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cOOCTHEMv mTmVwgO^mN^t^G nTWV^ NGUYINBINH TIEUDAN Nguyin Binh (1918 - 1966) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Trpng Binh (cd thdi ki lay ten la Nguyin Binh Thuyet), sinh ra trong mpt gia dinh nha nho ngheo, d lang Thien Vinh, xa Ddng DOi (nay la xa Cdng Hoa), huyen Vy Ban, tinh Nam Dinh. Nguyin Binh md cdi m? rdt sdm, 10 tudi da phdi theo anh len Hd Npi kiem sdng. 6ng biet lam tho tit khi mdi 13 tudi vd nam 19 tudi (1937) dupe nhdn gidi Khuydn khieh ve tho cua Tvr lire van doan. Nam 1943, Nguyin Binh vao Nam Bp rdi d led tham gia khang chiin chdng thvrc dan Phap. Nam 1954, dng tap ket ra Bdc, tham gia cdng tac van nghe va bao chi d Ha Ndi, Nam Dinh. Trong khi phan ldn eae thi si eilng thdi chiu dnh hudng cua tho phuong Tdy thi Nguyin Binh lai tim vi vdi hdn tho dan tde va hdp din ngirdi dpc chinh bdi hdn tho nay. Bdng ldi vi von mdc mac ma duyen dang mang phong vj dan gian, tho Nguyin Binh da dem din cho ngudi dpc nhiing hinh anh than thuong cua que huong dat nudc va tinh ngudi ddm thdm, thiet tha. Vi thd, Nguyin Binh dupe coi la \"thi si cua ddng que\" vd ed nhiiu tac pham dupe truyin tyng rpng khdp. Ong dupe Nha nudc t^ng Gidi thudng Hd Chi Minh vi van hpe nghe thudt (2000). Nhiing tac pham tieu bieu cua Nguyin Binh tmdc Cach mang: Tdm hon tdi (1937), LObudcsang ngang (1940), Huang cdnhdn (1941), Mudi hai bin nudc (1942), (2dy ddn ti bd (truyen tho - 1944); sau Cdch m?ing: Ong lao mdi guam (1947), Giii ngudi va miin Nam (1955), Tidng trdng dim xudn (truyen tho-1958), Dim sao sdng (1962); Cd Son (cheo -1961), Ngudi ldi do sdng V} (eheo - 1962),... Bai Tuang tu nit trong t^p Lot budc sang ngang, rat tidu biiu cho phong each tho \"chan que\" ciia Nguyin Binh. VAN BAN Thdn Dodi(2) ng^j nhd thdn Ddng, Mgt ngudi chin nhd mudi mong mdt ngudi. Gid mua Id hdnh cua gidi, Tuong tu Id benh eua tdi yeu nang. Hai thdn chung lai mdt ldng, Cd sao ben iy chang sang ben ndy ? Ngdy qua ngdy lai qua ngay, Ld xanh nhudm dd thdnh cdy Id vang. (1) Tuang tu: ndi nhd mong eua trai gai khi ydu nhau ; cd khi dupe dimg de diin td noi nhd don phuong. (2) Thdn Dodi: thdn d phia tay. d NGO VAN 11/2-A 49

Bao rang each trd dd giang'^', Khdng sang la chang dudng sang da ddnh. Nhung ddy each mdt dau dinh, Cd xa xdi may ma tinh xa xdi... Tuong tu thiic may dem rdi, Biet cho ai, hdi ai ngudi biit cho ! Bao gid ben mdi gap dd ? Hoa khue cdc, budm giang hd gap nhau'^^ ? Nhd em cd mdt gidn giiu, Nhd anh cd mgt hdng cau lien phdng'^'. Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng, Cau thdn Dodi nhd giiu khdng thdn nao ? Hoang Mai - 1939 {Tuyin tdp Nguyin Binh, NXB Van hpe, Ha Ndi, 1986) HUldNG D A N DOC THEM 1. Anh (chi) cam nhdn nhu the ndo vi ndi nhd mong va nhirng ldi ki li, trdch mdc cua chang tred trong bdi tha ? Tinh cam cda chang ttai da dugc din ddp hay chua ? 2. Theo anh (chi), cdch bay to tinh yeu, gigng dieu tho, cdch so sdnh, vi von,... d bdi ndy cd nhiing diim gi ddng luu y ? ' 3. Hodi Thanh cho rang, trong tha Nguyin Binh cd \"hdn xua eua dd't nudc\". Qua bdi Tuang tu, anh (ehi) ed ddng y vdi nhdn xet dd khdng ? Vi sao ? (1) (2dch trddd giang: cdch sdng, each do. (2) Hoa khui cdc, budm giang ho (khui cdc: ndi d cua phu nii nha giau sang, quyin quy; g^ing hd: chi ngudi phidu dat nay day mai dd): ngu y eau tho viia di cao ngudi con gdi cao sang nhu hoa noi vudn quy, vira nhun nhudng xem minh nhu ki ndi trdi, thdp kdm hon. (3) (2au liin phdng: loai cau rat thap va cd qua quanh nam. 5 0 4.NG0VAN 11/2-B

.DOCTHEM, ^ i i i g i i X U A N ANH THO TIEU DAN Anh Tho (1921-2005) ten khai sinh la Vuong Kieu An, sinh tai thi tran Ninh Giang, tinh Hdi Duong, xuat than trong mdt gia dinh cdng chuc nhd, que gdc d thi xa Bdc Giang, tinh Bdc Giang. Tudi tho, Anh Tho gdn bd vdi ddng rudng qud huong. Vdn ham thich van hpe tir nhd, phan nao chiu dnh hudng eua gia dinh ben ngoai (dng ngoai la cu Phd bang Kiiu Odnh Mdu), ldn len giiia luc phong trdo Tho mdi dang diin ra sdi ndi, Anh Tho da tim den tho ea nhu mpt con dudng giai thoat khdi eude ddi tii tdng, budn te va tu khdng dinh gid tri ngudi phy nii trong xa hpi duong thdi. Tit nam 1937, Anh Tho da cd tho dang bao Ddng phuang, Tieu thuyit thii ndm, Ngdy nay, Phu nu. Nha tho dupe tang gidi Khuyen khich cua Tu luc van doan nam 1939. Anh Tho tham gia khang chien chdng Phap, timg la Uy vien Ban Chap hanh Hdi Nha van Viet Nam (khoa I va II). Anh Tho cd sd trudng viet vi canh sac ndng thdn, gpi dupe khdng khi va nhip sdng noi ddng que miin Bdc nude ta. Ba la nii thi si tieu bieu cua nen tho Viet Nam hien dai. Anh Tho dupe tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh vi van hpe nghe thuat (2007;). Tac pham chinh : Bdc tranh qui (tho -1941), Ke chuyin VU Ldng (truyen tho -1957), Tit ben sdng Thuang (hdi ki -1986), Tuyen tap Anh Tha (1986). Bai Chiiu xudn dupe rut tir Biic tranh qui, tap tho dau tay cua Anh Tho. VAN BAN Mua dd bui em em tren ben vang, Dd biing ludi nam mac nudc sdng trdi; Qudn tranh diing im lim trong vdng ldng Ben chdm xoan hoa tim rung toi bdi. Ngodi dudng de cd non trdn biec cd, Ddn sao den sd xudng md vu va; May cdnh budm rap rdn trdi trudc gid, Nhirng trau bd thong thd cui dn mua. 51

Trong ddng lua xanh rdn va udt Idng, Lu cd con chdc chdc vut bay ra, Ldm gidt minh mgt cd nang yem thim Cdi cudc cao co rugng sap ra hoa. {Bdc tranh que, NXB Hpi Nha van. Ha Ndi, 1995) H U ^ N G D A N DOC THEM 1. Buc ttanh \"chieu xuan\" qua ngdi but Anh Tha hien len nhu thi ndo ? Hdy chi ra nit rieng cda hue ttanh dd. [Ggi y: Day Id biic ttanh \"chiiu xuan\" vdi nhirng hinh anh, chi tiet tieu biiu cho cdnh mua xudn noi ddng que miin Bic nude ta.) 2. Anh (chi) cd cam nhdn ^ vi khdng khi va nhjp sdng thdn qud trong bdi tha ? Khdng khi va nhip sdng ay dugc ggi ta bang nhiing tir ngir, chi tiit vd bdng thu phdp nghd thuat ndo ? 3. Hay thdng ke nhung tir Idy tiong bdi tha vd phdn tich n6t ddc sic cda nhiing tir Idy dd. 52

TliU sir TOM TAT K^TQUACANOAT- • N i m dugc muc dfch, ydu cau cua tieu su tdm tit. • Biit cdch Xh\\jc viit t i i u su tdm tit. ^ I - MUC DiCH, Yiu cAu CUA TI^U SUTTOM TAT 1. Muc dich Tiiu sd tdm tit Id van ban thdng tin mdt cdch khdch quan, trung thuc nhiing net CO ban vi cugc ddi vd su nghidp cda mdt cd nhdn. Vi du: tiiu sCt mdt nhd hoat ddng chinh tri, nhd khoa hgc, nhd vdn, nha tha ; tiiu su cua mdt cdn bd, gido vidn,... Tieu su tdm tit nham muc dich gidi thidu cho ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe vi cugc ddi, su nghiep, cdng hiin cua ngudi dugc ndi tdi. NhCtng hieu biet dd gidp cdc nhd qudn litimhiiu, theo ddi vd sip xep, phdn cdng cdng vide hgp li, hidu qud vd cung gidp chung ta trong viec lua chgn ban bd, gidi thidu cdn bd Idnh dao. Ngodi ra, nim dugc tiiu sii nhd vdn, nhd tha, chung ta se cd them ca sd di hiiu dung, hieu sdu hon cdc sdng tde cda hg. 2. Yeu cau Bdn tiiu su tdm tit cin ddp ling mgt sd yeu ciu ca bdn sau : - Thdng tin mdt cdch khdch quan, chinh xdc vi ngudi dugc ndi tdi. Mudn vdy, bdn tieu su- tdm tit phdi ghi cu the, chinh xdc nhiing sd lieu, mdc thdi gian, thdnh tich, ddng gdp ndi bat cda ngudi dugc gidi thidu ttong linh vuc boat ddng dang dugc quan tdm. - Ngi dung vd dd ddi cua vdn bdn can phu hgp vdi muc dich viet tieu su tdm tit. - Vdn phong ban tieu su tdm tit cin cd dgng, trong sdng, khdng su' dung cdc bien phdp tu ttr. 53

H-CACH VIET TIEU sir TOM TAT 1. Chgn tai lieu de viet tieu sii tdm tit Dgc vdn ban va thuc hien cdc yeu ciu neu d dudi : LUONG THE VINH (1442 - ?) Nhd tha, nhd todn hgc Luong The Vinh tu Cdnh Nghi, hieu Thuy Hien, ddn ^an thudng ggi Id Trang Ludng, que gdc d ldng Cao Huong, huyen Thien Ban (nay thudc huyen Vu Bdn), tinh Nam Dinh. Tii nhd dng dd ndi tieng Id thin ddng, thdng minh, boat bdt vd nhanh tri. Chua day 20 tudi, tieng tdm vd tdi hgc cua dng dd ndi tiing khip vung Son Nam. Ndm 21 tudi (1463), Luong The Vinh thi dd Trang nguyen. Ong cd tdi ngoai giao nen dugc vua giao soan thdo cdc vdn tii bang giao vd ddn tiip su thin nudc ngodi. Ong dd bien soan cudn Dgi thdnh todn phdp de diing ttong nhd trudng. Dd Id cudn sdch gido khoa vi todn diu tien d nudc ta. v i van chuong, nghe thudt, dng cdng cd nhieu ddng gdp. Ong dugc vua phong chiic Sdi phu ttong Hdi Tao dan, chuyen phe binh, sua chiia, nhuan sdc tha ttong hdi. Cudn Hi phudng phd luc cua dng dugc Quach Hiiu Nghien ddnh gid la \"mdt tdc pham 11 ludn diu tien vi nghe thuat kich hat ed truyin\". Khdc vdi cdc si phu duong thdi, dng td ra la mdt ngudi cd thuc hgc, khdng thich vdn chuong phu phiem, ludn nghi din viec md mang ddn tri, phdt trien kinh te, day dan diing thudc nam, thudc bic di chiia benh. Nhd bdc hgc Le Quy f)dn da ddnh gid dng la ngudi cd tdi kinh bang t i the, con ngudi \"tdi hoa, danh vgng vugt bdc\". (Theo Tit dien vdn hoc (bd mdi), NXB The gidi, 2004) a) Ke lai vin tit cudc ddi vd su nghiep cua nhd bdc hgc Luang The Vinh. b) Phdn tich tinh cu thi, chinh xdc, chdn thuc va tieu bieu cua cdc tai Ueu dugc lua chgn. c) De chuan hi cho bai viit tiiu su tdm tit, cin suu tim nhiing tdi Ueu ^ ? Cdc tdi Ueu dd phdi ddp ling nhiing yeu ciu ndo ? 54

2. Viet tiiu sii tdm tit Dgc lai vdn bdn Luang Thi Vinh vd cho biit: - Bdi viet gdm nhiing ndi dung ndo ? Chdng dugc sap xip ra sao ? - Nhiing luu y khi viet phin ddnh gid vi ngudi dugc viit tiiu su tdm tit (ndi dung, miic do vd cdch ddnh gid) ? ^ '. GHI NHO ^ • Ban tieu su tdm tat can chfnh xac, chan thue, ngan ggn nhung phai r>eu dugc nhung net tieu bieu ve cuoc ddi, su nghiep eua ngudi dugc gidi thieu. • Ban tiiu sutdm tat thudng co cac phan : - Gidi thidu khdi quat ve nhan than (hg ten, ngay thang nam sinh, qud qudn, gia dinh, hgc van,...) ciia ngudi dugc gidi thieu. - Hoat ddng xa hdi ciia ngudi dugc gidi thidu : lam gi, d dau, mdi quan hd vdi mgi ngud<i,... - NhCrng ddng gdp, nhung thanh tuu tieu bieu eiia ngudi 6\\jqc gidi thi§u. - Danh gia chung. LUYfN TAP 1. Trong cdc trudng hgp sau ddy, trudng hgp ndo cin viit tiiu sii tdm tit ? a) Thuyit minh vi cdc danh nhdn. b) Tu ting cu vdo mdt chiic vu ndo dd ttong cdc ca quan Nhd nude hode dodn thi. c) Gidi thidu ngudi ling cu vdo mdt chiic vu ndo do trong cdc ea quan Nhd nudc hode dodn thi. d) Gidi thieu mgt vi Idnh dao cap cao cua nudc ngodi sang thdm nudc ta. e) Khi mgt vi Idnh dao tii tran. 2. Hdy cho biet nhiing diem gidng yd khdc nhau giiia vdn ban tieu su tdm tit vdi cdc vdn ban khdc: diiu vdn, sa yiu U lich, thuyet minh. 3. Hay viit tieu su tdm tit cua mdt nhd vdn, nhd tha dugc hgc trong chuong trinh Ngiivanldp 11. 55

OAC OliUfl LOAI HiNH CUA TIENG VllT KFTQUACANOAT- Ndm dugc dac diem loai hinh cua tiing Vidt - mdt ngdn ngu dan lap - de hgc tap vd su dung tiing Viet tdt han. V l-LOAIHlNHNGDNNGJjr Tren the gidi hien cd tdi tten 5000 ngdn ngii. Khi di sau nghien ciiu, qua ddi chieu so sdnh, cac nhd ngdn ngii hgc thay giiia mdt sd ngdn ngii cd nhiing net chung do cd ciing ngudn gdc va hg dua vao dd de phdn chia chiing thanh mgt sd ngii he nhu: ngii he An - Au (ttong dd cd tieng Anh, tieng Due, tieng Nga,...); ngii he Nam A (ttong dd cd tieng Viet, tiing Mudng, tieng Khmer,...)^Nhung ciing qua ddi chiiu so sanh, cac nha ngdn ngii hgc thay mgt sd ngdn ngii tuy khdng cung ngudn gdc nhung cd nhiing ddc trung ca ban (vi cdc mat ngii dm, tii vung, ngii phdp) gidng nhau. Dua tten nhiing su gidng nhau do, cdc nhd ngdn ngii hgc xep cac ngdn ngii vdo mdt sd loai hinh. Cd hai loai hinh ngdn ngii khd quen thudc vdi chiing ta Id: hgi hinh ngdn ngd dan ldp (nhu tieng Viet, tieng Thai, tieng Hdn,...) va logi hinh ngdn ngd hod kit (nhu tiing Nga, tieng Phap, tieng Anh,...). II - BAG OI^M LOAI HINH CUA TllNG VIET Theo cdc nha ngdn ngii hgc, tiing Viet thudc logi hinh ngdn ngd dem lap. Ddc trung ca ban cua ngdn ngii don lap Id: 1. Tieng Id don vi ea sd cua ngii phdp. Vi mat ngii dm, tieng la dm tiet; ve mat su dung, tiing cd the Id ttr hoac yiu td cau tao tii. Vi dy: Sao anh khdng vi chai thdn VT ? (Han Mac Tu, Ddiv thdn ViDa) Cau tha tten cd bay tieng, cdng la bay dm tiet, bay ttr, dgc va viit diu tdch rdi nhau. Mdi tieng tten ciing cd thi Id yeu td cau tao ttr. Vi du : trd ve, dn chai, thdn xdm,... 2. Tu khdng bien ddi hinh thdi. Cd the thay rd ddc diem nay qua vi du sau day: Cudi nguoij chd v0i cudi ldu Cudi ngudi^ hdm trudc, hdm sau ngudi^ cuoi. _ (Ca dao) 56

NgudiJ vd ngudi2 la phu ngu (bd ngii) chi ddi tugng cua ddng tu cudi. Ngudi^ Id chu ngu chi chu thi cua ddng tir ci^di. Xet vi mat ngii dm vd sir the hien bdng chii viit, hodn toan khdng ed su ddi thay, khdc biet ndo giiia ngudij - chu ngii va ngudij, ngudi2 - phu ngir. Cd thi neu them mdt vi du khdc : TdiJ tdng anh dy^ m0t cudn sdch, anh dy2 cho t6i2 m0t quyin vd. Tdi^ Id chu ngii. Tdi2 Id phu ngii chi ddi tugng tiep nhan cda ddng ttr cho. Xet vi mat ngii dm vd su thi hien bang chii viet, hodn todn khdng cd su khdc bi§t ndo giiia tdi^ va tdi2. So sdnh anh dy^ (phu ngii) vd anh dy2 (chu ngii), chiing ta cung thay nhu vay. Cdc cap tii ngu dd chi khdc nhau vi vi tii so vdi ddng tii (vi ngii). Tuy nhien, niu dem cdu tten dich ra tieng Anh, chung ta se thay tdij phdi dich thdnh I (vi Id chu ngii), tdi2 phdi dieh thdnh me (vi Id phti ngii); anh dy^ phdi dich thdnh him (vi Id phu ngii) vd anh dy2 phai dich thanh he (vi la chu ngii). Qua su phdn tich tien, chung ta thay ttr ttong tieng Viet khdng bien ddi hinh thdi khi cin biiu thi y nghia ngii phdp. Cdn d tiing Anh, di biiu thi nhiing y nghia ngii phdp khdc nhau, ttr thudng phdi biin ddi hinh thdi (biiu hien tten mat kit cau ngii dm vd chii viet). Tieng Anh thudc logi hinh ngdn ngu hod kit (hode ngdn ngu biin ddi hinh thdi). 3. Bien phdp chu yeu de bleu thi y nghia ngurphdp la sip ddt tir theo thii tu trudc sau va sii dung cdc hu tii. Thay ddi ttdt tu sip ddt tii (hode thay ddi cdc hu tii dugc diing) thi nghia cua cum ttr, cua cdu se ddi khdc (hode ttd thdnh vd nghia). Hay quan sdt cdc vi du sau : - Toi dn cam. -An cam vdi tdi! IAn cam cung tdi! IAn phdn com cda tdi nhe! {vdi, cung, cda Idhuttr). - Tdi dang dn cam. I Tdi dd dn cam rdi. I Tdi vua dn cam xong. {dang, dd, viia la hutir). Rd rang, ttdt tu sip ddt tii ngii vd hu tii thay ddi thi y nghia cua cau cung thay ddi. , GHI NHO . Tiing Vidt thudc loai hinh ngdn ngu don ldp vdi cdc ddc diem ndi bat la : don vj CO sd eua ngCr phap la tieng; tu khdng biin ddi hinh thai; y nghTa ngu phdp dugc bieu thj bang trat tu tu va hu tu. 57

LUYINTAP I. Hay phan tieh nhung ngii Ueu dudi ddy vi mat ttr ngii (chd y nhung ttr ngii in ddm) di chiing minh tiing Viet thudc loai hinh ngdn ngu don lap. Treo lin cdy budi hdi hoa, Budc xudng vudn cd hdi nu tdm xudn. Nu tdm xudn nd ra cdnh biic, Em cd chong rdi anh tiic em thay. (Ca dao) Thuyin ai cd nhd bin chdng. Bin thi m0t dg khdng khdng dgi thuyin. (Ca dao) Yiu tre, tre din nhd; kinh gid, gid ditudi cho. (Tuc ngii) - Con dem con cd bdng dy vi thd xudng giing md nudi. Mdi bua, ddng dn ba bdt thi con dn hai, cdn m0t dem thd xudng cho bdng... Ndi xong But biin mdt Tdm theo ldi But thd bdng xudng giing. Rdi tic hdm dy trddi, cdsau bua dn, Tdm diu diddnh cam, gidu dua ra cho bdng. Mdi ldn nghe ldi Tdm ggi, bdng Igi nggi lin mat nudc ddp nhiing hgt cam cua Tdm nim xudng. Ngudi vd cd ngdy m0tquen nhau, vd bdng ngdy m0t ldn lin trdng thdy. {Tdm Cdm) 2. Tim mdt cdu tieng Anh (hoac tiing Phdp, tiing Nga,...) dd hgc, ddi chieu vdi cdu tu dich ra tiing Viet, so sdnh, phdn tich di di den kit ludn : tieng Anh (ho$G tiing Phdp, tiing Nga,...) thudc loai hinh ngdn ngii hod kit, tiing Viet thudc loai hinh ngdn ngii don lap. 3. Xdc dinh hu tu vd phdn tich tdc dung the hien y nghia cua chung trong doan vdn sau: Phdp chgy, Nhdt hdng, vua Bdo Dgi thodi vi. Ddn ta da ddnh ddcdc xiing xich thuc ddn gdn 100 ndm nay dd gdy dung nin nudc Viet Nam d0c lap. Ddn ta lai ddnh ddchid0 qudn chu mdy muoi thiki md lap nin chi do Ddn chu C0ng hod. (Hd Chi Minh, Tuyin ngdn DQC ldp) TRA BAI LAM VAN S 6 6 Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd5. 58

Tdi Y i u EM A.X. PU-SKIN KET QUA CAN OAT- Cam nhdn dugc ve dep trong sang ciia bai tha ca ve ndi dung tdm tinh l i n ngdn tu nghe thuat. TIEU DAN A-lich-xan-dra Xec-ghe-e-vich Pu-skin (1799 - 1837), \"Mat trdi cua thi ca Nga\", Id nha tha vl dai \"co y nghia to ldn khdng chi trong lich su van chuong ma ca trong lich su thiic tinh cua dan tpc Nga\" (N. A. Do-bro-liu-bdp). Khdng chi la mpt thi si Itmg danh (vdi hon 800 bai tha trir dnh), Pu-skin cdn la tac gia cda tieu thuyet bang tha ndi tieng {Ep-ghe-nhi 6-nhe-ghin, 1823 - 1831) khdi dau cho chu nghia hien thuc Nga, tdc gia cua bi kich lich su hoanh trang {Bo-rit Go-du-ndp - 1825), ngudi sang tao nhiing trudng ca sau lang {Ru-xlan vd Li-iit-mi-la -1820, Nguoi tit Cdp-ca-da-\\%2\\,...), nhiing truyen ngan xuat sac {Co tieu thunongddn -1830, Con ddm pick -1833,...), nhiing ngu ngdn tham tram,... Cac sang tac phong phu cua Pu-skin da the hien tuyet dep tam hon nhan dan Nga khao khat TU DO va TINH Y£U. Va a the loai nao, van chuong Pu-skin cQng luon la mdt tieng noi Nga trong sdng, thuan khiit, the hien cuoc sdng mot each gidn di, chan thuc. Tdi yeu em la mpt ttong nhiing bai tha tinh ndi tiing cua Pu-skin, dugc khoi tiguon tir mdi tinh cua nha tha vdi A. A. 0-le-nhi-na (con gai cuaA N. 6-le-nhin, Chu tich Vien Han lam nghe thuat Nga) - ngudi ma mua he nam 1829 Pu-skin da cau hdn nhung khong dugc chap nhan. Bai tha vdn khdng ten, nhan de Tdi yeu em la do ngudi dich dat. A-Iich-xan-draX6c-ghe-e-vich Pu-skin 59

VAN BAN Tdi yeu em^^'>: din nay chiing ed the Nggn lu-a tinh chua han da tan phai^^^; Nhung khdng di em bdn ldng them niia. Hay hdn em phdi ggn bdng u hodi^^'. Tdi ydu em am thim, khdng hi vgng, Luc rut re, khi ham hue long ghen, Tdi yeu em, yeu chdn thdnh, dam thim, ciu em dugc ngudi tinh nhu tdi da ydu em^^^. 1829 (Pu-skin, Tha trti Unh, ban dich cua THUY TOAN NXB vail hpe, Ha Npi, 1986) HUlOMG BAN HOC BAI 1. Diep khdc ndo ldm ndi bat cdm xuc chu daO cda bdi tha ? Bdi tha dudng nhu Id ldi tii gid chd mdt mdi tinh khdng thdnh. Ldi ttr gid cda Pu-skin cd ^ ddc bigt ? 2. Gigng dieu trii tinh ehuyen biin nhu thi ndo ttr hai cau 1-2 sang hai cdu 3 - 4 vd tu hai cdu 5 - 6 sang hai cau 7 - 8 ? Diin biin tdm ttang phuc tap cua nhdn vat trii tinh dugc the hidn tinh te ra sao ? 3. Tai sao cd thi ndi hai cdu kit la bat ngd, hdm chiia nhiiu y vi ? 4. Bdi tha ggi cho anh (chi) nhiing cam nghi gi vi tdm hdn Pu-skin vd ve tinh yeu ? . •—. GHI NHO . To! yeu em tham dugm noi budn cda mdi tinh vd vgng, nhung Id ndi budn trong sang ciia mgt tdm hdn ydu duong chdn thdnh, manh lidt, nhdn hdu, vj tha. Ldi giai bay tinh ydu cda Pu-skin dugc t h i hiin qua ngdn ttr gidn dj ma tinh t i . (1) Dai tir nhan xung ngdi thu hai - em - trong nguydn bin dupe dung vdi each ndi trang trpng. (2) Trong nguyen ban, hai eau tho diu chi la: Tdi ddyiu em, tinh yiu vdn, cdlS Chua tdt hdn trong ldng tdi. Hinh anh In du ngQn Ida tinh ma ngudi dich them vao dupe gpi y do ddng tu tdt. (3) Cach didn dat d ban dich tho bdng bay hon nguydn ban vdn chi giin di: Tdi khdng mudn ldm em buon vi bdt cu diiu gi. (4) Hai cau tho cudi trong nguyen ban cd cau true so sanh \"nhu thd... nhu thd...\" : Tdi dd yiu em chdn thdnh nhu the, diu ddng nhu thd, Cdu Trdi cho em duoc ngudi khdc (cung) yiu (chdri thdnh, diu ddng) nhu thi. 60

DOC THEM BAI THO $ 6 2 8 R.M^ (Trong tap Ngudi ldm vudn) J TIEU DAN Ra-bin-dra-natTa-go (1861 -1941) la nha van, nha van hoa ldn cua An Dp. Sudt ddi minh, dng da phan dau khdng mpt mdi va cd nhiing cdng hien quan trpng cho su nghidp phpc hung van hoa An Dp, giai phdng Xn Dp khdi ach thyc dan; gdp phan vao cudc ddu tranh cua nhan loai vi dpc lap, hoa binh, hiru nghj giira cac dan tpc. Ta-go dd 1^ mpt gia tai khdng Id cac tac pham thudc nhidii linh vvrc khac nhau ma d Unh vuc nao ciing thanh cdng xuat sdc: 52 t^p tho, 12 bd tidu thuyet, hang tram truyen ngdn, 42 vd kich, 63 tap ti^u l u ^ tridt hpe, khodng 2 000 bai ca, hang nghin hue hoa,... Trong dd, tap ThaDdng da dem den cho dng vinh dueiia ngudi chdu A dau tien dupe nhan Giai thudng Nd-ben vd van hpe vao nam 1913. Ngudi ldm vudn \\a mpt trong nhimg tap tho ndi tieng cua Ta-go. Tac pham gdm 85 bai tho, dupe Ta-go viet bdng tidng Ben-gan, sau tu dieh sang tieng Anh va xuat ban nam 1914. Ten tac phdm gpi hinh tupng nha tho nguy$n lam ngudi cham sdc vudn hoa cupe ddi. Vdi Ta-go, vudn ddi that tuoi dep, sdng trdn ddi thyc sy la niem vui khi d dd chua chan tinh yeu giiia con ngirdi vdi cdn ngudi, giua con ngudi vdi thien nhien ; va thi nhan chinh la ngudi hat ea, ngudi vun xdi nhiing bdng hoa tinh yeu dy. Ngudi ldm vudn rat tidu bidu cho gipng tho giau chat trii tinh va chat triet li cua Ta-go, vira thd hi^n tam hdn An Dp vira bao quat tinh than nhan loai. Tac pham da dupe dich ra nhidu thii tidng, chinh phuc dpc gid nhieu nudc, phuong Ddng cung nhu phuong Tay. cac bai trong tip tho A/gwdi ldm vudn khdng cd nhan de ma ehi danh sd thii tu. Bat sd 28 la mpt trong nhiing bai tho hay nhat eiia Ta-go, cd mat ttong nhidu tuydn tap tho tinh the gidi. VAN BAN Ddi mit bdn khodn eua em budd, Ddi mit em mudn nhin vdo tdm tudng cua anh Nhu ttang kia mudn vdo sdu bien cd. Anh dd di cudc ddi anh trin trui dudi mit em, Anh khdng giau em mdt diiu ^ Chfnh vi thi md em khdng biet gi tat ca vi anh. Niu ddi anh chi Id vien nggc , anh se ddp nd ra ldm trdm mdnh vd xdu thdnh mdt chudi quang vdo cd em. Neu ddi anh chi Id mdt dod hoa ttdn ttia, diu ddng vd bd bdng anh se hdi nd ra di dat len mdi tdc em. Nhung em oi, ddi anh la mgt trdi tim Ndo ai biet chieu sdu vd bin bd cua nd. Em la nii hodng cua vuong qudc dd Ay the md em cd biet ^ bien gidi cua nd ddu. 61

Niu trdi tim anh chi Id mdt phut gidy lac thu Nd se nd ra thdnh mgt nu cudi nhe nhdm Va em thau sudt rat nhanh. Neu trdi tim anh ehi Id khd dau Nd se tan thdnh le trong Vd ldng im phdn chieu ndi niim u an. Nhung em oi, trdi tim anh lai la tinh ydu Ndi vui sudng, khd dau cua nd Id vd bien. Nhiing ddi hdi vd su gidu sang cua nd la trudng cuu. Trai tim anh cung d gin em nhu chinh ddi em vdy Nhung chang bao gid em biettrgn nd ddu. {Tha Td-go, ban dieh eua DAO XUAN QUY, NXB Van hoa - Thdng tin, Ha Npi, 2000) HU^G BAN DOC THEM 1. Hinh tugng so sdnh tiong eau md d i u : Ddi mdt em mudn nhin vdo tdm tudng cda anh biin cd Nhu „ , . ^ .^ trang kia muon vao sau the hien niim khao khdt gi trong tinh yeu ? 2. Ldi cau tnie dua ra nhiing gid dinh (neu A ehi Id B) rdi phu dinh (nhung A lai la C) de di den kit ludn : A khdng chi la B ma (lai) la C cudc doi vidn ngoc trai tim doa hoa ttai tim lac thu tinh yeu kho dau dugc su dung trung diep trong bdi nham muc dich ^ ? Tii nhiing tuong ddng vd khdc biet giiia viin nggc, dod hoa vdi trdi tim, giiia Igc thu, khd dau vdi Unh yiu, Ta-go mudn ndi gi ve cudc ddi, vi trdi tim ? 3. Cdch ndi nghich II khdng chi xuat hien d doan dau : Anh khdng gidu em m0t diiu gi Chinh vi thimd em khdng biit gi tdt cd vi anh md cdn dugc su dung khd nhiiu lin ttong bdi tha. Hdy ghi lai nhiing cdu cd cdch ndi nghich 11 nhu vdy. Cdch ndi ay the hien diiu ki dieu gi trong tinh yeu ? 62

LUYEN TAP VliT TIEU SU TOM TAT. KfTQUACANOAT Ndm vdng han each viet tieu su tdm tat. • Viet duac ban tieu sii tdm tat. Chi dodn anh (chi) se gidi thieu mdt dodn vien uu tu tham gia ling cu vdo Ban Chap hdnh Hdi lidn hiep Thanh nien cua tinh (thdnh phd). Anh (ehi) hdy viet tieu su tdm tit cua dodn vien dd. . 1. Viit tieu sutdm tat Hay lan lugt hodn thdnh mdt sd yeu cau : - Xdc dinh muc dich vd yeu ciu viet tieu su tdm tat. - Xdc dinh ndi dung ttinh bay ttong bdn tieu su. - Tim hieu ngudi gidi thidu di cd nhung thdng tin can thiet, - Viit ban tiiu su tdm tit. 2. Trinh bay ban tieu su tdm tat trudc ldp - Mdt hgc sinh tiinh bay trudc ldp. Tap thi ldp neu nhdn xet vd gdp phin hodn chinh bdn tiiu su: tdm tit. - Tttng ngudi siia chiia, bd sung va hodn chinh vdn bdn cua minh. ea DQC THEM LUU QUANG v u Nhd tha, nhd viit kich Luu Quang Vu sinh ngdy 17 - 4 - 1948, mat ngay 29 - 8 - 1988. Qng sinh ra vd ldn len d Phu Thg, din 1954 di hgc vd dinh cu t£U Ha Ndi. Qng tung la bd ddi thdi ki khdng chien chdng Mi. Luu Quang Vu bit diu ldm tha tu giiia nhiing ndm 60 (thi ki XX). Nhiing bdi tha diu cua dng (phan Huang cdy ttong tap Huang cdy - Bip lua, in chung vdi Bing Viet ndm 1968) sdm bgc Id mdt gigng tha nggt ngdo, dim thim, phdng phat phong vi dan gian cda mdt tam hdn ttong sdng, thiit tha vdi dat nude, gidu ma mdng nhung cung nhieu bdn khodn, day ddt. Nhiing bai tha dng ldm ttr 1970 den 63

1975 dugc tuyen chgn va in ttong tap Bdy ong trong dim sdu (1993) cho thay mdt Luu Quang Vu khdc - mdt Luu Quang Vu day din vdt, dau xdt, cd dan, ttdn trd, hodi nghi, cd luc ngdn ngam den tuydt vgng, nhung vdn tha thiet mudn thodt ra khdi nhiing pdi chdn chuong, met mdi, hodi nghi de sdng thuc su ed ich cho ddi. Tha cda Liru Quang Vu trong nhiing nam 80 - tap Mdy trdng ciia ddi tdi (1989) - do tu tay tdc gid chuan bi, nhimg sau khi dng dot nggt qua ddi mdi din dugc vdi beui dgc, ddnh dau mdt chdng dudng mdi eua tha dng. Cam xuc vin phong phu, vin tai hoa, tinh te, nhung suy nghi dim hon, sdu hon, gidu chat khdi quat vd chat t^o hinh. Diu nhiing nam 80, cudc ddi sdng tdc eua Luu Quang Vu ed budc ngodt quan trgng: ehuyen sang boat ddng sdn khau. Vdi sd lugng tdc pham that ddi dao (gin 50 kich ban), tinh thdi su nhay ben vd tinh luan chiin manh me, Luu Quang Vu dd dat ra dugc nhiing van di biic xuc vi cugc sdng, ddp ung dugc ddi hdi cua ngirdi xem, cd nhiing ddng gdp khdng nhd ddi vdi nin nghe thudt sdn khau Vidt Nam. Nhiing vdkich nhu: Hdn Truong Ba, da hdng thit (1984), Tdi vd chdng ta (1985),... da thuc su chiem dugc cam tinh cua khdn gia duong thdi. Ld mdt nghe si nhiiu tdi ndng, sdng tdc cua Luu Quang Vu trai ra nhieu linh vuc: lam tha, viit kich ban sdn khiu, viet truyen ngin vd tieu l u ^ . Nhung ddi vdi Luu Quang Vu, cdi cdn lai lau hon cd Id tha - nhiing tap tha ghi lai chdn that nhiing budc thdng trim cua chinh cugc ddi dng. (Theo Tit dien vdn hgc (bp mdi), Sdd) 64

NGUOI TRONG BAO. A.P. SE-KHOP KET QUA CAN DAT - Hieu dugc su phe phan sau sac cua nha van ddi vdi Idi sdng \"thu minh vao trong bao'' eiia mgt bg phan trf thiic Nga cudi t h i ki XIX. Thay dugc nhung net dac sdc ve nghe thuat cua tac pham : xay dung bieu tugng va nhan vat dien hinh, each ke chuyen dac sac. ^ TIEU D A N An-tdn Pap-ld-vich Se-khdp (1860 - 1904), nha van Nga kiet xuat, sinh ra va ldn len trong mpt gia dinh budn ban nhd d thi tran Ta-gan-rde, ben bd bien A-ddp. Nam 1884, tdt nghiep Khoa Y, Trudng Dai hpe Tdng hop Mat-xco-va, Se-khdp vvra lam bac si ndng thdn vira vidt bao, viet van, ddng thdi tham gia nhieu cdng vide xa hdi, giao due, van hoa. Nam 1887, dng dupe nhan Giai thudng Pu-skin cda Vien Han lam khoa hpe Nga. Nam 1900, Se-khdp dupe bau lam Vien si danh du Vien Han lam khoa hoc Nga. Se-khdp da de lai hon 500 truyen ngdn va truyen vira, trong dd cd nhieu tac pham dac sdc : Anh beo vd anh gdy. Con ki nhdng, Phdng sd 6, Ddo Xa-kha-Uri, Dong cd ; kich ndi : Hdi du, Cdu Va-nhi-a, Ba chi em, Vudn anh ddo,... Tu nhiing cdt truyen rat gian di, tac pham cda Se-khdp thudng dat ra nhieu van de cd y nghia xa hdi to ldn, y nghia nhan ban sau xa. Se-khdp duoc xem la dai bieu ldn cudi ciing eua van hoc hien thuc Nga nua cudi thd ki XDC, nha each tan thien tai v^ the loai truyen ngdn va kich ndi. An-tdn Pap-ld-vich Se-khdp Ngudi trong bao (1898), truyen ngdn ndi (1) Bi-li-cdp: tiic truyen ngdn Ngudi trong bao. tidng cua Se-khdp, dupe sang tac trong thdi gian nha van dudng bfinh d thanh phd I-an-ta, tren ban dao Crirm, bien Den. Thdi dd, xa hpi Nga dang ngat thd trong bau khdng khi chuyen chd nang ne cudi the ki XIX. Mdi trudng xa hdi ay da de ra Idm kidu ngudi ki quai. \"Ngudi trong bao\" Be-li-cdp la mdt phat hien nghe thuat dpc dao, dac sdc eua nha van. Cau chuyen cudi ra nude mdt vl cudc ddi mdt con ngudi mdc chiing benh sp hai, sdng, chet deu tham hai... khdng ehi phan anh,thue trang xa hpi ma cdn ed y nghia triet li sau sdc. Nguyin Tuan tiing ea ngoi : \"Truyen Be-li-cdp'-^^ la mdt ang van da kich len den tuyet dinh: hinh thii, ten hp nhan vat da thanh mdt cai su, da thanh mdt hinh dung tir ngay nay vdn cdn tac dung ldn\" S N G O V A N 11/2-A 65

VAN BAN (Lupe doan md dau : Bdc si I-van I-va-niit vd Bu-ra-kin, gido viin trung hQc di sdn vi qud mugn, ddnh phdi nghi dim tdi nhd kho ciia dng trudngxdm acudi IdngMi-rd-nd-xit-xkdi-i. Tai ddy, Bu-ra-kin dd kecho bdc si I-van nghe chuyin vi Bi-li-cdp.) Day ndy, chang phai tim ddu xa, cdch ddy khodng hai thdng, d thdnh phd cd mdt ngudi mdi chit ten la Be-li-cdp, ban ddng nghiep eua tdi, mdt gido vien day tieng Hi L^p. Chic Id anh cdng dd n ^ e ten dng ndy rdi. Hin ta ndi tiing vi dieu Id luc nao cdng v$y, thdm chi cd vdo khi rat dep ttdi, ban diu di giay cao su, cim d vd nhat thiit la mac do bdnh td am cdt bdng. 6 hin di ttong bao'^', chiec ddng hd qua quyt cdng di ttong bao bdng da huau; vd khi nit chiec dao nhd de ggt but ehi thi chiec dao ay cung ddt ttong bao ; ca bd mat bin ta niia dudng nhu cung d ttong bao vi luc ndo bin ciing giau mat sau chiec cd do banh td be dung len. Hin deo kinh rdm, mac do bdng chin, Id tai nhet bdng, va khi ngdi len xe ngua thi bao gid ciing cho keo mui 16n. Ndi tdm lai, eon ngirdi ndy luc nao cdng cd khdt vgng manh liet thu minh vdo ttong mdt cdi vd, tao ra cho minh mgt thii bao cd thi ngdii cdch, bdo ve hin khdi nhiing anh hudng ben.ngodi. Cudc sdng ldm ban khd chiu, sg hdi, huge bin phdi thudng xuyen lo du vd cd le nhu di bdo chiia cho thdi do nhdt nhdt, ghe tdm ddi vdi hien tai, luc nao bin cdng nggi ca qud khii, nggi ca nhiing ^ khdng bao gid ed thdt. May thii ngdn ngii cd md hin day ddi vdi bin th^t ra ciing chi Id mdt thu gidy cao su, mgt thu d che ma nhd dd bin cd the ttdn ttdnh dugc Be-li-cdp cudc sdng thuc. (Tranh ciia Ku-kru-nhi-e-xdp, Nga) - 6, tieng Hi Lap nghe that Id tuyet vdi, em tai. - Hin ta ndi vdi ve nggt ngdo. Va nhu de chiing minh cho ldi ndi eua minh, bin nheo mit 1^, gia mdt ngdn tay len vd thdt ra tiing: - Anthrdpos^^^! Cd y nghi cua minh, Be-U-cdp cdng cd giau vdo bao. Ddi vdi han, ehi ed nhiing chi thi, thdng tu, nhiing bdi bdo c&i dodn dieu ndy diiu ng mdi la nhiing cdi rd rang. [...] Hin cd mdt thdi quen ki qudc Id di hit nhd nay din nhd khac noi bgn chung tdi d. Hin din nhd gido vieri ndo do chang ban, keo ghi ngdi, ching ndi chang (1) Bao: v$t diing de dipig, bpe, gdi dd vat, hang hoa,... hinh tui hoac hinh hop. (2) Anthrdpos: eon ngudi (tieng Hi Lap ; chu thich eua nha van). 66 SNGLfVAN 11/2-8

rang, mit nhin xung quanh nhu tim kiim vat gi. Hin cii ngdi im nhu phdng the rdi dg mgt gid sau thi cdo ttr. Hin ggi dd la \"each duy tri nhiing mdi quan he tdt ddi vdi b^n ddng nghidp\". Bgn gido vien chung tdi diu sg bin. Thdm chi ca hieu trudng cung sg hin. Anh thu nghi md xem, gido gidi chung tdi la bgn ngudi biet suy nghi, rit nghiem chinh, dugc gido due qua cdc tde pham eua Tudc-ghe-nhep vd Se-drin'i', thimd cdi thing cha quanh nam di giay cao su va mang d ay dd khdng che ca trudng hgc chung tdi sudt mudi ldm ndm trdi. Ma ddu phai chi ed trudng hgc ! Ca thdnh phd niia ay! Cdc ba cdc ed tdi thii bay khdng dam td chiic dien kich t ^ nhd niia, sg ring nhd hin biit thi lai phiin, gidi tu hdnh khi ed mat bin khdng dam dn thit vd ddnh bdi. Dudi anh hudng cua nhiing ke nhu Be-h-edp, ttong vdng muoi, mudi ldm ndm trd lai ddy, dan chung trong thdnh phd dam ra sg tat cd. Sg ndi to, sg gui thu, sg ldm quen, sg dgc sdch, gidp dd ngudi ngheo, day hgc chii,... [...] - Be-li-cdp d ngay cung mgt nhd vdi tdi, - Bu-ra-kin ndi tiep, - cung mdt ting, cfira ddi di§n nhau. Tdi vdi bin vin thudng xuyen gidp mat nhau, va tdi biet rd sinh ho^t d nhd cua hin. 6 nhd hin cung sdng thi thdi: cung vin mac do khode ngoai, dgi mu, ddng ctta, cdi then, cd du su ngdn cam vd ban chi, luc ndo cung sg nhd 1^ xdy ra chuydn gi. [...] Budng ngu cua Be-U-cdp chat nhu cdi hop. Khi nam ngu, hin keo chdn trum diu kin mit. Trong budng ndng biic, ngdt ngat, gid thdi ngoai cua sd ddng kin mit, lua reo ttong Id, cd tiing thd ddi nghe di sg vgng len tir dudi bip... Nim trong chdn, hin cdm thiy rdn rgn. Hin sg nhd ra lai cd chuyen gi, sg ke ttdm ehui vdo nhd. Sau dd sudt ddm ban nam ma todn nhung diiu khung khiip ; va budi sdng, khi cung di din trudng vdi tdi, mat hin tdi nhgt, riu rl. (Lupe thu^t mdt doan: Tuy sdng thu minh, dan dgc, nhdt nhdt, nghi ki nhung Be-li-cdp ciing dd dnh chuyin Idy vg. Dd Id Va-ren-ca, chi gdi ciia Cd-va-len-cd, mot gido viin vua mdi vi trudng. Va-ren-ca tudi chimg ba muai, tinh tinh hon nhiin, nhi nhanh, hay ndi, hay hdt, hay cudi. Hai chi em sdngcd vitifdo, phdng khodng. Suxudt hiin ciia hai chi em nhd ndy dd ldm xao ddng khdng khi tinh le budn chdn. Thdy Bi-li-cdp cd ve thich Va-ren-ca, moi ngudi nghi ra trd gdn ghep hai ngudi. tdinh Idy vg ddn chodn nggp tdm tri, nhung hdn cii ldn iQa, ddn do, suy tinh vi cu sg the ndy thdng. Hdn gdy han di vd hinh nhu lai cdng mudn chui sdu han trong cdi bao ciia minh. Nhung mgt chuyin bdt ngd xdy ra: Hdm trudc, vua nhqn dugc buc tranh chdm biem \"Mdt ngudi tinh si\" cOa \"m^t cdu ngo nghich ndo dd\" thi hdm sau, trong budi di chai chii nhdt, Bi-li-cdp ngac nhien den hodng hdt khi tdn mdt chiing kien cdnh hai chi em Va-ren-ca vd Cd- va- len-cd phdngxe dap vut qua. Budi tdi, Bi-li-cdp quyit dinh din nhd Va-ren-ca, nhung cd lai di vdng nin chigap ngudi em.) B6-li-cdp ngdi yen, chang ndi chang ring chiing do mudi phut rdi len tiing: - Tdi tim din anh di giai bay tam su. Tdi rat budn hue anh a. Cd mdt ten vd lai nao dd dd ve chdm biim tdi vd mdt ngudi gin gui vdi ed hai chung ta. Tdi thay cd nghia vu phai ndi qua quyit vdi anh ring tdi ching hi cd Uen quan gi tdi mdt (1) Tudc-ghi-nhep (1818 - 1883), Si-drin (1826 - 1889): hai nha van Nga ndi tieng. 67

chuyen nhu the... Tdi chang hi ldm diiu gi sa suit ddng di cho mgi ngudi giiu egt nhu vdy. Luc nao tdi cung xu' su nhu mdt ngudi tu ti, diing din. [...] .Cdn mdt diiu niia tdi cung mudn ndi vdi anh. Tdi thi vdo nghi da ldu, cdn anh thi mdi bit diu di ldm, nen vdi tu each la ban ddng nghiep di trudc, tdi thay cd nghia vu phai nhac nhd anh ddi diiu. Anh dd di xe dap vd cdi trd giai tti ay hodn todn khdng hgp vdi tu the cda mdt nhd gido due thiiu nien. - Vi sao vdy ? - Cd-va-len-cd bdi lai bdng gigng ttam trim. - Chang le dieu nay lai cdn cin phai gidi thich niia sao ? Chang le dd lai Id diiu khd hieu u ? Niu thay gido di xe dap thi hgc sinh se ldm gi ? Lu tre chi cdn thiiu nude la di diu xudng dd't thdi. Vd lai neu khdng ed chi thi nao cho phep thi ta khdng dugc lam. Hdm qua tdi sg phdt kinh len day! Khi tdi nhin thay chi cua anh, mit tdi hoa len. Ddn bd con gdi ma di xe dap thi qua la ehuyen kinh khung! - Nhung md dng mudn cdi gi mdi dugc ehu ? - Tdi ehi mudn mdi mdt diiu la nhde bao anh. Anh cdn tre, tuong lai anh cdn d phia trudc, anh can phai xu su rat, rat than trgng. Thi ma anh da budng thd ! 6 ! Anh budng tha minh qua chimg! Anh mac do theu ra dudng, di ngoai phd luc nao anh cung cam theo sach nay sdch ng, rdi bay gid lai cdn cudi xe dap niia. Chuyen anh vd chi anh di xe daprfiadin tai dng hieu trudng, rdi den ted dng thanh tra... Luc ay thi cdn ra cdi thi thdng gi niia khdng ? - Viec ta vd chi ta, di xe dap chang hen quan gi din ai ed ! - Cd-va-len-cd ndi, mat do gay. - Con ndo thing ndo thd miii vdo ehuyen rieng eua nhd ta, ta cho chiu Diem Vuong td't! Be-h-edp tdi mat diing day. - Niu anh ndi vdi tdi bang-cdi gigng nhu the thi tdi khdng thi tiip tuc niia. - Han ta ndi. - Vd tdi ciing yeu eau anh khi ed mat tdi, dirng bao gid dn ndi nhu thi ve cap tren. Anh can phdi ed thdi do kinh trgng ddi vdi chinh quyin. - Hod ra Id ta dd ndi gi dgng den chinh quyen sao ? - Cd-va-len-cd hdi, mit hin hgc nhin Be-li-cdp. - Xin dng de cho ta yen! Ta Id ngudi trung thue vd vdi nhiing ngudi nhu \"quy rigai\" ta khdng mudn ndi ehuyen. Ta khdng ua nhiing ten mdch leo. Be-li-cdp bdi rdi, ludng cudng mac lai do ngodi, ve mat diy hoang hot. Bdi dd la lin diu tien trong ddi hin phai nghe nhiing ldi thd bao din the. - Anh ed the ndi gi tuy anh. - Hin viia ndi vtra budc ra ngodi hdnh lang din xudng eau thang. - Tdi ehi mudn bdo trudc cho anh rdng cd the ed ngudi dd nghe dugc cudc ndi chuyen nay. Vd di cho khdng ai cd the xuyen tac cdu chuyen vtra rdi vd de khdi cd dieu gi chang Idnh xdy ra, tdi se bdo cdo vdi ngdi hieu trudng ftdi dung eau ehuyen hdm nay... tren nhiing net chinh. Tdi se phdi lam viec dd. - Bdo cdo ha ? Nay, di ma bdo cdo di ndy! 68

Cd-va-len-cd tum lay cd do bin tir phia sau rdi xd manh. Be-li-cdp ldn nhdo xudng cau thang, ddi giay cao su Igc cdc dap vdo bdc gd. Cau thang khd cao, nhung hin dd ldn xudng dudi mdt cdch binh yen vd su. Han dung day sd len mui xem cap kinh cd cdn nguyen ven khdng. Nhung dung vao luc hin xudng ciu thang thi Va-ren-ca va hai bd nua vtra cung di ddu ve. Hg diing d dudi va nhin ldn - dieu ndy ddi vdi Be-li-cdp la kinh khung hon ca. Thd tu vat cd, be gdy chdn minh di cdn hon la biin thdnh trd cudi cho thien ha. Bdy gid thi trudc sau gi ca thanh phd cha biit. Chuyen se din tai ngdi hieu ttudng, ngdi thanh tra. Chao di! Thi rdi lai nhd xay ra chuyen gi niia chii ! Hg se lai ve tranh chdm biem khdc, rdi mgi chuyen din din chd la ngudi ta se ep minh ve htm... Khi hin ddng day, Va-ren-ca nhdn ra bin. Cd ta nhin bd mat nuc cudi cua hin, nhin chiic banh td nhdn nhdm, ddi gidy cao su, khdng hieu ehuyen gi da xay ra. Cd ta tudng ring bin da vd f trugt ngd. Khdng nen dugc, ed ta cudi pha len vang khip khu nha: - Ha - ha - ha! Cdi tieng cudi dm vang, lanh ldi \"ha - ha - ha\" do da cham diit td't ca: cham diit chuyfn cudi xin, cham diit ed cudc ddi cda Be-h-edp. Hdn khdng cdn nghe thay Va-ren-ca ndi gi, khdng cdn nhin thay gi niia. Trd vi din nhd, viec dau tien la hin cat tam anh de tten bdn di, sau dd len giudng nam va khdng bao gid day niia. Khoang ba ngdy sau, tdi sang nhd Bd-U-edp. Han ndm trong mdn, dip chdn kin va im ldng. Hdi thi hin chi ddp \"khdng\" hay \"cd\" thdi, khdng ndi them diiu gi. Mdt thdng sau, Bg-li-edp chit. Bay gid, khi ndm trong quan taii ve mat hin trdng hien Idnh, di chiu, thdm ehi cdn cd ve tuoi tinh niia, cii het nhu ban mimg rang cudi cung hin da dugc ehui vdo trong cdi bao md ttr do khdng bao gid phai thodt ra niia. Phai rdi, thi Id bin dd dat dugc muc dieh cudc ddi![...] Tii nghia dia trd vi, long chung tdi deu cam thay nhe nhdng, thoai mdi. Nhung chua diy mdt tuan sau, eude sdng da lai diin ra nhu cu, ndng ne, met nhgc, vd vi, mdt cudc sdng chang bi ehi thi ndo cam dodn nhung cung chang dugc tu do hodn todn, chang tdt dep gi hon trudc. Tren thuc ti, Be-Ii-edp da chau dm phu nhung hien cdn bao nhieu Id ngudi trong bao, trong tuong lai cung se cdn bao nhieu ke nhu thi niia! (Lupe doan cudi: Bu-ra-kin ngiing ki, budc ra khdi nhd. Trdng lin. Dd niia dim. Van vdt chim trong im ldng. Bdc siI-van trdm ngdm; \"Dd, vdn di Id dchd dd. Chung ta sdng chui nic d thdnh phd ndy trong khdng khi ngdt ngat. Chiing ta viet nhiing thu gidy td vd dung, ddnh bdi ddnh box: - nhung cdi dd khdng phdi Id mgt thu bao sao ? Chung ta sdng cd ddi bin nhiing ke vd cdng roi nghi, nhiing kexui nguyin giuc bi, nhiing mu ddn bd nhdn rdi ngu si, chung ta ndi vd nghe dii thd chuyin nhdm nhi, vd nghia - dd chdng phdi Id mdt thd bao sao ?\". Chinh ddy mdi Id diiu ddng ndi! Vd cudi cung, I-va-niit kit ludn: \"Khdng thi sdng mdi nhu thi dugc!\".) 1898 {Truyin ngdn A.P. Si-khdp, theo ban dich eua PHAN HONG GIANG - CAO XUAN HAO, NXB Cdu vdng, Mat-xco-va, 1988) 69

HU^G DAN HOC BAI 1. Nhan vat Be-U-cdp dugc midu ta nhu thi ndo ? Chgn mdt vdi chi tiet tieu biiu cho tinh cdch Be-li-cdp. Ldi sdng eua Be-U-cdp da dnh hudng den tinh thin vd boat ddng cua cdc gido vien vd ngudi ddn thdnh phd ra sao ? 2. Vi sao Be-U-cdp chit ? Giai thich thdi do, tinh cam cda mgi ngudi ddi vdi Be-U-cdp luc y cdn sdng vd khi dd qua ddi. Tinh cam vd thdi do ay ndi len dieu gi ? 3. Phdn tich y nghia tu tudng - nghe thudt cua bleu tugng \"cdi bao\" ; t^ do khdi qudt chu di tu tudng eua truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao. 4. Theo anh (chi), truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao cd nhiing ddc sac gi ve nghd thudt ? (cdch ke chuyen; chgn ngdi ki, gigng ke; xdy dung nhdn vdt, biiu tugng,...) 5. Thdo ludn vi y nghia thdi su eua truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao. , \\ GHI N H O . Vdi nghe thuat xay dung biiu tugng va nhan vat dien hinh, gigng k i chdm rdi vda giiu egt, chdm biem, mfa mai vua u budn, qua hinh tugng nhdn vdt \"ngudi trong bao\" Be-li-cdp, Se-khdp phd phdn sdu sac Idi sdng hen nhdt, bac nhugc, bao thii va feh ki eiia mdt bd phdn trf thuc Nga cudi the kf XIX. Tu dd, nha van khan thiet thuc tfnh mgi ngudi : \"Khdng t h i sdng mai nhu t h i dugc !\". LUYEN TAP 1. Nhdp vai Be-U-cdp de ke lai truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao bang ngdi thii nhit. 2. Theo tudng tugng cua anh (chi), hay viit mdt doan kit khdc cho truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao. 3. Ddng ndo sau ddy cd thi thay thi cho nhan di cda truyen ngin ? Vi sao ? A - Be-li-cdp B - Mdt con ngudi ki qudi * . C - Khdng thi sdng nhu the ! D - Cdu chuyen trong nhd kho E - Ngudi mang vd dc 4. Tim mdt vai thdnh ngii, tuc ngii Viet Nam cd ndi dung gin gdi vdi \"ldi sdng trong bao\", vdi kiiu ngudi nhu Be-li-cdp. 70

THAO TAC LAP L U A N B I N H L U A N K§T QUA CAN OAT - • Hieu dugc muc dfch, yeu cdu va tam quan trgng eiia thao tac lap luan binh luan. • Nam dugc nhung nguydn tie va each thue ea ban cua thao tac lap luan binh luan. ^ i - MUC DICH, YEU cAu CUA THAO TAC LAP LUAN DINH LUAN 1. Tren cdc phuong tien truyin thdng, chung ta rat bay gap tir binh ludn (binh ludn tinh hinh thdi su, binh ludn qudn su, binh ludn thi thao,...). Theo anh (chi), tir binh ludn trong nhiing trudng hgp ay mang y nghia gi ? {(kri y: Anh (chi) cd thi gidi thich vi bdng dd cho mdt ngudi chua biit, cbira hieu gi vi bdng dd, nhung anh (ehi) ed thi binh ludn vi bdng dd vdi nhiing ngirdi khdng biit, khdng hiiu vi bdng dd hay khdng ? Binh ludn vi bdng dd cd phai nhdm din dit ngudi nghe ttr chd chua biet den chd biit, ttr chd chua hiiu din ehd hiiu vi bdng dd hay khdng ? Khi chua cd nhiing y kiin nhdn xdt, ddnh gid, bdn ludn md minh tu thay Id xdc ddng, mdi me, anh (chi) ed thi binh ludn ve mdt trdn dau khdng ? V$y anh (chi) phdi thue hien cdng viec binh lu$n bing nhiing y kiin nhu thi ndo, vdi ai vd di lam gi ?) 2. Hdy tim hiiu mgt lin niia doan trich Xin lap khoa lugt cua Nguyen Trudng Td [Ngii vdn 11, tap mdt). a) Trong doan trich dd, tde gid ed nhdn dinh, ddnh gid dung - sai, hay - dd khdng ? Cd bdn bac sdu rdng van di dugc ndi din hay khdng ? Niu cd thi dich cudi cung cua cdc ldi nhdn dinh, ddnh gid, bdn bac dd la gi ? b) Nguyin Trudng To ed li do di viitXm lap khoa /wa? khdng, niu vdo ldc biy gid, ai nay diu dd thdng nhat ring mudn tti nudc thi phdi dua vdo luat chii khdng phai vdo nhiing ldi ndi sudng tren giay vi trung hiiu hay li nghia, rang ludt phdp la cdng bang vd ciing Id dao diic ? c) Dua vdo nhdn thiic vi y nghia cua tir binh ludn trong muc 1, anh (chi) thay Xin lap khoa ludt ed phai Id mdt doan trich cd tinh chit binh ludn khdng ? Vi sao khdng thi coi ddy Id mdt doan trich chiing minh hay gidi thich ? 3. Mudn ldm cho y kiin binh luan cd siic thuyit phuc ngudi dgc (ngirdi nghe) thi phai nim viing kl ndng binh ludn. Vi sao ? 4. Tai sao ed the ndi rang con ngudi hdm nay cin biit binh ludn, ddm binh ludn vd do dd, phdi nam viing kl ndng binh ludn ? 71

II - CACH BiNH LUAN Cd nhieu cdch binh luan. Sau ddy Id mdt ttong nhiing cdch thudng gap nhat. Theo cdch nay, tiin ttinh binh ludn bao gdm ba budc. Anh (chi) hdy lan lugt xem xet tCrng budc vd ttd ldi cdc cdu hdi ddt ra cho mdi budc. 1. Budc thu nhdt: Neu hien tugng (van de) cin binh ludn. a) Binh ludn yeu ciu phai neu rd dugc thdi do vd su ddnh gid eua ngudi binh ludn trudc van di dugc dua ra ban ludn. Nhung ed nen neu thdi do vd su ddnh gid do khi chua ttinb bay rd ve hien tugng (van di) cin binh ludn khdng ? Vi sao ? b) Nen trinh bdy hien tugng (van di) cin binh ludn the ndo ? Anh (chi) tdn thdnh eau trd ldi ndo ttong cdc cdu sau : - Trung thue, khdch quan, can ke, ehi tiit. - Vin dam bdo yeu eau trung thue, khdch quan, nhung ehi neu ngin ggn, rd rdng nhiing diiu ca bdn theo yeu cau cua chu di binh luan. - Chi chu y din viec neu vd bdo ve quan diim eua ngudi binh ludn. 2. Budc thu hai: Ddnh gid hien tugng (van di) can binh ludn. Ddi vdi ngudi binh ludn, diiu quan trgng hon ed la di xuat vd bdo ve dugc nhdn xdt, ddnh gid cua ban thdn minh. Hay tim hiiu ki hon vi diiu quan trgng dd qua tinh hudng sau: Gid su anh (chi) phai tham gia binh ludn vi eae van di : - Tinh trgng hut thudc Id trong hgc sinh - LU dDong Thdp Mudi cd phdi chi Id tai hog ? -Nin uu tiin cho phdt triin sdn xudt hay cho bdo vi mdi trudng, niu vi$c phdt triin sdn xudt gdy d nhiim mdi trudng sdng ? Vdi mdi van di, anh (chi) se bdy td su nhdn xet, ddnh gid cua minh theo budng ndo ttong cdc hudng sau : - Diing ban vi mdt pbia, tim nhiing U le vd din chiing di nhiet tinh ung hd phia diing vd phe phdn phia sai. - Kit hgp nhiing phin dung cua mdi phia vd loai bd phin cdn ban ehi di di tdi mdt su ddnh gid thuc su hgp U, cdng bang. • - Dua ra cdch ddnh gid phdi - ttdi, dung - sai, hay - dd eua rieng minh sau khi dd phdn tich cdc quan diem, y kiin khdc nhau vi de tdi cin binh luan. 3. Budc thu ba: Bdn vi hien tugng (van di) cin binh ludn. Khdng chi nhdn xet, ddnh gid, ngudi binh ludn cdn cin bdn bac. Nhtmg phdi bdn bac nhiing gi ? Hdy chgn cdc cdu ttd ldi dung trong nhiing eau sau : - Bdn vi thdi do, hdnh ddng, cdch giai quyit cin ed trudc hien tugng viia dugc nhdn xet, ddnh gid. 72

- Bdn ve nhiing diiu ed thi rut ra khi Uen he vdi thdi dai, hoan canh sdng, lua tudi cua minh vd cua nhiing ngudi dang nghe minh binh luan. - Bdn vi nhung y nghia xa rdng hon, sdu sic hon md hien tugng (van de) dugc binh ludn cd thi ggi ra. CHI NHOl- • Binh ludn nham de xuat va thuyit phuc ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe) tan ddng vdi nhdn xet, danh gia, ban luan cua minh ve mgt hien tugng (vdn de) trong ddi sdng hoac trong van hgc. • Cd nhiiu each binh luan. Nhung dti theo each nao thi ngudi binh luan cung phdi : - Trinh bay rd rang, trung thuc hidn tugng (van de) dugc binh luan. - D^ xudt va chung td dugc y kien nhan djnh, danh gia ciia minh la xac dang. - Cd nhung Idi ban sau rgng v i chu de binh ludn. LUYINTAP 1. Cd ngudi cho ring binh ludn chang qua ehi Id su kit hgp cua hai kiiu lap ludn gidi thich vd chiing minh. Nhdn xet ay diing hay khdng dung ? Vi sao ? 2. Doan tticb sau ddy cd su dung thao tde binh ludn khdng ? Can cii vdo ddu de anh (chi) ed thi kit luan la ed (bode khdng) ? [...] Trong linh vuc tai ngn giao thdng, than chit Id m0t ke mu lod, khdng hi phdn biit ngudi tdt vd ke xdu khi dua ngang ludi hdi vdo mang sdng cua ai dd. Nhdt Id khi thdn chit dong hdnh ciing nhiing \"sdt thu\" trin dudng phd. Thdn chit trao ludi hdi cho nhiing trai trdng di xe mdy hung hang ddnh vdng, Igng Idch, vugt du trin dudng phd. Nhiing ke hode khdng biit ludt hoac khdng them biit din lugt giao thdng. Nhiing ke ddu dc trdng rdng khdng cdn giditu tin vd tif hdo ngodi viic \"khung bd\" ngudi di dudng bdng nhung cu vugt phdi, tgt qua sdt sgt trin ddu xe ngudi di dudng khdc, gdy dn Ignh sdng lung vd Idy ndi khung khiip ciia ke khdc ldm khoai cdm,... Rd rdng, ngodi nhiing hgn chi khdch quan thi y thuc cdn hit sue non kem cua m0t sd ngudi ddn Viet Nam khi tham gia giao thdng dang Id nguyen nhdn quan trgng cudp di sinh mgng ciia nhiiu ngudi. Tiic thay, dd hdu hit Igi Id nhdng trai trdng. Theo thdng ke cua UNICEF^^ ndm 2004, hdu hit cdc ca tu vong d tudi 15-19 diu Id ngudi di xe mdy! Dd la su tdn (1) UNICEF : tdn vidt tdt cua Quy Nhi ddng LiSn hpp qudc. 73

thuang qud ldn cho luclugng lao ddng cua ddt nudc. Luc lugng dy le ra phdi bdt ddu gdnh Idy trdch nhiim cong ddn vd gia dinh, Idmra ciia cdi vd dem Igi su phdn vinh cho gia dinh vd xd h0i. Niu chung ta mudn cd hgnh phuc vd gat hdi duoc nhiiu qua h0i nhdp, niu chung ta tuhdo rdng Viet Nam min khdch, thi mdi ngudi hdy tudiiu chinh minh, trudc hit Id tu cuu minh vd cuu ngudi, dem su an todn ra ddi minh vd ddi khdch bdng su cdn trgng khi tham gia giao thdng. Chung ta cdn m0t chuong trinh truyin thdng hiiu qud han di \"nhiing ludi hdi tu thdn\" khdng cdn nghinh ngang trin dudng phd! {Theo Vd Thi Hao, bao dien tu Vietnamnet, ngay 12 - 12 - 2006) 3. Sau khi dgc vd suy nghi ki vi doan trich Xin lap khoa ludt, anh (chi) thiy minh cdn cd thi binh luan gi them ve vai trd eua phdp ludt vd cua viec gido due phdp ludt ttong xd hdi ? S3 DQC TH6M Phdp ludt Id cdi dingdn cdm viic riing tusai ldm vugt ra ngodi phdp ludt. Hinh phat nghiim Id dicho linh dime thi hdnh vd trung tri cdp dudi. Cdi uy khdng thi cho mugn. (Zdi quyin khdng thi dung chung vdi ngudi khdc. Niu uy quyen chung vdi ngudi khdc thi bgn gian td nhan nhdn. Phdp ludt khdng chdc chdn thi nhd vua bi nguy, hinh phgt khdng quyit dodn thi khdng thdng dugc ke gian. Cho nin cd cdu: \"Ngudi thgkheo tuy diingy vd mdt cung dung ddy muc, nhung trudc dd phdi lay cdi quy cdi cu fi> dido [...]\". Nhd ddy dgi thdng md cdy cong bi deo. Nhd cdi muc nudc bdng md chd cao, chd nghiing bi ggt. Nhd treo cdi cdn lin md bdt dugc cdi ndng, thim dugc vdo cdi nhe. Nhd xdc lap cdi ddu, cdi thgch *2' md bdt dugc cdi nhiiu, thim dugc cdi it. Cho nin lay phdp ludt tri nudc chi cdt theo phdp ludt md ldm hay ngdn cdm md thdi. Phdp ludt khdng hiia theo ngudi sang. Sgi ddy doi khdng udn minh theo cdygd cong. Khi dd thi hdnh phdp ludt thi ke khdn cung khdng thi tic, ke dung cung khdng ddm tranh. Triing tri cdi sai khdng trdnh ke dgi thdn, thudng cdi dung khdng bd sdt ke thdt phu. Cho nen diiu sua chda dugc su sai ldm cda ngudi trin, tri dugc cdi gian cua ke dudi, trii dugc loan, sua dugc diiu sai, thdng nhdt dudng ldi cda ddn khdng gi bdng phdp ludt {Hdn Phi Tu, tap I, ban dich cua Phan Ngpc, NXB Van hpe. Ha Ndi, 1990) (1) Quy: dung cu de ve vdng trdn; cd: dung cii de ve gdc vuong. (2) Ddu, thach : eae don vi do ludng thdi xua (chu yeu dung trong vide dong thdc, gao) eua Trung Qudc. Cu 10 ddu la I thach, 1 thach bang 120 can. (Theo mdt sd tai li$u cua Trung Qudc thi 1 can bang 0,5 ki-ld-gam). 74

NGIfOI CAM QUYiN V. HUY-GO KHOI PHUC UY QUYEN (Trich Nhang nguai khdn kho) \\dT QUA CAN DAT - Qua nhCrng hinh tugng nhan vat ddi lap va diin bien cua tinh tiet, cam nhan dugc thdng diep ve sue manh eua tinh thuang ma Huy-gd mudn gui gdm. <. TI^U D A N Vich-to Huy-gd (1802 - 1885) la mdt thien tai nd sdm va rpi sang tii dau the ki XK cho tdi nay. Thdi tho du, Huy-gd da phdi trai qua nhiing giang xe trong tinh cam do giua cha va me cd mau thudn. Tuy nhidn, vdi tri thdng minh va nang khidu dac biet cua mdt cau be dupe coi la \"than ddng\", Huy-gd da tan dyng dupe kho sach quy bau cung su giao due sang sudt eua me, cQng nhu bao an tupng manh liet ttr nhiing hanh trinh vat va theo cha chuyen quan tvr noi nay sang noi khac. Dd la nhirng trang sach ddi khdc nghiet ma khdng phai diia trd nao cung budc phai trai qua, song vdi Huy-gd lai la nhirng trdi nghiem vd cung hap ddn, de lai nhiing dau an khdng bao gid phai trong sang tao cda thidn tai. Tu thdi thanh xuan cho tdi khi mat, su nghiep sang tac eua Huy-gd deu gdn vdi thd ki,XIX, mdt the ki day bao td each mang. Ldi cua Huy-gd ndi ve tho cua minh - '... Mdt tieng vpng am vang cua thdi dai\" - ciing ed the la nhan dinh chung cho toan bd sang tac vua bao la, vua sau thdm eua dng. Khdng nhiing the, Huy-gd la mdt ngudi sudt ddi cd nhiing hoat ddng xa hdi va chinh tri tac ddng manh me tdi nhung nhan vat va khuynh hudng tien bd cua thdi dai. Mdt sd tieu thuydt eua dng dupe gidi thieu rdng rai tren toan the gidi va da quen biet d Vi?t Nam nhu: Nhd thdDucBdPa-ri (1831), NhOngngudi khdn Jt/zo (1862), Chin muai ba (1874),... Tho dng trai dat sudt cudc ddi, tieu bieu la: Ld thu (1831), Tia sdng vd bdng tdi (1840), frungphqt (1853). (j mdt linh vuc khdng phong phu bdng hai the loai tren la kich, Huy-gd vdn cd tac pham gay sdng gid tren san khau nhu IBc-na-ni (1830 ; cdn cd each phien am la Hec-na-ni). Ten tudi cua Huy-gd da dupe the gidi ngudng md, khdng ehi do nhiing kiet tdc cua nha van, ma cdn do nhiing hoat ddng khdng ngtog nghi vi su tien bd cda con ngudi. Ong la nha van ddu tien cda nudc Phap khi mdt dupe dua vao chdn cdt d dien Pang-te-dng, noi trudc dd chi danh cho vua chiia va cae danh tudng. Nam 1985, vao dip mdt tram nam ngay mdt cua dng, the gidi da lam Id ki ni^m Huy-gd - Danh nhan van hoa cua nhan loai. Vich-to Huy-gd 75

Nhang ngudi khdn khd la mdt bd tieu thuyet dupe nhan loai biet den nhieu nhat trong kho tang sang tac \"menh mdng\" (gdm tho, kich, truyen, tieu luan,... va ca tranh ve) cua Huy-gd. Nhan vat trung tam cua tac pham la Giang Van-giang, mpt ngudi thp xen cay da bi tii khd sai vi an cdp mdt chide banh mi cho bay diia chau nhd. Ra tu, anh bi mpi ngudi xua dudi, tru due giam muc Mi-ri-en. Dupe cdm hoa bdng tinh thuong, Van-giang coi do la le sdng cua minh. Sau do, dng ddi t6n thanh Ma-do-len, trd thanh mpt thi trudng va chu nha may giau cd. Ong lam viec thien va tudng da ciiu vdt dupe Phang-tin, cd tho ngheo phai ban than, ban rang, ban tdc de nudi con. Song ga thanh tra cdnh sat Gia-ve truy ra gdc tich cua dng, dng lai roi vao canh tu tdi va Phang-tin chet ma khdng dupp gap lai diia con gai Cd-det. Sau dd, dng vupt nguc va nhieu lan thay hp ddi ten, chi cd le sdng va tinh thuong la khdng bao gid thay doi cho tdi khi ndm dudi nam md, \"ed che, mua xoa\". Tuy nhien, trong eude ddi minh, cd mdt thdi gian, vao thang sau nam 1832, khi nhan dan Pa-ri ndi day chdng chinh quyen cua giai cap dai tu san, Giang Van-giang da len chien luy. Ong tim Ma-ri-uyt, ngudi y6u eua Cd-det. Anh chien dau va da bi thuong ben canh nhiing sinh vieri va quan chung ndi day - trong sd dd cd chu be Ga-vo-rdt, mpt bieu tupng trong sang, dep de cua cudc each mang non trS. Noi day, dng da gap lai Gia-ve, hdn bi quan each mang ket an tu hinh. Ong nhan mang Gia-ve di xu bdn, song da lang lang tha cho hdn. Cho tdi khi dinh trd lai bdt Giang Van-giang, thay dng xin dua Ma-ri-uyt ve nha rdi se nop mang, Gia-ve lan dau tien cam thdy bi mdt phuong hudng, nhdy xudng sdng Xen tu tu. Giang Van-giang vdn lang lang vun ddp cho hanh phuc cua Cd-d6t. Sau khi lua ddi da sum hpp, dng lanh minh, sdng trong cd don. Den luc Giang Van-giang hap hdi, ddi tre mdi biet aila ngudi da ciiu Ma-ri-uyt va chay tdi ben giudng, nghe nhiing ldi cudi cung cda dng: \"Trdn ddi, chi cd mdt dieu ay thdi, dd la thuang yeu nhau\". Nhiing ngudi khdn khd duoc chia lam nam phan. Phan thu nhat mang ten : Phdng-tin ; phan thu hai: Cd-det; phdn thii ba: Ma-ri-uyt; phan thii tu: Tinh ca phdPa-luy-mi vd anh hiing ca phd Xanh Da-ni; phdn thii nam : Gidng Van-giang. Doan trich Ngudi cdm quyin khdi phuc uy quyen ndm d cudi phdn thii nhat. Vi mudn ciiu mdt nan nhan bi Gia-ve bdt oan, Giang Van-giang budc phdi tu thu minh la ai, va Ma-do-len chi la mdt cai ten gia. Bdi vay, dng phai den tu gia Phang-tin trong khi nang chua biet ^ ve su that tan nhdn... VAN BAN Tir ngay dng thi trudng gd cho Phang-tin thodt khdi Gia-ve, chi khdng gap lai bin lin ndo. Diu dc dm yiu cua chi khdng hieu dugc gi, nhung chi tin la hin din de bit chi. Chi khdng thi chiu dung dugc bd mat gdm ghiee ay, chi thay nhu chit lim di, chi lay tay che mat vd keu len hai hung: - Ong Ma-da-len, ciiu tdi vdi! Gidng Van-giang - tii gid chung ta se khdng ggi dng bang cdi ten nao khdc'i' - diing day. Ong bao Phdng-tin bang mdt gigng hit sue nhe nhdng vd diem tinh : - Cii ySn tdm. Khdng phdi nd din bit ehi dau. Rdi dng quay lai ndi vdi Gia-ve : - Tdi biet la anh mudn gi rdi. Gia-ve ddp: - Mau len! (1) Cho tdi luc ay, Giang Van-giang vdn dupe gpi dudi cai ten gia la Ma-do-len. 76

Trong cai dieu ban ndi len hai tieng ay cd cdi gi man rg vd dien cudng. [...] Khdng cdn la tieng ngudi ndi md Id tieng thu gam. Hin khdng lam nhu thudng le. Hin khdng mdo dau gi ca ; hin khdng chia td trat truy nd ra. Hin coi Gidng Van-gidng nhu mgt dich thu bi hiem va khdng sao bit dugc, mdt do vdt la lung hin dm ghi dd ndm nam ma khdng the quat ngd. Lin nay tdm dugc khdng phai Id bit dau ma la kit thuc. Han ehi bao : Mau len ! Hdn cii dung U mdt chd md ndi; bin phdng vdo Gidng Van-giang cap mit nhin nhu cdi mdc sit, vd vdi cdi nhin ay bin tiing quen keo gidt vdo bin bao ke khdn khd. Chinh cdi nhin ay hai thdng ttudc ddy Phdng-tin da thay nd di thau vdo den tan xuong tuy. Nghe thay tiing Gia-ve, Phdng-tin lai md mdt ra. Nhung dng thi trudng vdn diing dd. Chi cdn sg gi niia ? Gia-ve tiin vdo giiia phdng va het len : - Thi ndo ! May ed di khdng ? Ngudi dan ba khdn khd nhin quanh. Chang cd ai ngodi bd xa va dng thi trudng. The thi nd mdy tao thd bi vdi ai ? Chi la vdi ehi. Chi rung minh. Rdi chi trdng thay mdt su la lung, den miic ngay trong nhiing eon sdt me sang hdi hung nhat chi cung .chua tung thay mgt chuyen tuong tu. Chi thay ten mat thdm Gia-ve nim lay ed do dng thi trudng ; chi thay dng thi trudng cui dau. Chi tudng nhu ca thi gidi dang tieu tan. Dung la Gia-ve dd tum lay cd do Gidng Van-gidng. - Ong thi ttudng oi! Phdng-tin keu len. Gia-ve phd len cudi, cdi cudi ghe tdm phd ra tat ea hai hdm rdng. - 6 ddy ldm gi cdn ed dng thi trudng niia! Gidng V£in-gidng khdng ed gd ban tay hin nim ed do dng ra. Ong ndi: -Gia-ve... Gia-ve ngit ldi dng: - Ggi ta la dng thanh tra. - Thua dng, Gidng Van-giang ndi, tdi mudn ndi rieng vdi dng cdu ndy. - Ndi to ! Ndi to len! Gia-ve ddp ; ai ndi vdi ta thi phai ndi to ! Gidng Van-gidng vin thi tham : - Tdi ciu xin dng mdt diiu... - Ta bao mdy ndi to len ea ma. - Nhung dieu ndy ehi mdt minh dng nghe dugc thdi... - Ta cin gi dieu dd ? Ta khdng them nghe ! 77

Gidng Van-gidng ghe gin b i n va ha gigng ndi that nhanh : - Xin dng thu cho ba ngdy! Ba ngdy d i di tim dua eon cho ngudi dan bd ddng thuang kia ! Phai tra gid t h i ndo tdi cung chiu. N i u mudn, dng cu di kem tdi cung dugc. - Mdy ndi gidn ! Gia-ve keu len. Chd ehd ! Tao khdng ngd may lai ngdc t h i ! May xin tao ba ngdy d i chudn ha ! May bao Id d i di tim diia con cho con di kia! A a! Td't that! Tdt tiiat day! Phang-tin run len bin bat. - Con tdi! Chi keu len. Di tim eon tdi! The ra nd chua d i n day<\" ! Bd xa oi! Cho tdi biit eon Cd-det ddu. Tdi mudn eon tdi! Ong Ma-da-len oi! Ong thi trudng oi 1 Gia-ve giam chdn: - Gid lai den lugt eon ndy! Do khi, ed cam hgng khdng ? Cdi xii ehd d i u ^ ma bgn tii khd sai ldm dng ng dng kia, cdn lu gdi diem dugc chay chua nhu nhung bd hodng ! Nhung nay! Se thay ddi bet; dd din luc rdi day! Hdn nhin Phdng-tin triing trung, lai tum mdt tum lay cd do vd ca-vdt eua Gidng Van-giang, ndi them : - Tao da bao khdng cd dng Ma-da-len, khdng cd dng thi trudng ndo ca. Chi cd mgt ten ke cip, mdt ten ke cudp, mdt tdn tu khd sai Id Gidng Van-gidng! Tao bit dugc nd day nay! Chi ed t h i thdi! Phdng-tin chdng hai bdn tay vd hai cdnh tay ciing da vung nhdm d$y, ehi nhin Gidng Van-giang, chi nhin Gia-ve, chi nhin bd xa, chi hd mieng nhu mudn ndi, ttr trong hgng thdt ra tieng ren, rdng ddnh vdo nhau cim cap, chi hoang hdt gia tay len, hai ban tay ed sire md ra tim chd bdm nhu ngudi roi xudng nudc dang chdi vdi, rdi ehi bdng nga vat xudng gdi. Diu ehi dap vdo thdnh giudng rdi ngoeo xudng nguc, mieng ha hdc, bai m i t md to vd Id dd. Phang-tin da tit thd. Gidng Van-gidng d i tay len bdn tay Gia-ve dang turn lay dng, c^y bdn tay ay ra nhu cay ban tay tre eon vd bdo hdn : - Anh dd giet chit ngudi dan ba ndy rdi dd. - Dung cd ldi thdi! Gia-ve phdt khung bet len. Tao khdng den ddy d i nghe U su. Dep nhiing cdi dd lai. Linh trdng dang d dudi nhd. Di ngay, khdng thi etun tay lai! (1) Trudc do, Giang Van-giang ndi ddi de lam yen ldng Phang-tin la dng da cho ddn Cd-ddt vd rdi. 78

Trong gdc phdng ed chiec giudng sit cu da gp ep, dung di cdc bd xa ngd lung nhdng hdm phdi true dem. Gidng Van-gidng di tdi, gi$t gdy trong chdp mit chiic giudng cu ndt, viec lam ching khd khdn gi ddi vdi nhiing ca bip nhu eua dng, dng cim lam lam cai thanh giudng trong tay vd nhin Gia-ve triing triing, Gia-ve lui ra phia eua. Gidng Van-gidng tay vdn cim thdnh sit, tii tii den ben giudng Phdng-tin. Den noi, dng quay lai ndi vdi Gia-ve, bang mgt gigng ed y mdi nghe rd : - Tdi khuyen anh diing quay riy tdi luc ndy. SiJ that Id Gia-ve run sg. Hin dinh di ggi Unh trdng, nhtmg lo Gidng Van-gidng thua ea trdn mat. Hin ddnh diing lai, tay nim lay diu ean, lung tua vdo khung cua, mit khdng rdi Gidng Van-gidng. Gidng Van-gidng ti khuyu tay len thdnh giudng, bdn tay dd lay trdn, ngim Phang-tin ndm ddi khdng nhue nhieh. Ong ngdi nhu thi, mdi miit, yen ldng, rd rdng ching nghi din diiu gi tren ddi ndy niia. Trong net mdt vd ddng dieu dng cho thay mdt ndi thuong xdt khdn td. Ma mdng mdt luc ldu, dng mdi cui ghe lai gin va thi thim ben tai Phdng-tin. Ong ndi gi vdi chi ? Ngudi ddn dng bi rudng bd ay ed the ndi gi vdi ngudi dan bd da chit ? Nhung ldi ay Id ldi gi vdy ? Ching ai trdn thi gian ndy nghe dugc. Ki dd chit cd nghe thay khdng ? Cd nhiing do tudng cam dgng, cd thi la nhiing su thue cao ca. Diiu md chang ai nghi ngd Id bd xa Xem-pli-xa, ngudi ddc nhat chiing kiin canh ay, thudng ki lai rang luc Gidng Van-gidng thi thim ben tai Phdng-tin bd trdng thay rd rang mdt nu cudi khdng sao td dugc hien tren ddi mdi nhgt nhat va ttong ddi mit xa xdm, day ngd ngdng cua chi khi di vdo cdi chit. Gidng Van-gidng lay hai tay ndng diu Phdng-tin l§n, ddt ngay ngin giiia gdi nhu.mdt ngudi me siia sang cho eon. Ong thit lai ddy nit ed do chi, ven ggn md tde vdo trong chiec mu vai. Roi dng vudt mit cho chj. Luc ay guong mat Phdng-tin nhu sdng rd len mdt cdch la thudng. Chit tiic la di vdo biu dnh sdng vl dai. Ban tay Phdng-tin budng thdng ngodi giudng. Gidng Van-gidng quy xudng trudc ban tay ay, nhe nhdng nang len vd dat vdo day mdt nu hdn. Roi dng diing day, quay vi phia Gia-ve vd ndi: - Gid thi tdi thugc vi anh. {Nhang ngudi khdn khd, theo bdn dieh cda nhdm LE QUY DON, NXB van hoa, Ha Ndi, 1958) 79

HUlorNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Phdn tieh nghe thudt ddi lap hai nhdn vdt Gidng Van-gidng vd Gia-ve qua ddi thoai, qua hanh ddng. Neu y nghia cua bien phdp ndy. 2. Phdn tich nhiing hinh anh so sdnh vd an du : - 6 Gia-ve, tdc gia da su dung mdt loat ehi tiet nhim quy chiiu ve mdt in dy. An du ma Huy-gd nham ggi len ttr hinh dnh Gia-ve Id gi ? - 6 Gidng Van-gidng, ta khdng tim thay mdt he thdng hinh anh so sdnh quy vi an du nhu d Gia-ve. Tuy nhien, qua diin bien tinh tiet din tdi d o ^ kit, nhiing ehi tiet vi Gidng Van-giang ed thi quy chieu vi hinh dnh cua ai ? (Cdn cii vao doan van gdm nhiing eau hdi; ddan ndi vi canh tugng ma \"bd xa Xem-pli-xa, ngudi ddc nhat chiing kien''; cdu vdn mieu ta guong mat Phdng-tin kem theo ldi binh ludn ciia tdc gid.) 3. Doan vdn ttr cdu \"Ong ndi gi vdi chi ?\" din cdu \"cd the Id nhiing su thuc cao ca\" Id phdt ngdn cua ai ? Thudt ngir vdn-bgc dung de ehi ten loai ngdn ngii nay ? O ddy, ttong cau chuyen ke, nd cd tdc diing nhu the ndo ? 4. Qua doan trich, hdy neu nhiing dau hieu eua nghe thuat ldng man chu nghia. , GHI NHO . Qua mdt cau chuyen day kjch tinh vdi nhung hinh tugng tuang phdn, Huy-gd mudn giii tdi ban dgc mdt thdng diep : Trong hoan canh bat cdng vd tuydt vgng, con ngudi chan chinh vdn cd the bang anh sang eiia tinh thuang ddy lui bdng tdi ciia cudng quyen vd nhen nhdm niem tin vao tuang lai. LUYEN TAP 1. Phdn tieh nghe thuat khac boa nhdn vat Phdng-tin : Trong tinh thi tuy$t vgng, ngdn ngii vd hanh ddng cua Phdng-tin cd gi chiing td mdt siic m^inh khdc thudng vd siic manh ay Id gi ? 2. Vai trd cua Phdng-tin trong dien biin cdt truyen ? 3. Su phdn tuyin nhdn vdt d day ed net gi gin gui vdi he thdng nhdn vat cda vdn hgc ddn gian ? 80

LUYEN TAP THAO TAC UkP LUAN B I N H L U A N K^TQUACANOAT- • Cung cd vung chic hon nhdng h i i u biet v i thao tdc lap ludn binh ludn. • Viit dugc mdt vdi doan vdn binh ludn (hode mgt van ban binh ludn ngin) v i mdt chu d i gin gCJi vdi cudc sdng vd suy nghi eua hgc sinh. 1. Anh (chi) dugc giao viit mdt bdi vdn binh lu$n de tham gia diin dan do Dodn Thanh nien nhd trudng td chuc vdi di tai : \"Ldi dn tiing ndi cua mdt hgc sinh van minh, thanh lich\". a) Hdy xdc dinh rd : - Vi sao bdi vdn anh (chi) viit de tham gia diin dan nen la mdt bdi binh lu$n ? - Anh (ehi) dinh chgn van di cu thi ndo cho bdi Viit cua minh: ban ve todn bd hay chi di vdo mdt khia canh eua di tdi dd (vi dy: chdng ndi tyc; \"lua ldi ma ndi cho vira long nhau\" ; biit ndi \"cdm on\" vd \"xin ldi\" ; dung cdch ndi nha nhdn ma khdng ldm mat di su chdn thdnh ; v.v...) ? - Bdi vdn ay nen viit theo dan y nhu the ndo ? b) Hdy diin dat mdt ludn diim trong phin thdn bai cua ddn y viia ldp theo trinh tu sau ddy: - Xdy dung tiin trinh lap ludn. \"Anh (chi) ed dinh binh ludn theo dung cdc budc dd dugc neu ttong bai Thao tdc lap ludn,binh ludn khdng ? Niu ed, anh (chi) phai: + Gidi thieu khia canh cin binh ludn cua hien tugng (vaii di) thi ndo cho vua trung thuc, rd rdng, viia sinh ddng, hip din. + Diim lai nhiing y kiin dd ndi (viit) vi khia c^mh ay bing cdch ndo ? (Chgn nhiirtg y kiin ndo di ndi dung vin diy du, 1^ khdng lan man ? Ndu hit cdc y kiin rdi mdi nhan xdt hay neu y kien ndo thi kit hgp nhdn xdt, ddnh gia ludn y kien dd ?) -I- Niu vd bdo ve quan diim cua minh nhu thi nao de dat dugc cdc ydu ciu : chdt che, sic sdo, cd sue thuyet phuc manh me ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe) ? 6.NGCfVAN H/2-A 81

-t- Chgn phuang hudng hdo di ban rdng vd sdu thdm vi ndi dung binh ludn ? (Neu cdch giai quyet, md rdng Unh vuc binh ludn, lien he vdi thuc ti,...) - Tim each diin dat : Anh (chi) se hdnh vdn nhu thi ndo di the hien dugc nhiet tinh thuyet phuc ? - Kiem tra can than van ban viit di sua chua, bd sung nhung chd cin thiet. e) De cdng viec luyen tap dat kit qua tdt, anh (chi) nen tham khao nhiing doan ttich ed chu di tuong ttr, chang ban : {...] M0t bd lao chdng gay qua dudng giua ddng xe c0 tdp nap. Mdt em hgc trd phia bin kia dudng nhin thdy, nhdn ra su nguy hiem ddi.vdi bd lao liin v0i chgy tdi: \"Bd ai, bd dua tay chdu ddt bd qua\". Bd Ido mdm mem nd m0t nu cudi thdn thiin : \"Cdm an chdu I Chdu that ngoan!\" [...] M0t ngudi dn xin khdn khd, ddi rdch, van b0 do qudn den nhudc, chdn tay run len vi con ddi hdnh hg. Ngudi hdnh khdt budc chdn vdo m0t qudn cd phi, ngd ndn xin tiin, mong dugc bd thi vdi trdm bgc le di mua chiic bdnh mi. Khdch udng cd phi vdn thdn nhiin rit thudc, dnh mdt Ignh lung vd cdm. Ong Ido hdnh khdt din bin ngudi bdn ve sd dang giao ve cho khdch, vd Igi chia chiic ndn ra. Ngudi bdn ve sd vui tay vdo tui qudn, ldi ra mdy td bgc nhau ndt bi vo trdn, lay ra m0t td, vudt phdng vd bd vdo ndn cua dng Ido. Ong gid cdm d0ng run run, dng khdng ndi cdm an md cui mdi ddu xudng, dnh mdt 10 ra m0t su biit on vd cung. Thi ra, dng gid dy bi cdm. Trong CU0C sdng cd biit bao nhiiu su cdm an cd ldi vd khdng ldi nhu thi. Vdi nhiing ngudi cd vdn hod, \"cdm on\" Id ldi ndi dugc su dung hdng ngdy, nhiing ldi ludn dugc cdt len bdng tdt cd thdi d0 lich su vd tinh cdm chdn4huc nhdt. Nhung tiic rdng, vdn cdn khdng it thanh niin chua nghi nhu vdy. Hg coi cdm an chi Id nhiing ldi khdch sdo, vi thi, chdng cdn phdi ndi ra. Hinh nhu nhdng bgn dy vdn nghl m0t cdch gidn dan rdng ndi ldi cdm an hay ldm nhiing cu chi biiu 10 su biit on Id \"ve chuyin\", chi ldm mdt di su thdn tinh vd tdng thim xa cdch md thdi. Thi nhung cu0c sdng hiin dgi vd yiu cdu vi quy tdc giao tiip gida ngudi vdi ngudi ddi hdi chung ta phdi tap ldm quen vdi ldi \"ldm an\" vd sau dd Id \"cdm on\" That hgnh phuc khi ta ldm dugc m0t viic cd y nghia, m0t diiu tdt dem lai niim vui, hgnh phuc cho ngudi khdc, keo mgi ngudi Igi gdn nhau hon. Vd cung si hgnh phiic khdng kem khi chung ta thdy minh dd khdng ddng dung, bgc beo vi dd biit tri dn ngudi gidp dd minh bdng nhdng ldi ndi xudt phdt tu ddy ldng, chdn thdnh, lich thiep: \"Cdm an\" (Theo bai vidt tham gia didn dan Dem mgi ngudi din gdn nhau han, bdo dien td Thanhnienonline, ngay 11 - 11 - 2006) 8 2 6.NGL(VAN n/2-B

2. Anh (ehi) cin tiep tuc luydn viet mdt sd doan vdn binh ludn de : a) Trinh bdy mdt ludn diim trong ddn y md anh (ehi) vua xay dung tten ldp. b) Bdn vi mdt hien tucmg (van di) dang dugc xd hdi quan tdm (nhu: ve smh an todn thuc phim, bao ve mdi ttudng, phdng chdng thien tai,...). c) Ban vi mdt van di vdn bgc (nhu : tu tudng nhdn dao sdu sic, mdi me eua Nam Cao qua truyen ngin ChiPheo; su cdng hudng rdng rai vd ldu bin trong tdm hdn cdc thi he ban dgc ddi vdi bdi tha Ddy thdn ViDg eua Hdn Mae Tu;...). a ooc TH£M •\" Tdi khdng thi cdm long khi chiing kiin cdnh nhung bd me, nhiing dng bd, nhiing ngudi dng, ngudi bd,... dang ngdy dim gao khdc tgi bdn Chdm Ldm, Lgng Khi, tinh Nghi An dugc truyin hinh cap nhdt hdng ngdy '^l Chdng ta khdng thi khdng rung minh khi biit cd tinh Nghi An hiin cd 114 bin dd nhu Chdm Ldm, nhiing bin dd ludn ttim dn nhiing thdm hog nhu vg ddm dd ngdy 7 - 10 - 2006. Cd nudc ta chdc chdn cd tdi hdng vgn bin dd md hdng ngdy cdc em hgc sinh nhd tudi phdi qua vi sdm tdi. Bao gid thi cdc em khdng cdn phdi chen chuc trong nhiing chuyin dd dinh minh nhu con dd d bdn Chdm Ldm ? Bao gid cdc em cd nhiing chiic cdu dicdc em cd thi tung tdng cdp sdch din trudng ? Trudc khi Nhd nudc cdn ddi dugc ngdn sdch, trudc khi hgn chi dugc nhiing cdng trinh tiin ti vd ich vd qudc ngn rut ru0t cdc cdng trinh ddu tu, chung ta hdy quan tdm tdi m0t viic (theo chdng tdi Id trong tdm tay ciia nhiiu gia dinh, nhd trudng, cua cdc cdp ngdnh Gido due, ciia nhdng nhd hdo tdm,...) : Hdy ddu tu, quyin gdp vd mua sdm, trang bi cho mdi em nhd hdng ngdy phdi qua sdng bdng dd m0t chiic do phao, gid thi trudng hiin nay tic 30 000 din 40 000 ddng. Niu cd nhiing chiic do phao ndy thi tdi tin 19 em nhd d Chdm Ldm vua qua chdc chdn khdng bi chit thdm. Hdy trang bi do phao cho cdc chdu chiing ndo cdc chdu cdn chua dugc qua sdng bdng cdu. Viic ldm thiit thuc ndy, theo chdng tdi, ngdnh Gido due nin chu tri triin khai theo m0t chi dinh bdt buoc. Nhiing noi ndo cdc em qud ngheo thi Nhd nudc, cdc nhd hdo tdm hdy xdn tay vdo gidp dd I {Theo Pham Viet Dao, Ao phao - chuyin khdng nhd, hao Lao dgng, ngay 12 - 10 - 2006) (1) Ngay 7 - 10 - 2006 da xAy ra thdm hoa ddm dd d bdn Chdm Ldm, 3ca Lang Khe, huyen Con Cudng, tinh Ngh$ An, lam chet 19 em hpe sinh nhd (thudc 16 gia dinh) dang trdn dudng tdi tnrdng hpe. 83

VE LUAN LI XA HOI O NUOC T A PHAN CHAU TRINH (Trich Dgo due vd ludn li Dong Tdy) Kfr QUA CAN OAT - • Cam nhan dugc tinh than yeu nudc, tu tudng tien bg eua Phan Chdu Trinh khi keu ggi gdy dung nen luan If xa hdi d nude ta. • Hieu dugc nghd thudt viit van chinh luan. Cd y niem ve phong cdch chfnh ludn cua mdt tdc gia cu the. TIEU D A N Phan Chau Trinh (1872 -1926), tu Tu Can, hieu Tay Hd, bi$t hidu Hi Ma, que d lang Tay Ldc, huydnTidn Phude, phu Tam Ki (nay la thdn Tay Hd, xa Tam Ldc, huydn Phu Ninh, tinh Quang Nam). Ong dd Phd bdng nam Tan Suu (1901), lam quan mdt thdi gian ngdn rdi tir quan, di lam each mang. Phan Chau Trinh chu truong cuu nudebang each Ipi dyng thuc dan Phap, cdi each ddi mdi mpi mat (duy tan), lam cho dan giau, nudc manh, tren eo sd dd tao nen dpc l^p qudc gia. Tuy con dudng ay cd phan do tudng nhung nhiet huyet ciiu nudc cua Phan Chau Trinh rat dang kham phuc. Nam 1908, dng bi bat day di Cdn Dao. Ba nam sau, khi dupe tra tu do, Phan Chau Trinh xin sang Phap tim each thiic ddy cai each ehinh tri d Ddng Duong nhung cdng vi?c khdng thanh. Nam 1925, dng ve sat Gdn, diin thuyet dupe vai lan, sau dd dm n^ng rdi mat. Dam tang Phan Chau Trinh trd thanh mdt phong trao van ddng ai qudc rpng khdp ca nudc. Phan Chau Trinh ludn'cd y thiic dung van chuong de lam each mang. Nhiing ang van ehinh lu$n cua dng dam tinh chat hung bien, lap luan chat che, danh thep ; nhiing bai tho cua dng dat dao cdm xuc ve dat nudc, ddng bao; tat cd deu tham nhudn tu tudng yeu nude va tinh than dan chu. Phan Chau Trinh Cac tac pham chinh : Ddu Phdp chinh phu thu (1906), Tinh qudc hdn ca'I, II (1907,1922), Tdy Ho thi tap (1904 -^ 1914), Xdng-ti thi tdp (1914 - 1915), Giai nhdn ki ngd diin ca (1915), Thdt diiu trdn (1922), Qudn tri chu. nghia vd Ddn tri chu nghia (1925), D^o due vd ludn li Ddng Tdy (1925),... Vi ludn li xd hdi d nudc ta la mdt d o ^ trich trong phan ba cua bai Dgo ddc vd ludn li Ddng Tdy (gdm nam phan ehinh, kd cd nhap de va ket luan), dupe Phan Chau Trinh didn thuyet vao ddm 19 - 11 - 1925 tai nha Hdi Thanh nidn d Sai Gdn (nay la Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh). Tdn bai ciing nhu cac sd thii tu trong doan trich do ngudi bidn soan dat. 84

VAN BAN 1. Xa hdi luan U thdt trong nudc ta tuyet nhien khdng ai biit den, so vdi qudc gia luan li thi ngudi minh cdn ddt ndt hon nhieu'^'. Mdt tiing be ban khdng thi thay cho xd hdi luan U dugc, cho nen khdng cin eat nghia ldm gi^^'. Tuy trong sdch Nho cd cdu : \"Sua nhd tti nudc rdi mdi yen thien ha\". Hai chii thiin hg dd tiic la xd hdi. Ngdy nay nhiing ke hgc ra ldm quan cung vd ve nhie den hai chii dd nhimg chi ldm trd cudi cho ke thiie gia'^' day thdi. Cai ehu y binh thien ha mat di dd ttr ldu rdi'^'. 2. Cdi xd hdi ehu nghia'^^ ben Au chau rat thinh hdnh nhu the, dd phdng dai^^' ra nhu thi, thi md ngudi ben ta thi diim nhien nhu ke ngu khdng biet gi Id ^ . ITiuong bai thay! Ngirdi nirdc ta khdng hieu cdi nghia vu lodi ngirdi dn d vdi lodi ngudi da ddnh, din cdi nghia vu mdi ngudi ttong nudc ciing chua hiiu gi cd. Ben Phdp, mdi khi ngudi cd quyin the, hoac ehinh phd, liy siic manh md de nen quyin Igi rieng cua mdt ngudi hay cua mgt hdi ndo, thi ngtrdi ta bode keu ndi, bode chdng cu, hoac thi oai'^', vdn dung ki cho din dugc cdng binh mdi nghe. (1) Thed Phan Chau Trinh, luan li phuong Tay da phat tridn qua ba giai doan, tii gia dinh, ldn qudc gia, ddn xa hdi. Trong thdi Trung ed, luan li mdi ehi la luan li gia dinh, gia dinh nao bidt gia dinh ndy; khi cae qudc gia hinh thanh (khodng thd ki XVI) thi ed luan li qudc gia, qudc gia nao lo cdng ed, phat tridn qudc gia ndy; chi sau Chidn tranh thd gidi ldn thu nhat, cai tu tudng ve luan li xa hdi mdi thuc su dupe dd xudng va xay dimg. Luan li xa hdi tiic la luan li cda chu nghia xa hdi, coi trpng su binh ddng cda con ngudi, khdng chi quan tam den timg gia dinh, qudc gia ma cdn ddn cd thd gidi. Cdng theo Phan Chau Trinh, trong xa hdi Viet Nam thdi dd, cd luan li gia dinh ldn luan li qudc gia (ma phan cdt ldi Id y thiic nghia vu ddi vdi qudc gia) ddu da tidu vong. Day la nguyen nhan ehinh ddn ddn tinh trang mat nudc. Rieng ve luan 11 xa hdi la thii luan li dang dupe cd vii d cae nude phuong Tay thi ngudi dan ta chua cd y niem gi. {Luu y: Tiic gid da dung khai niem theo cu phap cda Han ngii; d day, xd hgi ludn li hay qudc gia ludn li chinh la ludn li xd hdi, ludn li qudc gia theo each ndi quen thudc hi$n nay.) (2) Y cd eau : khdng thd hidu dom gidn rdng luan li xa hdi chdng qua chi la tinh cdm baui be giiia ngudi nay vdi ngudi khac. (3) Thuc gid: ngudi cd kidn thiic, hpe van sau rdng. (4) Y cd doan : tu tudng \"binh thien h?\" cda Khdng - Manh ed diem tuong ddng vdi tu tudng vd each mang thd gidi, vd vifie xay dung ndn luan If xa hdi dang dupe cd vil d eae nude phuong Tay hidn thdi, tuy vay, khdng may kd thudng quen mdm ndi ddn ba chir binh thiin hd hieu dupe dung bdn chat cua van de, t? hon, cd khi xuyen tac nguyen li cua Khdng - Manh. (5) Xd hdi chd nghia: tiic chd nghia xd hdi, ndi theo cu phap Han ngii. Phan Chau Trinh hidu khai ni$m nay khdng hodn toan gidng chdng ta ngay nay. (6) Phdng ddi: phat trien rdng (nghia trong van cdnh). (7) Thi oai: phd bay siic m?inh. 85

Vi sao md ngudi ta lam dugc nhu thi ? Ld vi ngudi ta cd dodn the, cd cdng diic'^' biet giii Igi chung vdy. Hg nghl ring neu nay di cho ngudi cd quyin luc de nen ngirdi ndy thi mai it cung lay quyin luc ay di de nin minh, cho nen phai hiep nhau lai phdng ngtra trudc. Ngudi ta cd dn bgc biet xdt kl thiy xa nhu thi, cdn ngudi nude minh thi sao ? Ngudi minh thi phdi ai tai niy'^', ai chet mac ai! Di dudng gap ngudi bi tai nan, gap ngudi yiu bi ke manh bit nat cung nga mit di qua, hinh nhu ngudi bi nan khdn^^^ ay khdng can thiep^*' gi din minh. Da biit sdng thi phai benh vuc nhau, dng cha minh ngdy xua cdng dd hiiu din. Cho nen mdi ed cdu : \"Khdng ai be dua ca nim\" va \"Nhiiu tay ldm ndn bdp^^'\". Thi thi dan tde Viet Nam ndy hdi cd so cung biit dodn thi, biit cdng ich^^', cdng gdp gid ldm bdo, glum cdy lam rung, khdng din ndi tta trgi, la Ido, sg set, u li nhu ngdy nay. Ddn khdng biet dodn thi, khdng ttgng cdng ich la bdi ba bdn ttdm nam ttd vi ddy, bgn bgc ttd trong nude mac^^' ham quyin tude, ham ba vinh hoa eua cdc triiu vua md sinh ra gia ddi ninh hdt, chi biit ed vua md ching biit cd dan. Bgn iy mudn giu tui tham minh dugc day mdi, dia vl cda minh dugc viing mdi, ben kiim cdch thiit'^' phdp ludt, phd tan tdnh dodn thi cda qudc dan. Ddu trdi ndi, diu cue khd thi nao mdc long, miin Id ed ke mang dai ddi mu'^' ngat ngudng ngdi ttdn, ed ke do rdng khan denf^*\" luc nhue lay dudi, ttdm nghin ndm nhu thi cdng xong! Dan khdn md chi! Ddn ngu md chi! Dan Igi md chi! Ddn hai md chi! Ddn cdng nd Id, ngdi vua cdng ldu ddi, bgn quan lai cdng phu quy! Ching nhiing thi ma thdi, \"mdt ngudi ldm quan mdt nhd ed phudc\", diu tham, dau nhung^ii^ diu va vet, diu rut tia cua ddn thi ndo cung khdng ai phim binh; diu lay Ida cua ddn mua vudn sim rudng, xdy nhd lam cua cung khdng ai che bai. (1) Cdng ddc: f thdc sdn sang lam vi?c chung, sdn sang giup do ldn nhau va tdn trpng quydn Ipi cua ngudi khac (nghia trong van canh). (2) Phdi ai tai ndy {tai: tai hoa) : ai bi tai hoa thi ngirdi dd chiu. (3) Khdn: khd sd. (4) Can thiep: ean h$, lifin quan. (5) Bdp: tidng vd to. (6) Cdng ich: vide Ipi chung. (7) Mdc: ban. (8) Thiet: lam ra, dimg n6n. (9) Ke mang dai ddi mu: chi chung vua quan ngdi d ngdi cao. (10) ATe do rdng khdn den: chi chung quan lai thupc ngach dudi. (11) Nhiing: quay rdi. 86

Ngudi ngodi thi khen die thcA^^\\ ngudi nhd thi dua hoi quan, khiin nhiing ke ham mdi phu quy khdng dua chen vdo ddm quan trudng sao dugc. Quan lai ddi xua ddi nay cua ta Id the day! Ludn U cua bgn thugng luu -tdi khdng ggi bgn ay la thuong lim, tdi ehi mugn hai chti thugng luu ndi cho anh em di hiiu md thdi - d nude ta Idtiiidiy! Ngdy xua thi bgn ay Id bgn Nho hgc da dd dugc cdi bdng eii nhdn, tieh si, ngdy nay thi bgn ay Id bgn Tdy hgc dd dugc cdi chiic ki luc'^) thdng ngdn(^'; cd khi bdi bip dua vdo than thi eua ehu cung ra ldm quan nda. Nhiing bgn quan lai dd ndi d tten nay chi cdn mdt tiing chi dung hon la lu dn cudp cd giay phep vay. Nhiing ki d vudn thay quan sang, quan quyin cung ben mui lam quan.. Nao lo cho quan, ndo Idt cho lai^^', ndo chay ngugc ndo chay xudi, dau cd'^' rudng dau bdn ttdu cung vui ldng, ehi cin dugc lay mdt chiie xa trudng hoac cai tdng, ddng ngdi tren, ddng dn trudc, ddng hdng hdch thi mdi thdi. Nhiing ke nhu thi md vdn khdng ai khen che, khdng ai khinh bi, that cung la thay! Thuong di! Ldng cd mdt tram dan md ngudi nay ddi vdi ke kia diu ngd theo sue manh, khdng cd mdt chut ^ ggi Id dao dire Id ludn U ea. Dd la ndi ngudi trong mdt ldng ddi vdi nhau, chl'^' nhu ddi vdi ddn kieu cu ki ngu^^' thi lai cdng ha khic hgn niia. Oi! Mgt dan tde nhu thi thi tu tudng cdch mang nay nd ttong dc chung ldm sao dugc! Xa hdi ehu nghia trong nude Viet Nam ta khdng ed la •cung vi thi. , 3. Nay mudn mdt ngdy kia nudc Viet Nam dugc tu do ddc lap thi ttudc hit ddn Viet Nam phdi ed doan the dd. Md mudn cd dodn the thi cd chi hay hon Id truyin bd xd hdi ehu nghia trong ddn Vidt Nam ndy. ,.,. - (Theo NGUYfiN VAN DUONG (bien soan), Tuyin tap Phan Chdu Trinh, NXB Da Ndng - Trung tam nghien ciiu Qudc hpe, 1995) (1) Ddc thdi: dupe thdi. (2) Ki luc: vidn chiic phu trach gidy td, sd sach d eae cdng sd. (3) ThCr.s ngdn: ngudi lam vide phifin dieh. (4) Lai: ehiic hd trp cdng vide noi eiia quan. (5) Cd: giao tai sdn cho ngudi khac giii de vay tien ; den han neu khdng tra dupe thi tai sdu cua minh se thudc v^ ngudi cho vay. (6)CW:den. (7) Ddn kiiu cu ki ngu: dan noi khac ddn d nhd. 87

HUdNGDANHOCBAl 1. Cau true doan trich gdm ba phin. Hdy neu y ehinh eua tung phin vd xdc lap mdi Udn h$ giiia chdng. Chu di tu tudng cua doan trich Id ^ ? 2. Trong phin 1 cda dogn trich, tdc gid dd chgn cdch vdo di nhu the nao de tidnh su hiiu lam cua ngudi nghe vi khdi niem ludn li xd h0i ? 3. Trong phin 2,6 hai doan diu, tdc gia da so sdnh \"bdn Au chdu\", \"ben Phdp\" vdi \"ben ta\"ve diiu ^ ? 4. 6 cac d o ^ sau cda phin 2, tde gid chi ra nguyen nhdn cua tinh trang \"ddn khdng biet dodn thi, khdng trgng cdng leh\" Id gi ? Tdc gia dd dd kich che do vua quan chuydn chd ra sao ? 5. N h ^ xet ve cdch kit hgp yeu td biiu cam vdi yiu td nghl l u ^ trong doan trich. ,: GHI NHO . Doan trfch VS luin lixS hgi a nudc ta toat Idn dung khf ciia mdt ngudi ydu nudc : vach trin thuc trang den tdi cda xa hdi, d i cao tu tudng doan t h i vi su t i i n bd, hudng v l mdt ngdy mai tuai sang ciia ddt nudc. Qua dd, cung thiy dugc mgt phong each chfnh ludn dgc ddo : luc tu tdn, m i m mdng, liic kien quyet, danh thdp ; luc mgnh me, luc nhe nKang md d i y sue thuyit phuc. LUYiN TAP 1. Dgc lai Tidu ddn va hinh dung hodn cdnh sdng tdc, tdm trang cua tdc gia khi viit doan trich. 2. Cd the cdm nhan dugc ^ ve tim ldng cda Phan Chdu Trinh cung nhu tam nhin cua dng qua doan trich nay ? 3*. Chu truong gdy dung nen ludn U xd hdi d Viet Nam ,cua Phan Chau Trinh den nay cdn cd y nghia thdi sir khdng ? Tgi sao ? 88

cDOCTHEM, T I E N G M E OE - • NGUYEN AN NINH NGUON GIAI PHONG CAC DAN Tdc Bi AP BUC TIEU BAN Nguyin An Ninh (1900 - 1943) la mpt nha bao, mdt nha van va trudc hdt la mpt nha yeu nudc tidn bd ndi tidng dau the ki XX. Ong sinh d qud me - xa Long Thupng, huyfin Can Giude, tinh Chp Ldn (nay thudc tinh Long An) va ldn len d que cha - xa Mi Hoa, huyfin Hdc Mdn, tinh Gia Dinh (nay thudc Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh). Than phu dng la nha tho y6u nudc Nguydn An Khuong. Nguydn An Ninh la mdt tri thuc cd hpe van cao rdng, timg hpe dai hpe trong nudc rdi sang Phap hpe oDai hpe Xode-bon (Pa-ri), dd Cd nhan Luat nam 1920. Ong timg tim hidu nhidu nudc chau Au va cd mdi hdn he mat thiet vdi eae nha yeu nudc ndi tieng nhu Phan Chau Trinh, Phan Van Trudng, Nguydn Ai Qudc. Trong sudt eude ddi hoat ddng cua minh, dng timg bi thue dan nhiiu ldn khung bd, bdt bd, tii day, hanh ha va cudi cung da mat tai Cdn Ddo hai nam trudc ngay Cach mang thang Tam thanh cdng. Tu mdt nha tri thiic Tay hpe yeu nudc, dng da ddn dan ehuyen bidn vi ehinh kien, den vdi tu tudng mac xit va nhiing ngudi cpng san. Su nghidp va tdn tudi cda dng gdn liin vdi nhiing budi diin thuydt sdi ddng va nhiing bai bao ndi tieng da mdt thdi tiing cudn hut thanh nien va du luan trong nude. Ong tung lam chu but td bao yeu nudc tien bp Tieng chudng re, dng dieh Khi udc xd hdi cda Ru-xd va soan vd tudng Hai Bd Trung. Ong manh dan len an ehinh sach bdc Idt va ngu dan cua thyc dan Phap. La mdt tri thiie tan tidn, dng phe phan manh me dao Khdng va di cao tinh than hpe hdi van hoa chau Au dd xay dung mdt nin van hoa dac sde rifing eua nudc nha. Van phong cua dng khue chidt, trong sang, viia cd dp sau vi tu duy van hoa viia tran day nhiet huyet cua mpt ngudi yeu niide gan gui vdiddi sdng va ngudi lao dpng. Tieng me de - nguon gidi phdng cdc ddn tdc bi dp bdc \\a bai chinh luan xuat sdc cua Nguyin An Ninh vdi but danh Nguyin Tinh dang trfin bao Tiing chudng re nam 1925. VAN BAN Nhiiii ngtrdi An Nam thich bap be nam ba tieng Tdy'^' hon Id diin ta y tirdng cho mach lac bang tiing nudc minh. Hinh nhu ddi vdi hg, viec su dung Phdp ngii la mdt dau hieu thudc giai cap quy tde, cung nhu su dung nudc sudi Pe-ri-e (Perrier)(2) vd rugu khai vi biiu trung cho nin vdn minh chdu Au. Nhiiu ngudi An Nam hi Tdy hod'^' hien nay tudng rang khi cdp nhdt nhiing cdi tini thudng cda phong hod chau Auhg se lam cho ddng bdo cua minh tin la hg dd dugc ddo tao theo kieu Tay phuong. (!) Tiing Tdy: chi tidng Phap. (2) Pe-ri-i (Perrier): ten eua mpt hang sdn xuat nude gidi khat hdi bay gid.' (3) Tdy hod: y ndi hpe ddi lam theo Tay cho ra ngudi Tay (Phap). 89

Thdi do mu tit vi vdn hod chdu Au nhu thi khdng ndn ldm chiing ta ngac nhien. Vi ehi cd nhiing ngudi dd hiiu biet viing mdt nin vdn hod rdi mdi cd kha ndng thudng thiie mdt nin vdn hod ngoai bang. Nhiing kiiu kiin tnie vd ttang tri lai cdng cua nhiing ngdi nhd thudc vi nhiing ngudi An Neim dugc bun due theo cdi md nhung ngudi d Ddng Duong ggi la vdn minh Phdp, chiing td rang nhiing ngudi An Nam bi Tdy hod chang ed dugc mdt thii vdn minh ndo. Viec ttr bd vdn hod cha dng vd tiing me de phdi ldm cho mgi ngtrdi An Nam tha thiit vdi gidng ndi lo ling. Tiing ndi Id ngudi bdo ve quy bdu nhat nin ddc lap eua eae ddn tdc, la yeu td quan ttgng nhat giup giai phdng cdc ddn tdc bi thdng tri. Niu ngirdi An Nam hdnh dien giu gin tiing ndi cua minh va ra siic ldm cho tiing ndi ay phong phu bon di cd kha ndng phd biin tai An Nam cdc hgc thuyet dao diic vd khoa hgc eua chdu Au, viec gidi phdng dan tdc An Nam chi cdn Id van d i thdi gian. Bat eii ngudi An Nam ndo viit be tiing ndi cua minh, thi cung duong nhien khudc ttr niim hi vgng ^di phdng gidng ndi. [...] Vi thi, ddi vdi ngirdi An Nam chung ta, chdi tii tieng me de ddng nghia vdi tii chdi su tu do cua minh... [...] Nhiiu ddng bdo chung ta, di bien minh viec tu bd tiing me de, dd than phiin rang tiing nudc minh ngheo nan. Ldi ttdeh eii ndy khdng cd ca sd ndo ea. Hg ehi biit nhiing ttr thdng dung cua ngdn ngii va cdn nghdo nhiing tu An Nam hon bat cii ngudi phu nii vd ndng ddn An Nam nao. Ngdn ngii cua Nguyin Du ngheo hay gidu ?- Vi sao ngudi An Nam cd the dich nhiing tdc pham cua Trung Qudc sang nudc minh, md lai khdng thi viit nhiing tde pham tuong tu ? Phai quy ldi cho su ngheo nan cua ngdn ngii hay su bat tdi cua con ngudi ? 6 An Nam ciing nhu mgi noi khdc, diu cd the ung diing nguydn tie nay: \"Diiu ^ ngudi ta suy nghl ki se diin dat rd rdng, vd di ddng tim thay nhiing tu di ndi ra\". [...] Chiing ta khdng the ttdnh ne chdu Au, vai ttd hudng dgo eua gidi tri thiic chiing ta budc hg phdi biit it nhit la mdt ngdn ngu chdu Au de hiiu dugc chau Au. Nhung nhiing kien thiic thu thap dugc, hg khdng dugc giii rieng cho minh. Ddng bdo cua hg ciing phii dugc thdng phin niia. Tuy nhien, su cin thiet phai biet mdt ngdn ngii chau Au hoan loan khdng keo theo chuyen ttr bd tiing me de. Ngtrgc Igi, thii tiing nudc ngodi md minh bgc dugc phdi lam gidu cho ngdn ngir nudc minh. [...] (Theo Vdn hgc Viet Nam thiki XX- Vdn nghi ludn ddu thiki, Quyen nam, tap 1, NXB Van hpe. Ha Npi, 2003) 90

HUDNG DAN DOC THEM 1. Nguyin An Ninh phe phdn nhiing hdnh vi nao eua thdi hgc ddi \"Tdy hod\" ? 2. Theo tde gia, tieng ndi cd tim quan trgng nhu the ndo ddi- vdi van menh eua ddn tdc ? 3. Cdn cu vdo ddu, tdc gid nhdn dinh tieng \"nudc minh\" khdng ngheo ndn ? 4. Tdc gid quan niem nhu thi ndo ve mdi quan he giiia ngdn ngii nude ngodi vdi ngdn ngii \"nudc minh\" ? 5. Trong hodn cdnh nude nhd dang bi thue dan thdng tri thi cdu ndi sau ddy cua tdc gid cd hodn todn dung khdng: \"Niu ngudi An Nam hdnh dien giii gin tiing ndi cua minh vd ra siic ldm cho tiing ndi iy phong phu hon de ed kha ndng phd biin tgi An Nam cdc bgc thuyit dgo diic vd khoa hgc eua chdu Au, viec gidi phdng ddn tdc An Nam ehi cdn la vin de thdi gian\" ? 91

BACONG HIEN Vi OAI ANG-GHEN CUA CAC MAC cac Mac va Ang-ghen K^T QUA CAN OAT • Nhan thiic dugc nhirng ddng gdp quan trgng cda Mac ddi vdi lich sd nhdn loai. • Hieu dugc nghe thudt ldp luan cua Ang-ghen. • Biet on va biit trdn trgng nhung thdnh qua each mang md eae bdc tiin bdi da tao ra. ^ TI^U DAN Phri-drich Ang-ghen (1820 -1895) la nha tridt hpe ngudi Ddc, ban than thidt cua Mac va la nha hoat ddng cSch mang ndi tieng cua phong trao cdng nhan thd gidi va Qudc te cdng sdn. Di sdn li luan eua dng la mdt phan quan trpng trong li ludn cda chu nghia Mae. cae Mae (1818 -1883) la nha triet hoc va U lu|ui ehinh tri vi dai ngudi Due, lanh tu thidn tai cua giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng tren toan thd gidi. Hpe thuydt vi chu nghia cdng sdn khoa hpe cua Mac md dudng cho nhan loai budc vao ki nguydn xa hdi chu nghia va cdng sdn chd nghia. Ong da kd thua va sang tao mdt each xuat sdc nhiing dinh cao cda tu tudng thd ki XIX : triet hpe cd didn Diic, kinh te chinh tri cd didn Anh va chu nghia xa hdi khdng tudng Phap. Ong sang tao ehu nghia duy vat bien chiing va chu nghia duy vat lich sd, xay d\\mg hpe thuyet kinh td mac xit vd ehd nghia xa hdi khoa hpe,... Hpe thuydt cua dng Id vO khi li luan vd hanh ddng ciia giai cap cdng nhan trong cudc dau tranh chdng ach thdng tri tu sdn. van bdn Ba cdng hiin viddi cua Cdc Mdc \\a bai dieu van cua Ang-ghen dpc trudc md Mac, trong dd dng da danh gia cao cdng hien to ldn cda Mac va bidu Id linh cdm tide thuong cda nhiing ngudi cdng sdn trudc tdn thdt to ldn khdng bu ddp dupe nay. Tdn bai do ngudi bien sosm dat. 92

VAN BAN Chiiu ngdy 14 thdng ba, vdo luc ba gid kem mudi ldm phut, nhd tu tudng vi dgi nhat ttong sd nhung nhd tu tudng hi$n dgi dd ngtmg suy nghl. Di Mdc d Igi mdt minh ven v?n ehi cd hai phut, thimd khi ttd vao phdng, chung tdi da thay dng ngu thiip di thanh thdn tten chiic ghi bdnh -nhtmg la giac ngu nghin thu. Con ngudi dd ra di la mgt tdn that khdng sao ludng hit dugc ddi vdi giai cap vd san dang dau ttanh d chdu Au vd chdu MI, ddi vdi khoa hgc lich su. Rdi day, ngudi ta se cdm thay ndi trdng ving do su qua ddi cua bdc vl nhdn ay gdy ra. Gidng nhu Ddc-uyn^*' dd tim ra quy ludt phdt triin cda thi gidi hiiu ca, Mdc dd tim ra quy ludt phdt triin cua lich su: lodi ngudi: cdi su that don gian nhung dd bi tang ting ldp ldp cdc tu tudng phu kin cho din ngay nay, do Id con ngudi trudc hit cin phai cd cdi dn cdi udng, quin do vd chd d, rdi sau dd mdi ed thi ldm chinh tri, khoa hgc, nghe thugt, tdn gido v.v... ; vi vdy, viec sdn xuat ra nhiing tu lieu sinh hogt vat chat true tiip, va mdi giai doan phdt triin kinh t i nhat dinh cua mdt ddn tgc hay mdt thdi dgi tgo ra ca sd de ngirdi ta phdt triin cdc the che nhd nudc, cdc quan diim phdp quyen, nghe thugt va ca tdn gido niia, cho nen phai xuit phdt tii ca sd dd md gidi thich nhiing cdi kia, chii khdng phdi nguge Igi, nhu ttr tnrdc din nay ngudi ta dd ldm. Mp cua cac Mac t^i nghia trang Hai-ghdt d Luan Ddn (trudc khi xdy difng Ddi tudng niem ndm 1956) (1) Ddc-uyn (1809 -1882): nha t\\r nhien hpe va sinh vat hoc ngirdi Anh, tac gid cua cudn sach ndi tidng Vi ngudn gdc ciia cdc lodi trin con dudng chgn Igc tif nhien xuat bdn nam 1859 va la ngirdi sang l(ip hpe thuydt Dac-uyn vi tidn hoa. 93

Nhung khdng chi ed thi tl^i. Mdc cdng tim ra quy lugt van ddng rieng eua phuong thiie san xuat tu ban enu nghia hien nay vd cua xd hdi tu san do phuong thiic dd de ra. Vdi viec phdt hien ra gid tri thdng du'^' ttong Unh vuc ndy, lap tiic mdt dnh sdng dd xuat hien, trong khi mgi cdng trinh nghien ciiu trudc day cua cdc nha kinh te hgc tu san cung nhu cua cdc nhd phe binh xd hdi chu nghia diu md mdm trong bdng tdi. [...] Con ngudi khoa bgc Id nhu vdy dd. Nhung day hodn todn khdng phai la diiu ehu yiu d Mdc. Khoa hgc ddi vdi Mdc la mdt dgng luc Uch su, mdt luc lugng cdch mang. Mdi phdt kien mdi trong bit cu khoa hgc U ludn ndo, thdm chi ddi khi ngudi ta chua thiy ngay dugc viec ling dung nd vdo thue te, dd ed thi dem din cho Mac mgt niim vui thuc su, nhung niim vui eua dng cdn ldn hon niia khi phdt kiin dd nhanh chdng ed tdc ddng each mgng din cdng nghiep, den su phdt triin lich su ndi chung. [...] Bdi le trudc hit Mdc la mdt nhd cdch mgng. Bdng cdch ndy hay each khdc, tham gia vdo viec lat do xd hdi tu sdn vd cdc thiit chi nhd nudc do nd dung len, tham gia vdo su nghiep giai phdng giai cap vd sdn hien dgi md dng Id ngudi diu tien dem den cho giai cap ay y thiic vi dia vi va yeu ciu cua minh, y thiic vi diiu kien de ttr gidi phdng, dd that su la sii menh thiit than eua cudc ddi dng. Diu ttanh Id hdnh ddng tu nhien cua Mdc. Vd Mdc dd diu ttanh mdt cdch say sua, kien cudng vd ed kit qua, [... ] din den sir xuat hien Hdi Uen hiep cdng nhdn qudc te vi dgi [...], day chinh la su nghiep md ai xdy dung ndn diu lay lam tu hdo, thdm ehi du cho ngudi dd khdng lam gi them niia. Dd Id 11 do vi sao Mdc la ngudi bi cdm ghdt nhiiu nhat vd bi vu khdng nhiiu nhdt ttong thdi dgi dng. Cdc ehinh phu - ca chuyen chi ldn cdng hod - deu true xuat dng, bgn tu sdn - ca bao thu ldn dan ehu cue dodn - diu thi nhau vu khdng vd nguyin rua dng. Mae da ggt sang mdt ben tat cd nhiing thii dd, coi nhu cdi mgng nhen vudng chdn, chang them dim xia, va ehi ddp Igi khi thay hit siic cin thiit ma thdi. Vd dng da mat di, hdng trieu ngudi cdng su cdch mgng vdi dng d khip chdu Au vd chdu MI, tii nhiing ham md Xi-bia^^) ^g'^ tan Ca-li-phodc-ni-a'^^ da tdn kinh, yeu min vd khdc thuong dng, va tdi cd thi manh dgn ndi rang dng ed thi ed nhiiu ke ddi dich, nhung chua chac dd cd mdt ke thu rieng ndo cd. Ten tudi vd su nghiep eua dng ddi ddi sdng mdi! (Theo C. MAC VA PH. ANG-GHEN, Todn tap, tap 19, NXB Chinh tii Qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1995) (1) Gid tri thdng dw: gia tri do lao ddng sdng tao them ra ngoai gia tri siic lao ddng, la lao ddng khdng cdng eua ngudi cdng nhan lam thue. (2) Xi-bia (cdn dupe phien am la Xi-bi-ri): ten gpi miin dat Viin Ddng nudc Nga. (3) Ca-li-phodc-ni-a: ten mdt bang cua nude Mi. 94

HUdNG D A N HOC BAI 1. Bdi dieu vdn nay cd thi chia ldm may phin ? Neu ndi dung eua tiing phin. 2. Neu nhiing ddng gdp to ldn eua Mdc khiin dng trd thdnh \"nhd tu tudng vi dgi nhit trong sd nhung nhd tu tudng hien dai\". 3. Di ldm ndi bat tim vde vl dgi eua Mdc, Ang-ghen da su dung bien phdp so sdnh ting bdc (cdn ggi id bien phdp tdng tiin). Bien phdp iy da dugc the hien nhu thi ndo tiong bdi diiu vdn ? 4. Phdn tich thdi dd vd tinh cam cua Ang-ghen ddi vdi Mdc qua cdch lap ludn so sdnh trong bdi diiu van. 5. Anh (chi) hiiu nhu the ndo vi y kien : \"[...] Ong cd the cd nhiiu ke ddi dich, nhung chua chic da eo mdt ke thu rieng nao cd\" ? ^ GHI NHO ^ Bang lap ludn chat che, kit hgp vdi bien phap so sanh tang tiin, Ang-ghen da giup chiing ta nhan thiic sdu sac nhCrng cdng hien vT dai cua Mae ddi vdi nhan loai. LUYEN TAP 1. Ndu cam nghl eua anh (ehi) vi nhiing ddng gdp cua Mdc ddi vdi nhdn logi. 2. Lgp ddn y eua bdi dieu van. 95

PHONG CACH NGON NGU CHINH LUAN KlET QUA CAN OAT Hiiu dugc khdi niem ngdn ngir chfnh luan, cae loai van ban chfnh luan va dac diem cua phong each ngdn ngCr chfnh ludn. Biet phdn tfch vd viit bai van nghj ludn chfnh trj. I - VAN BAN CHINH LUAN VA NGON NGUf CHINH LUAN 1. Tim hieu van ban chinh luan Vdn ban chinh ludn thdi xua viit theo cac thi hich, cdo, thu, sdch, chieu, bieu,... ehu yiu bdng chii Hdn. Sdch gido khoa Ngu vdn 11 chi xem xet vdn ban chinh ludn hien dgi. Van ban chinh ludn hien dgi bao gdm: cdc cuong linh; tuyen bd; tuyen ngdn, ldi keu ggi, hieu trieu ; cdc bdi binh ludn, xa luan ; eae bdo cdo, tham ludn, phdt biiu ttong cdc hdi thao, hdi nghi ehinh tri,,.. Dgc cdc doan trich trong cdc vdn ban chinh ludn sau vd tim hiiu vi : - Thi logi cua vdn bdn - Muc dich viit van ban - Thdi do, quan diim cua ngudi viet ddi vdi nhdng vin de dugc di cap den. a) Tuyen ngdn TUYEN N G 6 N DOC LAP \"Tat ea mgi ngudi diu sinh ra cd quyen binh dang. Tgo hod cho hg nhiing quyin khdng ai cd thi xdm phgm dugc ; ttong nhiing quyin ay, cd quyin dirge sdng, quyin tu do vd quyen muu ciu hgnh phuc.\" Ldi bat hu ay d ttong ban Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap nam 1776 cua nudc MI. Suy rdng ra, cdu iy ed y nghia Id : tit cd cdc dan tdc tten the gidi diu sinh ra binh dqng, dan tdc ndo cung ed quyin sdng, quyen sung sudng vd quyin tu do. Ban Tuyen ngdn Nhdn quyin vd Ddn quyen cua Cdch mgng Phdp nam 1791 ciing ndi: \"Ngudi ta sinh ra tu do vd binh dang vi quyin Igi, va phai ludn ludn dugc tu do vd binh dang vi quyin Igi.\" Dd la nhiing le phai khdng ai chdi cai dugc. (Hd Chi Minh) 96

b) Binh lugn tiidi su CAO TRAO CHONG NHAT, CUU NUOC Ngdy 9 - 3 - 1945, d Ddng Duong, phdt Xit Nhat quat thuc ddn Phdp xudng chan ddi chinh tri. Khdng day hai mtroi bdn tieng ddng hd, trong eae thanh phd ldn, thxfc ddn Phdp deu hg sung xin hang. Nhiiu ddi quan eua Phdp nham bien gidi cim diu chay. Ridng d Cao Bdng vd Bic Cgn, mdt vdi ddi qudn cua Phdp dinh thdng nhit hdnh ddng vdi Qudn Giai phdng Vidt Nam chdng Nhdt. 6 Bac Cgn, hg dd cung ta td chiic \"Uy ban Phdp - Viet chdng Nhgt\". Nhung khdng bao ldu hg cung bd ta chgy sang Trung Qudc. Cd the ndi Id qudn Phdp d Ddng Duong da khdng khdng chiin va cdng cudc khdng chiin d Ddng Duong Id cdng cudc duy nhit ciia nhan dan ta. [...] (Trudng Chinh, Cdch mang ddn tgc ddn chii nhdn ddn Viet Nam, tap I, NXB Su that, 1976) > c) Xa lugn VI^TNAMDITOI Khip non sdng Vidt Nam dang bimg day mdt sinh khi mdi. Sinh khi iy dang biiu hi$n ttdn khudn mdt tung ngudi ddn, trdng ttmg thdn ban, ngd phd, tren tCrng cdnh ddng, cdng trudng, trong tttng vien nghien ciiu, trdn cdc chdt tiin tieu diu sdng nggn gid,... Rgo rue dat ttdi, rgo nic long ngirdi! [...] Dit nudc dang cdng ttdn siic xuan trong y chi vd khdt vgng vuon tdi eua 80 trieu ngudi con dat Viet. Ngudn sinh luc mdi dugc kit tu vd nhdn len trong xudn Gidp Thdn dang hiia h?n tgo ra mdt siic bdng ludt mdi trdn con dudng ddi xay dung mdt xa hdi cdng bing, dan chu, van minh. Xudn mdi, the va luc mdi, chung ta tu tin di tdi! (Theo bao Qudn ddi nhdn ddn, sd Tdt 2004) 7.NGtJ VAN 11/2-A 97

2. Nhan xet chung ve vdn ban chfnh lugn va ngdn ngii chinh lugn a) Ngoai nhiing thi logi vdn ban tren day, ngdn ngii chinh lugn cdn dugc dung trong cdc logi tdi li^u ehinh tti khdc, trong nhiing tdc pham U lugn ed quy md khd ldn, vi du: Trudng ki khdng chiin nhdt dinh thdng Igi (Trudng Chinh); Dudi Id cd ve vang cua Ddng, vi d0c lap tg do, vi chu nghia xd hdi, tiin lin gidnh nhung thdng Igi mdi (Le Duan),... Mgt khdc, ngdn ngii chinh ludn khdng chi tdn tgi d dgng viit md ea d dgng ndi, chang hgn nhiing ldi phdt biiu d hdi nghi bode trong cdc cugc thao ludn, tranh lugn,... mang tinh chat chinh tti. Nhung du phuong tien bleu dgt cd khdc nhau thi ngdn ngu ehinh lugn ludn nham mdt muc dich Id trinh bdyy kiin hode binh ludn, ddnh gid m0t sg kiin, m0t vdn di chinh tri, m0t chinh sdch, chu truong vi vdn hod, xd h0i theo m0t quan diim chinh tri nhdt dinh. b) Dieu ndi tten ed the ldm ca sd di phdn biet ngdn ngii chinh lugn vdi ngdn ngii dung trong cdc van ban bode ttong cdc bdi thdo khoa hgc, binh lugn vdn chuong hay thuong thuyit ngogi giao,... 6 cdc trudng hgp nay, du phdt biiu bing vdn bdn viit hay bang ldi ndi mieiig, du cd muc dieh va ndi dung khac nhau, cdch diin dgt bang ngdn ngii cung ed diem khdc nhau nhung diu su dung phuang phdp nghi ludn. Do vgy, ta thudng ggi chung Id vdn nghi ludn '^^ hay nghi lugn vdn chuong, nghi lugn xd h0i. Cdn cdc khdi niem \"chinh ludn\" hay \"ngdn ngii chfnh ludn\", \"phong each ngdn ngii chfnh lugn\" thi dung ttong phgm vi ttinh bay quan diim chinh tri ddi vdi mgt van di nao dd. Do hodn cdnh diu ttanh gidi phdng ddn tdc, ttong thi Id trudc, d nude ta, chfnh ludn rit phdt triin, vi vgy dd binh thdnh mdt phong each ngdn ngii ddc lap thi hien d cdc the logi vdn ban nhu dd ndi ttdn. Ngdn ngu chfnh ludn cd dnh hirdng khd sdu rdng ttong ngdn ngu hang ngdy vd ngdn ngii vdn hgc. Mdt sd cay but chfnh luan ddng thdi Id nhiing nhd hogt ddng chfnh tri ndi tieng nhu : Ho Chf Minh, Trudng Chinh, Ld Duan, Phgm Vdn Dong,... Cd khdng it tdc pham chfnh lugn tieu biiu dugc dua vdo giang dgy ttong nhd trudng (chang ban : Tuyin ngdn D0c lgp, Ldi keu ggi todn qudc khdng chiin cua Ho Chf Minh) ; hode dugc dtmg de trich ddn ttong cdc bai viit, bdi ndi; hoac ttd thdnh khau hieu bdnh dgng cua phong ttdo cdch mgng. (1) Nghi luan la phuong phap tu duy va trinh bay nhiing y kidn, li le, l^p luan vd mdt van di ndo dd. Trong nha trudng, hpe sinh dupe ren luy?n cac ki nang lap l u ^ , trinh bay y kidn vi mdt van di. Theo tieu ehi ndi dung, ngudi ta phan biet : nghi luan van chuong, nghi lu$n xa hpi, tridt hpe, su hpe,... O nude ta va mpt sd nude, ehinh luan (nghi luan chinh tri) da hinh thanh mdt phong each ngdn ngCt ddc lap cd dnh hudng den cac phong each ngdn ngu khac. Do vay, ehinh luan dupe dua vao gidng d^y trong nha trudng. 9 8 7.NG0VAN 11/2-B