του επηρεάζει το παρόν. We’re exhausted because we’ve been hiking all afternoon. Χρονικές εκφράσεις: all day/afternoon/week, for months/a long time/ages, lately, recently, since, How long ...? (σε ερωτηματικές προτάσεις), και for (very) long (σε καταφατικές και αρνητικές προτάσεις), κλπ. 1.6 Present perfect simple vs present perfect continuous Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present perfect simple για να μιλήσουμε για το αποτέλεσμα μιας πράξης στο παρόν ή για να αναφέρουμε πόσες φορές έχει συμβεί. Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present perfect continuous για να δώσουμε έμφαση στην ίδια την πράξη ή στο χρονικό διάστημα που βρίσκεται σε εξέλιξη. Είναι λιγότερο σημαντικό το αν έχει ολοκληρωθεί κάτι ή όχι. After all this time, I’ve made it to the next level of the game! Jennifer has rewritten her essay three times so far. The technician has been trying to resolve the problem since this morning. Χρονικές εκφράσεις: Με τον present perfect simple χρησιμοποιούμε συχνά εκφράσεις όπως: ever Have you ever been to Canada? never No, I’ve never traveled overseas. just Kathryn has just posted her vacation photos. already John has already left for the evening. Have you decided which courses to take yet? yet No, I haven’t made up my mind yet. I still haven’t made up my mind. still Με τον present perfect simple και τον present perfect continuous χρησιμοποιούμε συχνά εκφράσεις όπως: for Evan has worked/has been working here for many years. since Evan has worked/has been working here since 2018. How long ...? How long has Evan worked/been working here? lately Have you watched/been watching the news lately? recently Patricia hasn’t studied/hasn’t been studying much recently. 1.7 Future simple Χρησιμοποιούμε τον future simple • για αποφάσεις που παίρνουμε τη στιγμή που μιλάμε. The kitchen looks so dull. I’ll paint it yellow. 22

1 • για απλές προβλέψεις χωρίς στοιχεία. In the future, robots will do all the household chores. • μετά από ρήματα όπως think, believe, be sure, expect, κλπ., και με επιρρήματα όπως probably, maybe, κλπ. I am sure that Tom will get the promotion. They’ll probably install solar panels next year. • για μελλοντικά γεγονότα. The city will construct the bridge in the coming year. • για υποσχέσεις, απειλές και προειδοποιήσεις. You have to promise that you won’t tell anyone. If I see you using your phone in class, I’ll take it away. Don’t be late, or else they won’t let you take the exam. • για προσφορές και παρακλήσεις. We’ll help you move into your new office. Will you let me borrow your phone, please? 1.8 Future continuous Χρησιμοποιούμε τον future continuous για • πράξεις που θα είναι σε εξέλιξη σε μια συγκεκριμένη στιγμή στο μέλλον. The band will be touring across Europe this summer. • μελλοντικά σχέδια και πράγματα που έχουμε κανονίσει να γίνουν. This time next month we’ll be vacationing in Costa Rica. Χρονικές εκφράσεις: this time next week/month/fall, this time tomorrow morning/afternoon/night, κλπ. 1.9 Future perfect simple Χρησιμοποιούμε τον future perfect simple • για κάτι που θα έχει τελειώσει έως ή πριν από μια συγκεκριμένη στιγμή στο μέλλον. Will you have completed the renovations on your new home before you move in? • όταν θέλουμε να μιλήσουμε για το πόσο χρόνο θα έχει διαρκέσει μια πράξη έως κάποια χρονική στιγμή στο μέλλον. Andrea will have been an English professor at this college for 10 years next month. 1.10 Future perfect continuous Χρησιμοποιούμε τον future perfect continuous για κάτι που θα συνεχίζεται έως κάποια συγκεκριμένη στιγμή στο μέλλον ή όταν θέλουμε να τονίσουμε τη διάρκεια αυτής της πράξης. By three o’clock, the cyclists will have been racing for five hours. Χρονικές εκφράσεις: by the end of this week/month/year, by this time tomorrow, by tomorrow morning/seven o’clock/2050, κλπ. 1.11 Be going to Χρησιμοποιούμε το be going to για • μελλοντικούς στόχους ή σχέδια. Martin is going to take a gap year and travel to Australia. • προβλέψεις για το μέλλον που βασίζονται σε ενδείξεις/στοιχεία που έχουμε στο παρόν. Due to lack of interest, they are going to cancel the seminar. Χρονικές εκφράσεις: this week/month/winter, tonight, this afternoon, tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/night, next week/month/year, on weekends, in December, in a few minutes/hours/days, on Tuesday, on Monday morning, κλπ. 1.12 Present simple (for future use) Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present simple όταν αναφερόμαστε σε προγράμματα (π.χ. θεάτρων ή κινηματογράφων), σε δρομολόγια (π.χ. λεωφορείων, πλοίων, τρένων, κλπ.) και άλλες προγραμματισμένες δράσεις. The laser show doesn’t begin until the sun goes down. Our flight arrives in Athens at eight thirty in the evening. 1.13 Present continuous (for future use) Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present continuous για σχέδια και προγράμματα που έχουμε κανονίσει για το άμεσο μέλλον. Joe and Susan are getting married this summer. 1.14 Time clauses Όταν χρησιμοποιούμε temporals (χρονικούς συνδέσμους) όπως when, before, after, until, once, ή by the time, κλπ. για να αναφερθούμε στο μέλλον, αυτοί ακολουθούνται από present ή present perfect tenses. Δεν τους χρησιμοποιούμε με future tenses. After she backs up/has backed up her files, she’ll turn off her laptop. Χρησιμοποιούμε έναν present perfect tense για να δείξουμε ότι η πρώτη πράξη θα έχει τελειώσει πριν αρχίσει η δεύτερη πράξη. They will announce the winner once they have tallied all the votes. (Πρώτα θα γίνει η καταμέτρηση των ψήφων και μετά θα ανακοινώσουν το νικητή.) 23

1 11 Parents have a number of tech tools at their disposal Vocabulary PRACTICE that they can use to block inappropriate on their young children’s devices. Choose the correct answers. A knowledge 1 If you down the page, you’ll find all the information B platforms you need about the college application process. C content D assistance A click B scroll 12 The idea that computers would achieve the speeds C push they do now seemed not so many years ago. D hold A unacceptable 2 Do you think promoting renewable energies and B incompatible recycling is enough to climate change? C neglectful D improbable A mitigate B amplify 13 Before Jess could finish telling her gran how to log on C deactivate to the Internet, they were . D upgrade A cut off 3 H er performance on stage inspired many young B filtered out theatergoers to pursue a career in acting. C popped up D turned off A excessive B incompatible 14 Excessive use of fossil fuels and overconsumption has C exemplary led us to the of disaster. D ubiquitous A edge 4 The students left the classroom in a state of exhaustion B end after being with information for two whole hours. C birth D brink A bombarded B interacted 15 The way he does business is highly and he’s going C bombed to get into trouble for that. D imposed A irregular 5 It’s obvious which of the population is the most B illiterate comfortable with digital devices. C nonviolent D unfamiliar A region B age 16 According to some extreme views, the digital age is C distinction causing the of families and society as a whole. D segment A disintegration 6 According to some experts, spending more than two B disability hours a day in front of the computer a serious C disapproval health risk. D disaster A holds 17 He the cost of materials, so now the project is B poses overbudget. C positions D induces A uplifted B miscalculated 7 They got their wires : Sam thought they were C generated meeting at the theater while Jason was waiting for him D disconnected outside their school. 18 If you consider your friendship important, your A confused mistake and ask for forgiveness. B mixed C tangled A grasp D crossed B deny C acknowledge 8 While scientists worked day and night to find a cure for D hold the disease, many experts that preventing it was more important. 19 Of course I know how to use Spotify. It’s not ! A the right button A disputed B rocket science B exchanged C the same wavelength C interacted D light years ahead D concurred 20 Some programs require you to your password 9 In many ways, life is much easier today. Tasks that before you can use them. used to take hours to complete can now be done at the of a button. A key in B log in A press C click on B touch D back up C push D pull 10 The device doesn’t need any setting up; you just need to plug it . A into B in C on D down 24

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1 Choose the correct answers. 1 Only when the long-term repercussions of spending 11 Have you emailed your professor ? He’s expecting too much time online will we be moved to take serious a reply today. action. A yet A we will have grasped B already B we grasp C once C we are grasping D previously D we will have been grasping 12 Don’t tell Tracy that her pasta awful. She’ll make us do all the cooking! 2 Mark is playing video games! Doesn’t he have any homework or chores to do? A is tasting B tastes A forever C has tasted B nowadays D will be tasting C since D every day 13 Kevin needs help with the spelling and grammar tool on Word. him how to use it, please? 3 By this time next year, all the school’s computer labs fully equipped. A Are you showing B Do you show A are being C Have you showed B will have been D Will you show C are D have been 14 They the concert right now. Let’s watch it; it will be almost as good as being there! 4 I’m sure that the latest AI advances the world as we know it! Just wait and see! A have livestreamed B are livestreaming A will have been changing C livestream B will change D will be livestreaming C are changing D change 15 Perhaps not so surprisingly, there are many people worldwide who a computer. 5 Lee is quite passionate about his food blog. He 20 blog posts so far! A have used yet B not having yet used A has written C have yet used B writes D have yet to use C will write D has been writing 16 Luke can’t join us on Friday because he from Japan by then. 6 By the time he to the game, it will probably have ended. A doesn’t return B won’t be returning A is going to log on C hasn’t returned B is logging on D won’t have returned C logs on D will log on 17 The two rival tech companies their new cellphones soon. I can’t wait to see which one’s better! 7 The technician to fix my computer all morning but it’s still not working. A have released B release A will have tried C will be releasing B is trying D will have released C will have been trying D has been trying 18 Trust me and buy this keyboard. you’ve tried it, you’ll never want to use any other type of keyboard 8 Idon’t think the comments he posts are appropriate. again! Steve to him about it before he gets into trouble. A While A will speak B By the time B speaks C Once C will have spoken D Until D is going to speak 9 Mr. Jackson only rewards his students when they 19 I’m embarrassed to admit it, but this is only the first all the answers right. time I a comment on social media. I don’t know what I was so nervous about, though! A will get B get A will post C are getting B post D will be getting C have posted D am posting 10 W hy do you think Emma the videos she uploads to TikTok? Does she think we’ll laugh at her? 20 W hy so strangely? Did something happen while I was away? A lies of B will lie that A everyone acts C is lying about B has everyone acted D has lied C is everyone acting D does everyone act 25

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