2008_DECLINING TRIBAL COMMUNITIES

A REPORT ON SELECTED TRIBAL COMMUNITIES RECORDING POPULATION DECLINE IN 2001 CENSUS ORISSA SCHEDULED CASTE & SCHEDULED TRIBE RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE, ORISSA, BHUBANESWAR

A REPORT ON SELECTED TRIBAL COMMUNITIES RECORDING POPULATION DECLINE IN 2001 CENSUS ORISSA Professor (Dr.) A. B. Ota, IAS Shri B. N. Mohanty

Research Advisor Research Team Research Coordinator : Professor (Dr.) A. B. Ota, IAS, : Shri B. N. Mohanty, Statistician Other Research Personnel : Shri S. Panda, Statistical Assistant Shri B. C. Sahu, Statistical Assistant Shri B. N. Sahu, Statistical Assistant Shri D. G. Mallik, Statistical Assistant Shri G. B. Padhi, Statistical Assistant Shri J. Majhi, Statistical Assistant Shri H. C. Singh, Statistical Assistant Shri N. Mohapatra, Statistical Assistant Shri P.C. Das, Statistical Assistant Shri S.C. Pattanaik, Statistical Assistant Shri H.B. Barada, Statistical Assistant Shri K. Acharya, Jr. Clerk

CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1 2 Chapter-1 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Selection of study area 2 1.3 Aim and objective of the study 3 1.4 Assumption of the study 3 1.5 Duration of the study 1.6 Methodology 4 1.7 Limitation of the study 5 6 Chapter-2 8 2.1 Demographic profile of declining tribal communities in Orissa (1991-2001). 10 12 2.1.1 Population & Growth Rate 12 2.1.2 Sex Ratio. 2.1.3 Literacy Rate 17 2.1.4 W.P.R 2.1.5 Occupational distribution 18 2.2 District wise demographic profile of declining tribal communities. 30 2.3 Demographic profile of selected declining tribal communities (Study tribes) Chapter-3 32 Results and discussion 33 3.1 Selected declining tribes of Orissa and their place of concentration 35 36 3.2 Location of the surveyed villages 3.3. Declining Tribe wise discussion Chapter-4 4.1 Summery Findings 4.2 Conclusion 4.3 Suggestion and Recommendation Annexure

SELECTED TRIBAL COMMUNITIES RECORDING POPULATION DECLINE IN 2001 CENSUS CHAPTER- 1 1.1 Introduction The State of Orissa occupies an unique position in the tribal map of India. According to 2001 census, Orissa has the 3rd largest scheduled tribe population in the country. In terms of percentage, it ranks 11. Out of the state’s total population of 36804660, the population of scheduled tribes is 8145081 i.e. 22.13% according to the 2001 census. When compared to the scheduled tribe population for the entire population for the country, which forms 8.20 % of the entire population of India, the preponderance of the scheduled tribe population in the state becomes apparent. 9.66 % of the scheduled tribe population of the county is found in Orissa. There are 62 different tribal communities in our state. They present a bewildering diversity and variety in race, language and culture. They are diversified according to economic, social and cultural aspects. A comparison of scheduled tribe population between 1991 census and 2001 census shows that 27 tribal communities namely Baiga, Bhumia, Binjal, Birhor, Chenchu, Dal, Desua Bhumija, Dharua, Gandia, Ghara, Ho, Holva, Kawar, Kharwar, Kolah-Loharas, Korua, Kotia, Koya, Mankirdi, Mankirdia, Mundari, Omanatya, Paroja, Pentia, Rajuar, Sounti and Tharua have declined in their population. The detail population trend of those tribal communities is given in Table-1. A statement showing the distribution of these 27 tribal communities in different districts of Orissa is given in Annexure-1. Decreasing trend of tribal population in Orissa may be due to various causes like error in enumeration at the time of census operation, new identity for a group of tribes, decrease in the fertility rate and high death rate. Keeping this in view, SCSTRTI decided to find out the cause of decline of these tribes.

1.2 Selection of the study area: Keeping the constraints of time, money and manpower in view the study of the declining tribes was designed. A sample study was designed for this project. The sample selected for this study was of wider coverage and representative. These declining tribes are seen widely through out the state. They show decline in some areas of their concentration in some police station and increase in other police stations within the same district. Out of 27 numbers of declining tribal communities 3 communities were selected for the study. 1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study: The main objectives of this study were:- (i) To find out the causes of declining trend of these tribal communities. (ii) To recommend remedial measures for checking the declining of these tribes. 1.4 Assumptions of the study: Declining of the tribal communities in number may be due to the following reasons:- (i) Defective enumeration during census operation. (ii) Migrated from one state to other neighboring state. (iii) High death rate during the census periods. (iv) Effect of family planning programme. 1.5 Duration of the study: The field study was conducted from January’ 2009 to March’ 2009. Data analysis was made during the months of April and May’ 2009. 1.6 Methodology: (a) Data collection:

Data relating to 3 selected declining tribal communities were collected through personal interview of households. Two sets of schedules (i) village schedule and (ii) household schedule were used for collection of data on family census, household information, family were etc. (b) Decadal growth rate of selected declining tribal communities has been computed and analyzed for the periods 1961-71,1971-81,1981-91 and 1001-2000. (c) Growth rate method has been used to estimate the net migration of selected declining scheduled tribes for 2001. 1.7 Limitation of the study: The present study has been carried out with the following limitations (i) The study does not reveal any physiological, pathological and medico genetic factors. (ii) The study is of exploratory type. (iii) Due to constraint of time and cost, the field study was conducted for only three decline tribes out of twenty seven. CHAPTER- 2 2.1 Demographic profile of declining tribal communities in Orissa (1991-2001) 2.1.1 Population and growth rate

There are 62 tribal communities found in Orissa. Out of them, 27 tribal communities showed declining trend in population from1991 to 2001. The detailed population of these tribal communities for 1991 and 2001 census are presented in Table – 1. It is observed from the Table that the tribe namely Chenchu showed the highest declining trend in population followed by Desua Bhumij ,Tharua, Baiga, Gandia and Kharwar tribes. Table - 1 Total population of declining tribal communities in Orissa: 1991 & 2001 Sl No Name of the tribes Population Percentage decrease 2001 1991 -10.20 -13.66 1 Paroja 317301 353336 2 Koya -1.51 3 Binjhal 122535 141927 -5.48 4 Bhumia -3.65 5 Sounti 118116 119929 -15.29 6 Ho -23.48 7 Mundari 103537 109538 -9.84 8 Omanatya -21.17 9 Kotia 92734 96251 -22.46 10 Dal -23.42 11 Holva 43113 50892 -21.74 12 Kolha loharas -19.68 13 Dharua 23833 31147 -22.98 14 Kawar -36.21 15 Pentia 23364 25915 -10.90 16 Rajuar -57.90 17 Kharwar 22552 28607 -62.51 18 Gandia -35.65 19 Korua 15404 19,867 -29.58 20 Mankirdia -14.91 21 Birhor 10462 13662 -65.36 22 Baiga -71.60 23 Tharua 9642 12321 -82.06 24 Ghara -90.59 25 Desua Bhumij 9247 11512 -91.61 26 Mankidi -90.91 27 Chenchu 7380 9582 7271 11399 2803 3146 1381 3,280 1345 3588 1280 1989 1050 1491 702 825 539 1556 453 1595 275 1533 177 1880 130 1550 25 275 The variation in the decadal growth rate of 27 declining tribes from 1991-2001 is very high with a high coefficient of variation of 83.0941and high range of 90.1(Table-2).

Table - 2 Inter- tribe variation in the decadal growth rate of Orissa during 1991-2001 Sl. No. Descriptive statistics Value 1 Mean -35.3463 2 Standard Deviation 29.37069 3 Minimum 4 Maximum -91.61 5 Range -1.51 6 Coefficient of Variation 90.1 -83.0941 2.1.2 Sex Ratio. The Sex Ratio of 27 declining tribal communities for 1991 and 2001 census are presented in Table – 3. It is observed from the table that the negative difference in sex ratio was found in case of 13 tribes in which the highest is in Ghara tribe ( -389 ) followed by Mankidi (-282 ), Kharwar ( -148 ) and Holva ( -114 ). It implies that the situation of female tribal population is in worse condition than that of male population in those 13 tribal communities. But reverse situation is observed in 14 tribes. The highest positive difference in sex ratio was found in Desua Bhumij tribe (331) followed by Tharua (211 ), Dharua (164 ) and Pentia ( 159). Table - 3 Sex Ratio of declining tribal communities in Orissa: 1991 & 2001 Sl No Name of the tribes Sex Ratio Difference 1 Paroja ( in points) 2001 1991 -2 1039 1041

2 Koya 1010 919 91 3 Binjhal 981 967 14 4 Bhumia 1020 933 87 5 Sounti 1001 1072 -71 6 Ho 982 1088 -106 7 Mundari 993 1063 -70 8 Omanatya 998 932 66 9 Kotia 1033 969 64 10 Dal 1025 1023 2 11 Holva 994 1108 -114 12 Kolha loharas 1011 1056 -45 13 Dharua 972 808 164 14 Kawar 999 1030 -31 15 Pentia 994 835 159 16 Rajuar 989 1039 -50 17 Kharwar 987 1135 -148 18 Gandia 1023 1004 19 19 Korua 1003 1068 -65 20 Mankirdia 937 1001 -64 21 Birhor 939 919 20 22 Baiga 1089 1055 34 23 Tharua 1040 829 211 24 Ghara 950 1339 -389 25 Desua Bhumij 1185 854 331 26 Mankidi 757 1039 -282 27 Chenchu 647 599 48 2.1.3 Literacy Rate The Literacy Rate of 27 declining tribal communities for 1991 and 2001 census are presented in Table – 4. It is found that all the declining tribes showed an increasing trend in literacy rate except Mankidi (-17.48) and Mankirdia (-0.14). These two tribes showed a declining trend in literacy rate. Table – 4 Literacy Rate of declining tribal communities in Orissa: 1991 & 2001 Sl No Name of the tribes Literacy Rate Percentage Difference 2001 1991

1 Baiga 46.40 26.43 19.97 2 Bhumia 20.01 9.27 10.74 3 Binjhal 41.49 24.13 17.36 4 Birhor 23.30 18.57 4.73 5 Chenchu 46.15 20.56 25.59 6 Dal 32.17 16.46 15.71 7 Desua Bhumij 37.24 25.43 11.81 8 Dharua 19.60 7.27 12.33 9 Ghara 53.59 25.91 27.68 10 Gandia 30.00 8.94 21.06 11 Ho 35.18 34.75 0.43 12 Holva 35.60 17.30 18.3 13 Kawar 45.36 26.80 18.56 14 Kharwar 57.35 26.11 31.24 15 Kolha loharas 35.55 18.18 17.37 16 Korua 32.83 22.52 10.31 17 Kotia 24.60 11.26 13.34 18 Koya 11.73 11.55 0.18 19 Mankidi 9.28 26.76 -17.48 20 Mankirdia 5.94 6.08 -0.14 21 Mundari 46.94 27.01 19.93 22 Omanatya 21.20 13.53 7.67 23 Paroja 17.96 6.76 11.2 24 Pentia 30.96 16.96 14.00 25 Rajuar 37.93 17.96 19.97 26 Sounti 44.37 38.92 5.45 27 Tharua 55.75 25.04 30.71 A classification of declining tribes according to percentage difference in literacy rate is furnished in Table-5. Accordingly 5 groups have been classified i.e less than 0, 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and above 30.It is seen that two tribes namely Tharua, Kharwar have showed a very high rate of increase i.e above 30% in difference of literacy rate and 3 tribes Gandia, Chenchu, Ghara comes under 20-30 category. Mankidi and Mankirdia showed negative

difference in literacy rate and the rest 20 tribes exhibited the positive difference in literacy rate ranging from 0-20. Table – 5 Classification declining tribes according to percentage difference in Literacy Rate Sl. Class of percentage No of Name of tribal communities No. difference tribal groups Mankidi, Mankirdia 1 Less than 0 Koya, Ho, Birhor, Sounti, Omanatya 2 0 - 10 2 Desua Bhumij, Korua , Bhumia, Paroja, Dharua, 5 Pentia, Kotia, Dal, Binjhal, Kolha loharas, Holva, 3 10 - 20 Kawar, Mundari, Baiga, Rajuar 15 Gandia, Chenchu, Ghara 4 20 - 30 Tharua, Kharwar 5 Above 30 3 2 Total 27 2.1.4 Work Participation Rate (WPR) The Work Participation Rate of 27 declining tribal communities for 1991 and 2001 census are given in Table – 6. The tribe namely Mankidi showed the highest percentage increase in WPR i.e 26.86. Desua Bhumij tribe showed highest percentage decrease in WPR i.e -31.54.It indicates that the WPR is decreasing with decrease in population of tribes in some cases but at the same time it is also increasing in other cases. Table - 6 Work Participation Rate of declining tribal communities in Orissa: 1991 & 2001 Sl No Name of the Work Participation Rate Percentage tribes Difference 1 Baiga 2001 1991 -16.70 37.85 45.44

2 Bhumia 53.56 58.92 -9.10 3 Binjhal 50.39 48.79 3.28 4 Birhor 51.14 41.21 24.10 5 Chenchu 46.43 58.55 -20.70 6 Dal 47.99 43.74 9.72 7 Desua Bhumij 33.90 49.52 -31.54 8 Dharua 52.01 56.97 -8.71 9 Ghara 45.09 47.78 -5.63 10 Gandia 43.57 55.74 -21.83 11 Ho 45.94 43.56 5.46 12 Holva 49.61 54.66 -9.24 13 Kawar 53.81 50.48 6.60 14 Kharwar 40.48 41.89 -3.37 15 Kolha loharas 45.33 44.80 1.18 16 Korua 51.33 45.85 11.95 17 Kotia 53.58 50.56 5.97 18 Koya 54.06 53.27 1.48 19 Mankidi 56.15 44.26 26.86 20 Mankirdia 55.43 50.97 8.75 21 Mundari 45.51 45.51 0.00 22 Omanatya 53.92 56.06 -3.82 23 Paroja 53.88 56.03 -3.84 24 Pentia 53.42 52.10 2.53 25 Rajuar 47.63 50.57 -5.81 26 Sounti 45.19 46.49 -2.80 27 Tharua 33.55 42.51 -21.08 The percentage difference in WPR is classified into 4 groups i.e less than 0, 0-10, 10- 20, and above 20 (Table-7).Out of 27 declining tribes,14 tribes namely Desua Bhumij, Gandia, Tharua, Chenchu, Baiga, Holva, Bhumia, Dharua, Rajuar, Ghara, Paroja, Omanatya, Kharwar, Sounti exhibit a decreasing trend in W.P.R. It is seen that other 13 tribes have showed an increasing trend in WPR. In case of Birhor and Mankidi a very high rate of increase in WPR i.e above 20% is observed. So, it gives an idea that the maximum number of people of Birhor and Mankidi tribes are coming under working groups.

Table - 7 Classification of declining tribes according to percentage difference In Work Participation Rate Sl. Class of percentage No of tribal Name of tribal communities No. difference communities 1 Less than 0 Desua Bhumij, Gandia, Tharua, Chenchu, 14 Baiga, Holva, Bhumia, Dharua, Rajuar, Ghara, Paroja, Omanatya, Kharwar, Sounti 2 0 - 10 10 Mundari, Kolha loharas, Koya, Pentia, Binjhal, Ho, Kotia, Kawar, Mankirdia, Dal 3 10 - 20 1 Korua 4 Above 20 2 Birhor, Mankidi Total 27 2.1.5 Occupational distribution: Paroja tribe has the highest number of workers followed by Koya, Binijhal and Bhumia (Table-8). Paroja tribe has also highest number of agricultural labourers followed by Binijhal, Bhunjia and Sounti . In case of number of cultivator, Paroja tribe stood first followed by Koya, Bhumia and Binijhal. The highest number of workers under household industry is found in Sounti tribe followed by Paroja and Kolhalohara. The highest number of people in other occupation group is from Paroja tribe followed by Bhumia, Binijhal and Sounti tribes. Since Paroja tribe has the highest population then it has also the highest numbers of workers belonging to each category. Koya tribe is second highest in population but it has less number of workers in agricultural labourers, household industry and other occupation. Table - 8 Occupational distribution of worker Sl Tribe Name Total Cultivator Agri. Labour Household Other no worker Industry Occupation 1 Baiga 204 31 83 9 81 2 Bhumia 55455 24375 23740 532 9808 3 Binjhal 59516 18413 34748 913 5442 4 Birhor 359 18 99 45 197 5 Chenchu 13 2 30 8

6 Dal 392 2993 3319 97 983 26 7 Desua Bhumij 60 6 25 3 548 8 Dharua 4809 2455 1580 226 64 9 Ghara 124 7 39 14 153 3644 10 Gandia 586 144 251 38 893 11 Ho 19807 5981 9407 775 401 131 12 Holva 5190 1992 2266 39 1319 138 13 Kawar 3971 2022 1187 361 1211 2857 14 Kharwar 559 181 213 34 23 15 Kolha loharas 4371 444 1510 1098 171 2602 16 Korua 657 90 332 97 2321 25261 17 Kotia 12069 6347 4432 79 589 161 18 Koya 66241 49122 13898 364 4812 19 Mankidi 73 5 15 30 47 20 Mankirdia 582 12 134 265 21 Mundari 10847 4200 3855 190 22 Omanatya 12597 2066 8040 170 23 Paroja 170965 60479 81833 3392 24 Pentia 3884 984 2254 57 25 Rajuar 1335 303 806 65 26 Sounti 41908 13051 19188 4857 27 Tharua 152 47 54 4 2.2 District wise demographic profile of declining tribal communities The district wise population figure with percentage of decrease and increase of declining tribes for the year 1991-2001 are given in Annexure-1 .It shows that certain tribes who are in a particular district in 1991 have completely disappeared in 2001. In Kendujhar Birhor,Omanatya, Rajuar, Tharua, in Mayurbhanj Binijhal, Dal, Gandia, Holva, Kotia, in Baleshwar Dal, in Cuttack Desua Bhumij, Mankirdia and in Kalahandi Ghara tribes have been completely vanished during 2001 census. Reversely there were some new entrants in certain districts during1991-2001.They are insignificant in number. As an instant Birhor in Sundergarh district, Kharwar in Mayurbhanj, Koya in Baleshwar, Paroja, Omanatya in Cuttack, Koya in Dhenkanal, Binijhal, Dharua, Kotia in Puri, Dal, Gandia, Kawar, Koya in Ganjam, Koya, Kawar, Paroja in Kandhamal, Korua in Kalahandi are the new entrant tribes

in 2001. Koya tribe has newly emerged in 4 districts namely Baleshwar, Dhenkanal, Ganjam and Kandhamal during 2001 census. Perhaps this is due to migration for different purposes. It is also observed that decrease of population in 2001 census is more than increase of population. In some cases negative growth rate is significant. For example the Mundari shows decline from 1784-452 in Sambalpur, Kolha Lohara from 2579-372 in Sundergarh and Kharwar from 1717-19 in Cuttack district. 2.3 Demographic profile of selected declining tribal communities (Study Tribe) This chapter deals with different demographic characteristics or parameters of the selected declining tribal communities of Orissa. At the outset it is felt necessary to present a highlight of the overall demographic scenario of the state. Orissa is one of the 26 states of Indian union located between 170481 to 220 341 North latitude and 810 241 to 870 291 East longitude. Orissa has 30 districts, 58 sub divisions, 147 Tahasils, 314 CD Blocks, 6234 Gram panchayats and 51349 Villages.It covers an area of 1.57 lakh sq.km with a total population of 3,67,06,920 according to 2001 census and 81,45,081 Scheduled tribe population. In this study 3 declining tribes namely Baiga, Birhor and Chenchu have been selected to undertake field study for assessing their present situation. The detailed information on population, sex ratio, growth rate and literacy of those 3 tribes for the period from 1961 to 2001 is given below. Table – 9 Sex wise Population of Selected Declining Tribes: (1961-2001) 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Tribe TMF TMF TMF T MF TMF Baiga 43 23 20 92 29 63 188 100 88 1556 722 834 539 258 281 Birhor 273 159 114 98 57 41 142 76 66 825 430 395 702 362 340 Chenchu 52 21 31 8 2 6 39 23 6 275 177 103 28 17 11

Population of Selected Declining Tribes 1600 Baiga 1400 Birhor 1200 Chenchu 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Baiga tribe showed increase in total population from 43 in 1961 to 1556 in 1991, but in 2001 it again dropped to 539. Both male and female population of Baiga tribe showed the increasing trend in population pattern. In case of Birhor tribe, total population decreased from 1961 to 1971, it increased during the period of 1971 to 1991 and in the year 2001 it again declined. In Chenchu tribe population exhibited an alternate increasing and decreasing trend in the years 1961 to 2001. Table - 10 Sex wise Growth Rate of Selected Declining Tribes (1961-2001) Tribe 1961-71 1971-81 1981-91 1991-2001 TMF TMF TMF TMF Baiga -65.36 -64.27 -66.31 727.66 622.00 847.73 104.35 244.82 36.98 113.95 26.08 215.00 Birhor -14.91 -15.81 -13.92 480.98 465.79 498.48 44.90 33.33 60.97 -64.10 -64.15 -64.03 647.83 14050. Chenchu -89.82 -90.12 -89.32 605.13 543.75 450.00 00 350.00 -84.61 -90.47 -80.67

Growth Rate of Selected Declining Tribes 800 600 400 200 0 -200 1961-71 1971-81 1981-91 1991- 2001 Baiga Birhor Chenchu In the year 1971 all the 3 tribes Baiga, Birhor and Chenchu showed negative growth rate in both male and female sectors (Table –10). But in 1981 growth rate of male and female of all the 3 tribes exhibited very high positive growth rate. In 1991, male and female of Baiga, Birhor and Chenchu tribes showed positive growth rate less than the previous year. Male population of Chenchu tribe in 1991 showed a very high positive growth rate .In 2001, growth rate of male and female of Baiga tribe also showed positive trend but other two tribes showed negative trend. Table – 11 Sex Ratio of Selected Declining Tribes (1961-2001) Tribe 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Baiga 870 2172 880 1155 1089 Birhor 717 719 868 919 939 Chenchu 1476 3000 696 599 647

Sex Ratio of Selected Declining Tribes 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Birhor Baiga Chenchu Sex ratio of Baiga , Birhor tribes showed alternative increasing and decreasing trend from 1961 to 2001 (Table–11). In 2001 the sex ratio of both tribes has increased from 1961.But in case of Chenchu tribe sex ratio increased from 1961 to 1971 but it declined in the consecutive years. During 1961 to 2001 sex ratio of Chenchu tribe has considerably declined from 1476 in 1961 to 647 in 2001. Table - 12 Sex wise Literacy rate of Selected Declining Tribes (1961-2001) 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 TMF TM F Tribe TM F T MF T M F Baiga 7.00 13.04 - 1.08 3.45 - 11.20 17.00 4.55 26.61 42.35 13.04 39.28 51.90 27.90 Birhor 7.00 8.80 4.39 4.10 7.02 - 12.60 21.05 3.03 18.59 25.00 11.42 23.30 29.97 16.24 Chenhu - - - 25.00 100.0 - 7.70 13.04 23.81 20.56 24.56 11.69 46.15 46.67 45..45 0

Literacy Rate of Selected Declining Tribes 50 1971 1981 1991 2001 40 30 Baiga Birhor Chenchu 20 10 0 1961 In 1961, Baiga tribe had male literacy rate 13.04, total literacy rate 7.00 and female literacy rate nill (Table-12). In Birhor tribe male literacy rate is 8.80, total literacy rate 7.00 and female literacy rate 4.39 .In Chenchu tribe literacy rate is nill. In 1971, all the three tribes had nill female literacy. In case of Baiga and Birhor tribes total and male literacy rate has declined. In case of Chenchu tribe male literacy rate is 100% and total literacy rate is 25%. In 1981 female literacy rate is 4.55, 3.03 and 23.81 in Baiga, Birhor, and Chenchu tribes respectively. From 1981 to 2001 a constant increasing trend is observed in male, female and total literacy rate of the three tribes. CHAPTER- 3

Results and discussion 3.1 Selected declining tribes of Orissa and their place of concentration The selected three tribal communities namely Baiga, Birhor and Chenchu of Orissa, their population, growth rate and their place of concentration according to Census 1961 to 2001 is presented in Table-13. According to the place of concentration of selected three tribal communities the field study was conducted. Table – 13 Selected declining tribes of Orissa and their place of concentration. Sl. Name of Population ( 1961 - 2001 ) No. the Tribe 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Place of concentration 1 BAIGA 43 92 188 1556 539 Raruan Block of Mayurbhanja Dist. (+ ( + 104.35 ) ( + 727.66 ) ( - 65.36 ) Chandahandi Block Of Nabarangapur 113.95) Dist. 702 Patna of Keonjhar Dist. 2 BIRHOR 273 98 142 825 ( - 14.91 ) Sundergarh, Jharsuguda, Baragarh, (+ 64.10) ( + 44.90 ) ( + 480.98 ) Kalahandi ( Kesinga Block) & Bolangir 28 Dists. 3 CHENCH 52 8 39 275 ( - 89.82 ) Sambalpur, Bolangir, Kalahandi, Keonjhar U (- 84.61 ) ( + 450.00 ) ( + 605.13 ) & Sundergarh (Hemgiri, Lefripada & Tangarpali Block) Dists. Boriguma Block of Koraput Dist. N.B: Figures in parenthesis indicates growth rate 3.2 Location of the surveyed villages:

Keeping in view the objectives , the present study is conducted in 9 districts Sundergarh, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Kalahandi, Koraput, Nowrangpur, Mayurbhanja, Keonjhar and Balasore covering 16 villages where the three declining tribes Birhor, Baiga and Chenchu are generally found (Table-13). These included 10 villages in 3 ITDAs namely Sundergarh, Kuchinda and Jeypur and 6 villages from non- ITDA areas. It was found that at the time of survey the selected three tribal communities namely Baiga, Birhor and Chenchu have completely vanished in the selected villages of Koraput, Nowrangpur, Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar and Balasore districts and they are found in small numbers in other districts like Sundergarh, Sambalpur, Bolangir and Kalahandi. It was very interesting to notice that the Chenchu tribe was not found in any selected villages of any district covered under our study area. Other two tribes Baiga and Birhor were found in Sundergarh, Sambalpur and Bolangir districts. The Baiga tribe was found only in Ludhapalli village of Katarbaga G.P. of Katarbaga P.S of Sambalpur district. The population profile of each of the study villages is presented here.

Table - 14 Location of the Surveyed Village Sl. Name of Name of Name of Name of Name of Name of the No. the District the PS the ITDA the GP the Village Surveyed Tribes Meghdega Meghdega Sundergarh Sadar Sundargarh Suarijore Birhor Lefripada Badagaonmal Birhor 1 Lefripada -do- Lefripada Birhor Jhankarpali Sundergarh Lefripada -do- Kadalipali Birhor Bandhabhuin Birhor Jujumara Kuchinda Total Birhor 2 Sambalpur Jamankira Jhankarpali Ludhapalli Kulundi Baiga Badarama Jamankira Sambalpur Katarbaga - Total Katarbaga Total 3 Bolangir Jamaki Birhor Pokhanmunda Birhor Kusupalli(Badakendu) Birhor Samarsing Birhor 4 Kalahandi Total Janiguda Chenchu & Baig 5 Koraput Jeypore Dengaguda Chenchu & Baig Bijapur Chenchu & Baig Hardali Kupia Chenchu Chenchu 6 Nowrangpur Nowrangpur Baiga 7 Mayurbhanj Chenchu 8 Keonjhar 9 Balasore

1. Meghdega: It comes under Meghdega Gram Panchayat of Sundergarh ITDA in Sundergarh district. There were 11 Birhor households with 47 persons (males 25 and females 22) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 4.27 persons. The sex ratio stood at 880 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 4, 11. 26 and 4 in 0-6 , 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was 8% and that of females was nil. There were 15 males (60 %) and 10 females ( 45.5 %) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there were 4 widows and 2 widowers. 2. Suarijore: It comes under Lefripada Gram Panchayat of Sundergarh ITDA in Sundergarh district. There were 15 Birhor households with 45 persons (males 21 and females 24) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 3.0 persons. The sex ratio stood at 1143 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6 , 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 6, 6. 22 and 8 in 0-6 , 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was 9.52% and that of females was nil. There were 7 males (33.3 %) and 9 females (37.5%) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there were 3 widows and 2 widowers. 3. Badagaonmal:

It comes under Lefripada Gram Panchayat of Sundergarh ITDA in Sundergarh district. There were 14 Birhor households with 65 persons (males 32 and females 33) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 4.64 persons. The sex ratio stood at 1031 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6 , 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 18, 4, 33 and 4 in 0-6, 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was nil and that of females was 3.03%. There were 16 males (50 %) and 17 females (51.5%) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there was one widow and one widower. 4. Jhankarpali: It comes under Jhankarpali Gram Panchayat of Kuchinda ITDA in Sambalpur district. There were 19 Birhor households with 77 persons (males 44 and females 33) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 4.05 persons. The sex ratio stood at 750 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 18, 4, 33 and 4 in 0- 6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was 42.6% and that of females was 27.0%. There were 24 males (54.5 %) and 14 females (42.4%) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there was nil widow and one widower. 5. Kadalipali: It comes under Kulundi Gram Panchayat of Kuchinda ITDA in Sambalpur district. There were 46 Birhor households with 186 persons (males 93 and females 93) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 4.04 persons. The sex ratio stood at 1000 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 33, 25, 89 and 13 in 0-6 , 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this

village was 74.2% and that of females was 62.4%. There were 49 males (52.7 %) and 51 females (53.1%) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there were 2 widows and 3 widowers. 6. Bandhabhuin: It comes under Jamankira Gram Panchayat of Kuchinda ITDA in Sambalpur district. There were 31 Birhor households with 142 persons (males 68 and females 74) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 4.58 persons. The sex ratio stood at 1088 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 35, 12, 72 and 3 in 0- 6 , 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was 69.1% and that of females was 60.8%. There were 39 males (57.3 %) and 47 females (63.5%) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there was nil widows and 2 widowers. 7. Ludhapalli: It comes under Katarbaga Gram Panchayat of Sambalpur district. There were 4 Baiga households with 30 persons (males 17 and females 13) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 7.5 persons. The sex ratio stood at 765 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 4, 7, 14 and 5 in 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was 82.4% and that of females was 84.6%. There were 9 males (52.9%) and 6 females (46.2%) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there was nil widows and 1 widower. 8. Jamaki:

It comes under Block Tureikela of Bolangir district. There were 5 Birhor households with 24 persons (males 12 and females 12) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 4.8 persons. The sex ratio stood at 1000 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 5, 0, 2 and 8 in 0-6 , 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was 82.4% and that of females was 84.6%. There were 6 males (50%) and 5 females (41.7%) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there was one widow and nil widower. 9. Pokhanmunda: It comes under Block Tureikela of Bolangir district. There were 1 Birhor household with 2 persons (male 1 and female 1) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 2.0 persons. The sex ratio stood at 1000 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 0, 0, 2 and 0 in 0-6, 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male and female of Birhor tribes in this village was nil. There were no unmarried persons in this village. 10. Kusupalli (Badakendu): It comes under Block Tureikela of Bolangir district. There were 1 Birhor household with 4 persons (males 2 and females 2) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 4.0 persons. The sex ratio stood at 1000 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 2, 0, 2 and 0 in 0-6, 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was 82.4% and that of females was 84.6%. There were 1 males (50%) and 1 females (50%) retuned as unmarried persons. 11. Samarsing: It comes under Block Tureikela of Bolangir district. There were 7 Birhor household with 33 persons (male 15 and female 18) as per the study. The average size of household in this village was 4.7 persons. The sex ratio stood at 833 females per 1000 males. The entire population of the village was classified in four age groups like 0-6, 7-17, 18-59 and 60+ years. The total population of was 8, 7, 16 and 2 in 0-6 , 7-17,18-59 and 60+ years

respectively. The literacy rate of male Birhor tribes in this village was 82.4% and that of females was 84.6%. There were 6 males (40%) and 9 females (50%) retuned as unmarried persons. Among the married persons, there was 1 widow and 1 widower. Table – 15 Age Group wise and Sex wise population of Selected declining tribes of Orissa Name Age Group Sl Name of Name of Name of of 0 - 6 7 - 17 18 - 59 No the District the ITDA the Village MF the MF TMF T Tribe 1 Sundergarh Sundargarh Meghdega Birhor 4 - 4 4 7 11 15 11 2 -do- -do- Suarijore Birhor 3 3 6 3 3 6 11 11 3 -do- -do- Badagaonmal Birhor 8 10 18 2 2 4 17 16 Total 15 13 28 9 12 21 41 38 Birhor 7 4 11 7 6 13 22 19 1 Sambalpur - Jhankarpali Birhor 16 17 33 12 13 25 43 46 2 -do- Birhor 18 17 35 4 8 12 36 36 3 -do- Kuchinda Kadalipali -do- Bandhabhuin 4 -do- Total 41 38 79 23 27 50 101 101 1 Bolangir Baiga 3 1 4 5 2 7 6 8 2 -do- - Ludhapalli Birhor 3 2 5 2 - 2 7 9 Birhor - - - - - - 1 1 - Jamaki - Pokhanmunda

3 -do- - Birhor 1 1 2 - - - 1 1 4 -do- Kusupalli(Badakendu) - Birhor 3 5 8 3 4 7 8 8 Samarsing Total 7 8 15 5 4 9 17 19 Table – 16 Selected declining tribes of Orissa and their Literacy Rate Literacy Sl Name Name Male Female To Name of of the of the M Village Tribe Illiterate N Just literate the District Primary o Above Primary Total Illiterate Just literate Primary Above Primary Total 1 Sundergarh Meghdega Birhor 23 - 2 - 25 22 - - - 22 2 - - - 24 2 2 -do- Suarijore Birhor 19 - 2 - 21 24 - 1 - 33 - 3 -do- Badagaonm Birhor 32 - - - 32 32 0 1 0 79 4 al 8 7 5 33 29 24 30 4 93 69 Total 74 0 4 0 78 78 21 21 3 74 47 1 Sambalpur Jhankarpali Birhor 15 8 12 9 44 13 4 1 6 13 14 2 -do- Kadalipali Birhor 24 28 27 14 93 35 - 3 - 12 6 - - - 1- 3 -do- Bandhabhu Birhor 21 20 27 68 29 - - - 21 2 2 - 18 6 in 2 5 - 33 13 4 -do- Ludhapalli Baiga 3 3 1 10 17 2 1 Bolangir Jamaki Birhor 6 2 4 - 12 9 - 11 2 -do- Pokhanmu Birhor 1 - - - 22 nda - 15 14 - 30 26 3 -do- Kusupalli(B Birhor 1 1 - adakendu) 4 -do- Samarsing Birhor 9 3 3 Total 17 6 7

Table – 17 Marital Status of Selected declining tribes of Orissa Marital Status Name Name of Name Male Female Total Sl the Village of the Surveyed Tribe Married Population Of the Un-married No Widowed Total District Married Un-married Widowed Total 1 Sundergarh Meghdega Birhor 8 15 2 25 8 10 4 22 47 9 3 24 45 2 -do- Suarijore Birhor 12 7 2 21 12 17 1 33 65 36 8 79 157 3 -do- Badagaonmal Birhor 15 16 1 32 15 14 - 33 77 51 3 96 186 Total 35 38 5 78 35 47 - 74 142 112 3 203 405 1 Sambalpur Jhankarpali Birhor 19 24 1 44 19 6 13 30 5 1 12 24 2 -do- Kadalipali Birhor 42 49 2 93 42 - -1 2 4 3 -do- Bandhabhuin Birhor 27 39 2 68 27 33 Total 88 112 5 205 88 4 -do- Ludhapalli Baiga 7 9 1 17 7 1 Bolangir Jamaki Birhor 66 - 12 6 2 -do- 3 -do- Pokhanmunda Birhor 1- -1 1 4 -do- Kusupalli(Badake Birhor 11 - 2 1 1 -2 ndu) 9 1 18 Samarsing Birhor 8 6 1 15 8

Total 16 13 1 30 16 15 2 33 63 Table – 18 Age Group wise married women population Name Age Group (Year) of Total Sl Name of Name of the Upto 20 21-30 31-40 41-50 50 & Above Married No the District the Village Tribe Women 1 Sundergarh Meghdega Birhor 1 13 3 -8 2 -do- Suarijore Birhor 3 33 1 2 12 3 -do- Badagaonmal Birhor - 46 3 2 15 Total 4 8 12 7 4 35 1 Sambalpur Jhankarpali Birhor 2 36 5 3 19 2 -do- Kadalipali Birhor 1 14 10 9 11 45 3 -do- Bandhabhuin Birhor 2 16 2 5 2 27 Total 5 33 18 19 16 91 4 -do- Ludhapalli Baiga - 22 - 37 1 Bolangir Birhor - 32 3 -8 Jamaki - 1- - -1 - 1- - -1 2 -do- Pokhanmunda Birhor 3 -do- Kusupalli(Badakendu) Birhor

4 -do- Birhor 2 21 2 18 Samarsing 2 73 5 1 18 Total Table – 19 Family size Name No. of family size of the Total Sl Name of Name of Name of Tribe 1 Surveyed No the District the ITDA the Village 23456 7 8 9 Family 1 Sundergarh Sundargarh Meghdega Birhor 2 - - 512 - 1 - 11 2 -do- -do- Suarijore Birhor 2 3 5 3 2 - - - - 15 3 -do- -do- Badagaonmal Birhor - 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 - 14 Total 4 5 8 10 5 5 1 2 - 40 1 Sambalpur - Jhankarpali Birhor - 4 4 3 5 2 - 1 - 19 2 -do- Kuchinda Kadalipali Birhor 1 10 8 9 8 6 3 1 - 46 3 -do- -do- Bandhabhuin Birhor - 1 7 9 7 4 - 3 - 31 Total 1 15 19 21 20 12 3 5 - 96 4 -do- - Ludhapalli Baiga - -- -1- 1 - 2 4 1 Bolangir - Birhor - - 121 - - 1 - 5 2 -do- 1 3 -do- Jamaki 1 4 -do- 7 - Birhor - 1 - - - - - - - 14 Pokhanmunda - Birhor - - -1- - - - - Kusupalli(Badakendu) - Birhor - - 14 - 1 1 - - Samarsing Total - 12711 1 1 -

Table – 20 Mortality History by Age Group Name Mortality Sl Name of Name of Name of of 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-4 No the District the ITDA the Village the MF Tribe M F M F MFM 1 Sundergarh Sundargarh Meghdega Birhor 1 -1- - - - - - Birhor - - -1-1 1 - - 2 -do- -do- Suarijore Birhor - 1- -1- - - - 3 -do- -do- Badagaonmal Total 1 11111 1 - - 4 2- - -- - - - 1 Sambalpur - Jhankarpali Birhor 5 6- - -- - - - Birhor 4 3- - -- - - 1 2 -do- Kuchinda Kadalipali Birhor 3 -do- -do- Bandhabhuin Total 13 11 - - - - - - 1

4 -do- - Ludhapalli Baiga 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 Bolangir 2 -do- - Birhor 1 ----- - - - 3 -do- 4 -do- Jamaki - Birhor - ----- - - - Pokhanmunda - Birhor - ----- - - - Kusupalli(Badakendu) - Birhor - 1- - -- - - - Samarsing Total 1 1- - -- - - - 3.3. Declining Tribe wise discussion: The data of the field study on the three declining tribes have been examined in order to find out the causes of declining trend of these tribal communities and to recommend remedial measures for checking the declining of these tribes. Most of the possible causes and factors like living status, marital status, fertility and mortality pattern have been studied for these three tribes. The analysis of data of the survey did not reveal any physiological, pathological or any other bio-genetic information which may be the most important factors for declination in their population. The details of declining tribes are given below to see the situations for faulty enumeration. 1. Birhor: Birhor is a nomadic tribe, scattered in the forests reside mostly in Sambalpur, Bolangir, Kalahandi, Keonjhar and Hemgiri, Lefripada and Tangarpali blocks of Sundergarh districts of Orissa which are the border districts nearer to Chhatisgarh and Jharkhand states. It was understood that they had migrated from Chotnagpur of Bihar since long and have

adopted the cultural tradition of the local ethnic groups.The market centre in border areas are frequently visited by Birhor tribes of adjoining areas. There is also temporary migration of this tribe across the border areas during ceremonial and festive occasions. This may be the reason for declination of Birhor tribes. 2. Baiga: Baiga is a nomadic tribe reside mostly in Raruan block of Mayurbhanj district, Chandahandi block of Nawarangpur district, Patna block of Keonjhar district, Sundergarh, Jharsuguda, Baragarh, Kesinga block of Kalahandi district and Bolangir district of Orissa which are the border districts nearer to Andhra Pradesh, Chhatisgarh and Jharkhand states. At the time of survey it was observed that Baiga tribe was not found in the villages of above mentioned districts. But it was seen in Ludhapalli village of Sambalpur district. Perhaps these tribes were leaving those districts by way of out migration ( may be temporary) across the border areas during ceremonial and festive occasions. This may be the reason for declination of Baiga tribes. 3. Chenchu: Chenchu is of mixed origin of the Telugus and a nomadic tribe reside mostly in Boriguma Block of Koraput district of Orissa which is the border district nearer to Andhra Pradesh state. This tribe is also recognized in Andhra Pradesh as Scheduled Tribes. At the time of survey it was observed that Chenchu tribe was not found in the villages of Boriguma block of Koraput district. Perhaps these tribes were leaving this district by way of out migration ( may be temporary) across the border areas for searching of their livelihood. This may be the reason for declination of Chenchu tribes.

CHAPTER- 4 Summery Findings, Conclusion, Suggestion and Recommendation 4.1. Summery Findings: Our findings have shown that except Chenchu tribes there have been no decline i.e. loss of number in population of the tribes concerned. It was on account of defective enumeration that these tribes have shown decline in number as compared with their population in previous census. It was also noticed that in the census enumeration there is an ‘unspecified’ category. Whenever the enumerators could not identify the tribes, they included them in ‘unspecified’ category. Therefore, the number of the ‘unspecified’ category has increased manifold from one census period to other.

In addition, certain trends of the nature of such movements as social mobility movement are apparent in some of the communities who are in the process of modernization. In order to achieve their objectives, they are identifying themselves not in their original tribal nomenclatures but in some other names. This may cause difficulties for the census enumerators to identify such tribes correctly. Moreover, the persons who were engaged in the census operation for enumeration were not exposed to tribal nomenclatures and regional differences in such cases arising out of forces of modernization and other forces of change. No proper training was given to the census enumerators before conducting field surveys in tribal areas which may cause wrong enumeration and omission of persons of particular tribal communities. The census operation did not reveal any pathological and physiological abnormalities which caused decline in their population over period. 4.2. Conclusion: A general review of the problem shows that the numerical difference arises from the confusion in the Scheduled Tribes. For example Birhor, Mankidi and Mankirdia who belong to the Birhor ethnic group are scheduled as separate units. In such a case, if some Birhors identify themselves as Mankidi, the number of Birhor decreases and that of Mankidi increases. This may be due to the defective scheduling of these communities and the confusion which arises there from in the mind of the anthropological untrained enumerators. Unless the schedule is modified and rationalized on the basis of ethnic linkage and other correlated factors, the enumeration of the scheduled tribes by census operation may be faulty and confusing. The defect of scheduling lies in another confusion, that is lumping together of tribal communities who are ethnically, culturally and linguistically different from each other. As long

as such confusions exist in the schedule of the tribes, the census figures pertaining to these communities are bound to be imperfect and fictitious. The term ‘tribe’ which is commonly used, is only a rough classificatory device, rather than a precise scientific concept. In anthropology and sociology we continue to use the term ‘tribe’ largely because it has been in use. We recognize its limitation and try to classify societies. By means of material culture and certain stage of technological growth, we classify people as tribes. Some tribes have merged; they have evolved into some thing which we call civilized and more evolved, more developed and so on. In India, the term ‘tribe’ has been a political administrative category. Some times, a group of people who are actually tribal in nature do not describe them as tribal as a matter of shame. In this situation, the census enumerators identified these tribes as other categories. This explains why their number has declined between census periods. It is also observed that some of the tribes are nomadic in nature and they are traveling one place to other for searching of their livelihood over the period of time. This causes one way of declining in number from one census period to other. ’Chenchu’ is like this type of tribe. That’s why at the time of field study we could not found any single person of ‘Chenchu’ tribe in those areas where the census enumerators were found them during their visit at that time. The three selected tribal communities like Birhor, Baiga and Chenchu are also located in the peripheral regions or border districts of Orissa like Sambalpur, Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj, Bolangir, Malkangiri, Nawarangpur, Balasore and Koraput. Though they are nomadic in nature, they may change their place of residence from Orissa to other neighboring states like Andhra Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The declining tribes who live in southern Orissa have close contact with their tribesmen living in Andhra Pradesh. Similarly their counterparts living in northern Orissa have social and economic relationship with their tribesmen living in Chhatisgarh and Jharkhand. The market centre in border areas are frequently visited by tribes of adjoining areas. There is also

temporary migration of tribal population across the border areas during ceremonial and festive occasions. Any enumeration in border areas during festive period would be faulty due to temporary migration of tribes. At the time of our visit they might be gone outside the state for searching of livelihood and work. It was also noticed that a lot of females of these tribes married in other places which may cause their declination in number at the time of survey. The declining of Chenchu, Birhor and Baiga may be due to high mortality rate than other tribal communities. We are not sure about that, but it may be one of the reasons of declination. 4.3. Suggestion and Recommendation: After thorough analysis the following suggestions and recommendations have been made for improvement of declining situation among the tribes of Orissa. 1. First of all the census enumerators should be trained properly before conducting field surveys in tribal areas to provide clear cut definition of different tribes in Orissa. 2. The tribes are to be identified themselves in their original tribal nomenclatures but not in some other names. This will help the census enumerators to identify such tribes correctly. 3. The persons who were engaged in the census operation for enumeration have to be exposed to tribal nomenclatures and regional differences in such cases arising out of forces of modernization and other forces of change. 4. The tribes of same ethnic group should be listed in one group not in different units like Birhor, Mankidi and Mankirdia who belong to the Birhor ethnic group are scheduled as separate units.

5. While deciding about the declination of a particular tribal community, care should be taken to consider the situation of this particular community in the neighboring states. 6. Steps to be taken to study the impact of pathological and physiological abnormalities or medico-genetic factors which caused decline in their population over period. 7. The enumerators should be aware about the proper identification of tribes before conducting the field study at the time of census operation. ANNEXURE – 1 District wise demographic profile of declining tribal communities Sl. Name Sambalpur Sundergarh 2001 Keonjhar Mayurb No Of the % of % of % of 2001 1991 Tribe 2001 1991 2001 1991 1991 Decrease Decrease Decrease 1 Baiga 303 187 62.03 102 150 -32.00 10 126 -92.06 29 681 -62.11 49 121 -59.50 101 145 -30.34 34 156 2 Bhumia 36 95 -2.85 909 1334 -31.86 14 600.00 - 231 3.29 186 - 2 11 3 Binjhal 72467 74591 25.00 12 9 33.33 - 249 -98.83 -3 -34.85 56 14 300.00 - 26 -94.29 - 316 4 Birhor 251 243 4 342 -100.00 -85.92 -91.18 5 Chenchu 45 36 6 105 -14.43 489.19 250.00 -91.00 6 Dal 86 132 -72.65 -66.29 2 - -87.63 6.31 0.00 - 33 3016.67 7 Desua 0 362 9.40 10 71 74.37 15 170 86.72 66 250 Bhumij -90.32 -91.42 6903 8067 -47.78 -17.77 -13.11 28 311 -66.23 8 Dharua 436 74 -28.46 105 30 -31.83 24 194 -94.69 151 371 30 89 374 12 -96.59 - 18 9 Ghara 67 245 -36.87 34 34 -85.58 -72.07 - 403 3660 2099 1856 994 -25.48 25843 10 Gandia 219 206 -77.61 29 338 -32.95 12971 337 -78.11 4539 5224 51.35 47 90 -99.39 - 373 11 Ho 2013 1840 -97.78 694 1018 93.55 26 77 8 - -72.92 6 113 78 12 Holva 12 124 13.22 -77.14 7 205 -74.38 -12.62 31 111 13 Kawar 1249 1519 -95.30 -78.95 1793 2406 -77.93 -82.96 - 50 14 Kharwar 88 123 2 327 15 Kolha 613 971 372 2579 2204 2139 loharas 16 Korua 118 527 354 528 234 191 56 37 - 342 17 Kotia 37 169 60 31 56 25 13 48 79 392 18 Koya 1 45 24 105 321 14852 16997 682 5988 19 Mankidi 52 247 5762 55 114 669 194 317 20 Mankirdia 137 121 11 21 Mundari 452 1764 22 Omanatya 15 319 23 Paroja 32 145

24 Pentia 77 354 -78.25 41 394 -89.59 123 696 -82.33 67 586 25 Rajuar 11 127 -91.34 33 96 -65.63 - 180 -7.90 2482 2154 26 Sounti 21 214 -90.19 25 38 -34.21 70641 24437 19772 27 Tharua 7 401 -98.25 10 46 -78.26 65061 144 161 - 4 ANNEXURE – 1 (Contd.) Sl. Name Cuttack Dhenkanal Puri Ganja No Of the 2001 1991 % of 2001 1991 % of 2001 % of 2001 1991 1991 Tribe 30 Decrease Decrease 18 - 1 77 47 Decrease 25 1 1 Baiga 319 385 548 176 2 Bhumia 77 58 -48.28 13 7 85.71 22 15 20.00 81 9 3 Binjhal - 3 22 113.64 - 10 4 Birhor 20 16 381.25 16 5 220.00 11 12 3108.33 60 1 5 Chenchu 11 100.00 6 Dal - 31 929.03 152 35 334.29 7 5 -40.00 - 86 7 Desua 9 22.22 198 34 126.47 6 5 20.00 76 42 27 Bhumij 11 - - 10 8 Dharua 81 2 -100.00 - - 28 28 - 9 Ghara 3141 809 17 16 10 Gandia 19 14 42.86 - - 29 2 - 11 Ho 182 25 100 24 12 Holva 19 206 -100.00 - 2 10 48 -85.42 3 145 13 Kawar 14 Kharwar 387 352 -43.75 42 16 162.50 32 2 3700.00 83 32 15 Kolha 108 -89.81 58 120 -51.67 73 -100.00 45 44 84.09 45 61 -26.23 15 6 366.67 - 44 loharas 17 2072 51.59 13096 9817 33.40 518 550 47.09 10 12 16 Korua 47 1800.00 6 20 -70.00 59 20 45.00 529 78 17 Kotia 18 1 34.81 46 207 -77.78 143 -82.52 - 29 18 Koya 36 135 -98.89 98 39 151.28 - 94 -89.36 - 10 19 Mankidi 288 1717 6 13 77 20 Mankirdia 8 168 42 4 21 Mundari 59 865 -55.26 72 389 -81.49 10 110 -70.91 11 79 22 Omanatya 24 143 1 17 23 Paroja 10 46 -2.17 12 118 -89.83 5 27 -44.44 - 56 24 Pentia 10 22 -22.73 135 88 53.41 5 29 1686.21 179 794 25 Rajuar 5 29 62.07 24 - 1740 80 -26.25 - 12 26 Sounti 23 -21.74 -85.33 - - 27 Tharua 121 -70.25 -- - -65.36 1140 -74.74 - 103 -97.53 485 -87.95 - 66 450 -71.56 83 -81.16 - -85.19 - 114 -95.71 759 -89.13 162 -37.50 2 81 -88.95 46 16 -92.13 62 218 -100.00 - -23.31 127 -50.00 3 70 2269 -100.00 10 20 181 19 - 66 ANNEXURE – 1 (Contd.) Sl. Name Bolangir Kalahandi Koraput No Of the 2001 % of 2001 % of 2001 % of 1991 1991 1991 Tribe 1 - 20 11 Decrease 664 Decrease 102814 Decrease 1 Baiga 36393 6696 2 Bhumia 9 88 -98.86 71 64 -100.00 116 14 42.86 3 Binjhal - - 100 564.00 4 108784 -5.49 4 Birhor 11472 37242 -2.28 - 5869 14.09 3 -54.51 5 Chenchu - 99 -90.91 3653 165 -56.97 46 255 -55.56 6 Dal 2 -100.00 27 -100.00 79 9 -98.03 7 Desua 14674 -21.82 - 3406 -90.59 210 -100.00 72 7.25 152 -42.34 -100.00 489 137

Bhumij 518 263 96.96 273 97 181.44 7202 10209 -29.45 8 Dharua 39 256 -84.77 - 168 -100.00 15 329 -95.44 9 Ghara 9 53 -83.02 48 81 -40.74 858 2489 -65.53 10 Gandia 17 54 -68.52 25 40 -37.50 159 148 7.43 11 Ho 7 14 -50.00 10.28 -18.84 12 Holva 117 128 -8.59 794 720 -44.39 9522 11732 7.46 13 Kawar 11 26 -57.69 773 1390 -100.00 245 228 14 Kharwar - -30.64 15 Kolha 247 300 -17.67 - 57 -11.99 3 -78.49 loharas 10 78 -87.18 1644 1868 1666.67 851 1227 -11.92 16 Korua 23 91 -74.73 -38.48 -14.15 17 Kotia 6 30 -80.00 212 12 42.86 20 93 -97.91 18 Koya - 1 -100.00 4976 8089 -100.00 13192 14978 -100.00 19 Mankidi 24 126 -80.95 -99.48 121479 141509 -80.27 20 Mankirdia 14 95 -85.26 10 7 -95.50 -7.85 21 Mundari 38 63 -39.68 - 115 10.00 4 191 -8.42 22 Omanatya 9 128 -92.97 2 388 -23.83 - 65 -21.93 23 Paroja - 27 -100.00 5 111 -100.00 72 365 -94.14 24 Pentia 2 23 -91.30 55 50 22567 24489 41.67 25 Rajuar - 79 -100.00 21494 28217 -94.85 295375 322545 -1.69 26 Sounti 305 93 227.96 - 18 -96.84 6842 8764 27 Tharua - 15 256 7 - 153 108 13 136 58 59 412