United States Coast Pilot 2 Atlantic Coast - Cape Cod, MA to Sandy Hook, NJ 2008

New York Harbor and Approaches ■ Chapter 11 ■ 393 Airphoto - Jim Wark Chart 12331 facilities, and a 15-ton mobile hoist for do-it-yourself repairs. In May 1981, a reported depth of about 5 feet (312) Perth Amboy is on the point at the junction of could be carried to the facility. Raritan River and Arthur Kill at the western end of (318) Port Socony, on the east side of Arthur Kill 2.9 Raritan Bay. The principal wharves are along the west miles above Ward Point, is a bulk oil storage terminal. A bank of Arthur Kill. The greatest draft entering is about privately maintained dredged channel leads from the 30 feet. The wharves have depths of 14 to 30 feet along- main channel in Arthur Kill to the oil company dock. In side. Good anchorage is found abreast some wharves in 1999, a reported depth of 26 feet was alongside the 30 feet. south half of the dock with 15 to 21 feet reported along- side the north half. Anchorage (319) Smith Creek enters Arthur Kill from northward (313) A special anchorage is south of Perth Amboy. (See about 3.3 miles above Ward Point. The entrance chan- nel is privately marked by buoys. In 1981, a reported 110.1 and 110.60 (aa), chapter 2, for limits and regu- depth of 3 feet was available to just above the first bend lations.) in the channel. The creek is used principally by small (314) Perth Amboy is a customs port of entry. craft. Repairs Small-craft facilities (315) Several ship and boat repair yards are in Perth (320) Several small-craft facilities are along Smith Amboy. Small-craft engine and hull repairs can be Creek. Berths with electricity, gasoline, water, ice, ma- made. rine railways to 40 feet, and partial hull and engine re- pairs are available. Supplies (316) Diesel oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, water, lubricants, (321) Port Reading, 4.5 miles above Ward Point on the north side of Arthur Kill, has several oil storage facili- and marine supplies are available at Perth Amboy. ties. Depths of 18 to 36 feet are reported alongside. (317) Outerbridge Crossing Bridge, 1.7 miles above Ward (322) Fresh Kills enters Arthur Kills from eastward Point, has a fixed span with a clearance of 143 feet across about 6 miles above Ward Point. Fresh Kills is used as a Arthur Kill between Perth Amboy and Tottenville. A racon and private fog signal are at the bridge. A marina at Tottenville provides berths, electricity, water, storage

394 ■ Chapter 11 ■ Coast Pilot 2 New York City garbage landfill and is closed to all navi- (330) Kill Van Kull separates the southern shore of the gation except garbage scows. city of Bayonne from Staten Island and connects the Upper Bay of New York Harbor with Newark Bay and Ar- Chart 12333 thur Kill. Kill Van Kull is a major channel for petro- leum and bulk cargo in New York Harbor, and has (323) Rahway River enters Arthur Kill from westward, extensive through traffic and large factories on its about 7.2 miles above Ward Point, and extends west- shores. ward for about 4.5 miles to the town of Rahway. It is used only by small craft. In May 1981, a reported depth Channels of 5 feet could be taken to Lamberts Wharf about 2.1 (331) A Federal project provides for a 45-foot dredged miles above the mouth and about 0.5 mile above the New Jersey Turnpike bridge. channel leading through Kill Van Kull and north of Shooters Island to Arthur Kill. The dredged channel (324) Name or location, type of span, distance above south of Shooters Island has a project depth of 30 feet. mouth, and clearances of the bridges over Rahway (See Notice to Mariners and latest editions of charts for River are as follows: East Rahway, bascule, 1.7 miles, 6 controlling depths.) feet; Linden and Carteret, fixed, 1.8 miles, 36 feet; Law- rence Street, fixed, 3.8 miles, 6 feet; U.S. Route 1/9, (332) Shoals, obstructions, and numerous wrecks are fixed, 3.9 miles, 23 feet; Milton Avenue, fixed 42-foot along both sides of the dredged channel in Kill Van span, 4.2 miles, 4 feet; Monroe Avenue, fixed 30-foot Kull. Numerous sunken and visible wrecks are in the span, 4.4 miles, 7 feet. (See 117.1 through 117.59 and channel southward of Shooters Island; caution is ad- 117.743, chapter 2, for drawbridge regulations.) vised. Kill Van Kull channel, between Newark Bay and the Upper Bay of New York Harbor, is a regulated navi- (325) An overhead power cable with a clearance of 165 gation area. (See 165.1 through 165.13, and 165.165, feet crosses Arthur Kill about 1.7 miles north of the chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) Rahway River entrance. (333) Bayonne Bridge, a fixed span with a minimum (326) The Goethals Bridge, 10 miles above Ward Point, clearance of 138 feet over the channel (151 feet center- has a fixed span with a clearance of 137 feet over Arthur line), crosses Kill Van Kull from just east of Bergen Kill just southward of Elizabethport. The railroad Point, the southwestern end of the city of Bayonne, and bridge, 200 yards above Goethals Bridge, has a vertical connects with Staten Island. lift span with a clearance of 31 feet down and 135 feet up. The bridgetender at the railroad bridge monitors Tides and currents VHF-FM channel 13; call sign KXS-237. (334) The mean range of tide in Kill Van Kull is about 4.5 (327) Elizabethport, about 11 miles above Ward Point, is feet. The flood current sets westward and the ebb east- the eastern part of the city of Elizabeth. It is at the ward. In the bight on the south side of the channel be- northern end of Arthur Kill at its junction with Newark tween West New Brighton and Port Richmond there is Bay. more or less of an eddy when the current is at strength. (335) In October 1991, tidal currents in Kill Van Kull (328) Most of the wharves along the Elizabeth waterfront were reported to deviate significantly from official pre- are of the bulkhead-marginal type. Depths alongside dictions published by the National Ocean Service. Mar- range from 3 to 32 feet. Waterborne commerce at these iners should exercise caution and discretion in the use wharves is in petroleum, sand and gravel, chemicals of published tidal current predictions. and petrochemicals, and vegetable and animal oils. (336) Constable Hook and Port Johnson, on the north (329) Elizabeth River enters Arthur Kill from westward shore of Kill Van Kull, are parts of the city of Bayonne. at Elizabethport. The overhead power cable just above They are commercially important for the shipment of the entrance has a reported clearance of 23 feet. South petroleum and other products. A dredged channel 23 Front Street Bridge, just above the mouth of the river, feet deep, marked by buoys, leads from the easterly end has a bascule span with a clearance of 3 feet; South of Kill Van Kull to the wharf on the north side of Con- First Street Bridge, 0.5 mile above the mouth has a bas- stable Hook. cule span with a clearance of 5 feet; and Elizabethport railroad bridge, 0.8 mile above the mouth, has a bas- (337) Several private yacht and boat clubs, and a public cule span with a clearance of 14 feet. (See 117.1 marina are on the southwestern shore of Bayonne through 117.59 and 117.719, chapter 2, for draw- above Bergen Point. A 90-ton crane at the marina can bridge regulations.) The bridges above the railroad haul out craft for engine and hull repairs; berths, bridge have a least clearance of 3 feet.

New York Harbor and Approaches ■ Chapter 11 ■ 395 electricity, gasoline, water, ice, and marine supplies are reported in about 40°40'26.6\"N., 74°7'57.1\"W., about available. 200 yards NNE of Buoy 14. (338) New Brighton, Port Richmond, and Mariners Har- (346) A large container-handling complex with extensive bor are on the south shore of Kill Van Kull. The largest lift-on/lift-off and roll-on/roll-off systems is at the ter- of several shipyards and floating drydocks on the south minal. Included in this complex are cranes up to 50 shore can handle vessels up to 6,400 tons, 400 feet long, tons, mobile straddle carriers with 32-ton capacities, 85 feet wide, and 26 feet in draft. All kinds of repairs can cargo-handling buildings with more than 1-million be made. square feet of storage space, and a large area for open storage. ConRail provides the terminal with direct rail Charts 12333, 12337 services. Excellent cargo handling and storage facilities are available. (339) Newark Bay has a length of about 4 miles from Kill Channels Van Kull to the junction of the two channels leading to (347) Federal project depth in Elizabeth Channel, lead- Passaic and Hackensack Rivers. The greater part of the bay is very shoal, but a dredged channel leads through ing to the terminal from the main channel in Newark the bay to the rivers. The channel is well marked by Bay, is 45 feet. (See Notice to Mariners and latest edi- lights and buoys. Strangers in small vessels should tions of charts for controlling depths.) have no difficulty when using the chart as a guide. Deep-draft vessels should employ a pilot. (348) Port Newark Terminal, operated by the Port Au- thority of New York and New Jersey, is on the western Channels side of Newark Bay 2.7 miles above the south entrance, (340) Federal project depth in the main channel leading northward of the Port Elizabeth Marine Terminal. It is in the heart of the New Jersey industrial area, adjacent to the branch channels to the Port Elizabeth Marine to the New Jersey Turnpike and Newark Airport. There Terminal and Port Newark Terminal is 45 feet, and are 37 deep-draft berths; reported depths alongside, 32 thence 35 feet to the junction of Passaic and to 35 feet; deck heights, 11 to 12 feet; many transit and Hackensack Rivers. (See Notice to Mariners and latest storage areas and excellent cargo handling facilities, editions of charts for controlling depths.) used for the receipt and shipment of general cargo, metals, vegetable oils, petroleum, automobiles and ma- Anchorages chinery, and for the receipt of bananas, rubber prod- (341) General and special anchorages are in Newark Bay. ucts, lumber and pulpwood, and chemicals. ConRail provides the terminal with direct rail service. (See 110.1, 110.60 (q), (r), and 110.155 (h), chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) Tides Channels (342) The mean range of tide in Newark Bay is about 5 (349) Federal project depth in Port Newark Channel and feet. Port Newark Pierhead Channel, leading to the terminal from the main channel in Newark Bay, is 40 feet. (See Ice Notice to Mariners and latest editions of charts for con- (343) Ice sometimes closes navigation during a part of trolling depths.) January and February. (350) The New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 78) bridge, 0.7 mile above the entrance to Port Newark Terminal, has a (344) The Port Elizabeth Marine Terminal operated by fixed span with a clearance of 135 feet. The railroad the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, is on bridge, 0.2 mile above the New Jersey Turnpike bridge, Newark Bay in Elizabeth, N.J., on the south side of Eliz- has a vertical-lift span with a clearance of 35 feet down abeth Channel south of Port Newark. The facility is and 135 feet up. (See 117.1 through 117.59 and about 8 miles from The Narrows via Kill Van Kull. It is 117.735, chapter 2, for drawbridge regulations.) The adjacent to the New Jersey Turnpike and Newark Air- bridgetender at the railroad bridge monitors VHF-FM port in the heart of the New Jersey industrial area, channel 13; call sign KS–9968. about 25 minutes by highway from Manhattan. (351) A marina on the east side of Newark Bay about 0.9 (345) The terminal has 25 deep-draft berths with depths mile above the New Jersey Turnpike bridge provides of 32 to 40 feet reported alongside, and deck heights of berths, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, electricity, ice, stor- 12 feet. In 1996, a rock with 36 feet of water over it was age, marine supplies, and a 25-ton lift; hull and engine repairs can be made.

396 ■ Chapter 11 ■ Coast Pilot 2 Chart 12337 the unused railroad swing bridge at Harrison was re- portedly being maintained in the open position. (352) Passaic River, which flows into the northwest end of Newark Bay, is used by vessels to Passaic, a manufac- Tides turing city at the head of navigation 13 miles above the (356) The mean range of tide in Passaic River from the mouth. Above the Wall Street bridge at Passaic the river is obstructed by boulders partly showing above mouth to Passaic is about 5 feet. the water for 1.5 miles to the Dundee Dam. The city of Newark extends along the river for a distance of nearly (357) Freshets overcome the flood current down as far as 5 miles above the mouth. The towns of Belleville, Newark and sometimes to the mouth of the river. Ordi- Arlington, Rutherford, and Nutley, and several villages nary freshets usually of a few hours duration cause a are on the river between Newark and Passaic. The chan- rise of about 2 feet and a current velocity of about 3 nel entrance is well marked. Waterborne commerce on knots at Newark. Destructive freshets occasionally oc- the river consists of barge shipments of sand, gravel, cur at intervals of years, generally in the spring and fall. and petroleum products. Small-craft facilities Channels (358) There are several boatyards along the Passaic River (353) A Federal project provides for a 30-foot channel between the entrance and Passaic. A marine railway at from Newark Bay to a point about 0.5 mile above the Arlington can handle vessels to 40 feet long for com- Lincoln Highway Bridge; thence 20 feet to the Jackson plete engine and hull repairs. Berths, electricity, gaso- Street bridge; thence 16 feet to the ConRail bridge at line, water, ice, storage, and marine supplies are Arlington; thence 10 feet to the Eighth Street Bridge at available along the river below Kearny. Passaic. (See Notice to Mariners and latest editions of charts for controlling depths.) (359) Hackensack River flows into the northeast end of Newark Bay and is navigable for about 17.8 miles to the Bridges dams at New Milford. (354) More than 20 draw and fixed bridges cross the Channels Passaic River between the mouth and Passaic. The min- (360) A Federal project provides for a 32-foot channel imum clearance of the bridges with fixed spans is 15 feet at the Union Avenue Bridge, 13.2 miles above the from Newark Bay to a 25-foot turning basin about 0.3 mouth. In 1980, the draws of the railroad bridge at mile above the ConRail bridge at Marion. (See Notice to Arlington, 7.2 miles above the mouth, were so re- Mariners and latest editions of charts for controlling stricted that mariners were advised to utilize the west depths.) Above this point in 1948-February 1971, fixed span, clearance 35 feet. The minimum clearance depths of 11 feet were available for varying widths with of the bridges with drawspans is 7 feet. (See 117.1 local knowledge to the N.Y.S. & W.R.R. bridge at through 117.59 and 117.739, chapter 2, for draw- Hackensack, 14.2 miles above the mouth. The channel bridge regulations.) The bridgetenders at the railroad is well marked with aids. drawbridges 2.3, 4.3, 5.0, 7.0, and 10.2 miles above the entrance monitor VHF-FM channel 13. The call signs Bridges for the railroad bridges at mile 2.3 and mile 4.3 are (361) More than 15 draw and fixed bridges cross the KR-6938 and WRY-593, respectively. The Second Street and Eighth Street bascule span highway bridges and Hackensack River between the mouth and Hackensack. the Gregory Avenue swing span highway bridge at The minimum clearance of the bridges with fixed spans Passaic remain in the closed position with a clearance is 35 feet at the State Route 46 bridge at Little Ferry of 5 feet for the bascule spans and 12 feet for the swing about 11.5 miles above the mouth. The minimum span. The fixed highway bridge between Passaic and clearance of the bridges with drawspans is 2 feet at Garfield has a clearance of 5 feet. The minimum clear- Hackensack, 14.2 miles above the mouth. (See 117.1 ance of the cables over Passaic River is 135 feet. through 117.59 and 117.723, chapter 2, for draw- (355) The center pier and approach spans of a former bridge regulations.) The fixed bridges above Hacken- railroad swing bridge remain in Passaic River channel sack have a minimum clearance of 2 feet. The about 1.1 miles above the mouth. An obstruction, cov- minimum clearance of the cables over Hackensack ered 15 feet, was reported in the channel east of the River to Hackensack is 89 feet; thence 26 feet to the center pier. Mariners should use extreme caution when dams at New Milford. passing between the former bridge remains. In 1981, (362) In September 1980, the fender system of the Court Street swing bridge 14.1 miles above the mouth was re- ported to be in poor condition. Mariners should exercise

New York Harbor and Approaches ■ Chapter 11 ■ 397 caution when transiting the bridge. Only one barge at a boats to 50 tons, and a marine railway can handle craft time should transit the bridge. to 32 feet long for complete engine and hull repairs. (363) The railroad drawbridges over the Hackensack Berths, electricity, gasoline, water, ice, storage, and River are equipped with radiotelephones. The bridge- marine supplies are available. tenders monitor VHF-FM channel 13. The call signs of the railroad bridges, identified by mileage above the (366) Berrys Creek Canal flows into the Hackensack mouth, follow: mile 2.6, KQ-7198; mile 2.9, KR-6939; River from westward 6.8 miles above the mouth. A mile 4.4, KMC-297; mile 4.7, KR-6972; mile 6.0, midchannel depth of about 11 feet is available to the KR-7035; and mile 6.7, KR-7034. To expedite opening bridge about 1 mile above the entrance. Two fixed high- of the ConRail bridge 2.6 miles above the entrance, way bridges with a least clearance of 35 feet cross the mariners are requested to give 1 hour advance notice creek just above the entrance. The bridge about 1 mile by calling 201-963-2552. above the entrance has a clearance of 40 feet, and the overhead power cable close southward of the bridge has Tides and currents a clearance of 45 feet. The overhead power cable 0.8 (364) The mean range of tide is about 5 feet at the mouth mile upstream from the bridge has a clearance of 54 feet. of Hackensack River, 5.3 feet at Little Ferry, and 5.3 feet at Hackensack. (See the Tide Tables for predictions.) (367) Overpeck Creek flows into the Hackensack River The river has little freshet flow, and the tidal currents from eastward 11.1 miles above the mouth. The bridges are rarely affected by it. at the entrance have bascule and swing spans with a minimum clearance of 3 feet. (See 117.1 through Small-craft facilities 117.59 and 117.738, chapter 2, for drawbridge regula- (365) There are several boatyards and marinas on the tions.) A dam, about 0.8 mile above the mouth, forms the head of navigation on the creek. Hackensack River at Little Ferry and at Carlstadt, op- posite Secaucus. A mobile hoist at Carlstadt can handle

398 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2

Hudson River ■ Chapter 12 ■ 399 Hudson River (1) This chapter describes the Hudson River from New Channels York City to Troy, N.Y., and includes the principal cities (7) The lower Hudson River has depths of 43 feet or of Yonkers, Newburgh, Poughkeepsie, Kingston, and Albany. more in midchannel from deep water in Upper New York Bay off Ellis Island to the upper limit of New York (2) Mileages shown in this chapter for the Hudson City’s major wharves at 59th Street, about 5.3 miles River as Mile 0.9E, Mile 12W, etc., are the nautical above the entrance. Above this point, the Federal pro- miles above The Battery; the letters N, S, E, and W de- ject depth is 32 feet to Albany, except for that section of note by compass points the side of the river where each the channel along the New Jersey Weehawken- feature is located. Mile 0.0 is a point at the mouth of the Edgewater waterfront between 85th Street and 156th Hudson River in 40°42.1'N., 74°01.5'W. Street, Manhattan, where the project depth is 30 feet. (See Notice to Mariners and latest editions of charts for (3) It is to be understood that the mileages given are controlling depths.) approximations. The values are not intended to be fi- nite. The intended degree of accuracy is only supposed Seasonal buoyage to be enough to put the user of the chart into the gen- (8) The lighted buoys marking the Hudson River chan- eral vicinity of the cited object, for the purpose of locat- ing the object. nel are replaced during the winter by smaller lighted ice buoys or unlighted buoys. Charts 12335, 12341, 12345-12346, 12343, Bridges 12347-12348 (9) The bridges over Hudson River from New York to (4) Hudson River, sometimes called North River in Albany have either fixed or suspension spans. New York City, has its source in the Adirondack Moun- (10) The limiting bridge clearance over the lower Hud- tains, about 275 miles along its course from a junction with East River at The Battery, N.Y., and flows in a gen- son River is 139 feet, at the Tappan Zee Bridge (IS eral southerly direction into New York Upper Bay. Troy 87/287). The middle Hudson River has a limiting Lock and Dam, 134 miles above The Battery, permits bridge clearance of 137 feet at the Mid-Hudson Bridge vessels to pass from tidewater to the upper river and the (US Route 44) at Poughkeepsie. The upper Hudson New York State Canal System. The river water is usu- River has a limiting bridge clearance of 135 feet at the ally fresh as far south as Poughkeepsie, halfway from Castleton-on-Hudson Bridge (New York State Thru- Troy Lock and Dam to The Battery. way/IS 90 E-W). The least clearance of the overhead ca- bles is 145 feet. (5) New York City extends along the eastern bank of Hudson River for a distance of about 14 miles above Anchorages The Battery. For about 5 miles northward from The (11) General anchorages begin 5 miles above The Bat- Battery, the New York waterfront is an almost continu- ous line of wharves and piers, some of which can ac- tery and extend upriver for about 10 miles. (See 110.1 commodate the largest transatlantic liners. and 110.155, chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) (12) Vessels proceeding from New York to Albany occa- (6) On the opposite side of Hudson River from New sionally anchor overnight in the vicinity of Kingston, York City are Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, West 79 miles above The Battery and 47 miles below Albany, New York, Guttenberg, Edgewater, Fort Lee and to await daylight hours for passing through the con- Englewood Cliffs. The shoreline from Jersey City to stricted part of the river. Edgewater is lined with ruined piers and piling fields. (13) A buoyed anchorage, 400 feet wide and 2,400 feet Mariners must check with local authorities and prop- long, with depths of 32 feet is on the east side of the erty owners for approval prior to mooring. channel just above Stuyvesant, 111 miles above The Battery and 15 miles below Albany.

400 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2 Dangers evolutions within the port and honor the requests of (14) Numerous fishtraps are planted each spring, usu- other waterway users as a professional courtesy. This information is published at: http://homeport.uscg.mil ally from about mid-March to mid-May, during the sea- and in the weekly Local Notice to Mariners at: sonal run of shad to the spawning grounds in the upper http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/lnm/d1/ or by Safety Ra- Hudson. The charts show the fishtrap areas in the dio Broadcasts (See Chapter Radio: Navigation Warn- 30-mile stretch beginning about 5 miles above The Bat- ings, Information and Weather). Title 46 Part 185.304 tery and extending upriver to Stony Point; Corps of En- of the Code of Federal Regulations, states: \"The opera- gineers permits are required for the placing of shad tor of a vessel should pay special attention in regards to nets and poles in the charted areas. Outer limits of the the potential caused by their wake.\" The operation of a nets usually are marked by flags during the day and by vessel in a negligent manner is a violation of federal law lights during the night. Caution is advised when navi- that may carry a monetary penalty. In addition, vessel gating a fishtrap area because broken-off poles from operators may incur civil liability for the damage previous traps may remain under the surface. caused to other persons or property. Parties alleging (15) Navigation of the river is easy as far north as the creation of an excessive wake may document their Kingston, but above Kingston it is more difficult be- concerns via videotape or pictures. This type of cause of the numerous steep-to shoals and middle documentation could be the basis for opening a civil grounds. In general tows are apt to follow the shoreline penalty case. which is most favorable as regards wind and current; with a strong northwest wind, tows will follow the west No-Discharge Zone shore regardless of the direction in which they are trav- (18) The State of New York, with the approval of the En- eling. vironmental Protection Agency, has established a Recreational Boaters Navigating Near Commercial No-Discharge Zone (NDZ) in the waters of the Hudson Shipping Channels River. The NDZ extends from the Battery in Manhattan, (16) Large commercial vessels and tugs with tows are New York to the federal dam at Troy, New York (see often restricted in their ability to maneuver- as defined charts for limits). in Rule 3 of the Inland Navigation Rules- and therefore (19) Within the NDZ, discharge of sewage, whether have the right of way over all recreational boats includ- treated or untreated, from all vessels is prohibited. ing sailboats. In accordance with Rule 9 of the Inland Outside the NDZ, discharge of sewage is regulated by Navigation Rules, vessels less than 20 meters in length 40 CFR 140 (see chapter 2). shall not cross ahead or otherwise impede the passage of any vessel that can safely navigate only within a nar- Tides row channel or fairway. Accordingly, recreational ves- (20) The tides in Hudson River are affected by freshets, sels should avoid commercial shipping channels and whenever possible transit them as near to the outer winds, and droughts. Because of these variables the limit of the channel or fairway that lies on the vessel's predictions given in the Tide Tables for points above starboard as is safe and practical. If it becomes neces- George Washington Bridge are based upon averages for sary to cross a channel, check for other vessels and pass the 6-month period, May to October, when the freshwa- astern of oncoming vessels. Be aware that tugs often ter discharge is at a minimum. tow barges and other objects on long submerged tow- (21) The mean range of tide is 4.5 feet at The Battery, 3.7 lines which are difficult to see and should never cross feet at Yonkers, 2.8 feet at Newburgh, 3.1 feet at between a tug and its tow. Additional information is Poughkeepsie, 3.7 feet at Kingston, 4.6 feet at Albany, available at: and 4.7 feet at Troy. (Daily predictions for The Battery http://www.uscgboating.org/safety/pubications.htm and Albany are given in the Tide Tables.) Speed and Wake Damage Currents (17) Speed and wake damage complaints are an ongoing (22) The currents in Hudson River are influenced by the issue due to the increasing usage by both commercial same variables that affect the tides. The times of slack and recreational users. While there are no federal regu- water and the velocities and durations of flood and ebb lations that address vessel speed limits outside of fed- are subject to extensive changes; the times of strengths eral anchorage grounds, all vessel operators are are less likely to be affected. The currents usually set expected to operate at a safe speed and in a manner that fair with the channels except in the vicinities of bends does not put others at risk. Licensed commercial mari- and wharves. ners are further expected to be familiar with ongoing (23) Velocities of currents are 1.4 knots flood and 1.4 knots ebb northwest of The Battery, 1.6 and 2.2 knots at

Hudson River ■ Chapter 12 ■ 401 George Washington Bridge, 0.9 and 1.1 knots at varies from 1.5 to nearly 5 knots depending on the size Newburgh, 1.1 and 1.2 knots at Poughkeepsie, 1.3 and of the freshet and the stage of the tide. 1.6 knots at Kingston, and 0.3 knot flood and 0.8 knot ebb at Albany. Near Troy Lock and Dam, the current Pilotage, Hudson River does not flood and the ebb has a velocity of 0.7 knot. (29) Pilotage is compulsory on the Hudson River for These values are for the summer when the freshwater discharge is at a minimum. foreign vessels and U.S. vessels under register. Pilotage (24) Daily current predictions for The Narrows, New north of Yonkers is available from Hudson River Pilots York Harbor, are given in the Tidal Current Tables. Pre- Association, 201 Edgewater Street, Staten Island, NY dictions for places along Hudson River may be obtained 10305, telephone (718) 815-4316, FAX (718) 876-8055. by applying the differences and ratios listed for these The pilot boat, JOHN E. FLYNN, is 40 feet with a black places in the tables. hull, white superstructure, and the word PILOT in red (25) During the summer of 2004, tidal observations letters, each side. The boat berths at Yonkers, and when were made in the Hudson River near Haverstraw and it underway monitors VHF-FM channel 13, works chan- was found that there were significant differences in the nels 13 or 18A. The pilot boat meets vessels in midriver timing of the tidal current phases as compared with the (40°56'21\"N., 73°54'41\"W.) off Yonkers. Arrangements predicted tidal current phases. The greatest time differ- for pilot services are made in advance through ships’ ence was observed in the slack before ebb, which on av- agents; at least 24-hour advance notice is requested. erage may occur one hour later than the predictions (30) Vessels transiting between Ambrose Light and Yon- given in the 2005 Tidal Current Tables. The National kers or between Long Island Sound and Yonkers are Ocean Service's (NOAA) Center for Operational Ocean- serviced by United New York New Jersey Sandy Hook ographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) issued spe- Pilot Association. cial daily tidal current predictions for the Hudson River (31) U.S. Enrolled vessels in the coastwise trade at eight locations, where data were collected during transiting between Ambrose Light and Yonkers or be- 2005, in the 2007 edition of the Atlantic Coast of North tween Long Island Sound and Yonkers are also served America Tidal Current Tables. Mariners should exercise by Interport Pilots Agency, Inc. caution when using the published tidal current (32) On the Hudson River, pilots maintain bridge-to- predictions. bridge communication on channel 13. (33) Vessels transiting the river to destinations beyond Ice the city of Kingston, NY will be required to embark an- (26) In even extremely severe winters, Coast Guard ice- other pilot at the Hyde Park Pilot Station (41°49'55\"N., 073°56'32\"W.) located on the eastern shore of Hudson breakers and continuous river traffic maintain an open River in Mills-Norrie State Park. For vessels awaiting channel to Albany. The ice season usually starts in early daylight transits north of Kingston, a federal anchor- January and ends in mid-March. Normally shipping is age is located just south of the pilot station. The pilot affected most seriously in the Hudson River between station is manned only while boarding ships in transit Tappan Zee and Albany. Modern vessels experience lit- and maintains a watch on VHF-FM channel 13 an hour tle difficulty maneuvering through the ice, but may be prior to ETA for Norrie Point. The Hudson River Pilot slowed by other river traffic. In addition to the problem office may be reached at (718) 448-3900. of getting through the ice, aids to navigation are cov- ered or dragged off station by moving ice. Towage (34) Tugs are available in New York Harbor and at Al- Freshets (27) During March, April, and May, freshets have bany. (See chapter 11, and Albany later in this chapter.) reached heights above normal high water of as much as Quarantine, customs, and immigration 18 feet at Albany and 25 feet at Troy Lock and Dam. At (35) Matters pertaining to these services for places the time of the larger freshets the tide may be com- pletely masked, the water continuing to rise and fall for along Hudson River are handled at the Port of New a period of several days without any tidal oscillation. At York or at Albany. (See chapter 11, New York Harbor, the time of smaller freshets the range of tide is greatly and Albany later in this chapter.) diminished and the times of high and low waters are somewhat delayed. Chart 12335 (28) During the smaller freshets, the flood current dis- appears and the ebb current has a velocity of about 1.5 (36) Hudson River averages about 0.6 mile in width knots. The larger freshets produce an ebb current that along this 5-mile stretch above The Battery. The chart

402 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2 covers most of the principal wharves on the New York Chart 12341 City side and those of Jersey City, Hoboken, and Weehawken on the west, or New Jersey, side. New York (41) On the New Jersey side of the river are Guttenberg, Harbor is a commercial/recreational waterway. This Mile 5.5W; Edgewater, Mile 7.5W; and Fort Lee, Mile section of the Hudson River is used by commercial 9.5W. Small-craft facilities at Edgewater can provide shipping, tugs and barges, sightseeing vessels, dinner berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, ice, lim- boats, commuter ferries and recreational vessels in- ited marine supplies, storage, and hull and engine re- cluding hand-powered vessels. Cruise ships operate pairs. The largest mobile hoist can handle craft up to 25 from the NYC Passenger Ship Terminal Piers 88-92. tons. Commuter ferries operate between Edgewater NYC Department of Sanitation vessels operate from and Pier 79 in Manhattan. Piers 97 and 99. Con Edison receives fuel shipments at Pier 98. (42) The New York side of the river is mostly parkway for the length of the chart. The 79th Street Boat Basin, at Morris Canal Basin Mile 5.5E, opposite Guttenberg, can provide berths, (37) The basin is located north of Liberty State Park. electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, ice, marine sup- plies and minor engine repairs. In 1987, a sunken Two marinas, two commuter ferries, one sailing wreck was reported just northwest of the entrance to school, one yacht club and various charter boats oper- the marina in about 40°47.2'N., 73°59.2'W. ate from the basin. Commercial operators occupy the northwest corner of the basin while tour boats operate (43) Sailors and Soldiers Monument, Mile 6.2E, is a from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Pier at the prominent landmark at 89th Street and Riverside southeast entrance to the basin. Drive, Manhattan. Anchorage (44) General Grants Tomb, Mile 7.7E, is prominent at (38) There are no special anchorages or commercial an- 123rd Street and Riverside Drive, Manhattan. chorage grounds in this part of the Hudson River. Ves- (45) George Washington Bridge, Mile 10, crosses Hud- sels anchoring inside of the pierhead line shall be son River from Fort Lee, N.J., to Fort Washington lighted in accordance with the Inland Navigation Rules Point, New York City. The suspension span is nearly 0.6 and should check with local authorities for any addi- mile long from shore to shore with a clearance of 195 tional requirements. Hudson River Park extends from feet, and the tops of the towers are about 600 feet above Battery Park City to 59th Street. They provide mooring the water. When the traveller platform is in use, the facilities south of Pier 40. The Hundson River Park bridge clearance is reduced to 180 feet. dockmaster may be contacted at (212) 627-2020 for availability. Anchorage (46) Two general anchorages are located south of the Small Craft Facilities (39) Facilities at Manhattan are located at North Cove George Washington Bridge. (See 110.155(c)(1), (c)(5), and (1), chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) A Yacht Harbor and Pier 59. Facilities in New Jersey are special anchorage is on the north side of George Wash- located in Morris Canal Basin, Jersey City, Hoboken ington Bridge at North Manhattan. (See 110.1 and and Weehawkin; sailing schools-Jersey City, Hoboken 110.60 (o-3), chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) and Manhattan. Chart 12345 Caution (40) Commuter ferries operate between several sites in (47) From Fort Lee, N.J., the rocky cliffs of Palisades State Park and adjoining Tallman Mountain State Park New Jersey and Manhattan. Extra caution should be extend up the west side of the river for about 12 miles to used while transiting during the morning and evening Piermont, N.Y. The Palisades are 300 to 500 feet high rush hours. Hand-powered vessels operate from the and in places are thickly wooded with scrub. New Jersey and New York shores of the Hudson River. Several swimming events are held along the (48) Spuyten Duyvil Creek, entered at Mile 12E, is Manhattan shoreline throughout the summer. marked by the railroad swing bridge over the mouth. The creek is the Hudson River entrance to Harlem River, which is described in chapter 9. Currents are swift and erratic around the mouth of the creek. Small Craft Facilities (49) Englewood Boat Basin, on the New Jersey side op- posite Spuyten Duyvil Creek, can accommodate craft to

Hudson River ■ Chapter 12 ■ 403 50 feet long; berths, gasoline, diesel fuel, and water are regulations.) Limited guest berths are available. In available. Alpine Boat Basin is located at about 1981, a reported depth of 4 feet could be carried to the 40°56'11\"N., 73°55'05\"W. A boat launching ramp for fuel dock. registered, trailer-towed boats under 24 feet in length, (58) The boundary line between the States of New Jer- jet skis and car-top boats (canoes and kayaks) is avail- sey and New York extends northwestward from a point able at Hazard's Launching Ramp south of the George on the west side of Hudson River at Mile 19. The river is Washington Bridge. On the New York side, Dykman 0.8 mile wide at this point. Marina is located at Tubby Hook. The Riverdale Yacht (59) Dobbs Ferry is a town at Mile 20.5E. A stack on the Club and the Yonkers Paddling and Rowing Club are waterfront and several cupolas are prominent. about 200 yards north of the Yonkers Municipal Pier. (60) Irvington, Mile 22E, has a large lumber terminal at Commuter ferries operate between the Yonkers Munic- the southern end of the waterfront, and a small private ipal Pier and Battery Park in Manhattan. wharf at the northern end. In May 1981, alongside depths of 7 to 10 feet were reported at the lumber (50) Yonkers, Mile 16E, adjoins the north side of New wharf. A private boat club is just north of the terminal York City. Waterborne commerce is in petroleum prod- wharves; guest moorings are available. ucts, sugar and syrup products, cement, sand, and (61) At Piermont, Mile 22W, an earthen embankment other building materials. extends 0.8 mile channelward from the shore to Piermont Pier. ConRail has a terminus at the inner end (51) A sugar refining plant (40°55'41\"N., 73°54'21\"W.) of the embankment; several buildings in Piermont are has a 400-foot marginal wharf with depths of 28 to 30 prominent. A T-head pier, used by Columbia University feet alongside and a deck height of 10 feet. The plant to moor its geological research vessels, extends from has 20,000 tons of covered storage and is served by a the outer end of Piermont Pier; depths of about 16 feet conveyor system with two 20-ton hoppers for the re- are reported alongside the face. The ruins of a former ceipt of raw sugar. Vessels berth outboard of two float- ferry slip and other piers and several visible wrecks are ing cranes moored at the face of the wharf. on the south side of Piermont Pier. (52) Several other private facilities at Yonkers, used Chart 12343 mainly by barges, have reported depths of 12 to 30 feet alongside. (62) A foul area extends about 300 yards northward from the outer end of Piermont Pier. A sunken wreck is (53) The U.S. Volunteer Life Saving Corporation main- in this area about 200 yards northward from the end of tains small craft at Yonkers for search and rescue work. the pier; caution is advised. They can be contacted through the Coast Guard in New York. (63) In May 1981, shoaling to an unknown extent was reported in the area from the outer end of Piermont Chart 12346 Pier north to Lower Nyack Landing, Mile 24.6W; cau- tion is advised. (54) Alpine is a prominent landing at Mile 16W. A boat basin here, operated by the Palisades Interstate Park Small-craft facilities Commission, affords shelter for numerous small craft; (64) Several small-craft facilities are just northward of berths, gasoline, electricity, and water are available. In May 1981, 4 feet was reported in the basin. Piermont Pier. Berths, electricity, water, ice, storage, marine supplies, mobile hoists up to 10 tons, and hull Anchorages and engine repairs are available. In May 1981, reported (55) A special anchorage adjoins a yacht club on the depths of 4 feet could be carried to the facilities. A scuba diving team of the Piermont Volunteer Fire De- Yonkers side of the Hudson River, 17 miles above The partment is available for underwater search and rescue Battery; another special anchorage is about 0.5 mile to work. They can be contacted through the Piermont Po- the northward. (See 110.1 and 110.60 (o) and (o-1), lice Department; telephone 914-359-0240. chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) (65) Tappan Zee is the 2-mile-wide part of Hudson River (56) Several private boat clubs are at Greystone Station, between Piermont and Croton Point, 8 miles to the just north of Yonkers; guest moorings are available. northward. (57) Hastings-on-Hudson, Mile 19E, has a prominent (66) Tappan Zee Bridge IS 87/287, Mile 23.5, crosses water tank at its waterfront. A yacht club, north of the Tappan Zee from Nyack to Tarrytown. The fixed span waterfront, is adjoined by a special anchorage. (See 110.1 and 110.60 (p), chapter 2, for limits and

404 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2 over the main channel has a clearance of 139 feet. The Anchorage 470-foot east and west spans, on either side of the main (75) A special anchorage is at Nyack. (See 110.1 and span, have clearances of 123 feet. Three auxiliary open- ings for small boats have clearances of 11 feet. A 110.60 (o-2), chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) RACON is atop the center of the main channel span of the southernmost bridge. (76) Upper Nyack, about 0.6 mile north of Nyack, has a (67) Tarrytown, Mile 24E, has about 1 mile of developed boatyard with a 50-ton mobile hoist and a 20-ton fixed waterfront, part of which has been improved by dredg- crane. The boatyard wharf has depths of about 5 feet at ing. the face. Berths, electricity, gasoline, water, diesel fuel, (68) An abandoned lighthouse is a prominent landmark ice, marine supplies, and complete engine and hull re- in Tarrytown. In April 2004, the controlling depths in pairs are available. the dredged channel in Tarrytown Harbor were 7.4 feet (7.9 feet at midchannel) in the southwest connecting (77) Hook Mountain, 730 feet high, is on the west side of channel, thence 8.1 feet (8.7 feet at midchannel) in the Tappan Zee at Mile 27W. The summit is only 0.3 mile northwest connecting channel, and 6.5 feet (7.1 feet at inland and is very prominent from the river. midchannel) in the waterfront channel. An obstruc- tion, consisting of rocks, is on the east edge of the wa- (78) Ossining is on the east side of Tappan Zee at Mile terfront channel in about 41°04.8'N., 73°52.2'W. Both 29E. In May 1981, depths of 5 to 6 feet were reported on access channels are buoyed. the flats off the oil storage receiving facility piers at (69) Tarrytown Harbor usually is open to navigation Ossining. Sing Sing Prison, a State penitentiary, is on throughout the year, but in severe winters ice floes the low flat shore on the south side of Ossining. Two from the upper river may temporarily block the chan- water towers near the prison are prominent. A marina nels. at the north end of town can handle craft to 15 tons for hull and engine repairs; marine supplies are available. Anchorage There are also two boat clubs and a yacht club at (70) A special anchorage is at Tarrytown. (See 110.1 Ossining; gasoline, water, ice, and guest berths are available. In May 1981, a reported depth of 4 feet could and 110.60 (p-1), chapter 2, for limits and regula- be carried to the yacht club gasoline dock. tions.) (79) From Hook Mountain, Mile 27W, northward to (71) Several waterfront terminals, with depths of 10 feet Haverstraw, Mile 33W, the west bank of the Hudson alongside, are available at Tarrytown, and there are rail River rises precipitously to heights of more than 800 connections nearby. The wharves are used mostly for feet. the receipt of petroleum products, sand, gravel, and crushed rock. (80) Croton Point, Mile 30E, is a long peninsula that ex- tends 1.5 miles channelward from the main shore. (72) A marina is southward of the principal wharves; Croton Point Park is on the southwest part of the penin- berths, gasoline, diesel fuel, electricity, water, ice, ma- sula. There are several prominent brick buildings at rine supplies, and a 15-ton mobile hoist are available. Harmon, near the inner end of Croton Point. Two private boat clubs are southward of the marina; a launching ramp is available. (81) Haverstraw Bay is the wide stretch of Hudson River between Croton Point and Stony Point, 5 miles to the (73) Nyack is on the west side of Tappan Zee at Mile 25W. northward; the greatest width is about 2.5 miles. The Small-craft facilities at Nyack include a boatyard with a extensive flats in the eastern half of the bay have depths marine railway that can handle craft to 40 feet long for of 5 to 9 feet. The dredged channel through Haverstraw complete engine and hull repairs; the railway, just Bay is marked by seasonal lighted buoys and two south of Lower Nyack Landing, can only be used at high lighted ranges. tide. Storage facilities and marine supplies are avail- able. A boat club on the north side of the waterfront can (82) Croton-on-Hudson, on the east side of Haverstraw provide guest moorings. In May 1981, it was reported Bay at Mile 31.5E, has a yacht club. that 4½ feet could be carried to the gasoline dock. (83) High Tor, 820 feet high, is on the west side of (74) In May 1981, shoaling to an unknown extent was Haverstraw Bay at Mile 32W. reported in the area from Lower Nyack Landing south to the outer end of Piermont Pier, Mile 22W. (84) Haverstraw, on the west side of Haverstraw Bay at Mile 33W., has several abandoned brickyards along its waterfront. Prominent on Bowline Point (41°12.2'N., 73°57.6'W.) are the cement stacks and large red rectan- gular buildings of a powerplant. A T-shaped pier, oper- ated by the powerplant and marked by private lights, extends off Bowline Point. (85) Two marginal wharves, used by barges and oper- ated by sand, stone, and gravel companies, are about

Hudson River ■ Chapter 12 ■ 405 0.7 mile southward of Bowline Point. In May 1981, (94) An overhead power cable with a clearance of 160 depths of 7½ feet were reported alongside the wharves. feet crosses the Hudson River north of Tompkins Cove. A small private boat club is in the cove immediately northward of the more northerly wharf. (95) Peekskill is at the head of a shallow bight at Mile 38E. A dredged U-shaped channel extends northeast- Anchorage ward from deep water in Hudson River to the wharf (86) A special anchorage is at Haverstraw. (See 110.1 area and thence northwestward back to deep water. The southern channel is marked by buoys and a light. In and 110.60 (p–3), chapter 2, for limits and regula- 1990, the controlling depths were 5 feet in the south tions.) channel, 4½ feet in the north channel, and 2½ feet in the channel west of the wharves except for shoaling to (87) Grassy Point is on the west side of Haverstraw Bay 1½ feet near the ramps in the southeast corner of the at Mile 34W. A gypsum pier, marked on its outer end by turn leading from the south channel to the waterfront. a private light, is on the south side of the point; depths of about 31 feet are reported alongside. (96) A yacht club at Peekskill has guest berths, electric- ity, water, ice, and engine repairs. Small-craft facilities Caution (88) Numerous small-craft facilities are north and (97) In August 1985, it was reported that the channel on south of Grassy Point. Berths, electricity, gasoline, die- the north side of Peekskill Bay was obstructed by a sel fuel, water, ice, storage, marine supplies, lifts to 40 sewer outfall extending across from the entrance to tons, and engine and hull repairs are available. In Au- Annsville Creek; caution is advised. gust 2001, a reported depth of 17 feet could be carried into the cove south of the point. (98) Annsville Creek is a very shallow creek on the north side of Peekskill. The railroad bridge over the en- (89) Stony Point, Mile 35W, is marked at the outer end trance has a bascule span with a clearance of 3½ feet. by a light. The bridge is maintained in the closed position. (See 117.805, chapter 2, for drawbridge regulations.) The (90) Verplanck Point, Mile 35.5E, is marked on its highway bridge about 0.2 mile above the railroad northwestern side by prominent gray eroded banks of bridge has a fixed span with a clearance of 19 feet. tailings from a trap-rock plant. Two oil receiving facili- ties at Verplanck Point have depths of 8 to 12 feet re- (99) An oil receiving pier at Roa Hook, on the north side ported alongside. of Peekskill, has a reported depth of about 13 feet alongside. Small-craft facilities (91) Small-craft facilities on the point can provide (100) Dunderberg Mountain, 1,110 feet high, is a densely wooded mountain at Mile 38W. The mountain slopes berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, ice, stor- eastward to Jones Point, which is low and flat. age, and limited marine supplies; lifts to 30 tons are available for hull and engine repairs. In May 1981, re- (101) The river becomes much narrower at Jones Point ported depths of 4 feet could be carried to the facilities. and has an average width of 0.3 mile for the next 8 miles between the bases of the highlands on both sides. When (92) Indian Point, on the east side of Hudson River, 1.7 approaching the sharp turns in this reach, caution miles northward of Verplanck Point, is the site of a nu- should be exercised and a warning signal should be clear powerplant. A tall red and white banded stack, given. lighted on top, and two large domes are conspicuous on the point. (102) Iona Island, formerly a naval depot at Mile 40W, is controlled by the Palisades Interstate Park Commis- (93) Tomkins Cove, a town at Mile 36W, has a large sion. A light, shown from a skeleton tower on the north stone quarry, a rock crusher, and a trap-rock plant. The side of the island, is conspicuous. offshore pier connected to the shore by a conveyor sys- tem has 700 feet of berthing space with dolphins; (103) A rock, with a depth of 10 feet over it and marked by depths of 15 to 25 feet are reported alongside. Crushed a buoy, is 0.2 mile north-northwestward of the north- rock is shipped by barge. Numerous beached barges ernmost point of Iona Island. When descending the south of the pier are prominent. A powerplant pier, just river, particularly with a strong fair current, a careful northward of the wharf, consists of four cement watch should be maintained to avoid being set on this steel-filled cells, the center two of which are connected rock. to each other and the shore by a steel catwalk. Depths of about 40 feet were reported alongside. (104) Bear Mountain State Route 6, Mile 40.3W, is 1,305 feet high and has its summit about 1 mile inland. There are wharves at Day Line Park, on the riverbank at the foot of the mountain.

406 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2 (105) Anthonys Nose, 900 feet high, is a steep, thickly prominent at night. Behind Breakneck Point is Break- wooded hill at Mile 40.5E. neck Ridge, 1,196 feet high. (119) Cornwall-on-Hudson is at Mile 50W. The wharf at (106) Bear Mountain Bridge, Mile 40.6 crosses the Hud- Cornwall is in ruins. A boat club and a yacht club, about son River from Bear Mountain to Anthonys Nose. The 0.6 mile southeastward of the wharf in ruins, can pro- suspension span has a clearance of 155 feet. vide gasoline, water, and ice; guest moorings and a launching ramp are available. In May 1981, the re- (107) Con Hook, a small island at Mile 43W, is marked on ported depths were 10 feet at the gasoline dock and 3 its channel side by a light. A rock, with a depth of 7 feet feet in the basin. over it and marked by a seasonal lighted buoy, is about (120) Pollepel Island, Mile 50E, is a private estate with 0.3 mile southward of Con Hook. When descending the buildings that resemble a medieval castle. A light is river, particularly with a fair current, there is a ten- shown from a skeleton tower 0.1 mile off the west side dency to set toward the rock; caution is advised. of the island. (121) Newburgh, Mile 53W, is a major petroleum distri- (108) A tower at Highland Falls, Mile 44W, is prominent. bution center. Most of the piers of the major oil compa- Highland Falls has a small marina with transient nies are at New Windsor, the southern end of the 2-mile berths for small craft up to 35 feet. The reported depth waterfront at Newburgh. Depths at the piers are re- alongside the dock is 30 feet; electricity and water is ported to range from about 14 feet at the northern end available. A launching ramp is at the marina. to 35 feet at the southern end of the waterfront. (122) The yacht club landing near the north end of the (109) A yacht club at Garrison, Mile 45E, has depths of Newburgh waterfront has reported depths of about 10 about 20 feet alongside its fuel dock. Craft up to 60 feet feet alongside. The marine railways here can handle in length can be accommodated at the slips; gasoline, craft up to 46 feet for minor engine and hull repairs; water, electricity, and some marine supplies are avail- berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, ice, able. launching ramps, and marine supplies are available. A shipbuilding company at Newburgh can make emer- (110) West Point, Mile 45W, is the site of the U.S. Mili- gency repairs to commercial vessels. A marine railway tary Academy. The academy is easily recognized from the at the yard can handle vessels to 140 feet, and cranes to prominence of the buildings and the road leading up the 150 tons are available. hillside from the railroad station and wharfs on the river- (123) Beacon, on the east bank of the Hudson River op- bank. posite Newburgh, has some manufacturing facilities. An oil pier at the southern end of the waterfront has a Anchorage reported depth of 5 feet alongside. A seasonal swim- (111) A special anchorage is at West Point. (See 110.1 ming area in the river at Beacon is marked by private buoys. The Newburg-Beacon Bridge (IS 84), two and 110.60 (p-2), chapter 2, for limits and regula- spanned fixed highway bridges, with a clearance of 147 tions.) feet for a middle 760-foot width and 172 feet at the cen- ter, crosses the river between Beacon and Newburgh. A (112) The northeastern extremity of West Point descends private fog signal is at the bridge and a RACON is atop to Gees Point, a rocky feature which is marked by a the center of the main channel span of the southern- light. About 0.2 mile south of Gees Point, another light most bridge. marks the outer edge of a rocky shallow area along the (124) Two submerged obstructions are reported about west bank. 150 yards south of seasonal Lower Hudson River Lighted Buoy 52, Mile 55. A submerged obstruction, (113) Worlds End, a sharp bend in the Hudson River at covered ½ foot, is reported about 700 yards west of Mile 46, has depths of more than 100 feet. Extreme cau- Buoy 52. tion should be exercised when passing through Worlds (125) Chelsea, Mile 56.5E, has a boatyard and yacht club; End; the view is obstructed and vessels should reduce berths, electricity, gasoline, water, ice, marine supplies, speed and sound a warning signal. and complete hull and engine repairs are available. A 12-ton mobile crane is available for do-it-yourself re- (114) Constitution Island is on the upper side of Worlds pairs. End at Mile 46.5E. Magazine Point, on the channel side (126) Danskammer Point, Mile 58W, is marked by a con- of the island, is marked by a light. spicuous powerplant with two large buildings, four stacks, a radio tower, and an oil receiving pier. There (115) Crows Nest, Mile 47W, is 1,403 feet high and prom- inent. A boat club is at Cold Spring, Mile 47.3E. (116) Little Stony Point, Mile 48E, is the site of a rock quarry. (117) Storm King Mountain, 1,355 feet high, is promi- nent at Mile 49W. (118) Breakneck Point, on the opposite side of Hudson River from Storm King Mountain, is marked by one highway tunnel and two railroad tunnels; the lights are

Hudson River ■ Chapter 12 ■ 407 are numerous brickyards on both sides of the river be- hull, engine, and electronic repairs can be made. In Au- tween Newburgh and Danskammer Point, but most of gust 2001, 17 feet was reported alongside the docks. them have been abandoned. (136) Hyde Park, Mile 71E, is the birthplace of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United Chart 12347 States. The residence and library are about 0.4 mile in- land. (127) Wappinger Creek is entered at Mile 58.5E through Anchorage a channel that leads to just below Wappingers Falls, 1.6 (137) A special anchorage is just west of Hyde Park. (See miles above the entrance. In 1977, it was reported that the creek had silted in and was no longer navigable. 110.1 and 110.155 (c)(6), chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) (128) The railroad bridge across the mouth of Wappinger (138) The Hyde Park Pilot Station (41°49'55\"N., Creek has a bascule span with a clearance of 1 foot. (See 073°56'32\"W.) is located on the eastern shore of the 117.813, chapter 2, for drawbridge regulations.) The Hudson River in Mills-Norrie State Park just above the nearby overhead cables have a clearance of 43 feet over anchorage. Vessels transiting the river to destinations the creek. The fixed highway bridge about 300 yards above Kingston, NY will be required to embark another above the railroad bridge has a clearance of 12 feet. An pilot at this point. The pilot station is manned only overhead power cable at the bridge has a clearance of while boarding ships in transit and maintains a watch 47 feet. An overhead power cable with a clearance of 31 on VHF-FM channel 13 an hour prior to ETA for Norrie feet crosses the creek about 1.5 miles above the mouth. Point. The Hudson River Pilot office may be reached at (718) 448-3900. (129) Diamond Reef, with a depth of 5 feet over it and marked by a seasonal lighted buoy, lies in about the (139) The Poughkeepsie Yacht Club, about 0.5 mile middle of Hudson River 0.2 mile above the entrance to north of the anchorage area, has berths, electricity, Wappinger Creek. Between Diamond Reef and gasoline, diesel fuel, water, a 15-ton mobile hoist, ice, Poughkeepsie the west side of the river should be fa- and a sewage pump-out facility. In 1981, 8 feet was re- vored to avoid two 18-foot spots which are buoyed. ported available alongside the gasoline dock. (130) A marina at New Hamburg, just north of the en- (140) Esopus Island, Mile 73, is marked by a light on the trance to Wappinger Creek, has berths, electricity, gas- south end. A ledge, partly bare at low water and extend- oline, water, ice, a 12-ton lift, and marine supplies; hull ing about 300 yards from the north end, is marked by a and engine repairs can be made. In June 1981, depths of buoy. The better channel is westward of the island. A 20 feet were reported alongside the gasoline dock and 3 prominent large graystone building is on the west side feet alongside the berths. of the river above Esopus, about 1 mile north of Esopus Island. (131) A boat club at Marlboro, Mile 59.7W, can provide gasoline and water. (141) Indian Kill flows into the Hudson River at Mile 73.8E. At the entrance to Indian Kill is a small-boat ba- (132) Poughkeepsie, Mile 66E, is an important industrial sin operated by the State of New York as part of Taconic center specializing in manufactured goods, oil, and State Park. Private seasonal lights and buoys mark the lumber. entrance to the boat basin. In June 1981, the reported controlling depth was 7½ feet in the entrance channel (133) Mid Hudson Bridge (U.S. 44), a fixed span with a with 5½ feet available in the basin. Gasoline, diesel fuel, clearance of 134 feet, and a fixed railroad bridge with a water, ice, a sewage pump-out facility, and a 20-foot clearance of 167 feet, 0.5 mile northward, cross the concrete launching ramp are available in the basin. river at Poughkeepsie; both bridges are well lighted at Supplies can be obtained nearby. night. The Mid Hudson Bridge is equipped with a pri- vate fog signal and a racon in the middle of the span. (142) A shoal about 0.6 mile long and 150 yards wide with Submerged pilings, covered 2 feet, are reported to exist a least depth of about 16 feet is just west of the center of on the westerly side of the Hudson River between the the channel, about 1.1 miles above Indian Kill en- second and third abutments of the railroad bridge. trance. The shoal is marked by a seasonal lighted buoy about midway along the east edge. (134) Several bulk oil receiving wharves with reported depths of 13 to 20 feet alongside are on the east shore (143) Esopus Meadows Light, Mile 75.8, 52 feet above about 1 mile south of the Mid Hudson Highway Bridge. the water, is shown from a white brick lighthouse on A town park and a small-craft launching ramp are the west side of the main channel. Shoals with depths about 0.2 mile north of the highway bridge. less than 3 feet extend as much as 0.4 mile from either shore from about 1 mile below the light to Rondout (135) A marina, on the east side of the river near Mile 68E, has berths, electricity, gasoline, water, ice, a launching ramp, marine supplies, and a 20-ton crane;

408 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2 Creek at Kingston. The shoal area on the east side of the through the critical areas are marked with lights and river is marked by buoys. buoys, but strangers in all except small boats are ad- vised to take a pilot. Pilots are engaged at New York. (144) Rondout Creek is entered from the Hudson River at Mile 79W through a dredged channel that leads be- Chart 12347 tween two long, submerged jetties to Eddyville, about 3 miles above the channel entrance. The jetties are (150) Kingston Point, Mile 80W, is an oil terminal. Tugs marked by lights at the outer ends and by seasonal and barges drawing 15 to 20 feet transport petroleum daybeacons. In August 2005, the controlling depth was products both up and down the river from this termi- 12.5 feet from the entrance to the second highway nal. bridge about 1.1 miles above the mouth, thence 9.2 feet to the southwest end of Gumaer Island, thence 5.2 feet (151) Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge State Route 199 to the head of the dredged channel at Eddyville. The crosses the Hudson River at Mile 82.7. The fixed chan- channel is partially marked by buoys. The head of prac- nel spans have a clearance of 135 feet. A private fog sig- tical navigation is at the lock of the abandoned Dela- nal is at the bridge and a RACON is in the center of the ware and Hudson Canal, 3.3 miles above the entrance. west channel span. The lower 2-mile portion of Rondout Creek serves as a harbor for Kingston. (152) Esopus Creek is entered at Mile 88.5W. The en- trance is between two dikes; both are marked by lights. (145) Kingston is partly on the lowlands adjacent to the Saugerties is on the north bank of the creek about 1 north bank of Rondout Creek and partly on the elevated mile above the entrance. In June 2005, the controlling plateau to the north and westward of it. Waterborne depth was 5.1 feet to the steamboat wharf about 0.7 traffic consists chiefly of sand, gravel, crushed rock, mile above the entrance. The mean range of tide is brick, and petroleum products. about 4 feet. Above the steamboat wharf several shoals bare at low water and there are many large boulders. Bridges Small craft, with local knowledge, use this area as an (146) Rondout Creek is crossed by a fixed highway bridge anchorage, but it should be avoided by strangers. A dam crosses the creek about 1.3 miles above the entrance. with a clearance of 56 feet, about 1 mile above the en- trance, a highway suspension bridge with a clearance of Small-craft facilities 86 feet, about 0.1 mile above the fixed bridge, and the (153) Small-craft facilities below the steamboat wharf Conrail fixed railroad bridge with a clearance of 144 feet, about 2 miles above the entrance. An overhead can provide berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, wa- power cable with a clearance of 75 feet crosses the ter, ice, outside storage, and some marine supplies. A creek about 0.45 mile above the railroad bridge. forklift can handle craft to 2 tons for engine and hull re- pairs; launching ramps are also available. In June 1981, Tides depths of 15 to 20 feet were reported alongside the fuel (147) The mean range of tide at the entrance to Rondout dock. Creek is about 3.7 feet. (154) A rescue vessel of the Ulster County Sheriff’s De- partment is at Saugerties. The Sheriff’s office can be Small-craft facilities contacted through the Coast Guard on VHF-FM chan- (148) There are several small-craft facilities on Rondout nel 16 or directly by telephone (914-338-3640). Creek. Berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, (155) In March 2004, shoaling to 9 feet was reported at ice, marine supplies, launching ramps, a sewage the southern boundary of Green Flats. Vessels are ad- pump-out facility, and wet and dry storage are available vised to transit along the centerline of the channel in as far upstream as Eddyville. Lifts to 35 tons and a the vicinity of Hudson River Lighted Buoy 94. 75-foot marine railway can handle craft for hull and en- gine repairs. (156) The Maelstrom is a dangerous whirlpool on the east side of the main channel about 2 miles north of Charts 12347, 12348 Esopus Creek. (149) In the Hudson River above Kingston many shoals (157) Several large cement manufacturing plants that with depths less than 3 feet are in midriver or extend have prominent buildings and elevators are near from the shore on either side. The bottom is rocky at Cementon, Mile 92.5W. Another cement factory is at many of the bar crossings. Most of the channels Dewitt Point, 2 miles above Cementon. A wharf just be- low the point has a reported depth of 30 feet at the face.

Hudson River ■ Chapter 12 ■ 409 The landing for North Germantown is across the river unknown extent was reported in the area between Ath- opposite this wharf. ens and Middle Ground Flats. (158) Catskill Creek, marked at the entrance by buoys, is entered at Mile 97.5W. Catskill is about 1 mile above Small-craft facility the mouth. In June 2005, the centerline controlling (164) A small-craft facility at the north end of town has depth was 6.3 feet to about 100 yards below the high- way bridge, 0.9 mile above the mouth. The bridge has a berths, electricity, gasoline, water, ice, and limited ma- fixed span with a vertical clearance of 11 feet. An over- rine supplies, and can make minor engine repairs. head power cable about 200 yards above the bridge has a clearance of 60 feet. The north edge of the channel Chart 12348 leads close to the end of the wharf at the entrance, then passes 75 feet off the first small pier, lying 200 yards in- (165) Coxsackie is at Mile 108W. Berths, gasoline, elec- side the end of the wharf, and then passes close to the tricity, water, and ice are available at a yacht club at the next small pier on the north side. The best water is then north end of town. A State-owned 20-foot concrete in midcreek when approaching the first sharp bend to launching ramp is also available at Coxsackie. avoid a rock with 4 feet over it about 50 feet off the western end of the wharf. The channel then favors the (166) Cement and coal are shipped and gypsum is re- south bank until about 350 yards from the highway ceived at facilities about 1 mile above Coeymans; the bridge, then follows the north bank to the highway marginal wharf has 666 feet of berthing space with dol- bridge. phins and 32 feet reported alongside. (159) A long wharf extends along the north side of Cats- kill Creek from the entrance to Catskill. Anchorage (167) A 32-foot buoyed anchorage basin is on the east Small-craft facilities (160) Several small-craft facilities are on the creek. bank of the river north of Stuyvesant about 3.1 miles above Coxsackie. Berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, storage facili- ties, water, ice, marine supplies, a sewage pump-out fa- (168) A boatyard at New Baltimore, Mile 113.5W, can cility, and lifts to 20 tons are available; hull and engine provide berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, repairs can be made. storage, and marine supplies. A launching ramp and a 20-ton mobile hoist are available; hull and engine re- (161) Rip Van Winkle Bridge State Route 23 crosses the pairs can be made. In June 1981, a reported depth of 20 Hudson River at Mile 98.7. The fixed span over the feet was available at the fuel dock with 6 feet at the channel has a clearance of 142 feet. A private fog signal berths. is at the bridge and a RACON is the center of the main channel span. High-voltage power cables with a clear- (169) Coeymans, Mile 115W, has a boatyard that can pro- ance of 145 feet cross the river about 2.4 miles above vide berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, ice, the bridge. Red lights are atop the suspension towers and a 12-ton lift; hull and engine repairs can be made. on both sides of the river. (170) A submerged jetty, marked by daybeacons, is just E (162) Hudson, Mile 102E, is on a slope that rises from the of Coeymans. east bank of the Hudson River. Waterborne commerce is in petroleum products. The bulk petroleum pier has Anchorage reported depths of about 10 feet alongside. Gasoline, (171) A special anchorage is at Coeymans. (See 110.1 berths, electricity, water, and a launching ramp are available at a boat club at Hudson. In June 1981, depths and 110.60 (v), chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) of 20 feet were reported alongside the gasoline dock. (172) The Conrail fixed railroad bridge with a clearance (163) Athens is on the west side of the Hudson River op- of 139 feet crosses the Hudson River at Mile 117.8. An posite Hudson. An asphalt receiving facility and a bulk overhead power cable just southward of the bridge has petroleum storage facility are at Athens. Barges call at a clearance of 185 feet. The Castleton-on-Hudson these facilities, which have reported depths of about 7 Bridge (New York State Thruway, IS 90 E-W), a fixed to 15 feet alongside. In June 1981, shoaling to an un- highway bridge, about 150 yards above the railroad known extent was reported north of Middle Ground bridge has a clearance of 135 feet. Flats; barges approach Athens through the channel south of the flats only. In October 1990, shoaling to an (173) Castleton-on-Hudson, Mile 119E, has a boat club that can provide berths, electricity, gasoline, diesel fuel, water, ice, and a launching ramp. Gin poles are available at the boat club for stepping masts. In June

410 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2 1982, depths of 9 feet were reported alongside the swing span with a clearance of 25 feet. (See 117.1 docks. through 117.59 and 117.791, chapter 2, for drawbridge (174) The Castleton Fire Department maintains a rescue regulations.) An overhead power cable at the railroad vessel at the boat club for emergency medical assistance, bridge has a clearance of 135 feet. firefighting, lifesaving, and damage control. The rescue vessel can be contacted through the Coast Guard on Tides VHF-FM channel 16, or by telephone (518-272-5501). (183) The mean range of tide at Albany is 4.6 feet. (For Anchorage daily predictions see Tide Tables.) Tidal currents for (175) A special anchorage is at Mile 120W, just below Ce- Hudson River are described at the beginning of this chapter. dar Hill. (See 110.1 and 110.60 (w), chapter 2, for limits and regulations.) Weather, Albany and vicinity (184) The climate at Albany is primarily continental in (176) Overhead power cables crossing the river at Mile 122.9 and Mile 123.1 have clearances of 169 and 194 character, but is subject to some modification from the feet, respectively. maritime climate which prevails in the extreme south- eastern portion of New York State. The moderating ef- (177) Albany, Mile 126W, is the capital of New York State fect on temperatures is more pronounced during the and the principal port on the river above New York City. warmer months than in the cold winter season when The port of Albany is the terminus for deep-draft ves- outbursts of cold air sweep down from Canada with sels on the Hudson River and serves as a transshipping greater vigor than at other times of the year. In the point for the immediate vicinity, large areas of New warmer portion of the year temperatures rise rapidly England, and most of the areas accessible by water- during the daytime to moderate levels. As a rule, tem- ways. peratures fall rapidly after sunset so that the nights are relatively cool. Very occasionally, the area experiences (178) Waterborne commerce at the port is mostly in pe- extended periods of oppressive heat up to a week or troleum products, but grain, automobiles, coal, molas- more in duration. ses, scrap iron, aggregates, lumber, wood byproducts, (185) The highest temperature of record is 100°F bananas, steel, chemicals, and general cargo are also (37.8°C) recorded both in July and September 1953. handled. The extreme minimum temperature at Albany is -28°F (-33.3°C) recorded in January 1971. The average tem- (179) The Albany Port District includes the lower harbor perature for Albany is 48°F (8.9°C). The average high is between points about 0.2 mile below and 1.9 miles 58°F (14.4°C) and the average low is 37°F (2.8°C). July above the entrance to Island Creek (42°36'26\"N., is the warmest month with an average high of 83°F 73°45'50\"W.), and the upper harbor extending north- (28.3°C) and an average low of 60°F (15.6°C). January ward of this point to the northern limits of Albany on is the coldest month with an average high of 31°F the west side and Rensselaer on the east side. (-0.6°C) and an average low of 13°F (-10.6°C). An aver- age of 11 days each year records maximum tempera- Channels tures in excess of 90°F (32.2°C) and an average of 147 (180) The Federal project depth is 32 feet from New York days record extreme minimums below 32°F (0°C). An average of 22 days each year will have an extreme mini- Harbor to Albany. Above the Port of Albany, the project mum below 5°F (-15°C). depth is 14 feet to the Troy Lock and Dam. (See Notice (186) Precipitation is sufficient to serve the economy of to Mariners and latest editions of the charts for control- the region in most years, and only occasionally do peri- ling depths.) ods of drought become a threat. A considerable portion of the rainfall in the warmer months is from showers Anchorages associated with thunderstorms, but hail is not usually (181) The restricted width of the river at Albany is not of any consequence. Average annual precipitation to- tals nearly 36 inches (914 mm) and is evenly distrib- sufficient to permit vessels to swing at anchor without uted throughout the year. The difference between the interfering with passing craft. However, in an emer- driest month, February, and the wettest month, June, gency, vessels sometimes anchor in midstream to wait averages exactly one inch (25.4 mm). Precipitation falls for berthing space. an average 205 days each year with the early winter sea- son being the most likely time. Thunderstorms occur Bridges (182) The Dunn Memorial fixed highway bridge with a clearance of 60 feet crosses Hudson River at Albany at Mile 126.4. The Conrail/Amtrak railroad bridge has a

Hudson River ■ Chapter 12 ■ 411 on average 24 days each year with June, July, and Au- Quarantine, customs, immigration, and agricultural gust being the most favored period. quarantine (187) Winters are usually cold and occasionally fairly se- (195) (See chapter 3, Vessel Arrival Inspections, and Ap- vere. Maximum temperatures during the colder winter pendix A for addresses.) months often are below freezing, and nighttime low (196) Quarantine is enforced in accordance with the reg- temperatures frequently drop to 10°F (-12.2°C) or ulations of the U.S. Public Health Service. (See Public lower. Sub-zero temperatures (<-17.8°C) occur rather Health Service, chapter 1.) infrequently, about a dozen times a year. Snowfall in (197) Albany has several hospitals. the area is quite variable and over some of the higher nearby areas ranges up to 75 inches (1905 mm) or more Harbor regulations for a season. Snow flurries are quite frequent during (198) Local rules and regulations for the port are handled the cold months. The average annual snowfall is 63 inches (1600 mm) and snow can be expected each by the Albany Port District Commission. month, October through May. January is the snowiest month averaging over 16 inches (406 mm). The Wharves 24-hour snowfall record is 22 inches (559 mm), and oc- (199) There are about 30 waterfront facilities at Albany curred in March 1993. (188) On the whole, wind velocities are moderate. The and Rensselaer; most are located on the west side of the north-south Hudson River Valley has had a marked ef- Hudson River at Albany. All have highway connections fect on the lighter winds and the warm months usually and, with the exception of the petroleum berths, rail- average out as a south wind. Destructive winds occur road connections. Cargo is generally handled by ships’ infrequently. tackle. Crawler and truck cranes up to 140 tons can be (189) The area enjoys one of the highest percentages of rented. The alongside depths given for each facility are sunshine that can be found in the State. This is true of reported; for information on the latest depths, contact the Hudson Valley area from Albany southward to the the operator. Only the major facilities are described. coast with slightly more sunshine progressively south- For a complete description of the port facilities refer to ward. Seldom does the area experience extended peri- Port Series No. 6, published and sold by the U.S. Army ods of cloudy days or extended periods of smog. Corps of Engineers. (See Appendix A for address.) Occasionally during the warm months, there are short (200) West side of Hudson River below Island Creek periods when high humidity associated with tempera- (42°36'26\"N., 73°45'50\"W.): tures above 85°F (29.4°C) is rather uncomfortable. (201) Sears Oil Co. Tanker Wharf: about 1.2 miles south- (190) Tornadoes are rather rare in the Albany area; six ward of Island Creek; offshore wharf, 191 feet with dol- have been reported since 1826. Since 1871, eight tropi- phins; 31 feet alongside; deck height, 10 feet; pipelines cal storms have approached within 25 miles of Albany. extend from wharf to storage tanks, total capacity of 2 All have approached from the southwest, therefore million barrels; receipt of petroleum products; owned have been greatly modified by the time traveled over and operated by Sears Oil Co., Inc. land. The last storm to directly influence the Albany (202) Texaco North Wharf: about 0.85 mile southward of area was the remnants of Hurricane Gracie in Septem- Island Creek; offshore wharf, 230 feet with dolphins; 32 ber 1959. By the time Gracie reached Albany, it had feet alongside; deck height, 14 feet; pipelines extend completed the extra tropical transition and highest from wharf to storage tanks, total capacity of 838,000 sustained winds were only 30 knots. barrels; receipt and shipment of petroleum products; (191) (See page 437 for Albany climatological table.) owned and operated by Texaco Inc. (203) West side of Hudson River above Island Creek: Pilotage, Albany (204) Agway Petroleum Wharf: about 0.1 mile northward (192) See Pilotage, Hudson River (indexed as such), ear- of Island Creek; offshore wharf, 260 feet with dolphins; 30 feet alongside; deck height, 11 feet; pipelines extend lier this chapter. from wharf to storage tanks, total capacity of 334,000 barrels; receipt and shipment of petroleum products; Towage owned and operated by Agway Petroleum, Inc. (193) Tugs up to 6,800 hp, based at New York City, and (205) Cibro Petroleum Ship Dock: about 0.5 mile north- ward of Island Creek; bulkhead wharf, 1000 feet; 28 to tugs up to 1,800 hp, based at Rensselaer, are available at 32 feet alongside; deck height, 16½ feet; pipelines ex- Albany. Arrangements for tugs are usually made in ad- tend from wharf to storage tanks, total capacity of vance by ships’ agents. about 193,000 barrels of asphalt, 955,000 barrels of fuel (194) Albany is a customs port of entry. oil, and 450,000 barrels of crude oil; receipt of crude oil

412 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2 and petroleum products; receipt and shipment of as- dolphins; 30 feet alongside; deck height, 8 feet; pipe- phalt; owned by Albany Port District Commission and lines extend from wharf to storage tanks, total capacity operated by Cibro Petroleum Products, Inc. of 1 million barrels; receipt of petroleum products; (206) Albany Port District Commission Berths 1 owned by Amerada Hess Corp., operated by Amerada through 9: provide 3,770 feet of continuous berthing; Hess Corp. and Sun Refining and Marketing Co. depths of 32 feet alongside; deck heights, 16½ feet; wa- (216) Ultramar Petroleum Wharf: about 0.5 mile north- ter and electrical shore power connections; owned by ward of Island Creek; offshore wharf; 180 feet with dol- Albany Port District Commission. phins; 12 feet alongside; deck height, 11 feet; pipelines (207) Berths 7, 8, and 9: about 0.8 mile northward of Is- extend from wharf to storage tanks, total capacity of 1 land Creek; 1,270-foot marginal wharf; 10½-million- million barrels; receipt and shipment of petroleum bushel grain elevator; special grain-handling equip- products; owned and operated by Ultramar Petroleum, ment; conveyor-belt loading system, rate 1,340 long Inc. tons per hour; pipelines extend from wharf to molasses (217) Atlantic-Richfield Co. Rensselaer Wharf: about storage tanks; total capacity of 4½ million gallons; ship- 0.65 mile northward of Island Creek; offshore wharf, ment of grain; receipt and shipment of molasses; 295 feet with dolphins; 33 feet alongside; deck height, operated by Albany Port District Commission, National 11 feet; water connections; pipelines extend from wharf Molasses Co., and Cargill, Inc. to storage tanks, total capacity 1½ million barrels; re- (208) Berths 5 and 6: immediately northward of Berth 7; ceipt of petroleum products; owned by Atlan- 750-foot marginal wharf; 60,000 square feet covered tic-Richfield Co., operated by Atlantic-Richfield Co., storage; 35 acres open storage; pipelines extend from Gulf Oil Products Co. and Amoco Oil Co. wharf to storage tanks, total capacity of 7½ million gal- (218) Petroleum Fuel and Terminal Co. Rensselaer Ma- lons of molasses and 1 million gallons of liquid fertil- rine Terminal: about 0.75 mile northward of Island izer; receipt and shipment of general cargo and liquid Creek; offshore wharf, 375 feet with dolphins; 32 feet fertilizer; receipt of molasses; operated by Albany Port alongside; deck height, 14 feet; pipelines extend from District Commission, Pacific Molasses Co., and Allied wharf to storage tanks, total capacity of 668,000 bar- Chemical Corp. rels; receipt and shipment of petroleum products; (209) Berth 4: immediately northward of Berth 5; owned and operated by Petroleum Fuel and Terminal 425-foot marginal wharf; 26,000 square feet of covered Co. storage; 28 acres open storage; receipt and shipment of (219) Bray Terminals: about 0.8 mile northward of Island general cargo; receipt of automobiles; operated by Al- Creek; offshore wharf, 250 feet with dolphins; 23 feet bany Port District Commission. alongside; deck height, 12 feet; water and electrical (210) Berth 3: immediately northward of Berth 4; shore power connections; receipt and shipment of pe- 425–foot marginal wharf; 72,000 square feet of covered troleum products; pipelines extend from wharf to stor- storage; receipt of bananas; operated by Albany Port age tanks, total capacity of 646,000 barrels; owned by District Commission and United Brands, Inc. Bray Terminals, Inc., operated by Bray Terminals, Inc., (211) Berth 2: immediately northward of Berth 3; and Getty Refining and Marketing Co. 300-foot marginal wharf; 28 acres open storage; receipt (220) Port of Albany Rensselaer Wharf: about 1.25 miles and shipment of general cargo; receipt of automobiles; above Island Creek; marginal wharf, 1,205 feet; 32 feet operated by Albany Port District Commission. alongside; deck height, 16½ feet; pipeline extends from (212) Berth 1: immediately northward of Berth 2; wharf to storage tank, total capacity 500,000 gallons; 20 600–foot marginal wharf; 45,000 square feet of covered acres open storage; 43,000 square feet covered storage; storage; receipt and shipment of general cargo; receipt receipt of caustic soda, shipment of scrap metal; owned of automobiles; operated by Albany Port District Com- by Albany Port District Commission, operated by Al- mission. bany Port District Commission and Ashland Chemical (213) Mobil Oil Corp. Ship Dock: about 200 yards north- Co. ward of Berth 1; offshore wharf, 200 feet with dolphins; 29 feet alongside; deck height, 16 feet; freshwater con- Supplies nections; pipelines extend from wharf to storage tanks, (221) Bunkering services for deep-draft vessels are not storage tanks have a total capacity of 2¼ million bar- rels; receipt of petroleum products; owned and oper- available at Albany; this service is obtained in New ated by Mobil Oil Corp. York. Diesel fuel, through metered pumps, is available (214) East Side of Hudson River: for small vessels; water, marine supplies, and provi- (215) Amerada Hess Corp. Wharf: about 0.3 mile north- sions are available. ward of Island Creek; offshore wharf, 290 feet with

Hudson River ■ Chapter 12 ■ 413 Repairs span with a clearance of 55 feet. The highway-railroad (222) There are no drydocks or marine railway facilities bridge 0.5 mile upstream has a lift span with a clearance of 24 feet down and 129 feet up. (See 117.1 through for ocean-going vessels at the port of Albany. All types 117.59 and 117.791, chapter 2, for drawbridge regula- of repairs not requiring hauling out are available for tions.) The bridge collapsed in 1977 and was being re- steel and wooden hulls; machinery and boiler repairs moved in 1978. In 1979, a vertical lift highway bridge and machine shop work are available. with a design clearance of 29 feet down and 60 feet up (223) A marine repair facility at Cohoes, on the west side was under construction on the alinement of the de- of the river 8 miles above Albany and 1.5 miles above stroyed bridge. In 1978, the Green Island Bridge (State the Troy Lock and Dam, is equipped to make all types of Route 7), a fixed highway bridge, with a design clear- above-the-waterline repairs to tugs, barges, and other ance of 60 feet was under construction at Mile 132.9. A small vessels. The State of New York operates a drydock rock ledge is on the east side of the river at the high- adjacent to Lock 3 of the Erie Canal at Waterford, just way-railroad bridge in about 42°44'07\"N., 73°41'22\"W. north of Cohoes. The graving dock is 450 feet long, 42 (230) Well-equipped wharves at Troy have berthing space feet wide at the entrance, and has a depth of 14 feet over of about 2,400 feet and depths of 9 to 14 feet alongside. the keel blocks. A mile-long concrete bulkhead extends along the wa- terfront. The only public docking facility is at the State Small-craft facilities barge canal terminal. The oil storage terminals on the (224) A yacht club is on the east side of the Hudson River island under the railroad bridge have depths up to 14 feet alongside. Facilities for repairs to hulls, machin- at Rensselaer at Mile 126.4, about 0.2 mile south of the ery, and boiler equipment are available for vessels not fixed highway bridge; berths, electricity, gasoline, die- requiring hauling out. sel fuel, and water are available. In June 1981, reported (231) The Troy Lock and Dam is about 8 miles above Al- depths of 15 feet were available on the west side of the bany. The lock dimensions are: length 492.5 feet; width yacht club dock with 8 feet on the east side. A municipal 44.4 feet; depth over upper miter sill 16.3 feet at normal launching ramp is at Mile 127.2W. pool level; and depth over lower miter sill 13 feet at low- est low water. The lift at the lowest stages is 17.3 feet. Communications The mean range of tide is about 4.7 feet below the lock. (225) Albany is served by air and rail communications. (See 207.50 and 207.60, chapter 2, for navigation reg- ulations for the lock and operating regulations for the The Delaware and Hudson Railroad serves facilities on dam.) the west side of the river while ConRail serves facilities on both sides of the river. The Albany Port Railroad Caution Corporation, a terminal switching line, serves the wa- (232) The area within about 500 feet below the Troy Dam terfront facilities and property owned by the Albany Port District Commission and connects with the main is extremely dangerous because of the turbulence line railroads. caused by water discharge from the dam. The danger area is marked by buoys. (226) The Patroon Island Bridge (IS 90), a fixed high- way bridge, with a clearance of 60 feet crosses the Hud- (233) The Hudson River above the Troy Lock and Dam son River just above Albany at Mile 127.8. joins with the New York State Canal System to form a connecting waterway westward to Lake Erie and Lake (227) The Troy-Menands Bridge (State Route 378), a Ontario, and northward to Lake Champlain. fixed highway bridge, crossing the Hudson River at South Troy, Mile 130.5, has a clearance of 61 feet. The (234) The New York State Canal System, comprising overhead power cables between Albany and Troy have a Erie Canal, Oswego Canal, Cayuga and Seneca Canal, least clearance of 87 feet. Red lights are shown from the and Champlain Canal, is under the jurisdiction of the suspension towers on both sides of the river. State of New York. Navigation on the State canals is free except for mooring, dockage, wharfage, storage, or use (228) Troy, Mile 132E, is a manufacturing center. of canal equipment or facilities for which a permit is re- Watervliet, on the west side of the river opposite Troy, is quired. Detailed data regarding movement through the the site of the United States Arsenal with a 755-foot New York State Canal System may be obtained from the stone bulkhead. The harbor extends from the southern New York State Canal Corporation, Office of Canals, limits of the city of Troy to the Troy Lock and Dam. Ves- 200 Southern Boulevard, P.O. Box 189, Albany, NY sels usually berth on arrival, because the narrow width 12201-0189, telephone 1-800-4CANAL4 or visit website of the river and character of the bottom are not suitable http://www.canals.state.ny.us. for anchorage. (229) The Congress Street Bridge (State Route 2) con- necting Watervliet and Troy, at Mile 132.2, has a fixed

414 ■ Chapter 12 ■ Coast Pilot 2 Controlling dimensions of channels, locks, and (243) Champlain Canal, a 52-mile waterway, follows the bridges Hudson River northward from Waterford for about 32 (235) The Great Lakes-Hudson River Waterway Im- miles to Fort Edward, thence through a landcut and provement is that part of the barge canal system in- Wood Creek to Whitehall at the entrance to Lake cluding the Erie Canal from Waterford west to Three Champlain. Rivers and thence the Oswego Canal to Lake Ontario. This section of the system, funded by the U.S. Govern- (244) Lake Champlain, about 97 miles long from White- ment and maintained by the State of New York, has a hall to the Canadian border and up to 10 miles wide at project depth of 14 feet at normal pool level between its widest part, has considerable water commerce be- locks and 13 feet at normal pool level through all locks tween the ports along its shores. The controlling depth and guard gates. These channels have widths of 104 feet is about 12 feet at low lake level through the main in earth cuts, 120 feet in rock cuts, and 200 feet in river channel to the Canadian border and to the principal and lake sections. ports. The least overhead clearance is 92 feet at a fixed (236) Elsewhere in the New York State Canal System, the bridge at Crown Point, about 32 miles above Whitehall. project depth is 12 feet in all channels and through all locks and guard gates. These channels have widths of (245) An international waterway for commerce is avail- 75 feet in earth cuts, 94 feet in rock cuts, and generally able between the United States and Canada by the use of 200 feet in canalized rivers. Champlain Canal, Lake Champlain, and the Riviere (237) Usable dimensions of the locks in the New York Richelieu and Canal de Chambly, which extend from State Canal System are 300 feet in length and 43½ feet the northerly end of Lake Champlain for about 70 miles in width. The locks and guard gates have depths of 12 in Canadian waters to the St. Lawrence River, 40 miles feet over the sills at normal pool level, except 13 feet below Montreal. The size of vessels that can navigate over the sills in the Great Lakes-Hudson River Water- this route is controlled by the least dimensions of the way Improvement. Canal de Chambly locks which are: usable length, 111 (238) The least clearance of bridges and cables over the feet, 5 inches; width, 23 feet; depth over sills, 6½ feet. Great Lakes-Hudson River Waterway Improvement is Bridges over the waterway are provided with draws; the 20 feet. The least clearance of bridges and cables over least overhead clearance of cables is 120 feet. The least the other waterways of the New York State Canal Sys- clearance for bridges across Canal de Chambly in the tem is 15 feet. vicinity of the city of St. Jean, Quebec, is 29 feet. The (239) The navigation season is normally from the first navigation season is from about the middle of April to part of May to the latter part of November. the middle of November. (240) Erie Canal, a 294-mile waterway, extends from the (246) Permit requirements and toll charge information pool of the Troy dam in the Hudson River at Waterford for Canal de Chambly and St. Ours Lock may be ob- westerly through the Mohawk River and landcuts to tained from the Superintendent, Quebec Canals (see Oneida Lake, thence through Oneida, Seneca, and Clyde Appendix A for address). Rivers, landcuts, an artificial channel, and Tonawanda Creek to Niagara River at Tonawanda. The Niagara River Charts and Coast Pilot Information connects the Erie Canal with Lake Erie at Buffalo. (247) The National Ocean Service’s nautical chart cover- (241) Oswego Canal, a 21-mile waterway, extends north- age of the New York State Canal System is as follows: ward from the Erie Canal, 141 miles westward of the chart 14786, all the canals from the Hudson River at Troy dam, to Oswego where it joins Lake Ontario. For Troy, N.Y., westward to Lyons, N.Y., and to Lake Ontario the most part the canal follows the Oswego River from at Oswego; chart 14788, Oneida Lake; and chart 14791, its confluence with the Oneida and Seneca Rivers. Cayuga and Seneca Lakes. Charts of Lake Champlain are published by NOS. (242) Cayuga and Seneca Canal extends southward from (248) Coast Pilot information for the above waterways is the Erie Canal 177 miles west to the Troy dam. The canal contained in United States Coast Pilot 6 (formerly follows the improved Seneca River to Cayuga Lake and known as the Great Lakes Pilot), also published by NOS. extends through the lake to Ithaca at the south end. (249) Coverage of the canal system from Syracuse, west From the north end of Cayuga Lake, the canal follows to the Niagara River at Tonawanda, NY, is contained in Seneca River west to Seneca Lake and extends through New York State Canal Guide, available from Mid-Lakes the lake to Watkins Glen at the south end. A 2.2-mile ca- Navigation Company, Ltd., Box 61, Skaneateles, NY nal extends south from Watkins Glen to Montour Falls. 13152, 1-800-545-4318; 315-685-8500. These lakes are two of the so-called Finger Lakes of cen- (250) Charts and pilot information for the Riviere tral New York and are each about 30 miles in length. Richelieu, Canal de Chambly and other Canadian waters are available from the Canadian Hydrographic Chart Distribution Office (see Appendix A for address).

■ Appendix A ■ 415 Appendix A Sales Information Charts and Publications-National Ocean Service (1) National Ocean Service (NOS) publications, nauti- cal charts and unclassified National Geospatial-Intelli- Nautical Charts (See Chart Catalogs) gence Agency (NGA) nautical charts are sold by NOS (12) United States Coastal and Intracoastal waters, and and its authorized sales agents in many U.S. ports and some foreign ports through the National Aeronautical possessions. Charting Office. Mail orders should be addressed to: (13) Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, New York State Ca- (2) Federal Aviation Administration nals, and the St. Lawrence River–St. Regis to Cornwall, (3) National Aeronautical Charting Office Canada. (4) Distribution Division (AVN-530) (14) Publications (See the publication Dates of Latest (5) 10201 Good Luck Road Editions for latest editions and prices) (6) Glenn Dale, MD 20769-9700. (7) Mail orders must be accompanied by a check or Reporting chart deficiencies (15) Users are requested to report all discrepancies and money order (payable in U.S. funds) payable to FAA. Re- mittance from outside the United States should be suggested additions to NOAA nautical charts, including made either by an International Money Order or by a depth information in privately maintained channels check payable on a U.S. bank. Chart catalogs, which in- and basins; obstructions, wrecks, and other dangers; clude a listing of authorized sales agents, are free upon new landmarks or the nonexistence or relocation of request. Telephone orders may be placed by calling charted ones; uncharted fixed private aids to naviga- 301-436-8301 or toll-free 1-800-638-8972 (Visa, tion; and deletions or additions of small-craft facilities. MasterCard or Discover accepted); or by FAX, All such reports should be sent to: 301-436-6829 or by Email: [email protected]. (16) Chief, Marine Chart Division (N/CS2) Sales information is located on the internet website ad- (17) National Ocean Service, NOAA dress, http://www.naco.faa.gov. (18) 1315 East-West Highway (19) Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282. National Ocean Service Offices (20) The Marine Chart Division also maintains a website, http://ocsdata.ncd.noaa.gov/dr/, where the (8) Washington, DC (Headquarters): Assistant Admin- public can report NOAA nautical chart and Coast Pilot istrator, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Herbert C. discrepancies or suggested changes. Hoover Bldg., 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, (21) Note: Reported discrepancies and suggested NW, Room 5805, Washington, DC 20230-0001. changes to NOAA's nautical charts are also examined for possible revisions to the corresponding NOAA Coast (9) Silver Spring: Chief, Office of Coast Survey, Na- Pilot. tional Ocean Service, NOAA, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282. Chart validity (22) CAUTION: A NOAA nautical chart is not a valid (10) Norfolk: Director, Atlantic Marine Center, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 439 West York Street, Norfolk, document until its publication is announced in the Va. 23510-1114. NGA Weekly Notice to Mariners. This also applies to NOAA nautical publications such as Coast Pilot. The (11) Seattle: Director, Marine Operations Center (Pa- date of a chart is also of vital importance to the naviga- cific), National Ocean Service, NOAA, 1801 Fairview tor. When charted information becomes obsolete, fur- Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102-3767. ther use of the chart for navigation may be dangerous. The free NOAA publication, Dates of Latest Editions, published quarterly, gives the edition and date of the latest edition of NOAA charts. Copies may be obtained

416 ■ Appendix A ■ Coast Pilot 2 from sales agents who sell NOAA charts, or by writing Distance Tables to: (23) FAA, National Aeronautical Charting Office (43) Distances Between United States Ports (available (24) Distribution Division AVN-530 on the internet only at http://chartmarker.ncd.noaa. (25) 10201 Good Luck Road gov/nsd/ports.html). (26) Glenn Dale, MD 20769-9700 (27) This publication is also available on the Internet at Tide Tables http://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/dole.htm. (44) Europe and West Coast of Africa. Coast Pilots (45) East Coast, North and South America. (46) West Coast, North and South America. (28) U.S. Coast Pilot 1, Atlantic Coast, Eastport to Cape (47) Central and Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Cod. Ocean. (29) U.S. Coast Pilot 2, Atlantic Coast, Cape Cod to (48) Supplemental Tidal Predictions–Anchorage, Nikiski, Sandy Hook. Seldovia, and Valdez, Alaska. (30) U.S. Coast Pilot 3, Atlantic Coast, Sandy Hook to Cape Henry. Tidal Current Tables (31) U.S. Coast Pilot 4, Atlantic Coast, Cape Henry to (49) Atlantic Coast, North America. Key West. (50) Pacific Coast, North America and Asia. (32) U.S. Coast Pilot 5, Atlantic Coast-Gulf of Mexico, Regional Tide and Tidal Current Table Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. (51) New York to Chesapeake Bay. (33) U.S. Coast Pilot 6, Great Lakes, Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior, and St. Lawrence River. Dates of Latest Editions (34) U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Pacific Coast, California, Ore- (52) Gives the edition and date of the latest edition of gon, Washington, and Hawaii charts and publications of the National Ocean Service. Published quarterly and available free from National (35) U.S. Coast Pilot 8, Pacific Coast Alaska, Dixon En- Aeronautical Charting Office, AN-530, Federal Aviation trance to Cape Spencer. Administration, Glenn Dale, MD, 20769-9700; tele- phone 1-800-638-8972. (36) U.S. Coast Pilot 9, Pacific and Arctic Coasts, Alaska-Cape Spencer to Beaufort Sea. Charts and Publications–Other U.S. Government Agencies Reporting Coast Pilot deficiencies (37) Users are requested to report all significant dis- (53) A partial list of publications and charts considered of navigational value is included for the ready reference crepancies or additions to NOAA Coast Pilots, includ- of the mariner. In addition to the agents located in the ing depth information in privately maintained principal seaports handling publication sales, certain channels and basins; obstructions, wrecks, and other libraries have been designated by the Congress of the dangers; new landmarks, landmarks that have moved United States to receive the publications as issued for or been demolished; uncharted fixed private aids to public review. navigation; and deletions or additions of small-craft fa- cilities. A form has been included at the back of this Government Printing Office book (NOAA Form 77-6) which can be used to report (54) Publications of the U.S. Government Printing Of- discrepancies. Discrepancies can also be reported us- ing the NOAA website at http://ocsdata.ncd.noaa.gov/ fice may be ordered from Superintendent of Docu- dr/inquiry.asp. All correspondence regarding Coast ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, Pilots should be addressed to: DC 20402-9325. Orders may be charged to Visa or (38) Chief, Coast Pilot Branch MasterCard by calling 202-512-1800 during normal (39) NOAA, SSMC3, N/CS51 business hours. Inquiries on availability, cost, etc. of (40) 1315 East-West Highway (41) Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282. (42) Note: Reported discrepancies and suggested changes to NOAA's Coast Pilot are also examined for re- visions to the corresponding NOAA nautical charts.

■ Appendix A ■ 417 GPO publications may be addressed to a 24-hour FAX (64) Electronic versions of the Local Notices to Mari- number: 202-512-2250. ners are posted weekly on the U.S. Coast Guard Naviga- tion Center's website at : http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency lnm/default.htm. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Procurement Information Agency Notices to Mariners are available at: (55) Unclassified publications produced by the National http://pollux.nss.nga.mil/untm/. Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superinten- (65) Special Notice to Mariners are published annually dent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA in National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Notice to 15250-1954. Orders can be placed on the U.S. Govern- Mariners 1. These notices contain important informa- ment Online Bookstore (http://bookstore.gpo.gov), by tion of considerable interest to all mariners. Interested phone (202-512-1800) or by FAX (202-512-2250). Clas- parties are advised to read these notices. sified NGA publications and charts are available to au- thorized users from National Geospatial-Intelligence (66) Light Lists (United States and Possessions): Pub- Agency Combat Support Center (Attn: PMSR), Wash- lished by U.S. Coast Guard; for sale by the Government ington, DC 20315-0020. NGA Customer Assistance Of- Printing Office. (See Government Printing Office, early fice may be contacted at 1-800-826-0342 or 287-2495 this appendix.) (Autovon). (67) List of Lights (Foreign Countries): Published by Nautical Charts National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (see National (56) U.S. Waters: Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Procurement Informa- (57) Apalachicola, Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers Nav- tion above). igation Charts, Alabama River Charts, and Black War- (68) Sailing Directions (Foreign Countries): Published rior-Tombigbee Rivers River Charts: Published and for by National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (see Na- sale by U.S. Army Engineer District Mobile, P.O. Box tional Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Procurement In- 2288, Mobile, AL 36602, Attn: Map Sales, LM-SR; tele- formation above). phone, 251-441-5631. (58) Flood Control and Navigation Maps of the Missis- (69) Radio Navigational Aids, Pub. 117: Published by sippi River, Cairo, IL to the Gulf of Mexico: Published by National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (see National Mississippi River Commission and for sale by U.S. Army Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Procurement Informa- Engineer District Vicksburg, 4155 Clay Street, tion above). Vicksburg, MS 39183-3435, Attn: Map Sales; telephone: 601-631-5042. (70) The Nautical Almanac, the Air Almanac, and As- (59) Upper Mississippi River Navigation Charts (Missis- tronomical Almanac: Published by U.S. Naval Observa- sippi River, Cairo, IL to Minneapolis, MN): Published tory; for sale by Government Printing Office. (see and for sale by U.S. Army Engineer District Rock Is- Government Printing Office, early this appendix.) land, Clock Tower Bldg., P.O. Box 2004, Rock Island, IL 61204-2004; telephone, 309-794-5338. (71) American Practical Navigator (Bowditch) (Pub. 9): (60) Charts of the Illinois Waterway, from Mississippi Published by National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency River at Grafton, IL to Lake Michigan at Chicago and (see National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Procure- Calumet Harbors: Published and for sale by U.S. Army ment Information above). Engineer District Rock Island, Clock Tower Bldg., P.O. Box 2004, Rock Island, IL 61204-2004; telephone, (72) International Code of Signals (Pub. 102): Pub- 309-794-5338. lished by National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (see (61) Foreign Waters: Published by National Geospatial- National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Procurement Intelligence Agency (see National Geospatial-Intelli- Information above). gence Agency Procurement Information above). (62) Marine Weather Services Charts: Published by the (73) Marine Product Dissemination Information: National Weather Service; for sale by NOS Distribution maintained by the National Weather Service on the Division (see Sales Information above). internet, (http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/home. htm). Publications (63) Notices to Mariners: (74) Navigation Rules: Navigation Rules, Interna- tional-Inland (COMDTINST M16672.2 series): Pub- lished by the U.S. Coast Guard; for sale by Government Printing Office. (see Government Printing Office, early this appendix.) (75) Federal Requirements for Recreational Boats: Published by U.S. Coast Guard; available without charge by contacting the toll free Boating Safety Hot- line (telephone, 800-368-5647). (76) Port Series of the United States: Published and sold by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for

418 ■ Appendix A ■ Coast Pilot 2 Water Resources, Navigation Data Center, (CEIWR- of the New York-Connecticut State line. It also includes NDC-N), 7701 Telegraph Road, Casey Building, Alexan- Fishers Island, N.Y. dria, VA 22315-3868; telephone 703-428-8059. (111) New York District Office: 26 Federal Plaza, New York, NY 10278-00090. National Ocean Service Center for Operational (112) The New York District includes western Vermont, Oceanographic Products and Services small portions of western Massachusetts and Connecti- (77) For Tide and Tidal Current Predictions: cut, eastern and south-central New York, including (78) Products and Services Division (N/OPS3) Long Island, and northeastern New Jersey embraced in (79) Room 7115 the drainage basins tributary to Lake Champlain and (80) 1305 East-West Highway the St. Lawrence River system east thereof and to the (81) Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281 Atlantic Ocean from the New York-Connecticut State (82) TEL 301-713-2815 Exts. 123, 122 (voice) line to, but not including, Manasquan Inlet, N.J. (83) FAX 301-713-4500 (24 hours) (113) It exercises jurisdiction, however, over all matters (84) EMAIL [email protected] pertaining to the improvement of the Great Lakes to Hudson River waterway. Under the direction of the Sec- For Tide Observations, Datums and Levels, retary of the Army, the district engineer, as Supervisor Benchmark Sheets: of New York Harbor, also exercises jurisdiction under (85) Products and Services Division (N/OPS3) the laws enacted for the preservation of the tidal waters (86) Room 7317 of New York Harbor, its adjacent or tributary waters, (87) 1305 East-West Highway and the waters of Long Island Sound. (88) Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281 (89) TEL 301-713-2877 Exts. 128, 176 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Offices (90) FAX 301-713-4437 (24 hours) (114) Regional offices and States in the EPA coastal re- (91) EMAIL [email protected] (92) PORTS® Information and Data gions: (93) Products and Services Division (N/OPS3) (115) Region I (New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, Mas- (94) Room 7317 (95) 1305 East-West Highway sachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island): J. F. Kennedy (96) Silver Spring, MD 20910-3281 Federal Bldg., Room 2203, Boston, Mass. 02203. (97) TEL 301-713-2877 Exts. 128, 176 (116) Region II (New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Vir- (98) FAX 301-713-4437 (24 hours) gin Islands): 26 Federal Plaza, Room 1009, New York, (99) EMAIL [email protected] N.Y. 10278. (117) Region III (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, District Publishers of Tide Tables and Tidal Current Tables: of Columbia, Pennsylvania): 841 Chestnut Street, Phil- (100) ProStar Publications Inc. adelphia, PA 19107. (101) 8643 Hayden Place (118) Region IV (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, (102) Culver City, CA 90232-2901 South Carolina, North Carolina): 345 Courtland Street, (103) TEL (800) 481-6277 NE., Atlanta, Ga. 30365. (104) FAX (800) 481-6277 (119) Region V (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, (105) International Marine Ohio, Wisconsin): 230 South Dearborn Street, Chi- (106) P.O. Box 547 cago, Ill. 60604. (107) Backlick, OH 43004 (120) Region VI (Louisiana, Texas): 1445 Ross Avenue, (108) TEL (800) 626-4729 Dallas, TX 75270. (121) Region IX (California, Hawaii, Guam): 215 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Offices Fremont Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (109) New England District Office: 696 Virginia Road, (122) Region X (Alaska, Oregon, Washington): 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Wash. 98101. Concord, MA 01742-2751. (110) The New England District covers all of New Eng- U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center (NAVCEN) (123) The Navigation Center is the United States Coast land except western Vermont and small portions of Massachusetts and Connecticut along their western Guard's Navigation Center of Excellence. It is located boundaries, and includes small portions of southeast- in Alexandria, VA, south of the Washington Beltway, on ern New York, all embraced in the drainage basins trib- the grounds of the Coast Guard Telecommunications utary to Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean east and Information Systems Command (TISCOM) facility. (124) Formerly the “Omega Navigation Center”, NAVCEN now controls 78 DGPS sites and 24 LORAN

■ Appendix A ■ 419 stations across the United States (approximately half of and may provide lookout, communication, and/or pa- the DGPS sites and LORAN stations are controlled by trol functions to assist vessels in distress. The National the Navigation Center Detachment in Petaluma, Cali- VHF-FM Distress System provides continuous coastal fornia). In addition, NAVCEN has responsibility for the radio coverage outwards to 20 miles on channel 16. Af- development of high accuracy DGPS, and the develop- ter contact on channel 16, communications with the ment of new navigation technologies such as the use of Coast Guard should be on channel 22A. If channel 22 is inertial and enhanced LORAN to back up GPS. not available to the mariner, communications may be (125) For further information and/or operational ques- made on channel 12. Selected stations guard the Inter- tions regarding GPS, DGPS, OR LORAN-C, contact: national Radiotelephone Distress, Safety and Calling (126) Commanding Officer Frequencies. (127) U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center (143) Massachusetts: (128) 7323 Telegraph Road (144) Cape Cod Canal (41°46.4'N., 70°30.0'W.). East en- (129) Alexandria, VA 22315 trance to the canal, near Sandwich, Mass. (130) TEL: 703-313-5900; FAX: 703-313-5920; (145) Cape Cod Coast Guard Air Station (41°37.5'N., (131) Email: [email protected]; 70°31.5'W.). On Cape Cod at Otis Air Force Base. (132) Website: http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/ (146) Provincetown (42°02.7'N., 70°11.6'W.). On south- west side of harbor, about 0.4 mile southwest of town Coast Guard District Offices pier. (133) Commander, First Coast Guard District, 408 Atlan- (147) Chatham (41°40.3'N., 69°57.0'W.). Southeastern Cape Cod, near Chatham Light. tic Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210-3350. Maine; New (148) Woods Hole (41°31.2'N., 70°40.0'W.). On west side Hampshire; Vermont; Massachusetts; Rhode Island; of Little Harbor, about 450 yards northward of Juniper Connecticut; New York except that part north of lati- Point. tude 42°N. and west of longitude 74°39'W; that part of (149) Brant Point (41°17.4'N., 70°05.5'W.). On west side New Jersey north 40°18'N., east of 74°30'W., and north- of entrance to Nantucket Harbor, near Brant Point east of a line from 40°18'N., 74°30.5'W. north-north- Light. westerly to the New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania (150) Menemsha (41°21.0'N., 70°45.9'W.). West end of boundaries at Tristate; all U.S. Naval reservations on Martha’s Vineyard, near Menemsha Light. shore at Newfoundland; the ocean area encompassed (151) Rhode Island: by the Search and Rescue boundary between Canada (152) Castle Hill (41°27.7'N., 71°21.5'W.). On west shore and the United States easterly to 63°W.; thence due of Newport Neck, near Castle Hill Light. south to 41°N.; thence southwesterly along a line bear- (153) Point Judith (41°21.7'N., 71°28.9'W.). On Point Ju- ing 219°T to the point of intersection at 37°00'N., dith near Point Judith Light, 0.5 mile east of Point Ju- 67°13'W. with a line bearing 122°T from the New Jersey dith Harbor of Refuge. shoreline at 40°18'N. (just south of the Shrewsbury (154) Connecticut: River); thence northwesterly along this line to the (155) New London (41°20.7'N., 72°05.7'W.). At Fort coast. Trumbull, on west side of main channel northward of (134) Note: A Marine Safety Office combines the func- Greens Harbor. tions of the Captain of the Port and Marine Inspection (156) New Haven (41°16.4'N., 72°54.2'W.). On the north Office. side of the jutting point, about 1.5 miles northward of (135) The symbol (D) preceding an office indicates that a Lighthouse Point. Documentation Office is at the same address. (157) New York: (136) Coast Guard Marine Safety Offices (158) Fishers Island (41°15.4'N., 72°01.9'W.). In Silver (137) (D) Boston, MA: 447 Commercial Street, 02109-1096. Eel Pond, on east end of island (manned during sum- (138) Portland, ME: 103 Commercial Street, 04101-4726. mer months only). (139) Providence, RI: 20 Risho Avenue, East Providence, (159) Eatons Neck (40°57.3'N., 73°23.9'W.). Near Eatons RI 02914-1208. Neck Light, north shore of Long Island, east side of en- (140) Group/MSO Long Island Sound: 120 Woodward Av- trance to Huntington Bay. enue, New Haven, CT 06512-3698. (160) Montauk Point (41°04.3'N., 71°56.1'W.). In Montauk (141) New York: 212 Coast Guard Drive, Staten Island, Harbor, Long Island. NY 10305-5005. (161) Shinnecock (40°51.0'N., 72°30.3'W.). East side of Ponquogue Point, 1.3 miles northwest of Shinnecock Coast Guard Stations Inlet. (142) The stations listed are in the area covered by this Coast Pilot. They have search and rescue capabilities

420 ■ Appendix A ■ Coast Pilot 2 (162) Moriches (40°47.3'N., 72°45.0'W.). On the east side (177) NMY-41, East Moriches, Long Island, 2670 kHz of the entrance to Tuthill Cove. 0710 and 1910 e.s.t., antenna: 1.5 miles north of Moriches Inlet (40°47.3'N., 72°44.9'W.). (163) Fire Island (40°37.5'N., 73°15.6'W.). Near west end of island, 1.9 miles west-southward of Fire Island Light. (178) Channel 22A, 0710 and 1919 e.s.t., antennas: atop Montauk Point Light, 1.2 miles northwest of (164) Jones Beach (40°35.4'N., 73°33.4'W.). Near west Shinnecock Inlet (40°50.9'N., 72°30.2'W.), and Fire Is- end of Jones Beach. land CG Station (40°37.3'N., 73°15.7'W.). (165) Kings Point (40°48.8'N., 73°45.9'W.) at the en- (179) NMK, Atlantic City , 2670 kHz, 0603 and 1803 e.s.t., trance to Little Neck Bay. antenna: Cape May. (166) New York (40°36.7'N., 74°03.7'W.). On the west (180) Channel 22A 0603 and 1803 e.s.t., antennas: side of the Narrows, about 0.5 mile above Fort Manasquan, Barnegat, Atlantic City, and Fortescue. Wadsworth at Rosebank, Staten Island. Coast Guard Maritime Safety Line (167) New Jersey: (181) For current local waterway information, port open- (168) Sandy Hook (40°28.2'N., 74°00.8'W.). On the Bay ings, closures, and restrictions from the Mississippi side, 0.5 mile south of the northern extremely of Sandy River to the Atlantic Ocean, telephone 1-800-682-1796. Hook. U.S. NAVETX Transmitting Stations Coast Guard Radio Broadcasts (182) NAVTEX coverage is reasonably continuous to 200 (169) Urgent, safety, and scheduled marine information NM off the U.S. East, Gulf and West Coasts; Puerto broadcasts are made by Coast Guard radio stations. In Rico; Southwest Alaska; Hawaii; and 300-400 NM off general, these broadcasts provide information vital to Guam. U.S. Coast Guard NAVTEX broadcast stations vessels operating in the approaches and coastal waters and message content follow: of the United States including Puerto Rico and U.S. Vir- (183) Boston (NMF)(Station F) gin Islands. Transmissions are as follows: (184) First Coast Guard District Broadcast Notices to (170) By radiotelephone: (a) upon receipt; (b) repeated Mariners. 15 minutes later, (for urgent messages only); (c) text (185) Distress Urgent, and Safety messages. only on the first scheduled broadcast unless canceled; (186) International Ice Patrol Reports (in season). (d) additional broadcasts at the discretion of the origi- (187) Gale, storm, and hurricane warnings. nator. (188) Offshore marine weather forecasts for: (171) Urgent broadcasts are preceded by the urgent sig- (189) New England continental shelf to 1000 fathoms; nal PAN-PAN. Both the urgent signal and message are (190) Gulf of Maine; transmitted on 2182 kHz, and VHF-FM channel 16. (191) Georges Bank; (172) Safety broadcasts are preceded by the signal (192) South of New England; SECURITY. After the preliminary safety signal is broad- (193) South of Nova Scotia. cast on 2182 kHz and VHF-FM channel 16, broadcast (194) Broadcast times: 0045, 0445, 0845, 1245, 1645, stations will shift to 2670 kHz and VHF-FM channel 2045 GMT. 22A, respectively. (195) Portsmouth (NMN)(Station N) (196) Fifth Coast Guard District Broadcast Notices to Scheduled broadcasts Mariners. (173) The following Coast Guard radio stations make (197) Distress, Urgent, and Safety messages. (198) Gale, storm, and hurricane warnings. scheduled broadcasts, preceded by a preliminary call (199) Offshore marine weather forecasts for the west on 2182 kHz and VHF-FM channel 16 at the times and central North Atlantic from 32°N to 40°N and west of frequencies indicated (VHF-FM channel 22A control 65°W including the continental shelf to 1000 fathoms. stations are given, followed by remote antenna sites.): (200) Broadcast times: 0130, 0530, 0930, 1330, 1730, (174) NMF, Boston, 2670 kHz, 1140 and 2340 e.s.t.. 2130 GMT. (175) NMF-7, Boston, channel 22a 0535 and 1735 e.s.t., (201) Miami (NMA)(Station A) antennas: Boston Bank Building, Boston (42°21.5'N., (202) Seventh Coast Guard District Broadcast Notices to 71°03.5'W.), Eastern Point, Gloucester (42°34.8'N., Mariners. 70°39.9'W.). (203) Distress, Urgent, and Safety messages. (176) NMF-2, Woods Hold, MA channel 22A, 0505 and (204) Gale, storm, and hurricane warnings. 1705 e.s.t., antennas: Pilgrim Monument, Provincetown (205) Offshore marine weather forecasts for the south- (42°03'N.,70°11'W.), Nobska Point, Woods Hole west North Atlantic south of 32°N and west of 65°W. (41°31'N., 70°39.5'W.), Brant Point, Nantucker Harbor (41°17.5'N., 70°06'W.).

■ Appendix A ■ 421 (206) Broadcast times: 0000, 0400, 0800, 1200, 1600, (237) Providence, RI: T.F. Green Airport, 562 Airport 2000 GMT. Road, Warwick, RI 02886. (207) San Juan (NMR)(Station R) Radio Weather Broadcasts (208) Greater Antilles Section Broadcast Notices to Mari- (238) Taped or direct broadcasts of marine weather fore- ners. casts and storm warnings are made by commercial and (209) Distress, Urgent, and Safety messages. Coast Guard radio stations in the area covered by this (210) Gale, storm, and hurricane warnings. Coast Pilot. The Coast Guard broadcasts coastal and (211) Offshore marine weather forecasts for: offshore marine weather forecasts at the times and fre- (212) Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands water out 20 NM; quencies indicated: (213) Eastern Caribbean Sea east of 75°W. (239) NMN, Portsmouth, Va.: (214) Broadcast times: 0200, 0600, 1000, 1400, 1800, (240) 4426.0 kHz, 0030, 0500, and 2300 e.s.t. (241) 6501.0 kHz, 0030, 0500, 0630, 1100, 1700, 1830, 2200 GMT. and 2300 e.s.t. (215) New Orleans (NMG)(Station G) (242) 8764.0 kHz, 0030, 0500, 0630, 1100, 1230, 1700, (216) Eighth Coast Guard District Broadcast Notices to 1830, and 2300 e.s.t. (243) 13089.0 kHz, 0630, 1100, 1230, 1700, and 1830 Mariners. e.s.t. (217) Distress, Urgent, and Safety messages. (244) 17314.0 kHz, 1230 e.s.t. (218) Gale, storm, and hurricane warnings. (245) Marine Weather Services Charts are available for (219) Offshore marine weather forecasts for the Gulf of the areas covered by this Coast Pilot: (246) Eastport, ME to Montauk Point, N.Y. Mexico. (247) Montauk Point, NY to Manasquan, NJ. (220) Broadcast times: 0300, 0900, 1500, 2100 GMT. (248) VHF-FM weather broadcast schedules of Coast Guard radio stations are also listed in the description of (221) Customs Ports of Entry and Stations Coast Guard Radio Broadcasts found elsewhere in this (222) Vessels may be entered and cleared at any port of appendix. entry or customs station, but at the latter only with ad- NOAA Weather Radio vance authorization from the Customs Service district (249) National Weather Service VHF-FM radio stations director. (223) Northeast Region provide mariners with continuous FM broadcasts of (224) Boston District: weather warnings, forecasts, radar reports, and surface (225) Port of Entry: New Bedford and Fall River, Mass.; weather observations. These stations usually transmit New London, Hartford, New Haven, and Bridgeport, on 162.55, 162.475, or 162.40 MHz. Reception range is Conn. up to 40 miles from the antenna site, depending on the (226) Customs Station: Provicetown, Mass. (supervised terrain, type of receiver, and antenna used. The follow- by Plymouth port of entry). ing VHF-FM radio stations with location of antenna are (227) Providence District: in or near the area covered by this Coast Pilot: (228) Ports of Entry: Newport and Providence, R.I. (250) KHB-35, Boston, Mass. (42°12'N., 71°06'W.), (229) New York Region 162.475 MHz. (230) New York District: (251) KEC-73, Hyannis, Mass. (42°41'N., 70°20'W.), (231) Ports of Entry: Albany and New York, N.Y.; Perth 162.55 MHz. Amboy, N.J. (252) WXJ-39, Providence, R.I. (41°48'N., 71°28'W.), 162.40 MHz. National Weather Service Offices (253) WXJ-42, Meriden, Conn. (41°33'N., 72°50'W.), (232) The following offices will provide forecasts and cli- 162.40 MHz. (254) KHB-47, New London, Conn. (41°26'N., 72°08'W.), matological data or arrange to obtain these services 162.44 MHz. from other offices. They will also check barometers in (255) WXM-80, Riverhead, NY (40°53'N., 72°43'W.), their offices or by telephone; refer to the local tele- 162.475 MHz. phone directory for numbers. (256) KWO-35, New York, N.Y. (40°45'N., 73°58'W.), (233) Bridgeport, CT: Sikorsky Memorial Airport, 162.55 MHz. Stratford, CT 06497. (257) The National Weather Service provides Radio Fac- (234) Hartford, CT: Bradley International Airport, Wind- simile Weather Information for east coast waters sor Locks, CT 06096. (235) Newark, NJ: Newark International Airport, Build- ing 51, Room 421, 07114. (236) New York, NY: 30 Rockeller Plaza, Mezzanine Floor Room 9, 10112.

422 ■ Appendix A ■ Coast Pilot 2 through the Coast Guard Communications Station (274) Southeast Region (South Carolina, North Carolina, Boston (NMF). Broadcasts are made on the following Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, frequencies: 4235 (02z, 08z), 6340.5, 9110, 12750 (14z) Puerto Rico): 60 Eight Street, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30309. kHz. For carrier frequency, subtract 1.9 kHz. Fax schedules are transmitted at 0243 and 1405 GMT, and (275) Midwest Region (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wis- provide area coverage and descriptions of services. For consin): 20 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60602. further information, go to www.nws.noaa.gov/om/ma- rine/radiofax.htm. (276) Southwest Region (Texas): 3032 Bryan Street, Dal- las, TX 75204. Marine Weather Forecasts (258) Scheduled coastal marine forecasts are issued four (277) Pacific Region (California, Hawaii, Alaska, Wash- ington, Oregon): 50 U.N. Plaza, San Francisco, CA times daily by National Weather Service Offices. For 94102. further information on coastal marine forecasts as well as additional types of forecasts, go to www.nws.noaa. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant gov/om/marine/forecast.htm. Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Offices (278) Listed below are ports covered by this volume Space Environment Center (SEC) where APHIS inspectors are available to inspect plants, (259) The Space Environment Center disseminates space and plant and animal products, and locations of Animal Import Centers where livestock and birds are in- weather alerts and forecasts (information concerning spected. solar activity, radio propagation, etc.). (279) Information on importation of plants, animals, and (260) For general information write or call: plant and animal products is available from APHIS, De- (261) NOAA, National Weather Service partment of Agriculture, Federal Building, 6505 (262) National Center for Environmental Prediction Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, Md. 20782. The specific of- (263) Space Environment Center, W/NP9 fices to contact are as follows: for plants, including (264) 325 Broadway fruits and vegetables, and plant products, Plant Protec- (265) Boulder, CO 80305 tion and Quarantine, Room 635, telephone, (266) Telephone (303) 497-3171 301-436-6799; for animal products, Import-Export An- (267) Website: http://www.sec.noaa.gov/ imals and Products Staff, Room 756A, telephone 301-436-7885; and for live ruminants, swine, equines, Public Health Service Quarantine Stations and poultry and other birds, Veterinary Services, Im- (268) Stations where quarantine examinations are per- port-Export Animals and Products Staff, Room 764, telephone, 301-436-8590. formed: (280) Connecticut: (269) Boston: U.S. Quarantine Station. Logan Interna- (281) Wallingford: Federal Bldg., P.O. Box 631, 06492. (282) Massachusetts: tional Airport, East Boston, Mass. 02128. (283) Boston: U.S. Custom House 02109; Logan Interna- (270) New York: U.S. Quarantine Station, International tional Airport, East Boston 02128. (284) New Jersey: Arrivals Bldg., J.F. Kennedy International Airport, Ja- (285) Hoboken: 209 River Street 07030. maica, NY 11430-1081. (286) New York: (271) At other ports, quarantine and/or medical exami- (287) Albany: 80 Wolf Road, Suite 503, 12205. nations are usually performed by Public Health Service (288) New York: 26 Federal Plaza 10007. contract personnel or by quarantine inspectors from (289) New York; John F. Kennedy International Airport, the nearest quarantine station. Inquiries concerning International Arrivals Bldg., Jamaica 11430. quarantine matters should be directed to the nearest (290) Rhode Island:. quarantine station. (291) Warwick: 48 Quaker Lane, West Warwick 02893. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Regional Animal Import Centers: Offices (292) Honolulu, Hawaii: 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, (272) Northeast Region (New York, Maine, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island): 830 Third 96850. Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11232. (293) Miami, Fla.: 8120 NW 53rd Street, Suite 102, (273) Mid-Atlantic Region (Delaware, Pennsylvania, Vir- ginia, Maryland, Ohio, New Jersey): U.S. Customhouse, 33166. 2nd and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (294) Rock Tavern, N.Y.: New York Animal Import Center, Stewart Airport, Rural Route 1, Box 74, 12575.

■ Appendix A ■ 423 Immigration and Naturalization Service Offices Radio shore stations providing medical (295) Connecticut: advice (296) Hartford: Ribicoff Federal Bldg., 450 Main Street (314) Messages to shore stations may be transmitted in 06103-3060. code groups or plain language; messages should be (297) Massachusetts: signed by the master and be prefixed RADIOMEDICAL. (298) Boston: John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg., Govern- The following stations will provide radio services for medical advice. (See Medical advice, chapter 1.) ment Center 02203. (299) New Jersey: (315) NMF, Sandwich, Cape Code Cod, MA, U.S. Coast (300) Newark: Federal Bldg., 970 Broad Street 07102. Guard on HF single-sideband radiotelephone channels (301) New York: 424 (4134 kHz), 601 (6200 kHz), 816 (8240 kHz), or (302) Albany: U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, 445 1205 (12242 kHz). Broadway 12207. (316) WCC, Chatham, Cape Cod, MA, RCA Global Com- (303) Flushing: Flushing Federal Savings Bldg., 136-21 munications, Inc. maintains a continuous guard on 500 kHz. Roosevelt Avenue 11354. (304) New York: 26 Federal Plaza 10278. Measured Courses (305) Rhode Island: (306) Providence: John O. Pastore Federal Bldg.-U.S. (317) The positions of measured courses are shown on the chart and their description is included in the Coast Post Office, Exchange Terrace 02903. Pilots when information is reported to the National Ocean Service. Courses are located in the following Federal Communications Commission Offices places covered by this Coast Pilot: (307) District Field Offices: (308) Boston, Massachusetts: U.S. Customhouse, 165 (318) Beach Channel, along south shore of Jamaica Bay 12350. State Street 02109. (309) New York, N.Y., 201 Varick Street 10014. (319) Captain Harbor, on south side of Great Captain Is- land 12367. Canadian Government Agencies (320) Eatons Neck, on west side of Eatons Neck 12365. (310) Director General, Canadian Hydrographic Service, (321) Port Jefferson, off Port Jefferson Harbor 12362. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ontario, (322) Sandy Hook Bay, on south side of Sandy Hook Bay KIA OE6, Canada. off Municipal Yacht Basin 12327. (311) Hydrographic Chart Distribution Office, Depart- (323) The pages in the text describing the courses can be ment of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 8080, 1675 Rus- sell Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 3H6, Canada. obtained by referring to the index for the geographic places; chart numbers follows the names. (312) Canadian Coast Guard, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 340 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A ON7, Canada. (313) Canadian Communications Group, 45 Sacre-Coeur Boulevard, Hull, Quebec K1A 0S9, Canada.

424 ■ Appendix A ■ Coast Pilot 2

■ Appendix B ■ 425 Appendix B

426 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES MISS or (blank) is a missing value. NANTUCKET, MA (41°15'N, 70°04'W) 43 feet (13.1 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1016.0 1015.6 1014.0 1014.6 1015.6 1014.7 1015.6 1015.9 1018.1 1017.7 1016.4 1017.1 1016.0 29 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 31.5 31.6 36.8 44.5 52.8 61.8 68.5 68.5 62.7 54.3 45.9 36.4 49.6 34 Mean 38.0 37.9 42.9 51.0 59.7 68.5 75.1 74.9 69.4 61.0 52.2 42.9 56.1 34 Mean Daily Maximum 24.5 24.7 30.2 37.4 45.4 54.5 61.4 61.6 55.5 47.0 39.1 29.4 42.6 34 Mean Daily Minimum 63 58 62 77 84 90 92 100 86 82 74 60 100 34 Extreme - Highest -1 0 34 Extreme - Lowest 7 20 28 35 47 39 34 22 18 -3 -3 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 35.5 30.7 15.1 21.4 31.2 22.2 30.9 34.5 56.1 51.7 38.7 45.8 34.5 29.0 Average Percentage 20.6 21.7 22.7 21.9 20.4 17.7 16.3 20.9 25.0 26.4 18.3 18.7 20.9 29.0 CLOUD COVER 29.0 Percent of time Clear 14.3 16.1 16.0 15.8 16.8 20.1 20.5 20.9 19.6 20.0 18.4 18.7 18.1 29.0 Percent of time Scattered 29.0 Percent of time Broken 12.8 13.7 13.5 14.0 16.2 19.3 20.1 19.3 17.2 16.8 16.8 14.8 16.2 Percent of time Overcast 52.3 48.6 47.9 48.3 46.5 42.9 43.0 39.0 38.2 36.8 46.4 47.9 44.8 PRECIPITATION Mean Amount (inches) 4.04 3.60 3.79 3.50 3.28 2.20 2.52 3.24 3.40 3.40 4.10 4.35 41.42 34 Greatest Amount (inches) 8.24 7.96 8.88 8.41 10.38 6.83 7.45 6.74 9.49 7.45 7.83 9.74 60.39 34 Least Amount (inches) 1.19 0.75 0.67 1.35 0.59 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.88 1.20 1.31 25.31 34 Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) 2.70 2.21 2.38 3.17 6.48 2.68 4.37 3.37 4.98 3.05 4.93 4.25 6.48 34 Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 19 16 18 15 15 12 12 13 12 13 16 19 180 28 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 7.7 8.7 6.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 0.2 5.9 29.6 28 40.2 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 2.7 24.7 73.4 28 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 38.9 35.1 28 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T T 28 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) TT 13.6 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 2.2 15.5 14.9 28 42 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 12.8 14.9 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 Miss 2 9 29 0.38 29 Mean Number of Days with Snow 11 10 11.3 29 WIND 6.3 29 5.3 29 % of Observations with Gales 0.22 0.42 0.41 0.34 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.17 0.14 0.28 0.27 4.9 29 4.1 29 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 12.4 12.8 12.9 12.4 11.1 10.2 9.4 9.3 10.0 11.0 11.4 12.0 3.8 29 3.4 29 Direction (percentage of observations) 3.7 29 4.3 29 North 8.1 7.8 7.3 6.8 5.1 3.5 3.6 4.9 6.0 7.1 7.6 7.6 6.3 29 5.0 7.0 5.2 4.7 3.2 5.4 8.1 7.4 5.8 3.8 7.4 29 North Northeast 3.6 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.1 4.9 3.5 5.3 8.1 7.9 4.6 3.4 10.3 29 4.4 4.1 5.1 3.7 2.6 3.3 6.1 5.9 4.1 3.7 9.8 29 Northeast 2.9 4.4 4.6 3.8 3.9 3.1 2.9 3.4 4.9 5.0 3.7 3.8 6.9 29 4.0 3.3 4.0 3.1 2.9 3.5 3.5 4.2 3.5 2.8 7.9 29 East Northeast 3.0 3.7 3.6 3.9 5.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.9 2.8 8.0 29 3.4 4.3 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.2 4.2 3.6 6.3 29 East 2.7 3.6 4.9 6.1 6.9 8.5 9.3 8.8 7.1 5.4 5.6 5.0 1.6 4.6 6.7 9.9 12.9 13.1 11.8 7.4 5.3 4.6 3.7 29 East Southeast 2.6 3.5 6.5 10.4 13.9 18.6 18.8 15.0 11.0 8.6 6.4 4.4 11.7 29 7.8 12.0 12.5 13.1 14.6 12.7 9.7 9.0 6.5 6.3 12.8 29 Southeast 2.9 3.0 8.0 7.7 5.5 5.8 6.7 6.4 6.1 6.4 7.1 7.0 11.9 29 10.5 6.3 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.1 6.7 11.5 13.6 11.4 29 South Southeast 3.2 3.5 11.1 6.2 3.5 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.5 6.0 11.6 16.3 10.6 29 8.9 6.0 4.2 2.4 2.5 3.1 4.5 5.5 7.6 10.5 11.5 29 South 4.0 4.0 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.7 2.0 11.0 29 10.7 29 South Southwest 4.6 3.9 10.3 29 11.0 29 Southwest 4.6 5.6 10.8 29 11.6 29 West Southwest 6.2 6.9 11.2 29 11.9 29 West 7.9 8.4 12.1 29 12.2 West Northwest 14.3 13.4 28 200 29 Northwest 16.3 13.6 6.33 North Northwest 11.4 8.8 Calm 2.1 1.6 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 11.9 12.4 12.9 13.2 11.2 10.1 9.8 9.8 11.2 11.8 11.6 11.8 North Northeast 13.3 14.1 15.1 15.0 13.0 12.1 11.0 11.5 11.9 12.5 11.7 11.8 Northeast 13.9 13.4 13.9 13.0 12.9 11.8 10.0 10.5 10.3 12.3 10.2 11.0 East Northeast 12.9 12.6 13.5 12.7 11.7 10.4 9.1 9.4 10.3 10.8 11.0 11.5 East 12.3 12.8 13.1 12.2 10.4 9.3 7.9 8.4 9.0 9.6 10.6 11.3 East Southeast 11.7 13.7 14.0 12.3 11.0 9.8 8.6 9.2 10.3 11.5 12.0 13.0 Southeast 12.8 13.4 12.9 12.4 10.9 9.5 8.6 8.5 9.6 10.6 11.5 13.3 South Southeast 12.8 13.4 12.7 12.2 10.4 9.6 8.5 9.0 10.0 9.6 10.9 12.8 South 11.4 12.1 12.1 11.8 9.8 9.4 9.2 8.8 9.5 9.5 11.6 11.3 South Southwest 12.7 12.7 13.0 12.4 11.1 10.2 10.1 9.6 10.6 10.7 11.7 12.1 Southwest 12.3 12.0 11.5 11.9 11.3 10.4 10.1 9.5 9.8 11.3 11.7 12.0 West Southwest 12.6 12.7 13.0 12.8 12.1 10.9 10.0 9.9 10.5 11.7 12.5 13.5 West 12.4 13.6 12.9 12.0 10.4 10.1 9.2 8.8 8.8 10.6 11.3 12.2 West Northwest 13.0 13.8 13.1 11.8 9.9 9.9 8.7 7.9 9.0 10.6 11.9 12.2 Northwest 12.8 13.0 13.4 12.2 10.5 9.9 8.5 8.2 9.4 11.9 11.6 12.4 North Northwest 13.1 12.5 13.2 12.1 11.4 10.1 9.6 10.5 11.4 12.2 12.4 12.6 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 14 12 15 16 19 21 23 22 17 14 14 13 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 4.09 4.90 4.70 5.36 7.65 10.93 13.12 8.70 6.20 3.80 3.54 3.06 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level. These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

■ Appendix B ■ 427 T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES MISS or (blank) is a missing value. NEWPORT, RI (41°32'N, 71°21'W) 10 feet (3 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1019.6 1018.2 1017.3 1017.8 1017.8 1015.7 1016.2 1017.7 1019.8 1018.7 1017.0 1018.3 1017.9 2 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 30.8 31.6 38.2 47.0 56.2 65.0 71.1 70.9 64.6 55.2 45.9 35.3 51.1 34 Mean 38.1 38.9 45.6 55.1 64.4 72.9 78.6 78.1 72.1 62.8 53.0 42.4 58.6 34 Mean Daily Maximum 23.0 23.8 30.3 38.4 47.4 56.6 63.1 63.2 56.6 47.1 38.3 27.6 43.1 34 Mean Daily Minimum 65 65 74 86 89 93 96 98 93 81 75 65 98 34 Extreme - Highest -9 -3 34 Extreme - Lowest 3 10 25 37 41 41 35 26 11 -5 -9 3 CLOUD COVER 11.7 10.6 6.6 10.2 10.1 10.3 18.6 13.9 15.7 15.6 12.4 11.3 12.3 3 Percent of time Clear 26.0 29.0 27.5 26.1 29.5 22.4 15.0 17.5 19.1 19.9 22.2 31.9 23.7 3 Percent of time Scattered 24.0 21.2 22.4 19.9 26.7 26.9 29.4 26.6 23.6 26.2 29.7 17.1 24.5 3 Percent of time Broken 38.3 39.2 43.5 43.8 33.8 40.4 37.0 42.0 41.6 38.3 35.7 39.7 39.5 Percent of time Overcast 3.82 3.69 4.40 4.28 3.59 3.04 2.94 3.29 3.69 3.30 4.57 4.38 45.01 35 PRECIPITATION 35 Mean Amount (inches) 11.81 6.53 10.63 10.54 8.99 9.26 6.47 12.91 10.60 6.46 9.85 8.98 63.46 35 Greatest Amount (inches) 35 Least Amount (inches) 0.90 0.86 1.17 1.19 0.87 0.63 0.89 0.44 0.25 1.51 0.89 0.91 27.65 14 Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 2.71 2.66 4.42 3.78 4.87 3.05 3.21 4.43 7.81 2.77 3.96 3.13 7.81 16 15 16 16 16 14 14 14 13 12 15 17 178 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 7.2 6.6 2.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 0.5 3.4 20.3 32 44.5 32 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 30.5 28.0 15.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 6.0 13.6 1.5 32 20.0 32 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26 14 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 10.0 20.0 6.5 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 6.0 11.0 0.10 2 7.5 2 Mean Number of Days with Snow 78 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 Miss 1 5 8.8 2 WIND 6.6 2 9.0 2 % of Observations with Gales 0.47 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.19 1.8 2 3.0 2 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 8.9 9.4 8.7 8.4 7.1 6.1 5.1 5.6 6.2 7.3 9.2 9.0 1.6 2 4.7 2 Direction (percentage of observations) 2.0 2 6.6 2 North 10.4 12.9 9.9 7.7 7.6 3.0 6.4 7.5 10.1 8.2 8.8 13.7 8.8 2 19.6 2 North Northeast 4.9 6.4 8.4 6.5 8.3 6.3 4.6 4.9 8.4 6.0 7.8 7.8 6.1 2 6.4 2 Northeast 8.0 10.1 8.7 13.7 12.0 6.4 8.0 8.5 9.9 10.8 6.3 5.5 3.5 2 8.6 2 East Northeast 1.9 3.3 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 1.6 2.1 2.6 2.2 1.3 0.6 2.6 2 20.3 2 East 2.8 3.3 5.4 2.9 4.9 3.4 3.6 2.4 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.3 7.5 2 East Southeast 0.8 0.8 1.9 2.6 2.3 1.4 1.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.0 1.5 8.0 2 7.1 2 Southeast 2.7 1.3 5.4 7.2 6.3 5.5 6.2 4.3 4.7 6.8 2.9 2.8 6.5 2 6.0 2 South Southeast 0.6 1.5 2.0 3.1 2.5 1.1 3.3 1.9 3.7 2.0 1.9 0.8 6.3 2 6.4 2 South 3.9 3.1 6.2 6.5 6.3 8.8 10.7 9.3 10.2 7.0 3.1 2.1 6.5 2 6.8 2 South Southwest 5.4 4.3 6.8 10.2 11.4 14.6 12.7 13.0 9.4 8.0 4.8 3.6 7.2 2 8.4 2 Southwest 15.7 20.6 12.2 20.5 20.6 28.9 21.2 21.1 18.5 21.3 20.3 13.3 8.1 2 8.2 2 West Southwest 7.4 5.1 4.2 3.2 4.8 6.7 4.6 6.7 3.7 6.7 10.9 10.8 7.3 2 7.8 2 West 14.3 7.8 8.7 4.1 3.5 2.7 3.4 3.3 4.7 5.2 8.4 12.0 7.4 2 West Northwest 3.9 3.8 4.8 2.4 2.1 3.9 3.1 1.9 2.3 2.3 6.1 6.8 77 14 0.42 2 Northwest 15.3 11.2 10.9 4.4 4.0 5.1 5.9 8.1 6.0 6.8 12.2 14.0 North Northwest 1.9 4.5 2.0 2.7 2.1 1.3 3.3 2.8 1.5 2.8 2.7 3.2 Calm 0.0 63.7 0.2 0.7 57.9 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.5 56.8 80.7 0.2 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 8.2 9.3 8.8 7.4 6.2 5.7 5.5 4.7 6.9 6.9 6.7 9.7 North Northeast 9.6 8.7 10.5 7.4 6.5 4.6 5.3 5.1 6.2 11.7 11.3 8.5 Northeast 8.5 8.4 8.0 9.6 6.8 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.2 7.1 7.3 7.0 East Northeast 6.7 10.1 8.5 7.4 6.7 6.0 4.9 6.1 3.6 4.3 4.5 5.7 East 7.5 6.6 7.2 6.5 6.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.4 5.4 4.3 East Southeast 4.6 7.6 6.7 8.7 6.2 4.9 6.0 5.8 4.2 3.8 9.0 9.9 Southeast 8.0 7.6 6.3 8.2 6.8 5.7 4.9 5.7 3.9 5.8 9.4 9.5 South Southeast 4.0 10.8 8.9 6.9 7.0 4.3 4.6 5.7 5.1 6.2 9.8 5.2 South 8.7 7.5 8.5 7.0 7.0 5.5 5.1 5.4 7.7 7.0 8.7 8.8 South Southwest 8.2 7.5 9.2 9.3 7.0 5.7 5.2 6.1 6.9 7.6 9.7 10.3 Southwest 10.2 11.4 11.2 9.5 8.2 6.6 5.7 6.2 7.1 7.9 10.5 9.3 West Southwest 9.9 10.0 9.1 10.1 6.9 6.7 4.9 5.7 5.7 7.1 9.4 10.1 West 9.2 9.7 7.4 7.9 7.2 7.4 5.3 5.0 5.2 7.7 10.8 9.3 West Northwest 7.3 7.8 9.0 8.7 7.9 6.9 3.6 4.5 4.0 5.4 8.2 9.1 Northwest 9.3 9.2 7.7 6.4 7.4 7.6 4.6 5.1 6.4 8.0 8.4 8.8 North Northwest 7.1 9.6 8.7 7.9 7.6 6.9 4.6 5.3 7.8 7.4 8.7 7.4 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 34 5 6 9 10 12 9 7 6 4 2 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.00 2.70 0.26 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level. These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

428 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. MISS or (blank) is a missing value. PROVIDENCE, RI (41°44'N, 71°26'W) Elevation 56 feet (17.1 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1016.8 1016.8 1015.2 1014.7 1015.4 1014.5 1015.3 1016.3 1018.4 1018.7 1017.3 1017.9 1016.4 48 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 28.8 30.3 38.0 48.4 58.1 67.4 73.1 71.6 63.7 53.7 44.1 33.2 51.0 48 Mean 36.8 38.4 46.1 57.7 67.8 77.0 82.2 80.6 73.2 63.5 52.5 41.0 59.8 48 Mean Daily Maximum 20.3 21.6 29.3 38.7 47.9 57.3 63.6 62.1 53.8 43.4 35.2 24.8 41.6 48 Mean Daily Minimum 69 72 80 98 94 97 102 104 100 88 81 70 104 48 Extreme - Highest -13 -7 48 Extreme - Lowest 1 14 29 41 48 40 32 20 6 -10 -13 48 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 43.1 43.0 26.8 21.8 29.1 20.3 28.3 38.0 58.6 61.6 47.5 53.7 39.3 Average Percentage 27.2 28.4 24.8 21.3 19.0 18.5 17.2 21.4 25.3 30.4 24.3 27.0 23.7 48 CLOUD COVER 13.4 13.0 14.3 13.8 15.9 19.5 20.8 20.3 18.5 16.7 15.7 13.4 16.3 48 Percent of time Clear 11.5 11.4 11.6 14.7 16.1 18.4 20.6 19.4 14.8 13.6 12.4 11.0 14.7 48 Percent of time Scattered 44.2 43.9 45.1 45.0 43.4 37.5 35.0 33.3 36.2 35.2 43.3 45.1 40.6 48 Percent of time Broken Percent of time Overcast 3.93 3.55 4.28 4.09 3.59 2.89 3.07 3.92 3.49 3.57 4.48 4.25 45.12 48 11.66 7.19 48 PRECIPITATION 0.50 0.39 8.84 12.74 10.58 11.08 8.08 11.12 7.92 11.89 11.01 10.75 67.52 48 Mean Amount (inches) 2.90 2.59 48 Greatest Amount (inches) 15 0.56 1.48 0.71 0.05 0.32 0.71 0.77 0.40 0.81 0.58 25.44 48 Least Amount (inches) 16 Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) 3.15 4.30 5.15 2.97 4.78 6.31 4.71 5.39 3.52 3.47 6.31 Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 16 16 16 14 14 14 13 12 15 17 178 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 9.8 10.1 7.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 6.5 35.2 48 48 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 31.7 30.9 31.6 7.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 8.0 19.8 70.7 48 48 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) 0.2 T T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 48 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 10.4 18.3 14.7 7.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 8.0 10.6 18.3 48 48 Mean Number of Days with Snow 12 10 8 2 Miss 0 0 0 0 Miss 3 10 45 48 WIND 48 48 % of Observations with Gales 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.03 48 48 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 9.5 9.8 10.3 10.2 9.1 8.5 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.9 9.3 9.0 48 48 Direction (percentage of observations) 48 48 North 9.6 9.8 10.0 7.1 6.6 5.1 4.8 5.9 8.3 8.6 8.7 9.7 7.8 48 6.9 6.9 6.3 4.7 3.1 4.6 5.9 6.8 5.6 5.4 5.7 48 North Northeast 5.5 6.3 5.7 6.2 6.5 4.2 3.0 4.2 5.7 5.0 4.1 3.4 4.6 48 3.0 3.1 3.5 2.6 1.7 2.6 3.0 2.4 2.5 1.9 2.6 48 Northeast 3.1 4.3 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.6 48 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.3 48 East Northeast 1.8 2.4 3.6 4.2 6.0 4.1 4.2 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.3 1.7 3.3 48 5.5 7.7 10.2 9.1 7.9 6.5 5.6 4.7 4.0 2.2 5.8 48 East 0.9 1.4 6.6 8.6 10.9 12.6 11.5 10.4 8.5 7.3 6.6 4.7 8.1 4.9 6.3 7.3 9.6 11.4 10.1 8.2 6.4 5.8 5.3 7.1 48 East Southeast 0.9 1.2 4.9 6.3 7.5 10.6 13.0 11.1 8.9 8.4 7.8 7.1 8.2 48 5.2 5.6 6.0 7.9 8.7 8.1 7.0 7.6 8.0 8.5 7.3 48 Southeast 1.6 2.2 5.9 6.3 5.0 6.2 6.5 7.1 6.5 7.3 8.1 8.2 6.9 48 11.4 8.9 6.2 6.9 7.3 7.3 6.9 8.4 10.0 12.2 9.3 48 South Southeast 2.5 3.5 11.5 9.2 5.8 5.9 6.2 6.2 7.9 8.0 10.2 12.7 9.2 48 8.9 7.1 5.1 4.3 4.8 5.5 6.8 7.8 8.5 10.2 7.3 48 South 4.7 5.1 3.0 2.7 3.4 3.1 3.3 4.1 4.7 6.1 5.1 4.9 4.1 48 48 South Southwest 5.1 4.3 48 48 Southwest 6.2 6.1 48 48 West Southwest 7.9 6.9 48 48 West 8.5 7.0 48 West Northwest 13.4 12.7 48 48 Northwest 13.9 13.0 North Northwest 9.9 9.6 Calm 4.9 4.3 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.0 9.2 8.3 7.8 7.9 8.3 8.6 9.1 9.3 9.2 North Northeast 10.3 11.0 11.3 11.3 10.0 9.8 8.5 8.8 9.7 10.3 9.6 9.8 10.2 Northeast 9.6 10.1 10.9 11.0 10.2 9.6 8.4 9.0 9.2 10.0 9.3 10.0 9.9 East Northeast 7.7 8.6 9.1 9.5 8.7 8.2 7.1 7.6 8.0 9.0 8.7 8.3 8.4 East 6.0 6.7 7.5 7.6 7.2 6.7 6.0 6.4 6.0 6.2 6.7 7.4 6.8 East Southeast 7.2 8.1 9.0 8.2 7.4 7.3 6.8 7.7 6.8 8.6 9.0 8.1 7.9 Southeast 8.4 8.9 9.3 10.0 9.1 8.8 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.5 8.8 9.5 9.0 South Southeast 8.1 9.0 9.7 10.4 9.6 8.9 9.0 8.8 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.7 9.1 South 8.1 8.2 8.8 9.3 8.7 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.9 8.6 8.0 8.3 South Southwest 10.2 9.5 10.5 10.6 10.0 8.8 8.8 8.5 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 9.4 Southwest 9.6 10.3 10.8 11.1 10.4 9.3 8.8 8.4 8.8 9.1 9.7 9.3 9.4 West Southwest 9.2 9.8 10.3 10.3 9.3 8.8 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.1 9.2 8.9 8.9 West 9.5 9.8 10.2 9.2 8.4 8.3 7.4 7.5 7.2 7.8 8.6 9.1 8.6 West Northwest 11.1 11.7 11.6 11.7 10.1 9.2 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.9 10.1 10.8 10.2 Northwest 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.5 10.4 9.3 8.6 8.1 8.3 9.2 10.1 10.9 10.3 North Northwest 10.7 10.6 11.5 11.1 9.8 8.9 8.1 8.4 8.2 8.7 9.9 10.4 9.9 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 11 10 13 13 15 16 17 17 15 14 13 12 166 1.31 0.82 1.25 1.01 0.61 0.56 0.69 1.47 1.19 1.19 1.09 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 1.44 1.55 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level.

■ Appendix B ■ 429 T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES MISS or (blank) is a missing value. BLOCK ISLAND, RI (41°10'N, 71°35'W) 108 feet (32.9 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) Mean 32.0 32.0 37.6 45.9 54.6 63.9 70.3 70.1 64.0 55.2 46.6 36.7 50.9 47 Mean Daily Maximum 37.9 37.9 43.3 52.1 61.0 70.3 76.5 76.0 69.9 61.0 52.2 42.6 56.9 47 Mean Daily Minimum 25.5 25.7 31.4 39.2 47.8 57.0 63.7 63.7 57.6 48.9 40.6 30.2 44.4 47 Extreme - Highest 62 62 74 92 85 90 92 95 89 80 72 64 95 47 Extreme - Lowest -7 -10 7 18 34 41 51 45 39 30 16 -4 -10 47 PRECIPITATION 3.44 3.26 3.89 3.60 3.26 2.46 2.71 3.63 3.13 2.97 4.08 3.93 40.35 47 Mean Amount (inches) 47 Greatest Amount (inches) 8.83 6.88 8.52 9.21 6.09 8.66 7.09 9.73 11.51 8.74 9.11 8.12 59.55 47 Least Amount (inches) 47 Maximum amount-24 hrs (inches) 0.25 0.52 0.77 0.83 0.72 T 0.31 0.16 0.21 0.81 0.89 0.83 24.08 18 Mean Number of days with precipitation 3.39 2.86 2.70 2.69 3.67 4.30 3.39 4.26 6.55 6.51 3.42 4.33 6.55 16 15 16 16 16 14 14 14 13 12 15 17 178 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 6.1 6.2 5.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 0.2 2.8 21.0 35 35 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 44.1 16.9 24.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 2.5 10.4 65.0 35 35 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 18 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 21.2 16.7 11.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 2.1 4.8 21.2 18 Mean Number of Days with Snow 11 11 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 Miss 1 8 42 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 22 These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

430 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. MISS or (blank) is a missing value. HARTFORD, CT (41°56'N, 72°41'W) Elevation 200 feet (61 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1017.3 1016.8 1015.3 1014.4 1015.3 1014.3 1015.2 1016.2 1018.3 1018.9 1017.3 1018.1 1016.5 47 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 25.8 28.3 37.1 49.0 59.6 68.6 73.7 71.6 63.2 52.7 42.0 30.1 50.3 47 Mean 34.1 37.0 46.1 59.9 71.4 80.0 84.8 82.4 74.3 63.9 50.9 38.1 60.4 47 Mean Daily Maximum 17.0 19.1 27.7 37.6 47.4 56.7 62.2 60.2 51.6 41.0 32.6 21.5 39.7 47 Mean Daily Minimum 66 73 87 96 97 101 102 101 101 91 83 74 102 47 Extreme - Highest -26 -21 -8 9 28 37 44 36 27 17 1 -14 -26 47 Extreme - Lowest 48.2 43.4 28.2 18.5 28.0 17.5 27.0 36.9 57.9 64.1 47.8 56.4 39.7 47 RELATIVE HUMIDITY Average Percentage 20.6 22.9 20.9 17.6 16.4 15.5 15.1 18.1 22.2 26.7 18.6 19.7 19.5 47 16.2 16.0 15.5 15.2 16.3 19.6 21.5 22.3 18.7 17.6 16.8 15.9 17.6 47 CLOUD COVER 14.9 14.2 14.6 17.1 19.5 22.8 24.1 21.6 17.7 15.9 15.8 13.4 17.6 47 Percent of time Clear 44.4 43.5 44.9 45.1 41.9 36.1 33.3 32.4 36.3 34.9 44.5 47.2 40.3 47 Percent of time Scattered Percent of time Broken 3.44 3.13 3.86 3.88 3.72 3.54 3.28 4.02 3.75 3.65 4.07 3.86 44.20 47 Percent of time Overcast 9.61 7.27 47 0.38 0.45 9.46 9.90 12.00 13.60 8.43 21.87 9.02 11.61 8.53 8.36 64.55 47 PRECIPITATION 2.20 2.16 47 Mean Amount (inches) 17 15 0.27 1.38 0.73 0.28 1.07 0.54 0.84 0.35 0.51 0.78 29.04 46 Greatest Amount (inches) Least Amount (inches) 2.52 2.98 4.81 5.88 2.96 7.70 5.10 4.31 3.33 2.96 7.70 Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 17 16 16 14 13 13 13 12 15 17 178 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 12.4 11.5 9.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 9.7 46.1 47 88.2 47 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 37.0 32.2 43.3 14.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 8.7 35.4 17.0 47 14.3 47 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 54 46 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 14.1 14.3 14.0 14.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 7.6 13.5 0.04 47 7.3 47 Mean Number of Days with Snow 14 11 10 3 Miss 0 0 0 0 Miss 4 12 11.5 47 WIND 6.5 47 3.8 47 % of Observations with Gales 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 1.5 47 8.6 8.5 7.5 6.9 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.8 7.3 7.5 1.2 47 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 7.7 8.2 1.2 47 2.4 47 Direction (percentage of observations) 5.6 47 12.7 47 North 13.3 13.5 12.2 10.2 9.6 8.0 8.2 11.0 12.7 12.2 12.7 13.9 6.9 47 5.1 47 North Northeast 6.8 7.3 8.1 7.3 7.0 5.2 4.2 5.8 6.9 6.9 6.3 6.7 4.3 47 5.2 47 Northeast 2.7 3.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 3.8 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.0 3.1 2.7 8.0 47 10.8 47 East Northeast 0.7 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.3 0.8 8.4 47 5.2 47 East 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.1 0.7 7.0 47 East Southeast 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.9 7.2 47 7.0 47 Southeast 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.4 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.9 5.9 47 5.0 47 South Southeast 3.6 3.7 4.5 5.9 7.7 8.3 7.2 6.5 6.2 5.5 4.2 3.3 5.5 47 5.8 47 South 8.7 8.9 9.6 13.3 16.6 18.1 16.9 14.9 12.8 12.6 10.8 9.0 6.8 47 7.5 47 South Southwest 5.1 4.9 4.3 6.0 7.7 9.6 9.3 8.8 7.6 6.9 6.3 5.9 7.9 47 8.0 47 Southwest 4.8 3.9 2.9 3.6 4.3 6.1 7.5 6.5 5.3 4.7 5.5 5.9 7.3 47 7.5 47 West Southwest 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.6 4.2 5.0 4.5 3.7 4.2 5.0 4.7 9.5 47 9.6 47 West 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.1 4.1 5.0 5.7 5.3 4.9 5.1 5.8 5.0 7.8 47 West Northwest 10.5 10.2 10.6 8.7 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.8 6.2 7.2 9.2 9.6 162 46 1.21 47 Northwest 14.9 14.4 14.3 11.7 8.1 7.9 7.5 7.9 8.2 9.9 11.4 13.9 North Northwest 10.1 10.4 10.3 8.3 6.6 5.8 6.9 6.9 8.3 8.0 9.1 9.8 Calm 5.6 4.6 3.6 3.4 4.2 4.4 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.6 5.6 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 7.4 7.7 8.0 7.9 7.0 6.3 5.7 5.9 6.3 6.6 7.0 7.3 North Northeast 7.4 7.8 8.6 8.5 7.6 6.5 5.8 6.0 6.4 7.1 6.7 7.3 Northeast 5.8 7.2 8.3 8.5 7.0 7.2 5.8 6.5 6.1 7.2 6.3 5.9 East Northeast 4.4 5.4 6.2 7.4 6.8 6.0 5.1 5.4 5.5 6.1 5.5 5.0 East 3.2 4.2 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.3 4.5 4.9 4.4 5.5 4.8 3.5 East Southeast 4.2 4.9 5.9 7.1 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.2 5.0 5.5 4.8 Southeast 4.8 5.3 6.6 7.3 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.6 5.0 South Southeast 6.1 7.0 7.5 7.8 7.2 7.1 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.2 South 7.2 7.6 8.1 8.7 8.3 7.6 7.2 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.4 6.9 South Southwest 7.7 7.9 8.5 8.8 8.6 8.0 7.5 7.2 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.8 Southwest 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.5 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.7 7.7 8.6 7.9 West Southwest 7.7 7.6 8.7 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.5 6.8 7.5 7.2 West 8.1 8.8 8.8 8.4 7.4 7.0 6.7 6.1 6.3 6.7 7.3 7.9 West Northwest 10.2 10.9 11.3 10.6 9.3 8.3 7.3 6.8 7.6 8.4 9.5 10.3 Northwest 10.4 11.0 10.8 10.7 9.7 8.2 7.3 7.1 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.2 North Northwest 8.4 8.8 9.1 8.8 7.8 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.5 7.1 7.9 8.0 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 12 10 12 12 13 15 16 17 16 14 13 12 1.33 0.61 0.46 0.74 0.71 0.79 1.11 1.53 1.13 2.19 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 1.99 1.95 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level. These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

■ Appendix B ■ 431 NEW HAVEN, CT (41°16'N, 72°53'W) 23 feet (7m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) Mean 29.4 31.3 38.0 48.2 57.5 67.2 72.7 71.6 64.7 54.8 44.4 33.2 51.7 28 Mean Daily Maximum 36.6 38.7 45.4 56.9 66.5 75.8 52.0 40.3 59.7 28 Mean Daily Minimum 21.7 23.5 30.1 39.1 48.0 58.1 80.8 79.8 73.3 63.8 36.2 25.6 43.1 28 Extreme - Highest 65 67 73 87 92 96 76 65 100 28 Extreme - Lowest -7 -5 5 17 32 40 64.1 62.9 55.6 45.4 14 -3 -7 28 PRECIPITATION 100 100 91 84 Mean Amount (inches) Greatest Amount (inches) 51 43 34 24 Least Amount (inches) Maximum amount-24 hrs (inches) 3.25 3.31 3.86 3.71 3.49 2.93 3.01 3.49 3.37 3.49 3.99 4.24 42.14 29 Mean Number of days with precipitation 29 8.35 4.75 10.78 6.53 6.49 12.67 8.73 10.95 7.98 10.06 8.58 7.88 57.22 29 29 0.25 1.05 1.55 1.56 0.77 0.12 0.81 0.93 0.64 0.26 0.37 0.98 27.68 14 2.60 2.76 3.76 2.36 2.35 5.24 4.59 3.67 5.07 3.85 4.33 2.93 5.24 17 16 17 17 17 15 14 14 13 13 16 17 186 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 8.6 9.4 6.7 1.3 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 6.9 33.8 29 29 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 21.9 25.3 26.9 19.3 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 5.0 18.8 63.9 29 29 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) 1.4 0.6 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 11.8 14 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 13.9 16.1 13.0 17.1 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 5.0 14.2 17.1 14 Mean Number of Days with Snow 19 18 15 4 Miss 0 0 0 0 1 5 15 77 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog Miss 0 Miss Miss 0 0 0 Miss 0 0 0 Miss 1 These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

432 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES MISS or (blank) is a missing value. BRIDGEPORT, CT (41°10'N., 73°08'W.) 26 feet (7.9 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1018.0 1017.5 1016.0 1014.9 1016.0 1015.1 1015.8 1016.9 1018.9 1019.5 1018.1 1018.7 1017.1 40 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 30.1 31.3 38.7 48.9 58.8 68.2 74.2 73.0 65.9 55.7 45.6 34.6 52.2 47 Mean 47 Mean Daily Maximum 36.8 38.3 46.0 57.1 67.3 76.7 82.2 80.9 74.0 64.0 52.9 41.3 59.9 47 Mean Daily Minimum 47 Extreme - Highest 22.8 23.8 30.8 40.1 49.9 59.3 65.7 64.7 57.2 46.9 37.8 27.4 44.0 47 Extreme - Lowest 65 67 84 91 92 96 103 100 99 85 78 65 103 RELATIVE HUMIDITY Average Percentage -7 -5 4 18 31 41 49 44 36 26 16 -4 -7 CLOUD COVER 55.3 50.0 34.5 24.4 35.2 26.4 33.4 43.8 63.5 69.9 55.8 62.4 46.5 47 Percent of time Clear Percent of time Scattered 24.5 25.2 23.5 20.9 17.8 18.6 16.6 19.4 23.5 28.8 22.8 24.2 22.2 32 Percent of time Broken 14.8 15.5 15.2 15.5 17.3 20.6 22.7 23.9 20.2 19.2 17.3 15.3 18.1 32 Percent of time Overcast 13.4 13.0 14.3 16.3 17.8 19.8 22.5 20.6 17.2 15.8 14.3 12.8 16.5 32 43.2 42.0 42.9 41.7 41.2 34.7 31.8 29.8 33.4 31.4 40.7 43.6 38.0 32 PRECIPITATION Mean Amount (inches) 3.18 2.92 3.81 3.66 3.65 3.01 3.53 3.75 3.14 3.24 3.75 3.51 41.14 47 Greatest Amount (inches) 11.20 6.65 47 Least Amount (inches) 0.40 0.43 9.40 10.72 9.53 17.70 12.84 13.29 7.42 10.72 10.22 7.87 73.93 47 Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) 4.30 2.30 47 Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 16 0.69 0.69 0.41 0.07 0.47 0.72 0.43 0.33 0.36 0.33 23.01 39 17 4.20 3.15 3.21 6.18 5.95 4.66 4.46 4.76 3.12 3.69 6.18 17 17 17 15 14 14 13 13 16 17 186 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 7.4 7.7 4.8 0.4 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 4.9 25.9 47 21.8 6.0 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 6.6 20.8 59.8 47 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 26.2 27.9 6.8 47 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 15.9 47 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) 0.5 T 11.1 6.0 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 6.2 15.0 42 39 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 15.7 15.9 8 2 Miss 0 0 0 0 Miss 2 9 0.15 40 10.2 40 Mean Number of Days with Snow 11 10 6.8 40 WIND 4.9 40 6.6 40 % of Observations with Gales 0.21 0.21 0.15 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.13 5.2 40 4.9 40 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 11.0 11.4 11.4 11.0 9.9 9.1 8.6 8.6 9.5 10.1 10.7 10.9 3.3 40 2.5 40 Direction (percentage of observations) 2.5 40 4.3 40 North 7.7 7.7 7.9 6.1 4.9 4.4 4.7 5.9 7.8 8.5 7.7 8.4 5.5 40 4.7 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.3 5.0 7.0 6.6 5.9 5.6 9.3 40 North Northeast 5.1 5.2 6.3 5.2 5.3 4.0 3.6 5.4 8.2 8.9 8.3 8.7 9.5 40 6.9 6.5 6.8 4.3 3.3 3.7 4.7 4.7 4.5 5.3 8.1 40 Northeast 7.9 7.0 6.8 7.1 9.0 6.6 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.2 2.4 8.2 40 3.6 4.4 5.4 5.0 4.3 3.7 3.7 2.9 2.1 1.5 8.6 40 East Northeast 5.6 6.4 2.1 2.8 3.4 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.4 1.8 1.2 7.4 40 1.6 2.6 3.3 3.5 4.2 3.8 3.4 2.5 1.7 1.3 2.6 40 East 2.9 4.5 3.0 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.3 7.1 5.3 3.9 2.9 1.7 3.9 5.6 7.5 8.8 10.6 9.1 6.6 4.2 3.3 2.0 9.4 40 East Southeast 1.4 2.1 7.0 9.2 10.7 15.0 15.3 14.1 10.8 8.4 6.4 4.4 9.5 40 6.6 8.6 10.4 13.4 13.6 11.1 8.2 8.6 8.7 7.7 10.3 40 Southeast 0.9 1.5 6.8 6.6 5.6 6.3 6.6 6.2 5.9 8.7 10.8 11.9 11.1 40 9.1 7.6 4.6 4.0 4.3 4.3 5.6 8.2 11.6 13.4 10.4 40 South Southeast 0.8 1.0 11.4 8.6 5.9 4.7 4.6 5.1 6.4 7.9 10.2 11.5 9.7 40 9.9 8.0 5.6 4.5 4.6 5.3 6.4 7.6 8.3 9.6 8.8 40 South 1.5 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.6 3.5 8.6 40 8.7 40 South Southwest 2.0 2.4 10.2 40 10.3 40 Southwest 4.7 5.8 10.2 40 10.5 40 West Southwest 8.4 8.3 12.0 40 12.2 40 West 12.3 9.3 11.1 40 West Northwest 13.4 11.1 172 39 1.54 40 Northwest 13.4 12.9 North Northwest 9.3 10.0 Calm 3.0 3.1 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 9.9 10.5 11.2 10.8 9.7 9.1 7.7 7.5 8.4 9.2 8.8 9.5 North Northeast 10.0 10.9 10.7 10.2 10.2 9.0 7.7 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.5 Northeast 10.8 11.3 11.1 11.1 10.2 9.5 8.1 8.7 9.9 10.4 10.3 10.9 East Northeast 10.6 12.2 12.3 12.4 10.5 10.3 9.1 9.5 11.0 11.4 11.1 10.8 East 9.6 10.8 12.0 11.5 10.4 9.1 8.3 9.2 10.3 10.7 11.4 9.7 East Southeast 8.9 9.7 9.9 10.6 9.1 9.1 8.5 9.4 10.1 10.6 11.1 11.2 Southeast 8.6 9.1 9.0 8.7 8.8 8.0 8.0 8.1 9.4 9.5 10.9 9.4 South Southeast 8.2 9.8 9.4 8.9 8.3 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.9 9.1 10.1 10.3 South 8.5 8.9 9.0 9.3 9.2 8.6 8.4 8.0 8.8 8.7 9.3 9.2 South Southwest 10.8 9.1 10.8 11.1 10.6 9.7 9.6 9.4 10.3 10.8 12.4 11.0 Southwest 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.8 10.2 9.4 9.3 9.4 10.6 11.3 11.9 11.8 West Southwest 11.6 10.9 10.4 10.1 9.6 8.9 8.8 9.4 10.4 11.4 11.4 11.8 West 12.2 11.6 11.5 10.1 9.0 8.3 7.8 8.1 9.4 10.6 11.6 11.9 West Northwest 12.6 13.6 14.0 13.4 11.4 10.4 9.2 8.9 9.6 10.8 12.0 12.5 Northwest 12.6 13.7 13.9 14.0 12.5 11.3 9.5 9.5 9.7 10.8 11.6 12.2 North Northwest 11.6 12.4 12.7 12.5 11.2 10.5 9.3 8.8 9.3 10.1 10.8 11.4 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 12 12 14 14 16 16 16 17 15 14 13 13 2.30 1.81 2.66 1.88 0.86 0.35 0.38 0.86 0.93 1.87 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 2.16 2.55 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level. These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

■ Appendix B ■ 433 T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES MISS or (blank) is a missing value. ISLIP, NY (40°47'N, 73°07'W) 85 feet (25.9 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1018.5 1018.1 1017.4 1015.6 1016.0 1015.0 1016.1 1017.4 1019.3 1019.5 1019.8 1019.4 1017.6 12 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 31.7 32.8 39.8 49.4 59.4 68.6 74.4 72.8 65.1 54.9 45.7 36.0 52.7 12 Mean 39.0 40.1 47.6 57.3 68.2 76.9 81.7 80.4 72.9 63.7 53.8 43.5 60.6 12 Mean Daily Maximum 23.9 25.0 31.5 41.0 50.1 59.8 66.7 64.9 56.7 45.6 37.1 28.0 44.4 12 Mean Daily Minimum 67 67 82 86 95 95 101 94 91 85 78 66 101 12 Extreme - Highest -7 2 12 Extreme - Lowest 8 24 34 46 50 45 38 28 11 7 -7 60.4 55.7 12 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 49.1 30.6 34.8 25.2 36.0 49.0 67.9 70.2 72.7 68.7 51.4 Average Percentage 23.8 27.0 25.5 20.7 20.2 17.2 14.1 18.1 23.4 31.3 22.7 23.2 22.2 12 CLOUD COVER 16.0 16.0 16.6 17.4 20.2 24.4 23.8 24.7 22.1 19.4 20.2 17.4 19.9 12 Percent of time Clear 17.5 16.2 17.3 19.4 21.4 25.9 27.6 28.5 21.1 18.6 20.8 17.0 21.0 12 Percent of time Scattered 39.7 37.4 36.8 38.9 34.7 28.9 30.0 24.3 29.2 27.0 33.3 38.1 33.1 12 Percent of time Broken Percent of time Overcast 3.42 3.12 3.85 3.08 4.25 3.63 3.63 4.99 3.36 3.55 4.14 3.60 44.62 12 6.28 5.55 5.53 5.06 10.14 7.86 8.36 13.78 5.06 8.71 8.02 6.06 65.32 12 PRECIPITATION 1.34 1.11 1.32 1.29 0.73 0.58 1.21 0.47 0.81 0.31 1.27 0.90 34.41 12 Mean Amount (inches) 1.62 2.33 2.52 1.80 4.01 3.52 2.69 6.74 2.23 3.90 2.63 2.65 6.74 12 Greatest Amount (inches) 15 13 15 16 15 12 13 12 13 11 14 15 164 12 Least Amount (inches) Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) Mean Number of Days with Precipitation Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 5.9 6.0 4.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 3.3 20.7 12 13.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 10.4 33.8 12 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 13.5 20.0 11.8 12 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 8.0 12 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) TT 8.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 9.2 30 12 6100000016 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 5.7 7.0 0.53 12 7.7 12 Mean Number of Days with Snow 88 6.5 12 WIND 4.9 12 4.2 12 % of Observations with Gales 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 3.4 12 8.9 8.4 7.6 7.5 6.5 6.3 6.6 7.0 8.2 8.2 3.0 12 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 8.3 8.6 2.5 12 2.6 12 Direction (percentage of observations) 2.8 12 5.6 12 North 5.8 7.3 8.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.7 5.6 8.5 8.3 7.0 6.8 7.4 12 5.8 5.5 4.4 3.3 3.1 4.1 4.9 6.8 5.1 5.5 10.2 12 North Northeast 4.3 6.2 3.7 4.9 4.5 2.5 3.2 4.3 4.9 3.7 4.4 4.5 6.7 12 3.0 4.4 4.2 3.2 2.2 4.3 4.2 2.6 3.1 3.5 5.6 12 Northeast 5.5 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.8 2.5 2.2 2.4 6.8 12 2.5 4.6 3.8 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.2 1.5 7.6 12 East Northeast 3.1 3.1 3.4 4.4 4.6 2.4 2.9 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.4 1.2 7.5 12 3.1 4.2 4.2 3.2 4.2 3.0 2.7 3.0 1.9 1.3 13.0 12 East 1.7 3.8 4.9 6.0 7.1 8.0 9.4 8.5 6.2 4.3 3.7 2.3 6.5 6.8 8.9 12.4 12.2 9.6 8.1 5.5 5.6 3.5 8.1 12 East Southeast 1.6 1.6 6.8 8.7 11.1 14.8 14.3 14.1 9.8 9.5 10.1 7.3 8.7 12 4.0 4.9 5.4 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.2 6.2 9.1 9.0 9.3 12 Southeast 1.4 1.5 4.6 5.0 4.0 3.4 3.6 2.8 4.0 5.9 8.0 9.7 8.5 12 7.6 6.5 4.8 4.8 3.1 3.7 3.4 6.3 7.5 11.3 7.5 12 South Southeast 1.1 1.4 11.4 8.3 6.1 6.0 4.3 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.1 9.5 8.4 12 10.7 7.9 6.0 7.7 5.4 6.3 7.0 6.3 7.7 8.2 9.2 12 South 2.8 2.7 10.3 9.0 12.3 10.3 14.8 16.4 16.7 18.0 12.2 12.9 8.4 12 7.5 12 South Southwest 3.9 5.1 9.2 12 9.0 12 Southwest 7.7 7.7 7.6 12 7.9 12 West Southwest 8.0 6.1 9.9 12 10.5 12 West 9.5 7.4 9.4 12 West Northwest 12.6 11.2 196 12 1.67 12 Northwest 11.0 11.5 North Northwest 7.3 10.4 Calm 12.6 9.8 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 8.3 9.4 9.3 8.1 7.8 7.7 6.9 6.6 7.5 7.8 7.8 8.7 North Northeast 9.3 8.4 9.7 9.6 9.0 8.3 6.8 7.6 7.6 8.8 8.9 9.2 Northeast 9.1 9.2 11.2 10.6 9.5 8.3 7.3 8.2 8.5 9.7 9.5 9.7 East Northeast 8.8 9.2 10.9 9.3 8.5 6.7 6.7 7.8 7.6 8.3 9.0 8.8 East 7.4 8.2 8.7 8.3 7.8 7.3 5.6 6.3 7.0 6.9 7.6 9.4 East Southeast 8.1 9.7 9.2 9.0 8.1 7.9 7.2 7.2 8.3 8.0 9.8 10.2 Southeast 9.2 9.8 9.7 9.3 9.3 8.4 8.3 8.8 8.4 9.6 11.0 8.5 South Southeast 9.0 9.7 9.6 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.2 7.6 8.1 8.6 11.2 8.8 South 7.6 7.4 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.5 7.1 7.3 6.9 7.6 8.8 7.0 South Southwest 9.6 9.4 10.2 10.0 9.1 9.5 8.8 8.2 8.7 9.2 9.4 9.4 Southwest 9.3 9.0 9.7 9.4 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.0 9.1 9.1 9.4 9.1 West Southwest 8.8 8.2 8.3 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.8 7.7 8.0 West 9.2 8.3 9.1 7.8 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.6 6.2 6.9 8.4 8.8 West Northwest 10.9 10.3 11.3 10.2 8.7 8.2 8.2 7.3 7.8 9.2 10.6 10.4 Northwest 11.0 11.2 11.3 10.6 9.8 9.4 8.1 8.7 9.4 9.7 11.9 11.7 North Northwest 9.6 10.8 10.5 10.1 8.8 8.7 8.2 7.7 8.3 8.8 9.6 9.8 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 15 14 16 16 18 16 22 19 17 15 14 14 1.61 2.81 2.12 1.74 0.81 0.50 0.66 2.29 1.36 1.94 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 1.81 2.40 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level. These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

434 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. MISS or (blank) is a missing value. NEW YORK (MANHATTAN), NY (40°47'N, 73°58'W) Elevation 131 feet (40 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1017.5 1016.8 1015.6 1015.2 1015.3 1015.4 1015.8 1016.8 1018.0 1018.7 1017.2 1017.3 1016.6 18 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 32.2 33.8 42.6 52.9 63.2 72.0 77.3 75.9 68.2 57.6 47.8 37.1 55.1 33 Mean 33 Mean Daily Maximum 38.1 40.4 49.9 61.5 72.0 80.4 85.5 83.9 76.1 65.2 54.1 42.7 62.5 33 Mean Daily Minimum 33 Extreme - Highest 25.7 26.7 34.7 43.9 53.8 63.0 68.6 67.4 59.9 49.6 41.0 30.8 47.2 33 Extreme - Lowest 68 75 85 96 97 101 104 99 99 88 81 72 104 RELATIVE HUMIDITY Average Percentage -2 -2 8 21 36 46 53 50 40 29 17 -1 -2 CLOUD COVER 61.2 60.3 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 65.4 64.2 63.0 18 Percent of time Clear Percent of time Scattered 22.7 25.0 26.8 19.2 20.3 24.4 26.4 18.1 15.0 39.3 25.3 18.8 23.5 2 Percent of time Broken 22.3 19.6 26.2 21.2 30.0 35.0 36.7 35.6 28.5 26.6 18.7 26.4 27.1 2 Percent of time Overcast 16.6 15.2 13.3 18.8 19.1 20.2 20.6 23.3 21.5 12.7 15.7 18.8 17.9 2 38.5 40.2 33.8 40.8 30.6 20.4 16.3 22.9 35.0 21.4 40.3 36.1 31.4 2 PRECIPITATION Mean Amount (inches) 3.54 3.14 4.05 3.80 4.37 3.65 4.42 4.10 4.04 3.43 4.44 3.76 46.73 32 Greatest Amount (inches) 10.52 6.04 7.82 12.41 9.98 67.03 32 Least Amount (inches) 0.58 0.53 10.41 8.26 10.24 9.30 11.77 12.36 9.32 0.14 0.34 0.58 26.09 32 Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) 3.45 2.98 4.09 7.40 2.49 7.40 32 Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 13 0.94 1.27 0.57 1.17 1.25 0.18 1.33 11 14 16 165 28 15 3.44 3.42 3.99 3.07 3.47 4.64 5.54 15 15 15 14 13 13 12 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 7.1 8.6 3.8 0.4 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 0.4 3.3 23.6 33 17.4 9.6 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 4.7 11.5 52.8 33 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 20.3 26.4 5.6 33 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 15.5 33 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) 0.2 T 10.2 9.6 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 4.4 6.7 33 28 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 11.5 15.5 61#0000#27 0.01 18 8.0 18 Mean Number of Days with Snow 98 8.6 18 WIND 1.7 18 11.6 18 % of Observations with Gales 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.05 1.7 18 9.3 8.5 7.3 6.8 6.6 6.6 7.2 7.7 8.3 9.1 4.3 18 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 9.1 9.2 0.7 18 6.6 18 Direction (percentage of observations) 1.6 18 6.9 18 North 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.3 7.4 6.6 6.3 8.7 10.2 8.2 8.3 8.2 1.6 18 14.6 18 North Northeast 2.0 2.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.4 18 14.1 18 Northeast 9.0 11.8 13.9 12.3 14.2 9.7 9.4 10.8 14.0 12.8 11.1 11.5 3.8 18 15.1 18 East Northeast 1.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.9 2.3 1.1 1.9 1.6 2.9 18 1.8 18 East 2.5 2.5 4.6 5.1 4.9 4.9 3.9 3.7 6.7 6.2 4.4 3.8 7.2 18 East Southeast 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.3 7.7 18 8.8 18 Southeast 2.6 3.3 6.1 7.8 10.6 9.0 8.8 7.1 7.4 5.1 4.0 3.4 8.7 18 6.7 18 South Southeast 0.4 1.0 1.5 1.6 2.7 3.0 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.4 0.7 7.0 18 7.4 18 South 3.3 4.1 5.2 5.6 8.2 11.1 10.6 10.1 6.9 6.3 5.0 3.6 7.8 18 7.6 18 South Southwest 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.5 8.5 18 7.6 18 Southwest 13.3 12.7 8.3 13.0 13.9 19.0 19.4 19.7 14.3 14.8 14.1 12.3 8.3 18 7.8 18 West Southwest 2.7 2.2 1.7 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.9 2.0 1.8 3.4 5.2 3.3 10.2 18 9.2 18 West 20.6 16.4 13.7 11.4 10.7 11.0 13.1 14.3 12.4 15.5 16.3 17.3 8.8 18 West Northwest 5.7 5.1 4.9 4.1 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.1 2.5 3.5 3.9 5.4 1 28 Northwest 21.0 20.0 19.2 18.2 11.2 10.2 10.4 9.5 10.9 12.1 15.0 20.8 North Northwest 3.1 4.4 5.2 2.1 2.6 1.4 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.6 3.2 Calm 1.4 1.1 0.7 1.8 3.0 2.8 2.2 2.2 1.5 2.1 2.3 1.6 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 7.9 8.1 8.7 7.8 6.7 6.5 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.5 7.2 7.8 North Northeast 8.6 7.5 8.7 7.3 6.8 6.1 6.6 7.1 8.2 7.5 9.0 8.3 Northeast 9.9 10.2 9.4 9.7 8.7 7.5 6.8 7.5 8.7 8.5 9.0 9.9 East Northeast 9.1 9.4 10.3 9.1 7.6 7.6 7.1 7.4 8.3 7.6 9.8 10.5 East 7.1 7.6 7.3 7.2 6.2 5.9 5.8 5.8 6.6 6.4 7.1 7.9 East Southeast 9.2 6.6 7.8 8.4 6.4 6.6 6.4 5.3 7.2 6.7 7.6 7.3 Southeast 7.9 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.4 6.8 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.9 7.7 7.7 South Southeast 9.7 8.8 9.3 7.4 7.6 7.4 7.0 7.2 8.1 8.5 7.3 8.3 South 8.1 9.2 8.9 7.7 7.5 7.2 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.7 7.6 7.9 South Southwest 9.7 9.6 8.8 8.8 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.8 8.4 8.7 8.5 Southwest 8.3 8.5 8.2 8.0 7.5 7.2 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.7 8.0 8.2 West Southwest 9.6 8.7 8.4 8.1 7.4 7.0 6.9 7.8 8.5 9.0 8.6 8.9 West 9.2 9.0 9.3 8.0 6.8 6.2 6.0 5.8 6.2 7.5 8.3 9.0 West Northwest 12.1 11.4 11.4 10.4 8.1 7.2 7.2 6.9 9.7 10.4 10.8 11.0 Northwest 10.0 10.4 10.5 9.9 8.1 7.6 6.6 6.6 7.0 8.9 9.6 10.4 North Northwest 10.0 9.9 10.6 8.9 7.7 7.2 6.9 6.1 7.4 8.1 8.9 9.9 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Miss * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level. These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

■ Appendix B ■ 435 CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. MISS or (blank) is a missing value. NEW YORK (KENNEDY AIRPORT), NY (40°39'N, 73°47'W) Elevation 13 feet (4 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1018.0 1017.4 1015.9 1015.1 1015.8 1014.9 1015.7 1016.6 1018.5 1018.9 1017.9 1018.5 1016.9 48 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 32.5 33.5 41.2 50.8 60.6 70.0 76.0 75.0 67.8 57.2 47.5 37.5 54.2 34 Mean 38.6 39.9 48.1 58.3 68.1 77.4 83.1 82.1 75.0 64.5 54.0 43.5 61.1 34 Mean Daily Maximum 26.0 26.6 33.8 42.8 52.5 62.1 68.5 67.5 60.1 49.5 40.6 31.1 46.8 34 Mean Daily Minimum 69 68 85 90 99 99 104 101 98 85 77 70 104 34 Extreme - Highest -2 0 34 Extreme - Lowest 7 20 34 45 55 46 41 30 19 2 -2 47 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 54.7 48.7 33.8 26.1 32.5 23.9 31.7 41.0 59.6 63.5 54.0 60.4 44.2 Average Percentage 23.6 24.7 23.7 22.3 18.4 18.2 17.5 19.2 24.4 29.3 22.8 22.9 22.2 48 CLOUD COVER 16.1 16.6 16.3 16.7 18.8 21.7 25.0 24.7 21.2 19.9 17.9 17.3 19.3 48 Percent of time Clear 14.2 14.5 16.0 17.5 20.0 22.3 23.8 22.7 20.1 17.1 16.7 14.7 18.3 48 Percent of time Scattered 42.0 40.5 40.2 38.9 37.7 32.3 27.9 28.1 29.6 29.1 37.9 41.2 35.5 48 Percent of time Broken Percent of time Overcast 3.25 2.86 3.55 3.68 3.92 3.09 3.74 3.56 3.30 2.88 3.42 3.59 40.84 34 8.33 4.89 8.17 9.51 10.71 8.07 8.48 8.30 9.65 6.58 9.51 6.73 59.12 34 PRECIPITATION 0.49 1.01 0.95 1.37 0.62 T 0.54 0.22 0.96 0.93 0.32 0.61 25.38 34 Mean Amount (inches) 2.59 2.46 2.40 3.15 2.88 2.85 3.21 3.77 4.49 3.21 3.92 2.55 4.49 34 Greatest Amount (inches) 15 13 16 16 15 14 13 13 12 11 14 16 168 34 Least Amount (inches) Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) Mean Number of Days with Precipitation Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 6.7 8.0 3.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 0.4 3.4 22.4 34 15.5 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 3.7 22.4 48.9 34 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 20.1 24.7 34 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 1.3 34 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) TT 9.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 3.2 18.0 19.9 34 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 Miss 2 6 30 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 13.0 19.9 48 48 Mean Number of Days with Snow 88 48 WIND 48 48 % of Observations with Gales 0.06 0.11 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.18 48 48 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 11.4 11.5 11.8 11.2 9.9 9.4 8.9 8.7 9.0 9.5 10.6 11.0 10.2 48 48 Direction (percentage of observations) 48 48 North 7.3 7.6 7.3 6.3 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.9 6.7 7.2 6.2 7.1 6.4 48 6.0 5.2 4.8 4.3 4.1 5.9 6.9 7.6 5.9 6.2 5.7 48 North Northeast 5.3 6.6 5.5 4.7 5.3 3.9 4.0 5.3 7.3 7.2 5.4 6.3 5.5 48 5.4 4.6 4.7 3.6 3.2 4.3 6.5 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.7 48 Northeast 5.4 5.6 4.1 4.7 4.8 3.9 2.9 2.9 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.6 3.6 48 3.2 4.1 4.9 3.8 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.4 2.2 1.1 2.8 48 East Northeast 4.2 4.9 2.5 3.7 4.6 4.0 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.3 2.7 48 3.7 5.2 6.6 5.9 6.2 5.2 4.9 3.1 2.5 1.5 4.1 48 East 2.8 3.7 8.5 12.4 14.8 17.6 16.7 14.3 10.4 7.9 6.7 4.0 10.3 5.9 7.6 9.8 13.5 14.4 12.8 9.5 7.7 6.0 4.7 8.5 48 East Southeast 1.4 1.9 4.1 5.2 6.3 8.0 10.0 10.3 7.9 7.9 7.2 6.7 7.1 48 5.6 5.9 6.1 7.2 8.7 8.5 7.3 8.4 10.0 10.6 8.0 48 Southeast 1.1 1.7 6.1 5.4 4.4 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.2 6.6 9.1 10.5 6.7 48 9.1 6.7 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.6 4.4 6.8 9.8 11.6 7.2 48 South Southeast 1.3 2.4 12.7 9.5 5.8 4.9 4.1 4.3 5.4 7.6 10.1 12.2 8.5 48 8.9 7.2 5.8 4.9 4.5 4.3 6.1 6.6 7.6 8.3 6.8 48 South 4.5 5.4 1.1 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.0 1.4 48 48 South Southwest 5.0 5.3 48 48 Southwest 5.9 5.5 48 48 West Southwest 9.7 7.9 48 48 West 10.8 8.3 48 West Northwest 12.5 10.2 34 48 Northwest 13.3 12.6 North Northwest 8.4 9.4 Calm 1.3 0.9 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 10.4 10.9 11.2 10.9 10.0 9.4 8.4 8.6 9.3 9.3 9.4 10.3 9.9 North Northeast 10.3 10.2 11.5 11.2 10.0 9.6 8.4 8.9 9.2 9.3 9.6 9.9 9.8 Northeast 10.0 10.6 11.2 11.0 9.8 9.0 7.7 8.2 8.4 9.3 9.3 9.6 9.5 East Northeast 8.6 9.6 10.8 10.0 8.9 7.7 6.9 7.0 8.0 8.4 8.5 8.4 8.6 East 7.8 8.9 10.0 9.3 8.4 7.4 6.5 7.1 7.3 8.0 8.6 8.1 8.2 East Southeast 7.8 8.6 9.6 9.7 8.5 8.2 7.1 7.7 8.0 8.6 9.4 10.0 8.6 Southeast 9.3 9.7 10.2 9.7 9.2 9.3 9.2 8.8 9.1 9.3 10.5 9.9 9.4 South Southeast 10.7 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.1 9.5 9.7 9.4 9.7 9.3 10.2 11.6 10.0 South 9.7 9.2 10.9 11.3 10.9 10.4 10.2 9.9 10.0 9.2 10.3 9.7 10.3 South Southwest 10.0 9.8 9.9 10.6 9.9 9.6 9.7 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.7 Southwest 9.5 9.6 10.0 9.4 9.3 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.9 9.0 9.5 9.7 9.1 West Southwest 10.4 10.6 11.5 10.7 9.3 8.7 8.2 8.4 8.4 9.2 10.3 10.0 9.6 West 13.1 13.0 13.1 12.6 10.2 8.7 8.3 8.3 9.1 10.1 11.7 11.8 11.2 West Northwest 14.0 14.4 15.1 13.9 12.3 11.2 10.3 9.4 10.2 11.6 13.0 13.6 13.0 Northwest 14.3 14.8 14.6 14.1 12.7 11.9 10.4 10.3 11.0 12.1 13.2 13.6 13.3 North Northwest 12.1 13.0 12.8 12.5 11.5 11.3 9.7 9.8 10.5 10.7 11.7 11.9 11.7 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 10 9 11 11 13 12 13 12 11 10 11 10 133 1.68 1.64 1.90 1.55 0.62 0.41 0.42 1.10 1.26 1.41 1.31 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 2.00 1.80 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level.

436 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES MISS or (blank) is a missing value. NEWARK, NJ (40°42'N, 74°10'W) 26 feet (7.9. m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1018.3 1017.9 1016.1 1015.1 1015.6 1015.0 1015.5 1016.5 1018.5 1019.1 1018.0 1018.9 1017.0 48 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 31.6 33.3 41.6 52.2 62.8 72.0 77.2 75.6 68.0 57.3 46.7 35.7 54.7 61 Mean 38.5 40.7 49.7 61.3 72.1 81.1 86.0 84.1 76.7 66.2 54.3 42.5 63.0 61 Mean Daily Maximum 24.2 25.4 33.1 42.7 52.9 62.3 68.0 66.5 58.8 47.9 38.6 28.4 45.9 61 Mean Daily Minimum 74 76 89 94 98 102 105 103 105 93 85 72 105 61 Extreme - Highest -8 -7 61 Extreme - Lowest 6 16 33 41 52 45 35 25 15 -1 -8 48 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 57.8 54.0 35.9 26.2 31.0 24.8 30.0 39.7 59.8 65.7 54.9 64.5 45.2 Average Percentage 24.1 24.2 23.8 21.3 18.3 18.5 18.5 20.1 23.5 29.8 24.1 22.9 22.4 48 CLOUD COVER 16.5 17.5 18.1 18.9 21.2 25.5 25.9 26.8 23.3 21.2 18.5 17.3 20.9 48 Percent of time Clear 14.6 14.5 15.5 18.4 20.1 22.0 24.4 22.7 20.1 17.2 16.9 14.8 18.5 48 Percent of time Scattered 44.8 43.7 42.7 41.4 40.3 33.9 31.2 30.4 33.1 31.8 40.5 45.1 38.2 48 Percent of time Broken Percent of time Overcast 3.41 2.97 4.02 3.69 3.89 3.29 4.23 4.14 3.62 3.05 3.75 3.42 43.48 61 10.10 5.88 11.14 11.14 10.22 6.40 61 PRECIPITATION 0.45 0.76 1.10 0.90 0.52 0.07 9.98 11.84 10.28 8.20 11.53 9.47 65.50 61 Mean Amount (inches) 2.95 2.36 2.71 2.82 3.98 2.97 61 Greatest Amount (inches) 14 15 0.89 0.36 0.14 0.21 0.51 0.27 26.09 61 Least Amount (inches) 16 16 16 16 Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) 3.50 5.93 4.71 3.96 6.73 2.77 6.73 Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 14 13 12 12 14 16 174 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 8.9 9.2 3.7 0.7 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 0.6 3.9 27.0 61 26.0 13.8 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 5.7 29.1 33.4 61 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 31.6 33.4 1.9 61 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 27.4 61 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) 0.1 T 17.6 12.8 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 5.7 25.9 37 61 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 27.4 20.0 7 1 Miss 0 0 0 0 Miss 2 7 0.02 48 8.9 48 Mean Number of Days with Snow 11 9 5.8 48 WIND 8.2 48 5.4 48 % of Observations with Gales 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 3.2 48 10.3 9.7 8.8 8.3 7.8 7.6 7.9 8.3 8.9 9.4 2.8 48 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 9.7 9.9 3.5 48 4.0 48 Direction (percentage of observations) 4.1 48 5.2 48 North 5.8 6.4 6.5 5.5 5.0 4.4 5.0 5.4 7.1 6.2 5.8 6.0 7.3 48 8.4 6.5 6.4 5.8 5.6 7.6 10.1 10.6 9.1 9.9 10.7 48 North Northeast 9.3 8.8 6.1 5.4 6.1 4.4 4.0 5.0 5.9 6.2 4.6 5.3 9.0 48 4.5 4.1 3.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.4 3.5 2.7 2.3 7.0 48 Northeast 5.6 6.7 3.4 4.1 4.4 3.4 2.3 2.5 2.9 2.5 2.5 1.6 8.1 48 3.9 5.7 6.6 5.3 3.3 3.1 3.6 3.0 2.5 1.2 8.5 48 East Northeast 2.5 3.3 3.7 5.5 6.9 6.4 5.5 4.9 4.3 3.5 2.5 1.3 5.8 48 3.5 4.5 5.8 6.2 6.8 5.8 4.7 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.7 48 East 1.7 2.4 4.1 4.8 5.6 6.8 7.9 7.7 5.9 4.6 4.6 3.6 4.8 6.3 7.7 8.9 9.3 9.0 8.2 8.5 7.4 6.1 9.0 48 East Southeast 1.3 2.2 6.1 8.3 10.3 13.1 13.0 13.6 12.1 11.8 11.8 10.7 9.0 48 7.0 7.1 7.5 8.9 10.3 9.3 7.7 9.0 9.6 10.5 8.9 48 Southeast 1.1 1.8 6.6 5.9 4.7 5.8 6.6 6.2 6.1 6.7 8.6 9.7 8.2 48 10.5 8.6 5.7 6.0 6.4 5.8 5.6 6.3 9.1 11.2 6.4 48 South Southeast 1.7 2.2 12.2 9.7 6.7 6.1 6.0 5.2 6.1 6.7 9.2 10.4 7.4 48 8.0 6.7 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.9 5.7 5.5 6.5 7.8 48 South 3.3 3.9 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.2 1.8 7.5 48 6.8 48 South Southwest 5.7 5.3 7.6 48 8.2 48 Southwest 9.8 7.7 8.9 48 9.2 48 West Southwest 11.5 9.1 11.2 48 12.3 48 West 9.7 8.1 11.2 48 West Northwest 11.5 10.6 118 61 0.55 48 Northwest 11.1 12.5 North Northwest 6.7 7.3 Calm 1.9 1.9 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 9.2 10.1 10.5 9.9 8.8 8.6 7.7 7.8 8.4 8.5 8.5 9.2 North Northeast 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.4 8.9 7.7 8.3 8.6 8.9 8.8 9.2 Northeast 9.3 9.3 9.8 9.9 9.1 8.4 7.6 8.0 8.6 8.6 8.4 8.9 East Northeast 7.8 8.4 9.1 9.0 8.1 7.9 6.9 7.0 7.8 8.5 7.9 8.2 East 5.4 6.2 7.3 6.9 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.8 6.9 5.7 East Southeast 6.3 6.8 8.1 8.2 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.7 7.4 7.6 7.9 7.6 Southeast 6.9 7.1 8.1 8.4 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.5 7.6 6.9 South Southeast 6.4 7.3 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.6 6.9 7.1 7.4 South 5.9 6.3 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.9 6.4 6.7 6.0 South Southwest 7.3 7.7 8.1 8.6 8.1 7.9 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.5 Southwest 8.3 8.7 9.6 9.2 8.7 8.4 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.0 West Southwest 9.7 9.6 10.3 9.9 9.5 8.6 8.1 7.7 7.7 8.2 9.1 8.8 West 10.1 10.3 10.9 10.3 9.3 8.3 7.8 6.9 7.6 8.2 9.4 9.7 West Northwest 12.2 12.5 13.0 12.3 10.7 9.6 9.1 8.7 8.8 10.1 11.6 12.0 Northwest 13.0 13.5 13.8 13.5 11.9 11.1 9.9 9.6 10.2 11.1 12.4 12.9 North Northwest 12.0 12.3 12.1 12.2 11.1 10.6 9.5 9.2 9.9 10.7 11.1 11.5 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 99 10 9 11 10 9 10 11 11 9 10 0.57 0.47 0.53 0.31 0.10 0.11 0.16 0.69 0.54 1.01 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 1.23 0.94 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level. These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

■ Appendix B ■ 437 T = trace (not measurable) of precipitation. CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLES MISS or (blank) is a missing value. ALBANY, NY (42°45'N, 73°48'W) 292 feet (89 m) WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. YEAR YEARS OF RECORD SEA LEVEL PRESSURE* Mean (Millibars) 1018.2 1017.4 1015.8 1014.9 1015.1 1014.3 1015.3 1016.3 1018.6 1019.0 1017.4 1018.4 1016.8 51 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F) 22.1 24.1 34.3 46.9 57.9 66.8 71.8 69.6 61.3 50.8 39.8 27.2 47.8 50 Mean 30.8 33.2 50 Mean Daily Maximum 12.9 14.4 43.4 57.6 69.5 78.2 83.2 80.7 72.5 61.7 48.1 35.0 58.0 50 Mean Daily Minimum 65 67 50 Extreme - Highest -28 -21 24.6 35.7 45.8 54.9 59.9 57.9 49.7 39.4 30.9 18.8 37.2 50 Extreme - Lowest 86 92 94 99 100 99 100 89 82 71 100 RELATIVE HUMIDITY Average Percentage -21 10 26 36 40 34 24 16 5 -22 -28 CLOUD COVER 57.4 49.4 32.5 24.4 26.2 18.0 28.1 38.0 60.8 65.4 49.4 58.9 42.5 51 Percent of time Clear Percent of time Scattered 16.4 18.0 16.7 15.7 14.1 12.7 13.4 16.0 19.4 22.4 12.0 14.0 15.9 51 Percent of time Broken 13.7 14.4 14.4 14.8 15.8 20.3 22.9 22.0 19.8 17.0 13.9 12.5 16.8 51 Percent of time Overcast 14.4 14.9 16.4 18.0 19.9 25.0 27.1 24.7 20.2 18.2 16.5 14.5 19.1 51 51.3 48.6 47.9 46.6 43.8 35.5 29.7 31.0 34.6 36.7 52.3 54.6 42.8 51 PRECIPITATION Mean Amount (inches) 2.37 2.28 2.86 3.01 3.47 3.28 3.15 3.31 3.02 2.96 3.11 2.91 35.73 50 Greatest Amount (inches) 6.44 5.02 5.90 7.95 8.96 7.36 6.96 7.33 7.89 8.83 8.07 6.73 47.18 50 Least Amount (inches) 0.42 0.24 0.26 1.14 1.05 0.65 0.49 0.73 0.40 0.20 0.59 0.64 21.55 50 Maximum Amount-24 hrs (inches) 1.78 1.60 2.00 2.01 2.17 3.47 2.70 4.08 3.46 2.82 2.21 3.16 4.08 50 Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 22 18 19 17 18 15 15 14 14 14 18 21 205 50 Snow - Mean Amount (inches) 16.2 14.4 10.9 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 4.1 14.2 62.5 50 106.7 50 Snow - Greatest Amount (inches) 47.8 34.5 34.7 17.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 24.6 57.5 21.1 50 22.0 50 Snow - Least Snowfall Amount (inches) 0.6 1.8 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50 77 Snow - Maximum Amount in 24 hours (inches) 13.4 17.3 22.0 17.3 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 21.8 13.9 51 0.12 51 Mean Number of Days with Snow 19 16 13 4 Miss 0 0 0 0 1 7 17 7.7 51 WIND 8.2 51 4.1 51 % of Observations with Gales 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 2.1 51 9.1 9.1 7.8 7.2 6.5 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.9 8.2 1.1 51 Mean Wind Speed (knots) 8.5 8.8 1.2 51 1.0 51 Direction (percentage of observations) 3.2 51 11.9 51 North 9.7 10.1 9.8 8.8 7.9 6.6 6.0 7.7 7.9 8.1 7.5 8.9 14.3 51 3.7 51 North Northeast 4.3 5.0 5.4 4.6 4.5 3.5 2.8 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.9 4.2 2.2 51 3.2 51 Northeast 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.1 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 9.0 51 13.2 51 East Northeast 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 6.6 51 4.4 51 East 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.1 10.6 51 East Southeast 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 7.0 51 8.0 51 Southeast 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.3 2.8 2.5 6.5 51 5.3 51 South Southeast 9.7 9.3 10.0 12.4 12.9 13.7 13.5 12.2 13.2 12.1 12.9 10.6 4.0 51 5.5 51 South 12.3 10.9 9.6 11.6 15.2 18.1 18.0 16.1 16.2 15.4 13.9 13.9 7.6 51 9.1 51 South Southwest 2.5 2.5 2.3 3.0 3.9 4.9 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.3 3.3 3.1 8.1 51 6.4 51 Southwest 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.2 2.6 2.4 1.9 2.2 1.9 6.0 51 8.3 51 West Southwest 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.6 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.2 10.2 51 11.7 51 West 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.5 8.9 9.0 8.7 7.6 7.3 7.6 9.2 9.0 9.4 51 6.9 West Northwest 17.2 18.1 18.5 16.2 11.0 9.7 9.5 8.1 9.0 11.0 14.5 16.5 50 152 51 Northwest 8.1 7.8 8.4 7.2 6.0 5.2 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.8 7.3 7.6 0.80 North Northwest 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.5 4.3 3.5 3.5 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.4 Calm 9.2 9.2 7.9 6.7 9.3 9.6 11.8 14.2 14.5 14.5 10.1 9.7 Direction (Mean Speed, knots) North 7.2 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.2 6.7 6.1 6.5 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.8 North Northeast 7.7 8.4 8.7 9.0 8.6 7.6 7.2 7.1 7.6 8.1 7.4 7.3 Northeast 5.5 6.8 6.8 8.3 7.3 6.8 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.7 East Northeast 4.7 4.8 5.9 6.5 5.9 5.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.5 4.9 5.0 East 3.5 3.7 4.3 4.8 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.5 3.4 4.0 4.2 3.3 East Southeast 4.3 5.8 6.5 6.5 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.6 5.5 5.4 Southeast 7.5 7.9 9.1 8.6 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.8 7.3 7.2 7.9 7.3 South Southeast 9.5 9.6 10.3 10.6 9.3 8.6 8.1 7.7 8.5 8.8 9.5 9.2 South 8.6 8.5 8.9 9.1 8.5 7.8 7.3 7.1 7.5 7.7 8.3 8.4 South Southwest 6.9 6.6 7.5 7.7 6.6 6.1 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.4 6.7 6.5 Southwest 6.8 6.7 7.2 6.7 6.1 5.9 5.4 5.0 5.5 5.7 6.5 6.4 West Southwest 9.5 9.8 9.2 9.0 8.6 7.7 7.0 6.7 7.1 8.2 8.5 9.0 West 11.7 11.8 11.8 11.5 9.9 9.0 8.3 8.2 8.4 9.2 10.3 11.2 West Northwest 12.8 13.3 13.0 12.6 11.3 10.4 9.6 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.6 12.4 Northwest 10.3 10.5 10.3 10.2 9.0 8.6 8.1 7.8 7.8 9.0 9.6 10.0 North Northwest 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.4 6.6 7.2 6.8 VISIBILITY Mean Number of Days with Fog 10 9 11 9 12 13 14 17 17 15 13 12 0.76 0.32 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.65 1.45 1.85 0.88 1.14 % Observations with Visibility <= ½ mile 0.83 0.73 * Sea level pressure is station pressure reduced to sea level. These tables were prepared by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Environmental Satellite, Data & Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA

438 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 METEOROLOGICAL TABLE FOR COASTAL AREA OFF CHATHAM, MA Boundaries: Between 41°N TO 42°N FROM 66°W TO 70°W WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN Wind > 33 Knots (1) 7.5 7.2 5.3 2.6 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.6 4.1 7.1 2.5 Wave Height > 9 ft (1) 11.8 11.7 9.6 6.5 2.7 0.9 0.3 1.1 2.6 5.6 10.1 11.1 5.0 Visibility < 2 nm (1) 6.8 9.0 10.5 13.8 24.8 36.0 41.3 30.4 14.9 7.0 5.4 4.2 18.9 Precipitation (1) 17.7 17.4 10.9 9.3 6.9 4.5 3.9 4.2 5.3 6.6 9.6 14.3 7.8 Temperature > 69 F (1) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.8 6.2 9.7 4.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 2.5 Mean Temperature (F) 38.1 37.9 39.5 43.4 49.3 56.0 62.5 64.6 61.5 55.9 49.4 42.1 52.8 Temperature < 33 F (1) 22.2 24.7 10.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 9.8 3.9 Mean RH (%) 83 82 82 84 88 89 90 89 84 81 80 80 85 Overcast or Obscured (1) 48.7 47.6 42.7 40.9 43.4 43.6 43.8 36.8 29.9 27.0 37.9 46.3 39.0 Mean Cloud Cover (8ths) 6.2 6.0 5.4 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.4 4.4 5.4 6.1 5.2 Mean SLP (mbs) 1015 1014 1014 1015 1015 1016 1016 1017 1019 1018 1017 1016 1016 Ext. Max. SLP (mbs) 1043 1048 1055 1056 1051 1039 1042 1043 1048 1047 1042 1047 1056 Ext. Min. SLP (mbs) 962 957 964 964 973 981 990 988 985 970 975 964 957 Prevailing Wind Direction NW NW NW SW SW SW SW SW SW W W NW SW Thunder and Lightning (1) 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 (1) Percentage Frequency METEOROLOGICAL TABLE FOR COASTAL AREA SOUTH OF NANTUCKET, MA Boundaries: Between 40°N TO 41°N FROM 66°W TO 70°W WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN Wind > 33 Knots (1) 8.1 7.2 5.7 2.8 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.2 2.9 4.9 7.4 3.2 Wave Height > 9 ft (1) 14.5 13.5 10.6 7.7 3.2 1.4 0.6 1.1 2.5 5.2 8.8 11.5 6.3 Visibility < 2 nm (1) 6.6 8.8 9.9 13.6 23.5 27.5 27.8 17.2 8.9 5.0 4.7 4.2 14.3 Precipitation (1) 15.6 13.9 9.8 9.1 6.3 4.7 4.3 4.9 5.4 7.0 9.7 13.4 8.3 Temperature > 69 F (1) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 5.9 27.3 39.5 19.3 3.9 0.4 0.1 8.3 Mean Temperature (F) 39.9 39.8 41.1 45.1 51.6 59.9 66.9 68.7 65.3 58.8 51.8 44.1 53.1 Temperature < 33 F (1) 17.2 19.2 7.8 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 6.3 4.0 Mean RH (%) 83 83 83 85 87 88 89 87 84 81 81 82 85 Overcast or Obscured (1) 45.5 42.4 37.8 35.7 38.6 36.9 34.9 27.6 25.8 26.1 35.2 42.2 35.6 Mean Cloud Cover (8ths) 6.0 5.7 5.2 4.7 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.5 5.4 5.9 5.1 Mean SLP (mbs) 1015 1015 1015 1015 1016 1016 1016 1017 1018 1018 1016 1016 1016 Ext. Max. SLP (mbs) 1044 1049 1054 1049 1047 1040 1037 1040 1050 1051 1047 1056 1056 Ext. Min. SLP (mbs) 962 965 967 961 976 983 987 987 986 972 972 963 961 Prevailing Wind Direction NW NW NW W SW SW SW SW NE W NW NW W Thunder and Lightning (1) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 (1) Percentage Frequency These data are based upon observations made by ships in passage. Such ships tend to avoid bad weather when possible thus biasing the data toward good weather samples.

■ Appendix B ■ 439 METEOROLOGICAL TABLE FOR COASTAL AREA SOUTH OF MARTHA’S VINYARD, MA Boundaries: Between 40°N TO 42°N FROM 70°W TO 72°W WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN Wind > 33 Knots (1) 5.9 5.0 3.8 1.9 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.2 2.3 4.0 5.8 2.4 Wave Height > 9 ft (1) 10.8 12.4 8.5 5.6 2.1 1.0 0.5 0.8 2.6 3.3 5.4 6.6 4.9 Visibility < 2 nm (1) 6.6 7.2 9.9 11.6 17.2 19.0 19.6 10.9 7.5 4.6 4.2 4.9 10.7 Precipitation (1) 12.4 12.2 9.4 8.6 7.2 4.5 4.0 4.8 6.2 5.8 9.3 12.3 7.8 Temperature > 69 F (1) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 6.3 42.6 51.6 18.5 1.8 0.2 0.2 11.1 Mean Temperature (F) 37.5 36.3 40.0 45.2 52.5 62.1 69.5 70.5 65.6 58.1 49.6 41.9 53.3 Temperature < 33 F (1) 27.0 29.8 11.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.7 12.5 6.1 Mean RH (%) 80 80 81 82 84 86 85 84 82 78 78 77 82 Overcast or Obscured (1) 40.1 37.9 36.0 35.4 34.9 31.2 31.6 25.9 27.8 24.4 32.1 37.3 32.7 Mean Cloud Cover (8ths) 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 5.0 5.4 4.8 Mean SLP (mbs) 1016 1017 1016 1016 1016 1015 1016 1017 1018 1018 1017 1018 1016 Ext. Max. SLP (mbs) 1050 1049 1050 1040 1040 1038 1042 1046 1046 1044 1046 1050 1050 Ext. Min. SLP (mbs) 962 958 975 975 976 985 987 987 982 982 973 981 958 Prevailing Wind Direction NW NW W W SW SW SW SW SW W W NW SW Thunder and Lightning (1) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 (1) Percentage Frequency METEOROLOGICAL TABLE FOR COASTAL AREA AROUND LONG ISLAND, NY Boundaries: Between 40°N TO 42°N FROM 72°W TO 75°W WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN Wind > 33 Knots (1) 4.0 3.4 2.9 1.5 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.8 2.7 4.5 1.8 Wave Height > 9 ft (1) 4.1 5.2 3.8 2.7 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.7 3.5 2.2 Visibility < 2 nm (1) 7.1 7.7 10.2 9.3 15.4 12.3 9.8 5.9 5.1 5.5 4.6 5.3 8.2 Precipitation (1) 11.3 11.5 9.4 8.7 8.0 4.9 5.6 4.9 6.1 6.1 9.1 10.6 8.0 Temperature > 69 F (1) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 2.0 16.8 63.1 67.9 28.6 2.4 0.1 0.1 15.6 Mean Temperature (F) 36.2 35.6 40.5 46.9 55.5 65.1 72.0 72.2 67.3 58.5 49.5 40.4 53.7 Temperature < 33 F (1) 31.6 32.3 10.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 17.4 7.5 Mean RH (%) 82 82 80 79 84 83 83 80 80 79 77 79 81 Overcast or Obscured (1) 33.4 32.7 32.5 31.4 32.2 27.9 26.4 23.7 24.6 22.4 27.9 31.1 28.8 Mean Cloud Cover (8ths) 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.6 4.8 4.5 Mean SLP (mbs) 1017 1017 1015 1015 1016 1015 1016 1016 1018 1018 1017 1018 1016 Ext. Max. SLP (mbs) 1050 1050 1050 1045 1042 1040 1040 1037 1037 1044 1045 1046 1050 Ext. Min. SLP (mbs) 959 961 961 977 989 981 988 986 978 970 966 981 959 Prevailing Wind Direction NW NW NW W SW SW SW SW SW W NW NW SW Thunder and Lightning (1) 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.5 (1) Percentage Frequency These data are based upon observations made by ships in passage. Such ships tend to avoid bad weather when possible thus biasing the data toward good weather samples.

MEAN SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURES (T) AND DENSITIES (D) 440 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 Y Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean e Stations a Cape Cod Canal (E. Ent.) r (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) (T) (D) 41º46'N., 70º30'W. s ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC ºC Cape Cod Canal (W. Ent.) 41º44'N., 70º37'W. 16 1.1 23.5 0.4 23.5 1.8 23.4 5.3 23.3 9.4 23.1 12.8 23.2 14.7 23.4 16.2 23.4 15.9 23.4 13.3 23.5 9.4 23.4 4.7 23.5 8.8 23.4 Woods Hole, MA 41º31'N., 70º40'W. 15 0.8 23.2 0.4 23.2 2.2 23.1 6.1 22.9 10.4 22.9 15.0 23.0 17.6 23.2 18.7 23.3 17.4 23.3 13.9 23.3 9.6 23.2 4.3 23.2 9.7 23.2 27 1.2 23.2 0.5 23.2 2.4 23.1 6.8 23.2 11.8 23.3 17.0 23.5 20.9 23.6 21.6 23.5 19.7 23.6 15.6 23.6 10.5 23.5 4.9 23.3 11.1 23.4 Newport, RI 16 2.3 22.7 1.6 22.5 3.1 225 6.3 22.3 10.9 22.8 16.3 23.1 19.8 23.5 20.6 23.4 18.6 23.5 15.3 23.4 11.3 23.1 5.8 22.9 11.0 23.0 41º30'N., 71º20'W. 24 2.8 13.6 2.4 12.4 4.3 10.1 9.3 9.2 14.3 10.4 19.2 13.9 22.1 17.4 22.5 18.7 20.3 19.2 16.2 18.7 10.9 16.2 5.5 14.1 12.5 14.5 New London, CT 41º22'N., 70º06'W. Bridgeport, CT 7 3.9 19.5 3.6 18.4 5.8 18.1 10.1 17.7 15.7 17.6 21.7 18.0 24.8 19.1 26.3 19.8 24.4 19.9 19.6 20.1 13.9 20.0 8.0 19.7 14.8 19.0 41º10'N., 73º11'W. Plum I. (L.I. Sound), NY 10 2.9 21.6 1.3 21.6 2.4 21.4 5.6 20.9 9.7 20.8 14.6 21.3 18.8 21.8 20.3 22.2 19.3 24.7 15.8 22.4 11.5 22.0 6.4 21.8 10.7 21.9 41º10'N., 72º12'W. Montauk (Fort Pond Bay), NY 23 2.2 22.5 1.5 22.4 3.1 22.3 6.6 21.7 10.8 21.8 16.1 22.2 20.1 22.6 21.1 22.8 19.6 23.1 15.9 23.1 11.0 22.9 5.7 22.6 11.1 22.5 41º03'N., 71º58'W. Willets Point (East R.), NY 39 1.9 18.8 1.0 18.5 2.8 18.3 7.0 17.7 12.2 17.7 17.1 18.1 20.3 18.6 22.1 19.1 21.2 19.2 16.8 19.0 11.1 19.0 5.1 18.8 11.6 18.6 40º48'N., 73º47'W. New York (The Battery), NY 44 2.8 15.5 2.0 15.4 3.7 13.6 7.6 12.1 12.9 13.7 18.3 15.7 21.9 17.0 22.9 17.5 21.4 17.5 16.8 17.3 11.4 16.2 6.0 15.3 12.9 15.8 40º42'N., 74º01'W. 5 0.7 -0.6 0.4 -0.8 1.8 -0.7 7.6 -0.8 14.1 -0.9 20.6 -0.8 24.2 -0.4 25.2 -0.2 23.8 0.2 17.8 0.0 10.8 -0.5 3.8 -0.5 12.6 -0.5 Bear Mtn (Hudson R.), NY 41º19'N., 73º59'W. New York (Ft. Hamilton), NY 12 2.1 16.6 1.2 17.3 2.4 14.8 6.5 12.5 11.8 15.2 17.0 17.0 20.8 18.1 21.8 19.0 19.8 18.7 15.3 17.9 9.8 16.8 4.9 16.5 11.1 16.7 40º37'N., 74º02'W. Sandy Hook, NJ 33 1.4 17.0 1.4 16.9 4.1 15.9 9.1 14.9 14.6 16.2 20.2 17.7 23.4 19.0 23.5 19.1 20.8 19.2 15.1 19.1 9.4 18.4 3.8 17.5 12.2 17.6 40º28'N., 74º01'W. F (Farenheit) = 1.8C (Celsius) + 32 Density as used in this table is the specific gravity of the sea water or the ratio between the weight of a sea-water sample and the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at 15ºC (59ºF).

■ Appendix B ■ 441 DETERMINATION OF WIND SPEED BY SEA CONDITION Miles Knots Descriptive Sea Conditions Wind Probable Per Force Wave Hour 0-1 Calm Sea smooth and mirror-like. (Beaufort) Height 0-1 1-3 Light air (ft.) 1-3 4-6 Light breeze Scale-like ripples without foam crests 0 - 4-7 7-10 Gentle breeze 1 ¼ 8-12 11-16 Moderate breeze Small, short wavelets; crests have a glassy appearance and do not break. 2 ½ 13-18 17-21 Fresh breeze 3 2 19-24 22-27 Strong breeze Large wavelets; some crests begin to break; foam has glassy appearance. 4 4 25-31 28-33 Near gale Occasional white foam crests. 5 6 32-38 34-40 Gale 6 10 41-47 Strong gale Small waves, become longer; fairly frequent white foam crests. 7 14 39-46 48-55 Storm Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white foam 8 18 47-54 crests; there may be some spray. 56-63 Violent storm 9 23 55-63 Large waves begin to form; white foam crests are more extensive 64+ Hurricane everywhere; there may be some spray. 10 29 64-72 Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begin to be blown in 11 37 73+ streaks along the direction of the wind; spindrift begins. 12 45 Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests break into spindrift; foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind. High waves; dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind; crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over; spray may reduce visibility. Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam in great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole, the surface of the sea is white in appearance. The tumbling of the sea becomes heavy and shock-like. Visibility is reduced. Exceptionally high waves that may obscure small and medium-sized ships. The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Everywhere the edges of the wave crests are blown into froth. Visibility is reduced. The air is filled with foam and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray; visibility is very much reduced. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CONVERSION TABLE Inches Millibars Inches Millibars Inches Millibars 28.44 963 29.32 993 30.21 1023 28.53 966 29.41 996 30.30 1026 28.62 969 29.50 999 30.39 1029 28.70 972 29.59 1002 30.48 1032 28.79 975 29.68 1005 30.56 1035 28.88 978 29.77 1008 30.65 1038 28.97 981 29.86 1011 30.74 1041 29.06 984 29.94 1014 30.83 1044 29.15 987 30.03 1017 30.92 1047 29.24 990 30.12 1020 31.01 1050

ATLANTIC OCEAN DISTANCES: MONTREAL, CANADA to the PANAMA CANAL 442 ■ Appendix B ■ Coast Pilot 2 (Nautical Miles) PANAMA CANAL (Pacific) Panama Canal (Atlantic) YUCATAN CHANNEL San Juan, PR Corpus Christi, TX Galveston, TX Port Arthur, TX New Orleans (via SW Pass) Mobile, AL Pensacola, FL Tampa, FL STRAITS OF FLORIDA Key West, FL Jacksonville, FL Savannah, GA Charleston, SC Wilmington, NC Diamond Shoals Norfolk, VA Chesapeake Bay Entrance Baltimore, MD Philadelphia, PA New York, NY Nantucket Shoals Boston, MA Portland, ME Gut of Canso (Lock) Cabot Strait MONTREAL, QUE* 3249 3203 2730 2445 3347 3242 3240 3080 3011 2977 2772 2540 2479 2172 2088 2014 1948 1729 1716 1689 1838 1682 1534 1311 1318 1276 717 681 (St. Lambert Lock) 120 - Cabot Strait 2568 2522 2049 1764 2666 2561 2559 2399 2330 2296 2091 1859 1798 1491 1407 1333 1267 1048 1035 1008 1157 1001 853 630 637 595 45º07.0’N., 60º17.0’W. - Gut of Canso (Lock) 2465 2419 1937 1669 2558 2453 2451 2291 2222 2188 1983 1751 1690 1379 1295 1221 1155 936 923 896 1046 890 742 519 526 484 45º39.0'N., 61º25.0'W. Portland, ME 2235 2189 1629 1531 2255 2150 2148 1988 1919 1885 1680 1448 1387 1071 987 913 847 628 611 584 734 575 426 203 100 - 43º39.4'N., 70º14.7'W. Boston, MA 2195 2149 1589 1486 2215 2110 2108 1948 1879 1845 1640 1408 1347 1031 947 873 807 588 571 544 694 535 386 163 - 42º22.0'N., 71º03.0'W. NANTUCKET SHOALS 2032 1986 1426 1334 2052 1947 1945 1785 1716 1682 1477 1245 1184 868 784 710 644 425 408 381 531 372 223 - 40º30.0'N., 69º25.0'W. NEW YORK, NY 2018 1972 1346 1399 1977 1872 1870 1710 1641 1607 1402 1170 1109 788 704 630 564 345 294 267 417 240 - 40º42.0'N., 74º01.0'W. Philadelphia, PA 2001 1955 1323 1395 1954 1849 1847 1687 1618 1584 1379 1147 1086 765 681 607 541 322 269 242 392 - 39º56.8'N., 75º08.3'W. Baltimore, MD 1950 1904 1268 1375 1899 1794 1792 1632 1563 1529 1324 1092 1031 710 626 552 486 267 173 150 - 39º16.0'N., 76º34.5'W. CHESAPEAKE BAY ENTRANCE 1800 1754 1118 1225 1749 1644 1642 1482 1413 1379 1174 942 881 560 476 402 336 117 27 - 36º56.3'N., 75º58.6'W. Norfolk, VA 1827 1781 1145 1252 1776 1671 1669 1509 1440 1406 1201 969 908 587 503 429 363 144 - 36º50.9'N., 76º17.9'W. Diamond Shoals 1683 1637 1001 1114 1632 1527 1525 1365 1296 1262 1057 825 764 443 359 285 219 - 35º08.0'N., 75º15.0'W. Wilmington, NC 1655 1609 904 1153 1535 1430 1428 1268 1199 1165 960 728 667 315 227 151 - 34º14.0'’N., 77º57.0'W. Charleston, SC 1609 1563 809 1138 1440 1335 1333 1173 1104 1070 865 633 572 197 102 - 32º47.2'N., 79º55.2'W. Savannah, GA 1610 1564 780 1156 1411 1306 1304 1144 1075 1041 836 604 543 145 - 32º05.0'N., 81º05.7'W. Jacksonville, FL 1559 1513 699 1121 1330 1225 1223 1063 994 960 755 523 462 - 30º19.2'N., 81º39.0'W Key West, FL 1106 1060 251 966 880 775 773 613 544 510 305 73 - 24º33.7'N., 81º48.5'W. STRAITS OF FLORIDA 1047 1001 192 1017 807 702 700 540 471 437 232 - 24º25.0'N., 83º00.0'W. Tampa, FL 1259 1213 404 1249 810 703 697 502 389 347 - All tabular distances are by outside routes which 27º56.5'N., 82º26.7'W. can be used by the deepest-draft vessel that the Pensacola, FL 1388 1342 533 1448 618 509 504 288 89 - listed ports can accommodate. Lighter-draft 30º24.0'N., 87º13.0'W. vessels can save considerable mileage by Mobile, AL 1417 1371 562 1448 605 496 491 269 - transiting Canso Lock (Canada), the Cape Cod 30º42.5'N., 88º02.5'W. Canal (Massachusetts), and the Chesapeake and NEW ORLEANS (via SW Pass) 1442 1396 587 1557 555 446 441 - Delaware Canal (Delaware-Maryland); see the 29º57.0'N., 90º03.7'W. detailed tables. Gulf of Mexico distances are Port Arthur, TX 1533 1487 691 1717 249 89 - through the Shipping Safety Fairways. 29º49.5'N., 93º57.6'W. Galveston, TX 1539 1493 696 1719 207 - 29º19.0'N., 94º47.0'W. Corpus Christi, TX 1595 1549 769 1824 - 27º48.8'N., 97º24.0'W. San Juan, PR 1036 990 1111 - 18º27.8'N., 66º06.7'W. YUCATAN CHANNEL 855 809 - 21º50.0'’N., 85º03.0'W. Panama Canal (Atlantic) 46 - * For Quebec City, Canada - subtract 139 miles 9º23.5'N., 79º55.3'W. - PANAMA CANAL (Pacific) 8º53.0'N., 79º31.0'W.