7 social em 2020-21

["Basavanna\u2019s Virashaivism The Saints of Maharashtra We earlier noted the connection From the thirteenth to the seventeenth between the bhakti movement and temple centuries, Maharashtra saw a great number worship. We now see another level of of saint-poets, whose songs in simple bhakti movement called Virashaivam. This Marathi continue to inspire people till date. movement was initiated by Basavanna and The most important among them were his companions like Allama Prabhu and Jnaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath and Tukaram Akkamahadevi in 12th century in as well as women like Sakkubai and the family Karnataka. They have represented the ideas of Chokhamela, who belonged to the about caste and the treatment of women \u201cuntouchable\u201d Mahar caste. This regional arguing strongly for the equality of all tradition of bhakti focused on the Vitthala (a human beings. form of Vishnu) temple in Pandharpur, as well as on the notion of a personal god These are vachanas or sayings attributed residing in the hearts of all people. SCERT TELANGANAto Basavanna: The rich Will make temples for Shiva. What shall I, A poor man Do? My legs are pillars, The body the shrine, The head a cupola Of gold. Listen, O Lord of the meeting rivers, Things standing shall fall, But the moving ever shall stay. \u008a What were the major ideas Fig 21.1 A fireside gathering of ascetics. expressed by Basavanna? Devotional Paths to the Divine 189 \u008a What is the temple that Basavanna is offering to God? Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21","SCERT TELANGANAThese saint-poets rejected all forms ofYou made us low caste, ritualism, outward display of piety and Why don\u2019t you face that fact, Great Lord? social differences based on birth. In fact, Our whole life \u2013 left-over food to eat. they even rejected the idea of renunciation You should be ashamed of this. and preferred to live with their families, You have eaten in our home. earning their livelihood like any other How can you deny it? person, while humbly serving fellow human Chokha\u2019s (son) Karmamela asks beings in need. A new humanist idea Why did you give me life? emerged as they insisted that bhakti lay in sharing others\u2019pain.As the famous Gujarati \u008a Discuss the ideas related to social saint Narsi Mehta said, \u201cVaishnavas are order expressed in these those who understand the pain of others.\u201d compositions. This is an abhang (Marathi devotional Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis hymn) of Sant Tukaram: Many religious groups of this period He who identifies criticised the rituals and other aspects of with the battered and the beaten, conventional religion and social order Mark him as a saint, using simple, logical arguments. Among For God is with him. them were the Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas He holds and Yogis. They advocated renunciation of Every forsaken man the world. To them, the path to salvation Close to his heart, lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate He treats Reality and the realisation of oneness with A slave it. To achieve this, they advocated intense As his own son. training of the mind and body through Says Tuka, practices like yogasanas, breathing I won\u2019t be tired exercises and meditation. These groups to repeat again, became particularly popular among low Such a man castes. Their criticism of conventional Is God religion created the ground for devotional In person. religion to become a popular force in northern India. \u008a Why do you think Tukaram Islam and Sufism considers the friends of the poor and suffering as the real devotees The saints had much in common with the of God? Sufis, so much so that it is believed that they adopted many ideas from each other. Here is an abhang composed by Sufis were Muslim mystics. They rejected Chokhamela\u2019s son: outward religiosity and emphasised love and 190 Religion and Society Social Studies","SCERT TELANGANAdevotion to God and compassion towardstrained to look at the world in a different all fellow human beings. way. They developed elaborate methods of training using zikr (chanting of a name or Islam propagated strict monotheism or sacred formula), contemplation, sama submission to one God. It also rejected idol (singing), raqs (dancing), discussion of worship and considerably simplified rituals parables, breath control, etc. under the of worship into collective prayers. At the guidance of a master or pir. Thus emerged same time, Muslim scholars developed a the silsilas, a genealogy of Sufi teachers, holy law called Shariat. The Sufis often each following a slightly different method rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of (tariqa) of instruction and ritual practice. behaviour demanded by Muslim religious scholars. They sought union with God much A large number of Sufis from Central as a lover seeks his beloved with a disregard Asia settled in Hindustan from the eleventh for the world. Like the saint-poets, the Sufis century onwards. This process was too composed poems expressing their strengthened with the establishment of the feelings, and a rich literature in prose, Delhi Sultanate, when several major Sufi including anecdotes and fables, developed centres developed all over the around them. Among the great Sufis of subcontinent. The Chishti silsila was CentralAsia were Ghazzali, Rumi and Sadi. among the most influential orders. It had a Like the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis, long line of teachers like Khwaja the Sufis too believed that the heart can be Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, Qutbuddin Fig 21.2 Mystics in ecstasy. Bakhtiar Kaki of Delhi, Baba Farid Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 of Punjab, Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi and Bandanawaz Gisudaraz of Gulbarga. The Sufi masters held their assemblies in their khanqahs or hospices. Devotees of all descriptions including members of the royalty and nobility, and ordinary people flocked to these khanqahs. They discussed spiritual matters, sought the blessings of the saints in solving their worldly problems, or simply attended the music and dance sessions. Often, people attributed Sufi masters with miraculous powers that could relieve others of their illnesses and troubles. The tomb or dargah of a Sufi saint became a place of Devotional Paths to the Divine 191","pilgrimage to which thousands of peopleSCERT TELANGANAThallapakaAnnamacharya (1408 \u2013 1503) of all faiths thronged. was a popular saint-composer of Andhra Pradesh and is revered as \u2018pada kavita \u008a If you have ever been to a Dargah, pitamaha\u2019. Annamayya dedicated his life describe it to your friends in the to composing and singing the glories of class. How do people show Lord Venkateswara of Tirupati. His respects to the Pir and what do they compositions were mostly extempore in pray for? spoken dialect, unlike the classics of the age, which were written in the classical New Religious Developments in (Grandhika) style. In \u2018Annamacharya India Charitramu\u2019, it is said that Annamayya composed thirty two thousand keertanas The period after the thirteenth century on Lord Venkateswara. saw a new wave of the bhakti movement in North India. This was an age when Islam, In his keertanas, he took up subjects Hinduism, Sufism, various strands of such as morality, dharma and righteousness. bhakti, and the Nathpanths, Siddhas and He was one of the first few who opposed Yogis influenced one another. We saw that the social stigma towards the untouchable new towns and kingdoms were emerging, castes in his era. In his sankeertanas, and people were taking up new professions \u201cBrahmam Okkate Parabrahmam and finding new roles for themselves. Such Okkate...\u201d and \u201cE Kulajudainanemi people, especially crafts persons, peasants, Evvadainanemi...\u201d, he describes that the traders and labourers; thronged to listen to relationship between God and human beings these new saints and spread their ideas. is the same irrespective of the later\u2019s color, Some of them like Kabir and Baba Guru caste and financial status, in beautiful yet Nanak rejected orthodox customs and powerful usage of words. beliefs. \u2018\u00b7+<\u00e4H\u00eaq \u00c4V\u00e6\u2264 ` \u2018\u00b7+<\u00e4H\u00eaq|\u00fc\u2044\u00acs Poets like Bammera Potana, \u2018\u00b7+<\u00e4H\u00eaq u\u00db\u00d1\ufb01\u2264 ` \u2018\u00b7+<\u00e4H\u00eaq Annamacharya, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Tulsidas and Surdas accepted existing \u00c1\u00e3V\u2264\u00fc \u00e0yT\u00d3 T\u00f8\u00ff\u00a3 f\u2026 |s\u00fc \u00c1\u00a1 \u00e3V\u2264\u00fc \u00e0yT\u00d3 T\u00f8\u00ff\u00a3 f\u2026 |s\u00fc \u00a1 beliefs and practices but wanted to make \u00c1\u00e3V\u00fc\u2264\u00e0y\u00d3TT\u00f8\u00a3\u00fff\u2026 |\u00fcs\u00a1\u00c1\u00e3V\u00fc\u2264\u00e0y\u00d3TT\u00f8\u00a3\u00fff\u2026 ... them accessible to all. \u00ec+&\u00dcs\u00a1 s\u00eaE \u00ec\u00c1~+#\u00b7T \u00ec\u00c1<\u00e4j\u00b7TT H=\u00f8\u00a3f\u00d2 Potana, who lived the life of a peasant n+&\u00c9H\u02da \u00e3+\u2265T \u00ec\u00c1<\u00e4 n~j\u00b7TT H=\u00f8\u00a3f\u00d2 ... in the village Bammera near Warangal, y\u00d3T+&\u00d3\u2019q \u00c1\u00e3V\u00fc\u2264\u00e0DT&\u00c9T ` y\u00d3T\u2265T\u00bau\u00db\u00d1\u00f7$T j\u00d3TT\u00f8\u00a3f\u00d2 composed the famous Mahabhagavatamu #\u00b7+&\u00dc\\\\T&\u00c9T+&\u02da{\u00cf d\u00fc]u\u00db\u00d1\u00f7$T j\u00d3TT\u00f8\u00a3f\u00d2 ... in Telugu. Potana was called a \u2018Sahaja Kavi\u2019, a natural poet. He wrote lucid poetry - Annamacharya Keertana to express his natural devotional feelings. Social Studies 192 Religion and Society","Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486\u20131534) Tulsidas conceived of God in the form was a Vaishnava saint and social reformer of Rama. Tulsidas\u2019s composition, the in eastern India (present day Bangladesh and Ramcharitmanas, written in Awadhi (a West Bengal). Chaitanya was a notable language used in eastern Uttar Pradesh), is proponent of the Vaishnava school of important both as an expression of his Bhakti yoga (meaning loving devotion to devotion and as a literary work. He was a Krishna\/God) based on the philosophy of contemporary of Shankaradeva of Assam the Bhagavata Purana and Bhagavad (late fifteenth century) who emphasised on Gita. He propagated community singing of devotion to Vishnu, and composed poems Bhajans and dancing with devotion. He and plays in Assamese. He began the worshipped the forms of Krishna and practice of popularised the chanting of the \u2018Hare setting up Krishna\u2019 mantra. namghars or houses of Kancherla Gopanna (1620 - 1680), recitation popularly known as Bhakta Ramadasu, was and prayer, a a 17th century devotee of Sri Rama and a practice that composer of Carnatic music. He is among continues to the famous vaggeyakaras (same person date. being the writer and composer of a song)SCERT TELANGANA in the Telugu language. He is renowned for This trad- constructing a famous temple for Sri Rama at Bhadrachalam. He composed devotional ition also lyrics dedicated to Rama, which are popularly known as Ramadaasu included Keertanalu. He wrote Dasarathi Shatakamu, a collection of nearly 108 saints like Fig 21.3 A painting poems dedicated to Lord Rama. Dadu Dayal, of Mirabai. Ravidas and @ rsT\u00a1 >\u2211 qqT <j\u00e4 T\u00b7 #\u00f7\u00b7 #<\u00d3 y\u00e4 \u221a, \u00c7q e+X\u00c0\u2018e\u00d4\u00b7 T s\u00eae\u00f7 H\u00ea \u2018\u00b7s\u00a1e\u00f7 u\u00db\u00d1e k\u00d5>\u2211s\u00a1MT<\u00e4qT, q[q <\u00e4\ufb01\u201a\u00f8\u00a3\u00e5D s\u00eae\u00f7 Mirabai. Mirabai was a Rajput princess \u00c1os\u00a1|\u00f2\u00fcTTq+<\u00e4q d\u201d\u2018\u00ea s\u00a1eTD\u2264, \u00c1\u2022\u2018\u00b7\u00bbq b\u02dbw\u00fc\u00f8\u00a3 s\u00eae\u00f7 \u00f8\u00b1sT\u00a1 D\u2264\u00b4\\\\jT\u00b7 u\u00f8\u00d1\u00db \u00d4\u00a3 es<\u00a1 \u00e4 \u00ecqT, \u00f8q\u00a3 \u00ef~ \u00f8\u00b1qT|\u2044\u00fc s\u00eae\u00f7... married into the royal family of Mewar in - Ramadasu Keertana the sixteenth century. Mirabai became a \u008a Can you name some vaggeyakaras disciple of Ravidas, a saint from a caste and their Keertanas? considered \u201cuntouchable\u201d. She was devoted Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 to Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing her intense devotion. Her songs also openly challenged the norms of the \u201cupper\u201d castes and became popular with the masses in Rajasthan and Gujarat. A unique feature of most of the saints is that their works were composed in regional languages and could be sung. They became immensely popular and were handed down orally from generation to generation. Devotional Paths to the Divine 193","Usually the poorest, the most deprived Kabir believed in a formless Supreme communities and women transmitted these God and preached that the only path to songs, often adding their own experiences. salvation was through bhakti or devotion. Thus, the songs, as we have them today, are Kabir drew followers from both Hindus and as much a creation of the saints as of Muslims. generations of people who sang them. They have become a part of our living popular Here is a composition of Kabir: culture. O Allah-Ram present in all living beings SCERT TELANGANA \u008a Have you listened to any such old Have mercy on your servants, O Lord! bhajans in your mother tongue? Why bump your head on the ground, Find out who composed them. Why bathe your body in water? Write down some of them and You kill and you call yourself \u201chumble\u201d, discuss their meaning in the class. But your vices you conceal. Twenty-four times the Brahmana keeps A Closer Look: Kabir the ekadasi fast, While the Qazi observes the Ramzan. Kabir, who probably lived in the Tell me why does he set aside the eleven fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, was one of months the most influential saints. He was brought To seek spiritual fruit in the twelfth? up in a family of Muslim julahas or Hari dwells in the East, they say weavers settled near the city of Benares And Allah resides in the West, (Varanasi). We have very little reliable Search for him in your heart, in the heart information about his life. We get to know of your heart; of his ideas from a vast collection of There he dwells, Rahim-Ram verses called sakhis and pads said to have been composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan singers. Some of these were later collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani and Bijak. Kabir\u2019s teachings were based 21.4 A painting of Kabir working on a loom. on a complete, indeed vehement, rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system. The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi, widely understood by ordinary people. 194 Religion and Society Social Studies","Guru Nanak We know more about Guru Nanak (1469-1539 CE) than Kabir. Born at Talwandi (Nankana Sahib in Pakistan), he travelled SCERT TELANGANA widely before establishing a centre at Kartarpur (Dera Baba Nanak on the river Ravi). Irrespective of their form creed, caste or gender, his followers ate together in the common kitchen (langar). The sacred space thus created by Guru Nanak was known as dharmsal. The number of Guru Fig 21.5 Guru Nanak as a young man, discussion with holy men. Nanak\u2019s followers increased through the sixteenth century bliss but rather the pursuit of active life with under his successors. They belonged to a a strong sense of social commitment. He number of castes, but traders, himself used the terms nam, dan and isnan agriculturists, artisans and craftsmen for the essence of his teaching, which predominated. This may have something to actually meant right worship, welfare of do with Guru Nanak\u2019s insistence that his others and purity of conduct. His teachings followers must be householders and should are now remembered as nam-japna, kirt- adopt productive and useful occupations. karna and vand-chhakna, which also They were also expected to contribute to underline the importance of right belief and the general funds of the community of worship, honest living, and helping others. followers. Thus, Guru Nanak\u2019s idea of equality had The ideas of Guru Nanak had a huge social and political implications. This might impact on this movement from the very partly explain the difference between the beginning. He emphasised on the history of the followers of Guru Nanak and importance of the worship of one God. He the history of the followers of the other insisted that caste, creed or gender was religious figures of the medieval centuries, irrelevant for attaining liberation. His idea like Kabir, Ravidas and Dadu whose ideas of liberation was not that of a state of inert were very similar to those of Guru Nanak. Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 Devotional Paths to the Divine 195","Keywords : 5. Bhakti 6. Yogasanas 1. Advaita 7. Bijak 2. Salvation 8. Abhang 3. Alvars 4. Nayanars SCERT TELANGANA Improve your learning 1. Describe the beliefs and practices of the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis. 2. What were the major ideas expressed by Kabir? How did he express them? 3. What were the major beliefs and practices of the Sufis? 4. Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices? 5. What were the major teachings of Guru Nanak? 6. For either the Virashaivas or the saints of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste. 7. Why do ordinary people still remember Mirabai? 8. Read the second para under the title \u2018A closer look: Kabir\u2019on page 194 and comment on it. 9. Write about a festival celebrated by the people in your area. Project : 1. Visit any dargahs, gurudwaras or temples associated with saints of the bhakti tradition and describe what you saw and heard about them. 2. Get information about other works of the saint-poets mentioned in this chapter. Find out whether they are sung, how they are sung and what the poets wrote? 196 Religion and Society Social Studies","SCERT TELANGANA CHAPTER22Rulers and Buildings Figure 22.1 shows the first balcony of Between the eighth and the eighteenth the Qutb Minar. Qutbuddin Aybak had constructed this monument in Delhi centuries, kings and their officers built around 1199 CE. Notice the pattern created under the balcony by the small two kinds of structures: the first were arches and geometrical designs. Can you find two bands of inscriptions under the forts, palaces and tombs \u2013 safe, protected balcony? These are words written in Arabic. Notice that the surface of the and grandiose places of rest and the minar is curved and angular. Placing an inscription on such a surface requires second were structures meant for public great precision. Only the most skilled craftspersons could perform this task. activity including temples, mosques, Remember that very few buildings were made of stone or brick 800 years ago. tanks, wells, caravan serais and bazaars. What would have been the impact of a building like the Qutb Minar on observers Kings were expected to look after their in the thirteenth century? subjects, and by making structures for Fig 22.1 their use and comfort, rulers hoped to win Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 their praise. Construction activity was also carried out by others including merchants. They built temples, mosques and wells. However, domestic architecture \u2013 large mansions (havelis) of merchants \u2013 has survived only from the eighteenth century. Figure 22.1: Qutb Minar is five storeys high. The band of inscriptions you see are under its first balcony. The first floor was constructed by Qutbuddin Aybak and the rest by Iltutmish around 1229. Over the years, it was damaged by lightning and earthquakes and repaired by later kings. Rulers and Buildings 197","SCERT TELANGANAFig 22.2a Screen in the Quwaat al-Islam Fig 22.2b Corbelled mosque, Delhi. technique used in the construction of an arch. Engineering Skills and Construction \u008a This style of supporting the roofs required placing pillars near each Monuments provide an insight into the other and large open halls could not technologies used for construction. Take be built. Can you figure out why? something like a roof for example. We can make it by placing wooden beams or a slab Temple Construction in the Early of stone across four walls. But the task Eleventh Century becomes difficult if we want to make a large room with an elaborate The Kandariya Mahadeva temple superstructure. This requires more dedicated to Shiva was constructed in sophisticated skills. Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh 999 CE by King Dhangadeva. Between the seventh and tenth centuries, architects started adding more rooms, Fig. 22.3b is the plan of the temple of doors and windows to buildings. Roofs, doors and windows were still made by the Chandela dynasty. An ornamented placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns, a style of architecture gateway led to an entrance and the main called \u201ctrabeate\u201d or \u201ccorbelled\u201d. Between the eighth and thirteenth centuries, the h a l l (mahamandapa) where trabeate style was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs and buildings dances were performed. The attached to large stepped-wells. image of the chief deity was kept in the main shrine \u008a Visit some old temples or Masjids Fig 22.3a The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple of near your place and look for lord shiva in Khajuraho. examples of trabeate style (style in which the roof is supported by beams placed on pillars). 198 Culture and Communication Social Studies","(garbha-griha). This was the place for ritual worship where only the king, his immediate family Fig: 22.5a A \u2018true\u2019 arch. and priests gath- The \u2018keystone\u2019 at the ered. The Khaju- centre of the arch raho complex contained royal transferred the weight of temples where the superstructure to the base of the arch. SCERT TELANGANA common people were not allowed to enter. The Fig: 22.5b True arch; temples were detail from Fig: 22.3b The decorated with the Alai Darwaza Kandariya Mahadeva e l a b o r a t e l y Temple of (early lord Shiva ground plan. carved sculptures. fourteenth century). The Rajaraje- Quwwat al- shvara temple at Thanjavur had the tallest Islam mosque, shikhara amongst the temples of its time. Constructing it was not easy because there Delhi. were no cranes in those days and the 90 tonne stone for the top of the shikhara was too heavy to lift manually. So, the architects built an inclined path to the top A new way of building of the temple, placed the boulder on rollers and rolled it all the way to the top. The path Two technological and started more than four kilometres away so stylistic developments that it would not be too steep. The path are noticeable from the was dismantled after the temple twelfth century: was constructed. (1) The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. The roof too used this principle and was converted into vaults and domes. This Fig: 22.4 Brihadishwara Temple at Tanjore architectural form is called \u201carcuate\u201d. Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 Rulers and Buildings 199","SCERT TELANGANA\u008a Compare Figures 22.2a and 22.2b\u008a Do you think these new techniques with 22.5a and 22.5b. could be used to build large halls and tall buildings? (2) Limestone cement was increasingly used in construction. This was very high Building Temples, Mosques and quality cement, which, when mixed with Tanks stone chips hardened into concrete. This made construction of large structures Temples and mosques were beautifully easier and faster. Arches, domes and constructed because they were places of limestone mortar were used extensively in worship. They were also meant to the buildings after 1190 CE. Take a look at demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion the construction site in Figure 22.6. of the patrons. Take the example of the Rajarajeshvara temple. An inscription \u008a Describe what the labourers are mentions that it was built by King doing, the tools shown, and the Rajarajadeva for the worship of his god, means of carrying stones. Rajarajeshvara. Notice how the name of the ruler and the god are very similar. The king Fig: 22.6 A painting from the Akbar took the god\u2019s name because it was Nama (dated 1590-1595), showing the auspicious and he wanted to appear like a construction of water gate at Agra Fort. god. Through the rituals of worship in the 200 Culture and Communication temple, one god (Rajarajadeva) honoured another (Rajarajeshvara). You may recall that the Kakatiya capital city \u2013 Orugallu was so designed as to have the temple of Svayambhu Shiva at the centre. This was built by the Kakatiyas to proclaim their power and status as independent kings. The largest temples were all constructed by kings. The other, lesser deities in the temple were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler. The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies. As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on earth. The kings and nobles endowed the temples with land, gold and jewels so that the worship of the gods could be carried Social Studies","As each new dynasty came to power, kings wanted to emphasise their moral right to be the rulers. Constructing places of worship provided rulers with the chance to proclaim their close Qibla - Direction relationship with God, towards Mecca especially important in an age of SCERT TELANGANA rapid political change. Rulers also offered patronage to the Fig 22.7 Plan of the Jami masjid built by Shah Jahan in learned and pious, and tried to his new capital at Shahjanabad 1650-1656. transform their capitals and cities into great cultural centres out on a grand scale. By 1200 CE , most of that brought fame to their rules and realm. these temples had become elaborate institutions, which employed hundreds of It was popularly believed that the rule artisans, dancers, musicians, priests, of a just king would be an age of plenty when administrators, servants etc. They collected the heavens would not withhold rain. At the taxes from the villages, lent money on interest same time, making precious water available to traders, organised fairs and markets to by constructing tanks and reservoirs was which buyers and sellers of goods came. highly praised. Sultan Iltutmish won universal respect for constructing a large Several religions of Shaiva and Vaishnava reservoir just outside Dehli-i kuhna. It was sects were established around these temples. These temples thus became called the hauz-i Sultani or the \u201cKing\u2019s centres of political and economic power. Reservoir\u201d. Kings and rulers wanted to associate their names with these temples by organising Rulers often constructed tanks and their coronation ceremonies in the temples reservoirs \u2013 big and small \u2013 for use by ordinary people. and by giving expensive and elaborate gifts to them and adding to the constructions. Muslim Sultans and Badshahs did not Fig 22.8 Harmandar Sahib (Golden Temple) claim to be incarnations of god but Persian with the holy tank in Amritsar. court chronicles described the Sultan as the \u201cShadow of God\u201d. An inscription in the Delhi mosque explained that God chose Alauddin as a king because he had the qualities of Moses and Solomon, the great law-givers of the past. The greatest law- giver and architect was God Himself. He created the world out of chaos and introduced order and symmetry. Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 Rulers and Buildings 201","\u008a You have read about both, the shrinesSCERT TELANGANASultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a of village gods and elaborate temples contemporary of Rajendra I. During his and mosques \u2013 why do you think are campaigns in the subcontinent, he also they so different? attacked the temples of defeated kings and looted their wealth and idols. Sultan Why were Temples Destroyed? Mahmud was not a very important ruler at that time. But by destroying temples \u2013 Since the kings built temples to especially the one at Somnath \u2013 he tried to demonstrate their devotion to God and their win credit as a great hero of Islam. In the power and wealth, it is not surprising that political culture of the Middle Ages, most when they attacked one another\u2019s kingdoms, rulers displayed their political, might and they often targeted these buildings. In the military success by attacking and looting early ninth century, the Pandyan king the places of worship of the defeated rulers. Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the king, Sena I (831-851). The \u008a In what ways do you think were the Buddhist monk and chronicler Dhammakitti, policies of Rajendra I and Mahmud noted: \u201che removed all the valuables... The of Ghazni a product of their times? statue of the Buddha made entirely of gold How were the actions of the two in the Jewel Palace... and the golden images rulers different? in the various monasteries \u2013 all these he seized.\u201d The blow to the pride of the Imperial Style of the Sinhalese (Srilankan) ruler had to be Vijayanagara Period avenged and the next Sinhalese ruler, Sena II, ordered his general to invade Madurai, the The city of Vijayanagara was developed capital of the Pandyas. The Buddhist by the Rayas to act as the imperial capital chronicler noted that the expedition made a of the entire South India. Thus, they wanted special effort to find and restore the golden it to reflect all the important imperial statue of the Buddha. building traditions. They built large temples Similarly, in the early eleventh Fig: 22.9 Virupaksha Temple in Hampi. century, when the Chola king Rajendra I built a Shiva temple in his capital, he filled it with prized statues seized from defeated rulers. The list included: a Sun-pedestal from the Chalukyas, a Ganesha statue and several statues of Durga; a Nandi statue from the eastern Chalukyas; an image of Bhairava (a form of Shiva) and Bhairavi from the Kalingas of Odisha; and a Kali statue from the Palace of Bengal. 202 Culture and Communication Social Studies","Fig 22.10a Lotus Temple.SCERT TELANGANA Fig 22.10b Queen\u2019s Bath. for Sri Virupaksha, Ramachandra, Krishna was built by Krishnadevaraya to mark his and Vitthala using a style that had been accession. It was decorated with delicately developed by Chola and Pandya emperors carved pillars. He is also credited with the of Tamil Nadu. This included the Vimanas construction of the eastern Gopuram. and the Gopurams. The Rayas paid special These additions meant that the central attention to the Gopurams, which were now shrine came to occupy a relatively small built on a scale and height as never before. part of the complex. It consisted of a first floor usually built The halls in the temple were used for a of solid granite and a series of upper floors variety of purposes. Some of the halls were made of brick and chunam. These spaces in which the images of gods were structures of immense scale must have placed to witness special programmes of been a mark of imperial authority that often music, dance, drama etc. Others were used dwarfed the towers on the central shrines, to celebrate the marriages of deities. And and signaled the presence of the temple yet others were meant for showing the from a great distance. They were also replica of deities, which were distinct from probably meant as reminders of the power those kept in the small central shrine. of kings, able to command the resources, techniques and skills needed to construct While the Vijayanagara rulers built these these towering gateways. Other distinctive temples on the Tamil Nadu model, they features include mandapas or pavilions and also built elaborate secular royal buildings, long, pillared corridors that often ran which were modelled on the style and around the shrines within the temple techniques of the Sultanate architecture. complex. Let us look closely at the The famous Lotus Mahal (named so by Virupaksha temple. British visitors), Queen\u2019s Bath and the Elephant Stables are examples of this style. The Virupaksha temple was built over You can notice the use of arches and domes many centuries while inscriptions suggest in these buildings. They were covered with that the earliest shrine dated to the ninth- chunam plaster and decorated with tenth century. It was substantially enlarged elaborate floral and bird designs. It appears with the establishment of the Vijayanagara that the kings and their nobles lived in these Empire. The hall in front of the main shrine buildings and displayed their wealth and Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 Rulers and Buildings 203","cosmopolitan taste. However, these buildings did not just copy the designs of the sultanate buildings. They combined designs and features of southern temples with the arches and domes. SCERT TELANGANA The best example of this style Fig 22.10c Elephant stable. is in the Lotus Mahal, which \u008a Why do you think did the emperors was probably a palace where the kings held of large kingdoms try to use their meetings. different styles of buildings? The most impressive remain of Gardens, Tombs and Forts Vijayanagara, the Mahanavami Dibba, is a high platform of 55 feet, that is, as tall as a Under the Mughals, architecture became five floor building, and spread over 11000 more complex. Mughal emperors were Sq.feet in area. Its height was increased at personally interested in literature, art and least three times during two hundred years. architecture. In his autobiography, Babur The sides of the platform were covered with described his interest in planning and laying sculptures of various kinds. It did not have out formal gardens, placed within a complete building on the top. The rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. platform was covered by cloth shamiana or These gardens were called chahar pandal supported by wooden pillars. The baghs, four gardens, because of their Vijayanagara kings held their Navaratri Puja symmetrical division into 4-quarters. Beginning with Akbar, some of the most and Dussera court on this platform.All their beautiful chahar baghs were constructed subordinate chiefs, nayakas and officers by Jahangir and Shah Jahan in Kashmir,Agra paid their tributes to the Emperor in these and Delhi. programs. Ambassadors from Europe and other sultanates also attended the festival. There were several important architectural innovations during Akbar\u2019s reign. For inspiration, Akbar \u2019s architects turned to the tombs of his CentralAsian ancestor, Timur. The central towering dome and the tall gateway Fig 22.10d Mahanavami dibba (pishtaq) became 204 Culture and Communication Social Studies","important aspects of Mughal architecture,SCERT TELANGANAIt was during Shah Jahan\u2019s reign that first visible in Humayun\u2019s tomb. The tomb was the different elements of Mughal placed in the centre of a huge formal chahar architecture were fused together in a bagh and built in the tradition known as \u201ceight grand harmonious synthesis. His reign paradises\u201d or hasht bihisht \u2013 a central hall witnessed a huge amount of construction surrounded by eight rooms. The building was activity especially inAgra and Delhi. The constructed with red sandstone, edged with ceremonial halls of public and private white marble. audience (diwan-i-khas or diwan-i- aam) were carefully planned. These Fig: 22.11 A painting of Babur supervising courts were also described as chihil workers laying out a chahar bagh in Kabul. sutun or forty-pillared halls, placed Note how the intersecting channels on the path within a large courtyard. create the characteristic chahar bagh design. Shah Jahan\u2019s audience halls were specially constructed to resemble a mosque. The pedestal on which his throne was placed was frequently described as the qibla, the direction in which Muslims pray, since everybody faced that direction when court was in session. The idea of the king as a representative of God on earth was suggested by these architectural features. The connection between royal justice and the imperial court was emphasised by Shah Jahan in his newly constructed court in the Red Fort at Delhi. Behind the balcony of the emperor\u2019s throne, there were a series of pietra dura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek god Fig: 22.12 Tomb of Humayun, Can you see the Fig: 22.13 A reconstruction from a map of water channels? the river-front garden city of Agra. Note how the garden palaces of the nobles are Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 placed on both banks of the Yamuna. The Taj Mahal is on the left. Rulers and Buildings 205","edge of the river and the garden was to its south. In the new city of Shahjahanabad that he constructed in Delhi, the imperial palace commanded the river-front. Only specially favoured nobles \u2013 like his eldest son Dara Shukoh \u2013 were given access to the river. All others had to construct their homes in the city away from the River Yamuna. \u008a You are an artisan standing on a tiny wooden platform held together by bamboo and rope fifty metres above the ground.You have to place an inscription under the first balcony of the Qutb Minar. How would you do this? SCERT TELANGANAFig: 22.14 Tajmahal in Agra. Orpheus playing the flute. It was believed that Orpheus\u2019s music could calm ferocious beasts until they resided together peacefully. The construction of Shah Jahan\u2019s audience hall aimed to communicate that the king\u2019s justice would treat the high and the low as equals where all could live together in harmony. In the early years of his reign, Shah Jahan\u2019s capital was atAgra, a city where the nobility had constructed their homes on the banks of the river Yamuna. These were set in the midst of formal gardens constructed in the chahar bagh format. The chahar bagh garden also had a variation that historians describe as the \u201criver-front garden\u201d. In this garden, the dwelling was not located in the middle of the chahar bagh but at its edge, close to the bank of the river. Shah Jahan adapted the river-front Fig: 22.15 Decorated pillars and struts holding garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal, the the extension of the roof in Jodh Bai palace in grandest architectural accomplishment of Fatehpur Sikri. They follow the architectural his reign. Here, the white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the traditions of the Gujarat region. 206 Culture and Communication Social Studies","Around the same time as the Mughals, the Qutb Fig: 22.16a Tomb of Hayath Bakshi Begum Shahi rulers of Golconda (Hyderabad) engaged in extensive building activities. These included construction of Husain Sagar lake, the Golconda fort, a large number of gardens with water channels and fountains, and beautiful tombs for themselves. The famous Charminar and Mecca Masjid were built during their rule. They blended Persian, Mughal and Deccani styles. SCERT TELANGANA Fig: 22.16 View of Qutb Shahi Tomb Keywords : 1. Inscriptions 2. Monuments 3. Dynasty 4. Architecture Fig: 22.16b The archways at the Qutb 5. Coronation Ceremony Shahi Tombs. Improve your learning 1. How is the \u201ctrabeate\u201d principle of architecture different from \u201carcuate\u201d? 2. What is a shikhara? 3. What are the elements of a Mughal chahar bagh garden? 4. How did a temple communicate the importance of a king? 5. Read the second para of introduction part of page 198 and comment on it. 6. Is there a statue or a memorial in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve? 7. Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals? 8. Locate the following in the map of India. a) Delhi b)Agra c)Amritsar d)Tanjavur e) Humpi f)RiverYamuna Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 Rulers and Buildings 207","ACADEMIC STANDARDS (AS) Time should be spent in making sure that children comprehend the passages given in text. In between questions are useful in this context. These questions are of different types that would include the aspects reasoning, cause and effect, justification, mind mapping \/ concept mapping, observation, analysis, thinking and imagination, reflection, interpreting etc. The key concepts have been discussed subconceptwise in every chapter with examples and also given in the form of keywords. 1) Conceptual understanding (AS1) : Promoting learning of basic concepts through inquiry, discussion, reflection giving examples through case studies interpreting, observation etc. 2) Reading the text (given), understanding and interpretation (AS2) : Occasionally there are case studies about farmers, labourers in factory, or images that are used in text which do not directly convey the concept. Time should be given for children to grasp the main ideas, interpret images etc. SCERT TELANGANA 3) Information skills (AS3): Textbooks alone cannot cover all different aspects of social studies methodology. For example, children living in an urban area can collect information regarding their elected representatives or children living in the rural area can collect information about the way irrigation \/ tank facilities are made available in their area. This information may not exactly match with that of the textbooks and will have to be clarified. Representing the information that they have collected through projects are also an important ability. For example if they collect information about a tank \u2013 they may decide to draw an illustration or map etc along with written material. Or represent the information collected through images or posters. Information skill includes, collection of information tabulation \/ records and analysis. 4) Reflection on contemporary issues and questioning (AS4): Students need to be encouraged to comparetheirlivingconditionsalongwiththatofdifferentregionsorpeoplefromdifferent times. Theremaynotbeasingleanswertothesesituationsofcomparison.Givingreasonsfor certainhappening process and justification of informatic and interpretative. 5) Mappingskills(AS5) :Therearedifferenttypesofmapsandpicturesusedinthetextbook.Developing abilityrelatedtomapsasabstractrepresentationofplacesisimportant.Therearedifferent stagesof developingthisability,fromcreatinga mapoftheirclassroomtounderstandingheight, distanceas represented in a map. There are illustrations, posters and photographs used in the textbook, these imagesoftenrelatetothetextandarenotmerelyforvisualeffect.Sometimes thereareactivitieslike \u2018writea caption\u2019or\u2018readtheimages\u2019thatareaboutarchitectureetc. 6) Appreciation and Sensitivity (AS6) : Our country has vast diversity in terms of language, culture, caste, religion, gender etc. Social studies does take into consideration these different aspects and encourages students to be sensitive to these differences. 208 AcademCicuSlttuarnedaanrdsCommunication Social Studies","Appendix This additional Information and the maps are to be used wherever necessary. WorldSCERT PoliticalTELMapANGANA Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 209","India Physical Map SCERT TELANGANA 210 Culture and Communication Social Studies","SCERT TELANGANA Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 211","WorldSCERT T OutlineELAMapNGANA 212 Culture and Communication Social Studies","Telangana Political Map SCERT TELANGANA Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 213","Telangana State Symbols Sl. No. State Symbol Common Name Telugu Name 1. StateAnimal Spotted Deer Jinka 2. State Bird Indian Roller Pala Pitta 3. State Tree Jammi Chettu Jammi 4. State Flower Tangedu Tangedu SCERT TELANGANA State Animal State Bird State Tree State Flower State Logo National Flag : National Symbols of India Designed by Sri Pingali Venkaiah National Symbol : Lion Capital - Adopted from the Emperor Asoka\u2019s dharma stupa established at Saranath. National Tree : National Flower : Banyan tree Lotus National National Fruit : Language : Hindi Mango National River : National Animal : Royal Bengal Tiger Ganges Jana National Bird : National Anthem : gana Peacock Written by Sri mana... Ravindranath Tagore. National Song : Vande Mataram National Aquatic Written by Sri Bamkim Chandra Chaterji Animal : Dolphin National Calendar : National Heritage Based on Shaka Animal : Elephant Samvatsara ( Chaitra masam to Phalguna Indian Standard Time (IST) : masam). We follow the Based on 82 1\/2 degrees East Gregorian Calendar Longitude. Our local time is officially. 5hrs.30min. ahead of Greenwich mean time(GMT). 214 Culture and Communication Social Studies","Timeline of Satavahana Kings Timeline of Chola Kings (230 BCE - 225 CE) (900 CE - 1279 CE) Srimukha 271 BCE - 248 BCE Vijayalaya 850 CE - 871 CE Krishna 248 BCE - 230 BCE Aditya Chola 871 CE - 905 CE Parantaka - I 905 CE - 907 CE Satakarni - I 230 BCE - 220 BCE Rajaraja - I 985 CE - 1016 CE Satakarni - II 184 BCE - 128 BCE Rajaraja Chola 1016 CE - 1044 CE Rajadhi Raja 1044 CE - 1052 CE SCERT TELANGANAHala 42 CE - 51 CE Veera Rajendra 1064 CE - 1069 CE Goutamiputra Satakarni 62 CE - 86 CE Kuluthonga Chola 1070 CE - 1121 CE Vasishtaputra Pulomavi 86 CE - 114 CE Rajaraja - II 1173 CE - 1178 CE Sivasri Satakarni 114 CE - 128 CE Kuluthonga Chola -III 1178 CE - 1219 CE Yagyasri Satakarni 128 A.D. - 157 CE Rajendra - III 1256 CE - 1270 CE Telangana Fact Sheet \u0099 Telangana Area : 1,12,077 sq km \u0099 Density : 307 \u0099 Latitude extent : 15046\u2019 N - 19047\u2019 N \u0099 Longitudeval extent : 77016\u2019 Eastern longitude 81030\u2019 Eastern longitude \u0099 Country : India \u0099 Region : South India \u0099 Formed on : June 2nd, 2014 \u0099 Capital : Hyderabad \u0099 No. of Districts : 31 (Adilabad, Komarambheem, Bhadradri, Jayashankar, Jogulamba, Hyderabad, Jagitial, Janagoan, Kama Reddy, Karimnagar, Khamma, Mahabubabad, Mahabubnagar, Manchiryal, Medak, Medchal, Nalgonda, Nagarkurnool, Nirmal, Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy, Peddapalli, Rajanna, Sanga Reddy, Siddipet, Suryapet, Vikarabad, Wanaparthy, Warangal Urban, Warangal Rura, Yadadri.) \u0099 Official Languages : Telugu, Urdu \u0099 No.of Assembly seats : 119 \u0099 No.of Council seats : 40 \u0099 No.of Lok sabha seats : 17 \u0099 No.of Rajya sabha seats :7 \u0099 Important Rivers : Godavari, Krishna, Manjira, Musi \u0099 No. of Zilla Praja Parishats :9 \u0099 No. of Mandal Praja Parishats : 443 \u0099 No. of Municipal Corporations :6 \u0099 No. of Municipalities : 38 \u0099 No. of Revenue Mandals : 464 \u0099 No. of Gram Panchayats : 8778 \u0099 Total Population (as per 2011 census) : 351.94 Lakhs \u0099 No. of Males : 177.04 Lakhs \u0099 No. of Females : 174.90 Lakhs \u0099 Sex Ratio (No. of Females per 1000 Males) : 988 \u0099 Density of Population (per Sq.k.m.) : 307 \u0099 Literacy Rate : 66.46% \u0099 Male Literacy Rate : 74.95% \u0099 Female Literacy Rate : 57.92% Free Distribution by Govt. of Telangana 2020-21 215","SCERT TELANGANA 216 Culture and Communication Social Studies"]