EtiologyBased Dental and Craniofacial Diagnostics

Index 239 in brain and cranium, 23 J sella turcica and pituitary gland, 24 jaw growth, 66 holoprosencephaly, 24 heredity, 168 cephalometric analysis, 65 agenesis, 168 directions, 66 eruption, 168 jaw size, and space, 66–68 morphology, 168 jaws separated, in midaxial plane, 33 resorption, 168 juvenile arthritis, 15 supernumerarity, 168 juvenile periodontitis, alveolar bone level, 146 Holoprosencephaly syndrome, 177–180 human embryo K GA 24 days, midsagittal section of a part of body axis of, Kallmann’s syndrome, 27, 30, 34, 77 Klinefelter’s syndrome, 101 3 GA 7 weeks, midsagittal section of developing vertebral column L labial frenulum, 178 in, 3 leprosy, 160 human fetus GA 8 weeks, in a lateral and posterior view, 5 LHRH. see lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) human sphenoid bone, anthropological remnant, 221 linear scleroderma en coup de sabre, 143 hydrocephalic fetus. see hydrocephalus localized abnormal alveolar bone formation, 143–145 hydrocephalus, 8, 10, 183 hypophosphatasia, 143–145 anthropological crania demonstrating grotesque hydrocephalus juvenile periodontitis, 143 before, 190 papillon-lefèvre, 143–145 localized scleroderma en coup de sabre, 211 pituitary gland malformation in hydrocephalus, 188 lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), 26, 29, 220 postnatal, 185, 186 absence of, 26 prenatal, 185 hypothalamus, storage in, 26, 29 sella turcicae in prenatal and postnatal hydrocephalus as well as production, 26, 29 a histological section, 189 M shunts inserted and appear on radiographs, 189 Malassez’ epithelium, 58, 139 hyperdontia, 118 malformations, 4, 17, 34, 37, 38, 41, 44, 73, 75, 80, 81, 88, 91, 92, hyperkeratinization, 57 hyperplasia, 76–77 111, 139, 173, 179, 181, 182, 185, 188, 189, 191, 192, hypertelorism, 77, 78 194, 196, 198, 199, 214, 219, 222, 232. see also hypertrophy, 77 permanent dentition hypophosphatasia abnormal maxillary development, 198, 199 alveolar bone loss, 146 in cerebellum and basilar part of occipital bone loss of teeth, 146 interrelationship, 25 hypophosphatemic rickets, 211 clinical relevance, 199 hypoplasia, 76–77 fusion of vertebrae in upper part of the body axis, 5 hypotrophy, 77 in inner ear and posterior wall of sella turcica interrelationship, 26 I mandible without a condylar process, 198 idiopathic resorptions, 163 mandibular, 15 idiopathic root resorption, 160 nonsyndromic examples, 194–199 IgE (immunoglobulin E) syndrome, 71 occipitalization, 200 incisors, 17, 33, 39, 49, 79, 81–94, 98, 102, 104–109, 111–116, permanent maxillary lateral incisors, severe, 92 sella turcica malformations, 199 118, 119, 126, 129, 155, 160, 170, 179, 199, 204, synostosis, 199 219, 231 malformed nasal bone, 178 arrested eruption, 139 malpositioning, of tooth, 70, 71 dentitions with macrodontic maxillary central, 171 mandible, 4, 12–15, 13 mandibular, 119 arrested eruption, orthopantomogram, 129–130 maxillary, 8, 24, 38, 118 coronoid process, ectopic second molar, 133 mesiodens, 118 Ellis–van Creveld-like condition in a child, 16 primary retention, 132, 134 eruption problem, orthopantomogram, 145 secondary retention, 134–136 left and right sides incontinentia pigmenti, 117 asymmetric development, orthopantomogram, 135 inexplicable resorption, 176 mental region, hole in inner aspect, 35 innervation, 32, 50, 53, 56, 62, 67, 79, 100, 113, 129, 138, 141, 154, 168, 219 interocular distances, frontal radiograph, 78

240 Index mandible (Continued ) prenatal, 185 midline malformations, 16 and spina bifida, children with sella turcica contours, 31 nonclosure of symphysis menti, 16 transposition, orthopantomogram, 133 N nasal bones, 4, 17, 18 mandibular canal, 14 mandibular central incisors, 111 development of, 18 mandibular cleft syndrome, 115 lengths, 18 mandibular molar, first nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), 46 reaction, 48 secondarily retained neural crest, 1, 2 histological and immunohistochemical demonstration, 138 cells, 8 histological section, 138 neural tube, 1, 2 radiograph, 138 neuroectodermal tissue, 150, 151 neuroosteology, 21, 28, 34 mandibular molar tooth bud, displacement by cyst, 74 neuropores, 1 mandibular morphology, outer NGFR. See nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) nonoptimal treatment situations, 224 mandibular canal morphology, relationship between, 34 notochord, 1, 3 mandibular premolars and second molar O root formation, disruption in, 77 observation of condition, 224 maxilla, 4, 12 occipital bone, 2, 5, 219 asymmetrical development, 12 morphologies, 219 asymmetrical molar eruption, orthopantomogram, 136 occipitalization, 2, 219 eruption problem, orthopantomogram, 145 OP. See orthopantomogram (OP) human, under development, aspects of, 11 optimal treatment situation, 224 radiographic appearance of ossiied palate, 11 oral cavity and teeth analysis, 79 transposition, orthopantomogram, 133 orthopantomogram (OP), 16, 51, 52, 221. see various maxillary canines, 54 maturation, schematic overview, 54 orthopantomograms permanent, 54 abnormal development maxillary molar, first root formation delayed, 232 localized to right, maxillary, canine/premolar field, 79 secondary retention, 137 drawn-in innervation diagram, with, 79 without roots, 232 primary molars retention maxillary permanent lateral incisor, left arrested eruption, 134 in mandible, 127, 128 Mechel–Gruber syndrome, 219 in maxilla, 127, 128 Meckel’s cartilage, 13, 15 tooth development medication influencing tooth formation, 232, 233. See also ectodermal tissue, role of, 79 ossification, 1, 6 chemotherapy osteogenesis imperfecta, 207 dental films, receiving hormonal treatment, 233 profile radiograph from an adolescent male with osteogenesis orthopantomogram, 233 mesodermal/ectomesenchymal tissue, 150 imperfecta, 210 midline cleft, 42 profile radiographs from childhood to adulthood, 210 MIH. see molar incisor hypoplasia (MIH) osteosclerosis, 207 molar, arrest in eruption, orthopantomogram, 134 radiographs from a patient, 210 molar, first, secondarily retained, 137 molar incisor hypoplasia (MIH), 102 P molars and premolar, left palatal ectopia, 172 abnormal root morphology, 74 palatine bone, 9 multiple agenesis, 65, 171. see also agenesis Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, 57 multiple cartilaginous synchondroses, 5 Mycobacterium leprae, 99, 160 orthopantomogram, 147 myelomeningoceles, 77, 185 paranotochordal tissue, 1 cranial encephalocele demonstrated prenatally and Pax9 gene, 2 pediatric pathology, 218 postnatally, 187 lumbar, 25 perspectives, 218 midsagittal, histological sections of sella turcica/pituitary gland perinatal pathology, 218 region, 188 perspectives, 218 observed in human fetus, 187 periodontal membrane, 56, 66 postnatal, 185, 186 histological section, 57

peripheral nervous system (PNS), 217 Index 241 jaw innervation and bone formation, 32–34 bone growth and innervation, 33 maxillary central incisors, 89 clinical relevance, 33–34 narrow crowns and late development of permanent maxillary mandible, 32 maxilla, 33 lateral incisor, 93 pre- and postnatal neurocranial development, in relation root lengths, 91 to, 32–34 root morphology of central incisor in SMMCI, 90, 98 short roots in permanent mandibular central incisors, peri-root sheet, 56, 61 composition, 56 94 definition, 56 single median incisor, 88 function, 56 single median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI), 88, permanent dentition, 56 primary dentition, 56 89 schematic drawing, 60 talon cusp malformations in permanent maxillary permanent central incisor, left incisors, 90 ectopia, radiographic image, 133 types of, 91 mandibular central incisors, 69 permanent dentition, 56 mandibular dentition, 22, 102 ankylosis of primary molar, 103 maxillary central incisors calcifications, 95 and maxillary lateral incisors, 68 canines, malformations of, 94 molars, malformations of clinical relevance, 71, 72 with congenital, abnormal crown morphology, 95, 99 correlation between tooth eruption and primary molar, 101 in right and left sides of mandible and maxilla, 70 pulp cavity, 95 disruption (see also disruption) pulp stones, 100 arrested tooth formation, 98 taurodontia, 100 Down’s syndrome, 99 morphological changes teeth, congenital diseases, 104 ghost teeth, 100 orthopantomogram, 69, 71 linear scleroderma en coup de sabre, 102, 106 premolars, malformations of medication and treatment, 100, 102 abnormal development of premolars and canines, 97 operations, 100 abnormal root lengths in different dental and health self-mutilation, 106 trauma, 98 conditions, 97 virus attack and diseases, 98, 100 cusp morphology, 94, 97 dysplasia (see also dysplasia) demonstration of molarization, 96 amelogenesis imperfecta, 107, 108 evagination, 94, 97 dentinogenesis imperfecta, 106, 107 periapical inflammation processes, crown malformation in ectodermal, 106 enamel hypoplasia, 107, 108 mandibular second premolars, 96 osteogenesis imperfecta, 107, 109 root formation, 95 segmental maxillary/mandibular, 106 pulp stones, 95 eruption of first molars, 68 severe type of, inherited amelogenesis imperfecta, 108 eruption problem, 142 tooth color, 98 eruption sequences in, 68–70 Turner’s syndrome, 98 bilaterality, 70 permanent dentition agenesis, 112 early and late eruption, 70, 71 etiology, 112 lateral and a central incisor in maxilla, 104 prevalence, 112 malformation of incisors second premolar agenesis, bilateralism, 113 arrest in tooth formation, 102 permanent dentition supernumeraries, 118 dental films, 92, 93 permanent mandibular molar, first double teeth/connate teeth, 88 ankylosis, 74 fusions between permanent mandibular incisors, 94 primary retention, 135 lateral maxillary incisor, 90–92 taurodontic, 74 macrodontia, 88 permanent molar eruption, problems in, 225 macrodontic incisors, 91, 93 mandible, 225 and asymmetry in nasal cavity, 89 maxilla, 225 mandible, 91, 94 orthopantomogram, 225–230 maxilla, 88 permanent molars ectopia, radiograph, 133 eruption, problems in (see permanent molar eruption, problems in) orthopantomogram, 136 without distal root, 74

242 Index premature birth, 202 trauma, 202 permanent teeth, 57, 61. see also permanent dentition virus and bacterial attack, 202, 203 arrested eruption postnatal pathology, 219 after trauma, 129 pre- and postnatal pattern, in mandibular development, 14 lack of space, due to, 131 preemergence resorption, 162 obstacles in eruption pathway, due to, 131 premaxilla, 11, 37, 44, 178, 199 ectopia premolar eruption, problems in, 226 dental films and sections of orthopantomogram, 130 orthopantomograms, 229, 230 ectopic eruption premolars, arrested eruption, 139 first molar, 129 prenatal craniofacial pathology, 217 incisors, 129 perspectives, 217 mandibular canines, 127 prenatal cranium, 219 maxillary canines, 126 prenatal disruptions, 202 premolars, 129 amniotic band: sequence, 202 second molar, 129 clinical relevance, 204–206 third molar, 129 virus infection and maternal alcohol intake, 202 pathological eruption, 125–137 primary and permanent teeth, early formation and eruption, abnormal time, 125–126 primary retention interrelationship, 126 ankylosis, 134 primary dentition, 111 atypical, 134 molars, premolars, and incisors, 132 dentin dysplasia, 86 typical, 132–134 disruption in retention nonshedding of primary teeth, 137 dentin dysplasia, 86 virus attack, 136 ghost teeth, 84, 86 secondary retention histological sections of maxillary primary central incisors incisor, 136 molars, 134–136 from human fetuses, 86 premolars, 136 macrodontic permanent maxillary central incisor, 88 tooth eruption orthopantomogram of child, received chemotherapy, 86 primary failure of, 136 perinatal inflammation in nine years child, 86 transposition, 129 postnatal operation, 84, 86 pulp calcification, 86 petrooccipital synchondrosis, 5 trauma, 81 p63 gene, 111 virus attack, 81, 84 dysplasia in marker, 47 dentinogenesis imperfecta, 87 phenylketoneuria, 78 ectodermal, 87 pituitary gland, 10, 179 eruption problem, 142 malformation of incisors, canines, and molars horizontal, histological section, 30 alveolus of primary incisor and canine, 83 immunohistochemical staining, 30 changes in crown color, 81 segment in child with, congenital kidney disease, 85 fused, primary, maxillary central, and lateral incisors, adenopituitary, 30 neuropituitary, 28, 30 radiographic and intraoral image, 82 pars intermedium, 28, 30 fused teeth, 81 pituitary gland and sella turcica fusion of mandibular incisors, 82 clinical relevance, 29–30 inexplicable discoloration of teeth, 84 fetal pathology, 29 narrow incisors and spacing in mandible, 84 neuroosteological process, 28 narrow incisors, tooth agenesis, and tooth malformations prenatal malformations histological sections, 31 in, 84 Rathke’s pouch creation, 28 and permanent molar, 101 PNS. see peripheral nervous system (PNS) root morphology, 81 polytopic field defect, 77 single median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI), 81, 83 postemergence resorption, 162 taurodontia in primary molars and in permanent molars, 85 postnatal development, 219 types of fusions of primary incisors and canines, 82 postnatal disruptions, 202 trauma in maxillary primary central incisors, 85 acromegaly, 203 primary eruption failure brain tumors and radiation/chemotherapy, 203 bilateral, 140 clinical relevance, 204–206 primary/early mixed dentition

Index 243 bilateral, 141 alveolar bone level unilateral, 140 radiograph, 146 primary molars, 174 schematic drawing, 146 abnormal eruption pattern secondary retention, 175 dental film, 129 segmental odontomaxillary/mandibular dysplasia, 139 orthopantomogram, 129 sella turcica, 1, 5, 9, 10 arrested, 174 different degrees of retention, 127 malformation, 75, 76 nonshedding empty sella, 75 inheritable factor with overlying bridge of bone tissue, 76 orthopantomogram, 142 normal, morphology, 7 radiograph, 142 shape, 29 primary retention, 174 unrecognizable, with impressiones digitatae in cranium, primary teeth, 60, 61. see also primary dentition pathological eruption, 125 27 abnormal times, 125 sequence, 77 arrested eruption of single teeth, 125 total failure, 125 eruption, primary and permanent dentition, 68–70 root, 56 in prenatal tooth formation, 49 Sharpey’s fibers, 65 R shedding, 50 regional dysplasia single median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI), 77, 78, 81, 83, mandible, 144 88, 114 maxilla, 144 skeletal development, 1 regional odontodysplasia, 144 skeleton, of a human fetus, 3 resorption, in permanent dentition, 156 SMMCI. see solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) clinical relevance, 166 dentitions especially susceptible to root resorption, 156, 157 syndrome SMMLI. see solitary median maxillary lateral ectodermal deficiency, 157, 159 innervation deficiency, 157, 158 incisor (SMMLI) mesodermal deficiency, 157 solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) resorption occur in normally developed individuals, 156 resorption, in primary dentition, 151 syndrome, 111, 177–180, 220 clinical relevance, 166 absence of midpalatine suture in incisor region, 179 pattern of resorption, 151, 152 area affected in a holoprosencephalic fetus in brain (left) and in shedding times, 152 early, 153 cranial base, 181 late shedding/nonshedding, 153–156 area of facial malformation related to skeletal Rieger syndrome, 114 root anomaly, 51 malformations, 182 long, 51 cephalometric drawing and a profile radiograph of a child short, 51 root development, 48 with, 185 rootless mandibular premolars, eruption, 141 demonstration of extremely rare condition, 184 root membrane, 48 external view and brain morphology in a nonviable root resorption, 160 disruptions, 160 ethmocephalic human fetus, 182 dysplasia, 160 facial appearances of human fetuses, 178 orthopantomogram, 161 frontal, histological sections through nasal cavities of and heredity, 158–160 bilaterality, 160 holoprosencephalic fetuses, 180 orthopantomogram, 159 height and weight increment in a child with, 184 permanent dentition, prevention of, 160, 161 human fetus with cyclopia, 178 syndromes, 160 (See Down’s syndrome) illustration of child with SMMCI combined with S holoprosencephaly in mildest form, 182 Schwann cells, 116 intraoral photograph and three dental films of primary secondary arrested eruption dentition in, 183 lip contours observed in condition with, 184 midsagittal, histological sections of cranial base through sella turcica, 180 palate from a cebocephalic human fetus, 178 palate from a midline cleft human fetus, 178 palate from an ethmocephalic human fetus, 178 permanent dentition in SMMCI observed intraorally and radiographically, 183 postnatal, 177–180 prenatal, 177 profile radiograph of a child with, 184

244 Index solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) syndrome primary failure of, 175 (Continued ) tooth eruption mechanism, 61 profile radiographs from holoprosencephalic fetuses GA 15–19 alveolar bone formation, 64–66 weeks, 181 apical bone formation, 63 crown follicle, 61 scan from a child with, 185 solitary median maxillary lateral incisor (SMMLI), 30, 178, 184 destroys the sphenobasilar synchondrosis overlying bone by resorption, 62 radiograph, 27 periodontal membrane, 61, 63 sphenoid bone, 5 postemergence phase, 62, 64 sphenooccipital synchondrosis, 5, 6 preemergence phase, 61 spina bifida, 185 root membrane, 61, 62 tooth formation and eruption postnatal, 185 prenatal, 185 from early, prenatal period to postnatal period, 62 spinal cord, 2 tooth formation and eruption clinical relevance, 26 fetal pathology, 25–26 virus attack, effect of neural tube closure, 24 radiograph, 141 neuroepithelium formation, 24 notochord, relation with, 24 tooth malformations, 222. see also malformations spontaneously aborted fetuses, 217 tooth morphology histological section, 219 radiographs, 218 clinical relevance, 109–110 supernumerarity, 168 evaluation of dental deviation, 109 supernumerary canines, 119 permanent dentition, 88–110 supernumerary molars, 119 primary dentition, 81–87 supernumerary premolars, 119 tooth resorption theory, 149 supernumerary teeth, 118 transpositions, 173 etiologies, 118 bilateral maxillary, 133 permanent dentition, 118 dentitions with, 173 primary dentition, 118 Treacher Collins syndrome, 194 suture dysplasia, 211 anthropological case and a profile radiograph, 198 radiographs, 215 trigeminal ganglion, and nerve, 114 sutures, 8, 9, 16, 17, 43, 189, 190, 198, 205, 211, 212, 214 paths to jaws, 33 synchondroses, 5 Trisomy 21. See Down’s syndrome interoccipital, 8 Turner’s syndrome, 42, 78, 187 petrooccipital, 5 fetus with a fluid-filled sack extending from, 192 sphenobasilar, 5 postnatal, 187 sphenooccipital, 5 prenatal, 187 sphenopetrosal, 5 radiographs of female patients synostoses, 16 normal sella turcica and low arch of atlas, 193 T normal sella turcica and short first vertebra, 193 taurodontism, 51, 175 temporal bone, 4, 5, 18 U theca cranii, 4, 15, 16 unilateral condylar hypoplasia, 14 unrecognizable sella turcica, with impressiones digitatae in, 27 development, 16 thoracic vertebra, 1 V tilted mandibular canine, 131 vertebral bodies in a prenatal, human body axis, radiographic tooth anomalies, 175 tooth development, 46 images, 4 vertebral column, 1 histological evaluation, 46 vomeral bone, 4, 16, 17 prenatal maturity, 49 tooth eruption, and jaw growth, 61, 66 formation of, 17 abnormal patterns including syndromes, 125–147 vomeronasal organs anthropological clinical relevance, 27–28 human mandible in late, prenatal period, 67 early development, 26, 28 normal, human cranium demonstrating stable areas, 68 fetal pathology, 27 normal, human cranium illustrating stable areas in jaw, 67 lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) peripheral nerves to the maxilla and mandible, 67 production, 26, 29 Z zygoma field, 42 zygomatic bone, 9