Grammar_Survival_For_Primary_Teachers

92 GLOSSARY Phrase A group of words acting as a grammatical unit and typically forming part of a clause. There are different types of phrase, such as preposition phrases and noun phrases. Preposition A word that indicates the relationship between things, people or events, typically in terms of time or place. Preterite Another name for the simple past. Progressive A verb form that indicates an action in progress, either in the past or the present tense. It is formed from the appropriate tense of the auxiliary verb ‘be’ plus the –ing form of a main (lexical) verb. Pronoun A word that stands in (like a substitute) for a noun or noun phrase. Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 04:47 16 June 2017 Relative clause A type of subordinate clause that post-modifies a noun, a noun phrase, a clause or a whole sentence. Relative pronoun A type of pronoun used to introduce a relative clause. Sentence A group of words typically containing at least one main clause. In writing, a sentence is demarcated by a capital letter and a full stop. Sentences can function as statements, questions, exclamations or commands. Simple form A verb form used to indicate the simple present or simple past. The simple present is formed from the base form of the verb (the –s form is used to form the third-person singular). The simple past is formed from the –ed form of the verb (irregular verbs take other forms). Standard English The dialect that is generally used for formal purposes in speech and writing, carrying a clear element of social and academic prestige. Subject The person or thing that performs the action of the verb. Subjunctive A ‘mood’ that expresses unfulfilled or desired states, events or actions as well as compulsion or necessity. It is associated with very formal – and sometimes archaic – writing. Synonym A word that has the same (or a similar) meaning to another word. Tense The use of a particular verb form to indicate the time frame of an event or action. Verb A word that indicates action or a state of being. Voice The way information is presented in a clause. Writers have a choice of two ‘voices’ – active or passive. Word class A group of words that function in the same way, such as nouns, adjectives or determiners.

93 Further reading Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 04:47 16 June 2017 Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy, Cambridge Grammar of English (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar (London: Longman, 1988) David Crystal, Making a Point (London: Profile Books, 2015) John Seely, Oxford A–Z of Grammar & Punctuation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) R L Trask, Penguin Guide to Punctuation (London: Penguin Books, 1997)

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