Hãy Trả Lời Em Tại Sao_ - Tập 12 (Arkady Leokum) thuviensach.vn

["trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 100 c\u00e2y n\u1ebfn lithium perchlorate m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e2y khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ee7 oxygen \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho m\u1ed9t phi h\u00e0nh gia s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. 76 C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111ang \u0111i xa ch\u00fang ta? B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ed9i c\u00e1c tia laser v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c phi h\u00e0nh gia t\u00e0u Apollo, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng g\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111ang \u0111i ra xa 3,8 cm m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 xoay c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ra xa ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i cho moment g\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 che l\u1ea5p m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u00f4 song trong h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi: nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f9i d\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o 100 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ra nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n n\u1eefa sau kho\u1ea3ng 420 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. V\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm. M\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Duncan Steel, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c (Eclipse, Headline Press, 1999). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, l\u1edbn t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sai. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 sau 400 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m do vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i, theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Steel n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi 400 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u00f4i qua, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i chu k\u1ef3 trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. 77 Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00f4ng? Ngay t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1930, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 9 v\u00e0 xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nghi\u00eang h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 101 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","1\/6 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u201cc\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper\u201d (Kuiper Belt Ob- jects, KBO) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y bay quanh r\u00eca c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf. N\u0103m 2002, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t KBO v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t KBO l\u1edbn h\u01a1n sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n - trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0 gi\u00e1ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u tuy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh \u201ch\u00e0nh tinh l\u00f9n\u201d. 78 T\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 trong khi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u kh\u00ed? C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1755, tri\u1ebft gia Immanuel Kant \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u00e8n tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i th\u00eam \u201cgi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft tinh 102 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u00e2n\u201d n\u00e0y, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 sao H\u1ecfa \u1edf g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng g\u00e3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed\u201d \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eafng nh\u01b0 sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 sao Th\u1ed5. Kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00fat c\u1ea1n kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00e1, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cho h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n: nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh gi\u1ed1ng sao M\u1ed9c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n ng\u00f4i sao m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, theo gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Scott Tremain, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton, \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cH\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 sai\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh tinh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 xoay quanh r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao trung t\u00e2m. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thay th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n 103 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u1ee7a tinh v\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c v\u00e0o trong, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c v\u00e0o trong cho t\u1edbi khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. 79 T\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda? Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh c\u0169ng \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean 3.000 t\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u00ean \u201cl\u00f2 thi\u00eau l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi\u201d c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi; v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 25 t\u1ea5n, t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 con thoi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong kho\u1ea3ng 120 chuy\u1ebfn bay, g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn bay cho t\u1edbi gi\u1edd. L\u00fd do m\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 do ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn - v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Colombia n\u0103m 2003 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. 104 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","80 T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh trong h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 xoay v\u00e0 quay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3? Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, sao Kim, sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng xoay theo chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb gi\u1eadt v\u00e0 k\u00e9o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng va ch\u1ea1m s\u1edbm trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec xoay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u quanh quay m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao th\u00ec c\u1ea7n c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec1u quay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1eb1m \u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh (tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1) l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y kh\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3; trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u0111\u0129a xoay nhanh h\u01a1n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed b\u1ee5i cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat, t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i s\u1ee5p xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean planetesimal: c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed k\u1ebft c\u1ee5m l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh. 105 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","V\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o - nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3; chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y kim c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 xoay theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201ctheo chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ngang qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng xung quanh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ngang qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi: s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 do tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t xoay theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3\u201d. 81 T\u1ea1i sao t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng gian con thoi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00ean l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed. Ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0u con thoi v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t ph\u00f3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa khi t\u00e0u con thoi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 106 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed cho ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n b\u1edbt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 v\u1eeba r\u1ebb v\u1eeba an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u - \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Colombia 2003 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec7t trong 40 n\u0103m du h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng gian. 82 L\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u00e1c t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng gian? C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0, trong khi t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 t\u0103ng th\u00eam v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c khi n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 sao M\u1ed9c, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 ra \u0111i, ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i \u00edch thu\u1ea7n n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 du h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u1eadu sinh vi\u00ean hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ea5y tu\u1ed5i Gary Flandro, khi anh \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cs\u00fang b\u1eafn \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960. Khi anh c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng n\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed1n C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u00eda sau: Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng gian b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System) c\u1ee7a Mark Littmann (Wiley, 1990), 107 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. M\u01b0u m\u1eb9o c\u1ee7a s\u00fang b\u1eafn \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi sao Th\u1ed5 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 sao Th\u1ed5 v\u1eeba \u0111i qua), do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5 s\u1ebd k\u00e9o t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u00e9p t\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo n\u00f3 quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. T\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c do s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c sao Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5 quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Khi t\u00e0u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua v\u00e0 r\u1eddi xa sao Th\u1ed5, ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ngo\u1ea1i vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, t\u00e0u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u00edch ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5 xung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng v\u00f9 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Flandro \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u201cchuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d: v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1eb3ng h\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111i th\u0103m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi du h\u00e0nh (Voyager Mission), gi\u00fap m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa. 108 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","83 Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh X b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh n\u1eefa trong h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1930 v\u1ec1 Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng (Pluto). Tuy v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay n\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh tinh\u201d xa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng (Uranus). C\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u00e9o kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 t\u1ecf ra qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 xa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nhau- khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u00e0nh tinh X\u201d l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, cho d\u00f9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, khi phi thuy\u1ec1n Voyager 2 g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u1ed1i nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh X n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. 109 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","84 C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao? Cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn qua m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4i sao n\u1eb1m xa m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn qua m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng nh\u00f2m \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i: ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5m s\u00e1ng nh\u1ecf. N\u0103m 1868, nh\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd Armand Fizeau ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1eb7p g\u01b0\u01a1ng sao cho c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng giao thoa v\u1edbi nhau s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao. N\u0103m 1920, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Albert Michelson \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean trang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o New York Times sau khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ecf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Betelgeuse c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ngang kho\u1ea3ng 417 tri\u1ec7u km hay b\u1eb1ng 300 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u201ck\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt giao thoa\u201d nh\u01b0ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 John Baldwin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u 110 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao. Chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c k\u00ednh l\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4i sao. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1995, nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Capella, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao s\u00e1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9m sao Ng\u1ef1 Phu (Auriga) v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y r\u1eb1ng sao Capella th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 hai ng\u00f4i sao \u0111ang bay xung quanh nhau. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i sao kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Betelgeuse. 85 T\u1ea1i sao Sao Th\u1ed5 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng bao quanh? Tuy c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng quanh sao Th\u1ed5 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea7ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y quanh sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng khi h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y b\u0103ng ngang qua m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1977. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i sao b\u1ecb l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n khi b\u0103ng qua 111 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","hai b\u00ean c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh; c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ba qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00f2ng quanh sao M\u1ed9c n\u0103m 1979 b\u1edfi phi thuy\u1ec1n Voyager m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng quanh sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi phi thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a Voyager 1 l\u00e0 Voyager 2, trong chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m n\u0103m 1989. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng quanh sao Th\u1ed5 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi Galileo v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1610. Qua m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hai gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00ednh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng tinh vi h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Christiaan Huyghens \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng n\u0103m 1655. N\u0103m 1859, nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland James Clerk Maxwell ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn, v\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00e9 ra b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i do l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ed5. D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1979, khi t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 Pioneer 11 c\u1ee7a NASA kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u0103ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u00e9t. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n: d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111i lang thang n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u0103ng qua g\u1ea7n s\u00e1t v\u1edbi sao Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u00e9 nh\u1ecf b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Sao Th\u1ed5. 112 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","86 T\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh, c\u00f2n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? L\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh, hay nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadp ch\u1eddn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng b\u1ed1c l\u00ean tr\u1eddi ban \u0111\u00eam t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, nh\u01b0ng cho d\u00f9 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan s\u00e1t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5m nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang nh\u00fan nh\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y. M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh th\u00ec g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u00ecn qua m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y xung quanh m\u00e9p c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn 113 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u201cquang h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c u\u1ed1n cong mi\u1ebfng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng trong kh\u00f4ng gian. 114 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","V\u0168 TR\u1ee4 87 C\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u00e2y ra s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t, cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 Isaac Newton t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt V\u1ea1n v\u1eadt H\u1ea5p d\u1eabn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra n\u0103m 1713 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Principia l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7\u201d. Cho n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, Newton d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0103n thua g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c 115 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. B\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1edf xa xuy\u00ean qua ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1915, trong Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, trong khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, Einstein l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1eabn nhau. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i, Einstein \u0111ang n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta tin r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 r\u01a1i c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i t\u00e1o l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta cho l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3. 88 T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? Isaac Newton \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111i ngang qua kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00f4 t\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c 116 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 do Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c. Theo Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian xung quanh n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c h\u00fat. Ein- stein \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng g\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1916 c\u0169ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng - 300.000km\/s - v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t t\u1edbi 8 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft: cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng cho \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2003 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Sergei Kopeikin c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Missouri-Columbia \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa, xuy\u00ean qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd 117 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, cho n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u00fang. 89 Ch\u00fang ta di chuy\u1ec3n trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nhanh c\u1ee1 n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian khi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t \u0111i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn c\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d. R\u1ea5t may, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edd n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n, d\u1ef1a theo m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng im r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u00eam k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c 30km\/s so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh thi\u00ean h\u00e0 v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 220km\/s, m\u00e0 d\u1ea3i thi\u00ean h\u00e0 n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 c\u0169ng quay theo m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tia nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1964, c\u00e1c tia nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u00e0y lan t\u1ecfa trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o so v\u1edbi n\u00f3 118 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao. N\u0103m 1996, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Dale Fixsen v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1edf Trung t\u00e2m T\u00e0u v\u0169 Tr\u1ee5 Goddard, Maryland, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 370km\/s so v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ch\u00f2m Sao S\u01b0 t\u1eed (Leo) v\u00e0 C\u1ef1 T\u01b0\u1edbc (Crater). 90 C\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u1eadu thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi s\u1ebd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1i l\u1ea1 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd co l\u1ea1i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd sinh ra c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1959, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Roger Penrose ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u 119 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u bay nhanh v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd v\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean l\u1eeda bay v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p v\u00e0 h\u01a1i xo\u1eafn l\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00fac b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn (m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 xoay Penrose-Terrell). C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u00edt k\u00ec d\u1ecb h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong t\u00ean l\u1eeda. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng co l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n u\u1ed1n cong kh\u1ecfi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, trong khi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0u xanh tr\u1eafng m\u1edd khi h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf s\u1eabm \u0111en khi h\u1ecd l\u00f9i ra xa. 91 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00f3\u201d? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 v\u1eabn la c\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0o gi\u1edd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda). \u00dd ni\u1ec7m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean n\u0103m 1973, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u201cC\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t S\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng?\u201d. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Edward Tryon, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00ec l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng 120 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1eef trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng (n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n) v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m mang t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn Tryon \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1i hay trong gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Tryon l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00f3\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 tung ra trong v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n t\u1ec9 n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. C\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed li\u00ean t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u1edf xung quanh ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u00edt h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Tryon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c - nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec Tryon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. M\u1ed9t 121 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ec7 r\u1ed7ng\u201d v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u201cc\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00f3\u201d v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc John von Neumann \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00f3\u201d qua l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, von Neumann \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u1eadp h\u1ee3p r\u1ed7ng\u201d, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a g\u00ec b\u00ean trong. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong th\u1eadt t\u1ebf \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh do s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3\u201d. 92 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u1edbn c\u1ee1 n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, 122 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","n\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n khi d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201ck\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n n\u1edf r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i thi\u00ean h\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5m nh\u1ecf n\u1eb1m m\u1ea5t h\u00fat trong kh\u00f4ng gian s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng khi h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn c\u00e0ng xa v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 xa x\u00f4i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng l\u00f9i xa ch\u00fang ta nhanh h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i trong \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Hubble (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920), \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta R n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea1y xa kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c V, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c V = HR, trong \u0111\u00f3 H l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Hubble\u201d. T\u1eeb c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111ang l\u00f9i xa v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang, v\u00ec c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang ta. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Hubble kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 v\u1ec1 b\u00e1n 123 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quang ph\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Hubble: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 22km\/s tr\u00ean 1 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian xa h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ecf ra \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 22km\/s. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Hubble, v\u1edbi V b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00ec b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u00ednh ra kho\u1ea3ng 13.600 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng ba l\u1ea7n. 93 Khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang? Do \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta, vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 xa x\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00fac s\u01a1 khai v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang, kho\u1ea3ng 14 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1edfi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n \u00e1nh 124 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","s\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3i l\u1eabn s\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e1m s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng kho\u1ea3ng 300.000 n\u0103m v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang. M\u1ed9t khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ea1t \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u00e9o gi\u00e3n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n quang ph\u1ed5 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 l\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 vi s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 vi s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\u201d b\u1edfi c\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u201cn\u1ec1n vi s\u00f3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 vi s\u00f3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 sau v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang 300.000 n\u0103m; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00e1y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. 125 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","94 N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang n\u1edf ra, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00f2m sao Ti\u00ean n\u1eef l\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00fang ta? Ch\u00f2m sao Ti\u00ean N\u1eef c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta kho\u1ea3ng 2.200.000 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eaft tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c duy nh\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00fang ta. Theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong v\u00f2ng kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Cho n\u00ean t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf (gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3) c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef cho thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Ti\u00ean N\u1eef \u1edf xa ch\u00fang ta. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 (th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 v\u00ec c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9). N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p 100 l\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 ch\u00f2m sao Ti\u00ean N\u1eef. D\u01b0\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Ti\u00ean N\u1eef \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. 126 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","95 Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1ed1i \u0111a kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft (ho\u1eb7c, d\u00f9 g\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t: \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, 0 kelvin ho\u1eb7c -273,150C. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u0129nh, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. N\u0103m 1966, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Andrei Sakharov c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1ed1i \u0111a hay kh\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t trong kh\u00f4ng gian. Thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng \u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u201ckh\u00f4ng gian\u201d s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i khi \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 10-35m - nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. D\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 10-105m3 (l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a 10-35m). Sakharov l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tia ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 127 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1031 0C. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1017 0C, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c h\u1ea1t l\u1edbn. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 14 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m. 96 K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? Theo nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u01a1 khai, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi thang \u0111o Planck (Planck Scale, \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Max Planck, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed). K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf: kho\u1ea3ng 10-35m, nh\u1ecf t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c so v\u1edbi n\u00f3, c\u00e1c proton d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 hay kh\u00f4ng - hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. 128 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","97 N\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1998, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang gi\u00e3n n\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. L\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf xa, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u201cph\u1ea3n tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, x\u1ea3y ra ngay c\u1ea3 trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Cho t\u1edbi gi\u1edd, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u sai b\u00e9t: v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 10110 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb trao t\u1eb7ng cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. 98 Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf ra m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m. 129 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra l\u00e0 h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ecb n\u00e9n l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hai chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng x\u1eb9p, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111\u00ednh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 khi qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m c\u0103ng l\u00ean. Nh\u00ecn ra xung quanh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang r\u1eddi xa b\u1ea1n; c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady - b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u0111ang r\u1eddi xa b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ctrung t\u00e2m\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang r\u1eddi xa nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1eadt, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00e0 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf th\u00eam m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. 99 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang gi\u00e3n n\u1edf ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t trong ng\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9: kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 130 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00ec kh\u00e1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p lo\u1ea1i suy s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hai sinh v\u1eadt hai chi\u1ec1u \u0111ang b\u00f2 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111ang gi\u00e3n n\u1edf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111ang t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xa nhau h\u01a1n), t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hai chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111ang gi\u00e3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ba-chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang gi\u00e3n ra trong chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u-chi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u00f4i. 100 C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u00f3i cho th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong ph\u1ea7n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang n\u1eb1m 131 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3. Khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i chia cho kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0oc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 WMAP c\u1ee7a NASA, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2003. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 13,7 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a trung b\u00ecnh 5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng gian. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2.1078 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong ph\u1ea7n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ta c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng 101 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0, ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3ng h\u1ed5i v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ta v\u1ebd n\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh tinh th\u1ea7n khi \u0111ang c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y (ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay, trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a logic th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. 132 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Robert Brown \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1827, do s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n hoa. \u201cChuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown\u201d l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c va v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang nh\u1ea3y qua l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf tr\u1ebb \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, Albert Einstein). Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1m m\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1ea1t \u1edf trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c electron \u0111ang bay xung quanh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh t\u00ed hon. Thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang; t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed - b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ch\u00fang trong nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o - l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd. 133 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","102 T\u1ea1i sao v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb7c r\u1eafn trong khi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed7ng? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn kinh ng\u1ea1c. V\u1ebb r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 xung quanh ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t: nguy\u00ean t\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y electron kh\u00e1 mong manh xoay xung quanh m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 1\/50.000 chi\u1ec1u ngang c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u1ebb r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed7ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3c b\u00faa n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1960, khi nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Freeman Dyson ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n qu\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nhau, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y electron c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y lui\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1eafc. C\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng 134 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc - \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta \u0111ang th\u1ea5y. 103 \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en? C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u0111en n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ngay c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang. Cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n hay b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng may b\u1ecb nu\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng s\u00e1u tri\u1ec7u r\u01b0\u1ee1i km \u0111ang tr\u1ed1n \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ef1c g\u00ec b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1\u201d (event horizon) - m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en m\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c - h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u1ea1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u1edf g\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. 135 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","L\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u n\u00e0y (tidal force) s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh, l\u00e0m c\u0103ng m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i b\u00f3p m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt theo chi\u1ec1u ngang. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i m\u00ec \u00dd c\u1ef1c m\u1ea3nh, c\u1ef1c d\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u00e9 tan th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf. K\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n, m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e0ng th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en nh\u1ecf ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 r\u1ed9ng 8km \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao ch\u1ebft. B\u1ecb n\u00e9n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, l\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00e9 tan ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1. 104 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng? Theo nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1ed7 \u0111en. Trong khi l\u1ed7 \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng, l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao khi m\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ngay c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c - n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en. 136 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Theo thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Einstein, n\u1ebfu trong kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 \u0111en, \u1ea9n d\u1ea5u \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t\u201d (singularity). Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u0111ang xoay (l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao \u0111ang xoay th\u00ec g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd xoay) th\u00ec m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n. \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u201ccu\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdng\u201d \u1edf trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cho\u201d v\u00e0o n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. D\u00f2ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tu\u00f4n ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng: m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1eady c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? Nh\u00ecn s\u01a1, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u1edf kh\u1eafp v\u0169 tr\u1ee5; c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng). Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7 \u0111en, ngay khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed xung quanh s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 ti\u00eau tan. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c l\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang ng\u0103n ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3. 137 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","105 N\u1ebfu m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb hydrogen, t\u1ea1o sao n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111ang li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb n\u1ed5 tan t\u00e0nh b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u00ean trong m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydrogen b\u1ecb n\u00e9n \u00e9p v\u00e0o nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u00f2a v\u00e0o nhau, k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o qua h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng sau kho\u1ea3ng 8 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m th\u00ec nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t. 106 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nhanh t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o? M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t 4 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y trong v\u00f2ng h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 n\u0103m m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o; d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c n\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Einstein E = mc2 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. 138 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 n\u0103m b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hydrogen b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o nhau m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang h\u00f2a v\u00e0o nhau, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a helium v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1nh, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hydrogen s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn t\u1ea1o ra trong v\u00f2ng 20 n\u0103m. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea1nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111ang ph\u00e1t ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 400 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t. C\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1t 600 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hydrogen m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 4 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nhi\u00eau li\u1ec7u hydrogen b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u201ctro\u201d helium, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 tro n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh E = mc2, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ra \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t 4 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y trong t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng trong h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 n\u0103m n\u1eefa. 107 \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 mang th\u00eam l\u1ea1i 139 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ecf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, ph\u1ed3ng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 bao b\u1ecdc c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf b\u00ean trong nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n than sau kho\u1ea3ng 7,5 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 bi quan. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sus- sex tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111ang gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 suy y\u1ebfu \u0111i, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, cho ph\u00e9p qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. T\u00ednh th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0o, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u1ecdng l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111ang h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hai n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra kho\u1ea3ng 7,7 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m sau, khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u00e3n ra kho\u1ea3ng 120 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng sao Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 sao Kim. Kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u0111i kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong n\u1eefa. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao 140 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u1ecf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa l\u00f9n tr\u1eafng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ngang kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 16 ng\u00e0n km. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0nh tinh t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 - ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y trong c\u01a1n gi\u00e3y ch\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi 108 Thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2y (String Theory) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5? V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean k\u00ec l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (v\u00e0, a h\u00e8m, c\u00e1c ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh. S\u1ef1 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf d\u1ea1ng d\u00e2y. C\u00e1c s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n t\u1ec9 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kh\u00f4ng gian m\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u1ecf ra gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9\u201d. 141 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, s\u1ef1 h\u1edbn h\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ec1u, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9t b\u1ecf s\u00e1u chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9\u201d \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm ra kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2y t\u1ecf ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 cho v\u00e0i th\u1ee9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y l\u00ean c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 do n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 qu\u00e1i l\u1ea1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2y th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u201cThuy\u1ebft M\u201d, ch\u1eef M l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u201cMother\u201d, \u201cMagic\u201d, \u201cMysterious\u201d. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2y s\u1ebd r\u00f5 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u1ebfu ta hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef M l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u201cMembrane\u201d (m\u00e0ng): c\u00e1c d\u00e2y m\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khung m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cho thuy\u1ebft M, thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng 142 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u th\u1eeba xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta sinh s\u1ed1ng. Thuy\u1ebft M c\u0169ng t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9\u201d th\u1eadt. Li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng gian (m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u) n\u00e0y. 109 Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 do tri\u1ebft gia Rene Descartes, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0111ang n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con ru\u1ed3i \u0111ang bay tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ba con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ru\u1ed3i: kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch so v\u1edbi hai b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 - th\u1eddi gian - \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 b\u1edfi Einstein, cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Theodor Kaluza, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 143 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai l\u1ef1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u th\u00eam v\u00e0o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1926 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Oscar Klein, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ecb u\u1ed1n cong ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 k\u00e9m k\u00ec d\u1ecb h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ngh\u0129. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, V\u1ea1n l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ba chi\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang bay cao ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ngang v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u1eefa. T\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian, t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng m\u1ecfng, m\u1ed9t-chi\u1ec1u. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ba chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang th\u1ea5y. \u1ee8ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 r\u1eb1ng: c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y chi\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f2n t\u1ea1i sao m\u00e0 ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn nh\u1ecf trong khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00ed \u1ea9n. 144 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","C\u00c1C V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 KH\u00c1C 110 B\u1eafn ch\u1ec9 thi\u00ean nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Vi\u1ec7c b\u1eafn ch\u1ec9 thi\u00ean (b\u1eafn s\u00fang l\u00ean tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh TV m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eebng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng vui m\u1eebng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kalashnikov ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng 5g nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1eddi kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang \u1edf v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c h\u01a1n 2.400 km\/gi\u1edd - g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m thanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch r\u01a1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St.Paul, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n b\u1ecb b\u1eafn l\u00ean tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 145 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n khi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 10% t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb h\u1ecdng s\u00fang, kho\u1ea3ng 240 km\/gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch r\u01a1i tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 1,2m. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nhi\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai tho\u1ea1i minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n. Di chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n b\u1ed9 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 k\u00e9o \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ean v\u00f4 l\u1ea1i mang s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn n\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 400m. 111 Ch\u00fang ta th\u1edf ra kh\u00ed CO2, v\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed5i n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft l\u1eeda? \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 CO2 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa l\u1eeda, c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng h\u01a1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i O2 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nh\u1ecf, ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1edf ra kh\u00ed n\u00e0y \u1edf n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n 100 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u00edt v\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a CO2 \u1edf trong h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 5% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cho n\u00ean khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn cung c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3ng 146 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u1ed9 O2 kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e1y s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1edf ra to\u00e0n CO2, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd h\u1ebft h\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1ecb l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn, CO2 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed CO2, bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n O2 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Windscale th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1957. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i uranium n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y b\u1eb1ng CO2 l\u1ecfng, h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang l\u00e0m cho ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u00e0ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ngay trung t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa. Th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp l\u1eeda v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Chernobyl g\u1ea7n 30 n\u0103m sau. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00fa ch\u1eb7t 112 karate l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t cao th\u1ee7 karate \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng g\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa ch\u1eb7t th\u00ec th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i d\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m ghi nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng) \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00fa ch\u1eb7t ka- 147 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","rate c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eeda t\u1ea5n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay - th\u1eeba s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ebb g\u00e3y g\u1ea1ch hay x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh t\u1ed1i \u0111a khi va ch\u1ea1m. C\u00e1c cao th\u1ee7 karate t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00fa \u0111\u1eadp m\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 2-3 cm b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m va ch\u1ea1m, v\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 6 m\/gi\u00e2y, t\u00ednh ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tamashiwara, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f2n c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y, th\u00edch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch \u1edf hai b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang cong l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ee1 ra trong c\u00fa ch\u1eb7t karate. 113 V\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u00ean thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a platinum (b\u1ea1ch kim), v\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1c t\u00ean palladium (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ea1c th\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pha trong v\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng lo\u1ea1i r\u1ebb h\u01a1n). Trong khi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 platinum v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 m\u1edd, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecdc n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00e1nh 148 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","kim s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 rhodium. L\u1edbp b\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u00f2n \u0111i sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng k\u00e9m tinh x\u1ea3o h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c platinum nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 114 l\u01b0\u1ee3n xa bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i? Th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn, n\u00f3 xa h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129. M\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay nh\u01b0 t\u00e0u l\u01b0\u1ee3n n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng; c\u00f2n n\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3n xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay. T\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, m\u00e1y bay c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n, t\u1ea7m bay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c bay xa h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng h\u1eb3n. T\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khi t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e2m thanh nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 22 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0u l\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng, kho\u1ea3ng 16 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 8 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bay si\u00eau thanh Concorde. Trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, 149 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn"]