Body Systems flipbook

Body Systems flipbook By: Arjun B.

Table of contents Integumentary System…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1-3 Musculoskeletal System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4-6 Nervous System……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...7-9 Special senses………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10-12 Cardiovascular System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...13-15 Respiratory System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16-18 Digestive System…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19-21 Urinary System……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...22-24 Reproductive System…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….25-27 Sources………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….28

Integumentary System: Key terms/Function Derm/o, Dermat/o: meaning the skin, corresponds to the cut Lip/o: means Fatty Kerat/o: cornea; hard; horny tissue Rhytid/o: relating to wrinkles Xer/o: meaning dryness Albin/o: means white in color ( deficient pigment) Xanth/o: meaning yellow, yellowish in color Erythr/o: meaning red in color Function: The integumentary system comprises of the skin, hair, nails, organs, Pedicul/o: means fingernail or toenail and nerves. Its primary function is to act as a shield to protect the body from the Onych/o: relating to nails harmful and dangerous substances from the outside world. It also functions to Myc/o: means fungus retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. Pil/o: relating to hair Pg. 1

Integumentary System: Vocab. Words Skin: A thin layer of tissue forming the natural covering of the body of a person or animal. Hair: Fine threadlike strands growing from the skin of mammals. Nails: A nail is a keragin plate at the tip of the fingers and toes in most primates. Keratin: Fibrous structural protein contain in hair, nails, skin, ETC. Keratin serves important structural and protective functions, particularly in the epithelium. Dermis: The lower layer of the two main layers of cells that make up the skin. Sweat Glands: small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Subcutaneous Layer: is the layer of tissue that underlies the skin Eczema: a condition of the skin characterized by redness, itching, and oozing vesicular lesions which become scaly, crusted, or hardened. Acne: skin inflammation as a result of overactivity of the oil glands at the base of specialized hair follicles. Pg. 2

Integumentary System: Diseases/careers Diseases - Diaper rash: linked to wet or infrequently changed diapers, diarrhea, new foods, and antibiotics. Chickenpox: viral infection causing an itchy, blister-like rash on the skin. Warts: are caused by various strains Filith Disease: The rash appears after several days and may spread. The facial rash looks as if the cheeks were slapped. Careers - Dermatologists: a doctor that specializes in treating skin, hair, nail, and mucous membrane disorders and diseases. Plastic Surgeons: performs surgery to reconstruct or repair parts of the body by the transfer of tissue. Pg. 3

Musculoskeletal System: Key terms/Function My/o: means muscle Kinesi/o: indicating motion Myel/o: relating to Bone Marrow/spinal cord Oste/o: meaning bone Cost/o: pertaining to the ribs Function: Provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is Crani/o: Referring to the cranium comprised of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, ligament, ligaments, tendons, -Pexy: meaning surgical fixation joints, and other connective tissue that supports and ties tissues and organs together. Chondr/o: means cartilage. Arthr/o: means joint -Plegia: means paralysis or a stroke Pg. 4

Musculoskeletal System: Vocab. Words Perimysium: The sheath of connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers. Endomysium: a layer of connective tissue which surrounds individual muscle fibers Myofibril: any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells. Sarcomere: a structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band Frontalis: is a muscle which covers parts of the forehead of the skull Motor neuron: a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland. Muscle fiber: composed of actin and myosin filaments, repeated in units called sarcomeres Deltoid: triangular muscle Pectoralis major: thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest of the human body. Biceps brachii: main muscles of the upper arm which acts on both the shoulder joint and the elbow joint Pg. 5

Musculoskeletal System: Diseases/careers Diseases - Muscular dystrophy: a group of diseases that weaken the muscular system and make it harder to move. Tendinosis: a degenerative disease that causes tendons to break down and form scar tissue when the tendons are no longer able to repair themselves after an injury. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS): widespread chronic pain mitochondrial myopathy: defect in how ATP is produced in mitochondria Careers - Physical Therapist: an help patients reduce pain and improve or restore mobility Orthopedist: specialized in the muscular system can help in area such as sports medicine and hand surgery Pg. 6

Nervous System: Key Terms/Function Neru/o: means nerve Function: Receiving information about the environment around us Encephal/o: means brain sensation and generating responses to that information (motor responses). Myel/o: pertaining to spinal cord or bone marrow Ambul/o: meaning walking -Esthesia: ability to feel sensation Mening/o: means meninges Psych/o: pertaining to mind Concuss/o: meaning Violently agitated Pg. 7

Nervous System: Vocab. Words CNS (Central Nervous System): consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): he part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consist mainly of the nerves (bundles of axons) that extend from the brain and spinal cord. SNS (Somatic Nervous System): composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. Sensory: consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body Motor: In the PNS; transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs, which are the muscles and glands. Sympathetic: In the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord, mobilizes body systems during activity. Parasympathetic: Cranial and Sacral area,conserve energy/functions during rest Neuroglia: Non- conducting cells of neural tissue that support, protect, and insulate the neurons. Nissl Bodies: Synthesizes proteins. Myelin Sheath: Fatty insulating sheath that surrounds all but the smallest nerve fibers. Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. Pg. 8

Nervous System: Diseases/careers Diseases - Alzheimer's disease: attacks brain cells and neurotransmitters affecting the way your brain functions, your memory and the way you behave. Bell’s Palsy: sudden weakness or paralysis in one side of the face. It is caused by inflammation or damage to the facial nerve. Cerebral Palsy: ability to control muscles is reduced due to nervous system damage before, during or after birth. This nervous system damage affects body movement and posture. Epilepsy: is a long-term brain condition where a person has repeated seizures. Careers - Chiropractor: Health care profession to healing concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disorders of the neuromusculoskeletal system. Neurologist: They specialize in neurology and they treat neurological disorders. Pg. 9

Special senses: Key terms/Function Irid/o: iris, colored part of the eye Function: senses that have specialized organs devoted to them - -Cusis: meaning hearing problem vision (the eye) hearing and balance (the ear, which includes the auditory system and vestibular system) smell (the nose) taste (the tongue) -Opia: defects in vision or other specified conditions of the eye. Ot/o: meaning ear Tympan: denoting eardrum Ophthalm: relationship to the eye -metry: process of measuring Pg. 10

Special Senses: Vocab. Words Special Sense Receptors: large complex sensory organs or localized clusters of receptors Accessory Structures(of the eye): Includes the extrinsic eye muscle, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus Eyelids: protect the eyes Tarsal Glands: modified sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid edges Lacrimal Apparatus: consists of the lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity Nasolacrimal Duct: Tears flow here from the lacrimal sac and empty into the nasal cavity Fibrous Layer: outermost layer of the eyeball Choroid: blood-rich nutritive tunic that contains a dark pigment and prevents light from scattering inside the eye Ciliary Zonule: suspensory ligament that attaches the ciliary zonule Sensory Layer: a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses Pg. 11

Special Senses: Diseases/careers Diseases - Cataract: Loss of transparency of the lens of the eye or its capsule Glaucoma: An eye disorder in which there is increased intraocular pressure due to an excess of aqueous humor Sensorineural Deafness: A type of deafness that occurs from damage to the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or the brain Vestibulocochlear nerve: Conveys sensory impulses from the organs of hearing and balance in the inner ear to the brain Careers - Optometrists: take care of primary health care for the eye. Otolaryngologist: treats issues in your ears, nose, or throat as well as related areas in your head and neck. Pg. 12

Cardiovascular System: Key terms/Function Cardi/o: meaning heart Function: This system is an organ system that circulates blood and Angi/o: Denotes blood or lymph vessels transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells Hem/o: relating to blood to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in Brady-: means slow fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis. Tachy-: means fast Thromb/o: meaning blood clot -Emia: meaning blood or referring to the presence of a substance in the blood. Leuk/o: means white blood cells Erythr/o: means red blood cells Arteri/o: means artery Pg. 13

Cardiovascular System: Vocab. Words Aorta: Largest artery in the body. Arteriole: Small artery. Artery: Largest type of blood vessel; Carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Atrioventricular Node: Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. Atrium: One of two upper chambers of the heart. Atria: One of teo upper chambers of the heart. Capillary: Smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls. Coronary Arteries: Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. Deoxygenated Blood: Blood that is oxygen-poor. Diastole: Relaxation phase of the heartbeat. Pg. 14

Cardiovascular System: Diseases/careers Diseases - Abnormal Heart Rhythms: when the heart gets out of the rhythm of beating Aorta Disease and Marfan Syndrome: These two conditions can cause the aorta to widen or tear. This has consequences like high blood pressure, Atherosclerosis and tissue disorders Cardiomyopathies: People with these conditions have hearts that are unusually big, thick, or stiff. Their hearts can’t pump blood as well as they should. Coronary Artery Disease: It’s when plaque builds up and hardens the arteries that give your heart vital oxygen and nutrients. Careers - Interventional Cardiologist: An Interventional Cardiologist is qualified to perform more advanced cardiac procedures (heart catheterizations and stent placements) than regular Cardiologists. Cardiac Surgeon: Experienced surgeons can obtain additional qualifications in order to get a specialist cardiology job. They perform major operations on hearts, major blood vessels, veins and arteries. Pg. 15

Respiratory System: Key terms/Function Bronch/o: Combining form meaning bronchus, or in ancient usage, the trachea. Cyan/o: word root and combining form meaning blue Function: is the network of organs and tissues that help you Laryng/o: Combining forms indicating the larynx. breathe. This system helps your body absorb oxygen from the air -Oxia: Meaning oxygen so your organs can work. It also cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood. Oxy: containing oxygen or additional oxygen Pleur/o: containing oxygen or additional oxygen Pulmon/o: meaning the lungs Thorac/o: meaning chest, chest wall. Trache/o: meaning the trachea, a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage and conveying air to and from the lungs Pg. 16

Respiratory System: Vocab. Words Larynx: voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords Pg. 17 Trachea: one of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids Bronchi: The passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs Lungs: Two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for breathing Bronchioles: progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways Alveoli: tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood Cilia: short hairlike structures projecting from a cell, containing microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface External respiration: Exchange of O2 & CO2 between lungs & outside environment Internal respiration: Exchange of CO2 & O2 between the cells & Lymph Cellular respiration: Use of O2 to release stored energy

Respiratory System: Diseases/careers Diseases - Asthma: chronic respiratory condition that causes difficulty breathing due to inflammation of the airways. Chronic Bronchitis: Usually people cough up mucus from the lungs Emphysema: Those who suffer from emphysema have trouble exhaling air from their lungs. Lung Cancer: A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke. A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke. Careers - Pulmonologist: physicians specially trained to treat diseases and conditions of the chest Respiratory therapist: work with patients who have breathing or other cardiopulmonary disorders Pg. 18

Digestive System: Key terms/Function Cholecyst/o: meaning gallbladder Enter/o: referring to a disease of the intestine or a painful, intense contraction of the intestine Col/o: Large intestine Function: is responsible for taking whole foods and turning them into Hepat/o: meaning liver energy and nutrients to allow the body to function, grow, and repair Gastr/o: meaning stomach itself. The six primary processes of the digestive system include: Ingestion of food. Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes. Or/o: meaning the mouth -Pepsia: referring to digestion Chol/e: means gall or bile Proct/o: means anus Pg. 19

Digestive System: Vocab. Words Mouth: the opening through which food is taken in Pg. 20 Amylase: any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar Pepsin: an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones Rectum: the terminal section of the alimentary canal Peristalsis: Smooth muscle contractions in the area surrounding the esophagus which push the chewed food towards the stomach, no matter what the body's orientation is or what environment it is in. Cardiac Sphincter: A thick ring of muscle that closes the esophagus after food has passed through it Chyme: A mixture of stomach fluids and food. Bile: A fluid loaded with lipids and salts that dissolves and disperses fats. Peptic Ulcer: A hole in the stomach wall, caused by a combination of acid and Helicobacter pylori sp. bacteria. Villi: Stretching that increase the surface area of the small intestine to allow for greater efficiency with regards to digestion.

Digestive System: Diseases/careers Diseases- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): The esophagus moves swallowed food down to your stomach. A ring of muscles—the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)—connects the stomach and esophagus. When the LES is weak, stomach acid can leak back up into your esophagus and cause heartburn. Celiac Disease: include diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): refers to long-lasting inflammation in the digestive tract. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): causing pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. Careers- Gastroenterologist: a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines Proctologist: a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus Pg. 21

Urinary System: Key terms/Function -Cele: Means swelling Function: to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product, -Lysis: The dissolution or destruction of cells Remove waste products and medicines from the body and Balance the Cyst/o: referring to bladder body's fluids. Nephr/o: means function parts of the kidney Ren/o: means kidney Pg. 22 -Uria: presence in the urine -Pexy: surgical fixation -Ectasis: dilation of a tubular structure Pyel/o: meaning pelvis

Urinary System: Vocab. Words Urination: process of expelling urine Urinary bladder: hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine. Uric acid: nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine Urethra: Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Ureter: One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Renin: hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by narrowing of blood vessels Renal vein: blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart Renal tubules: microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration Reabsorption: process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream Glomerulus: Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney Pg. 23

Urinary System: Diseases/careers Diseases - Careers - Nephrosis: a noninflammatory disease of kidneys. Urologists: treat problems of the female urinary system and the male Urethritis: inflammation of the urethra genitourinary tract. They diagnose and treat disorders of the kidneys, Nocturia: frequently getting up and urinating during the night. ureters, bladder, prostate and male reproductive organs. Enuresis: involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting.” Nephrologists: help patients with their kidneys Pg. 24

Reproductive System: Key terms/Function Cervic/o: means neck Salping/o: denoting the fallopian tube and the eustachian tube Ov/o: referring to the egg of the oocyte Function: Producing offspring; to produce egg and sperm cells, to Orchid/o: meaning testicals transport and sustain these cells and to nurture the developing Oophor/o: means ovary offspring. Men/o: means menstruation Mamm/o: means breasts Gynec: meaning woman, female, female reproduction Colp/o: meaning the vagina Prostat/o: indicating the prostate gland Pg. 25

Reproductive System: Vocab. Words Amenorrhea: absence or suppression of normal menstrual flow Areola: small circular area such as that around the human nipple Bartholin's glands: Glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete mucus for vaginal lubrication. Breast: either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman Cervix: the opening to the uterus Clitoris: organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra Sterile: incapable of reproducing Spermatozoa: Male gametes also called sperm Progesterone: A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle. Ovulation: The process by which a mature egg is released from the ovaries into the fallopian tubes. Pg. 26

Reproductive System: Diseases/careers Diseases - Careers - Gynecologists: deal with the health of the female reproductive Endometriosis: tissue that normally lines the uterus grows system. They can do anything from examine the vagina for vaginal somewhere else. cancer to give ultrasounds to help give birth. Uterine Fibroids: muscle cells that grow in and around the wall of Andrologists: dealing with the health of the male reproductive the uterus, or womb. system. They preform the surgical procedures of a vasectomy and a vasovasostomy Cervical Cancer: Cancer which begins in the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus. Interstitial Cystitis: is a chronic bladder condition resulting in recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder Pg. 27

Sources ● https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/urinary-system/urinary-system-diseases/ ● https://work.chron.com/medical-careers-involved-urinary-system-22621.html ● https://www.thefreedictionary.com/ ● https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/womensrh/healthconcerns.html ● https://devong-bio2final.weebly.com/medical-professions.html ● ● ●