Excel2010 ebook

2016 Spreadsheet ebook Master Excel formulas for useful worksheets and Create effective charts suitable for the boardroom Analyze and present data with pivot tables Osborne Training 1/1/2016

The book you need to succeed!



Contents Introduction .......................................................................................... xxxviii Part I: Getting Started with Excel 1 Chapter 1: Introducing Excel ............................................................................... 3 What Is Excel Good For? ........................................................................................................ 3 What’s New in Excel 2010? ................................................................................................... 4 Understanding Workbooks and Worksheets ........................................................................... 5 Moving around a Worksheet ................................................................................................... 8 Navigating with your keyboard..................................................................................... 9 Navigating with your mouse ...................................................................................... 10 Introducing the Ribbon ........................................................................................................ 11 Ribbon tabs ................................................................................................................ 11 Contextual tabs .......................................................................................................... 13 Types of commands on the Ribbon ............................................................................ 13 Accessing the Ribbon by using your keyboard ........................................................... 15 Using Shortcut Menus .......................................................................................................... 16 Customizing Your Quick Access Toolbar ............................................................................. 17 Working with Dialog Boxes .................................................................................................. 19 Navigating dialog boxes ............................................................................................. 19 Using tabbed dialog boxes .......................................................................................... 20 Using the Task Pane ............................................................................................................. 22 Creating Your First Excel Worksheet ................................................................................... 22 Getting started on your worksheet ............................................................................. 22 Filling in the month names ........................................................................................ 23 Entering the sales data ................................................................................................ 23 Formatting the numbers ............................................................................................. 24 Making your worksheet look a bit fancier .................................................................. 25 Summing the values ................................................................................................... 25 Creating a chart .......................................................................................................... 26 Printing your worksheet ............................................................................................. 27 Saving your workbook ............................................................................................... 28 12

Contents Chapter 2: Entering and Editing Worksheet Data ....................................... 29 Exploring the Types of Data You Can Use ............................................................................ 29 About numeric values ................................................................................................. 30 About text entries ........................................................................................................ 30 About formulas ............................................................................................................ 30 Entering Text and Values into Your Worksheets ................................................................... 32 Entering Dates and Times into Your Worksheets .................................................................. 33 Entering date values .................................................................................................... 33 Entering time values .................................................................................................... 34 Modifying Cell Contents ....................................................................................................... 34 Erasing the contents of a cell ....................................................................................... 35 Replacing the contents of a cell ................................................................................... 35 Editing the contents of a cell ....................................................................................... 35 Learning some handy data-entry techniques ............................................................... 37 Automatically moving the cell pointer after entering data ................................. 37 Using navigation keys instead of pressing Enter ................................................ 37 Selecting a range of input cells before entering data .......................................... 38 Using Ctrl+Enter to place information into multiple cells simultaneously ........ 38 Entering decimal points automatically .............................................................. 38 Using AutoFill to enter a series of values ........................................................... 38 Using AutoComplete to automate data entry .................................................... 39 Forcing text to appear on a new line within a cell ............................................. 40 Using AutoCorrect for shorthand data entry ..................................................... 40 Entering numbers with fractions. ...................................................................... 40 Simplifying data entry by using a form ............................................................. 40 Entering the current date or time into a cell ...................................................... 42 Applying Number Formatting ............................................................................................... 42 Using automatic number formatting ........................................................................... 43 Formatting numbers by using the Ribbon ................................................................... 44 Using shortcut keys to format numbers ...................................................................... 45 Formatting numbers using the Format Cells dialog box ............................................. 45 Adding your own custom number formats ................................................................. 47 Chapter 3: Essential Worksheet Operations .............................................. 49 Learning the Fundamentals of Excel Worksheets ................................................................. 49 Working with Excel windows ..................................................................................... 49 Moving and resizing windows ........................................................................... 51 Switching among windows ............................................................................... 52 Closing windows ............................................................................................... 52 Activating a worksheet ................................................................................................ 53 xiii

Contents Adding a new worksheet to your workbook ............................................................... 54 Deleting a worksheet you no longer need ................................................................... 54 Changing the name of a worksheet ............................................................................. 55 Changing a sheet tab color .......................................................................................... 56 Rearranging your worksheets ...................................................................................... 56 Hiding and unhiding a worksheet ............................................................................... 57 Controlling the Worksheet View ........................................................................................... 58 Zooming in or out for a better view ............................................................................ 59 Viewing a worksheet in multiple windows ................................................................. 60 Comparing sheets side by side .................................................................................... 61 Splitting the worksheet window into panes ................................................................ 62 Keeping the titles in view by freezing panes ................................................................ 62 Monitoring cells with a Watch Window ..................................................................... 64 Working with Rows and Columns ........................................................................................ 65 Inserting rows and columns ........................................................................................ 65 Deleting rows and columns ......................................................................................... 66 Hiding rows and columns ........................................................................................... 66 Changing column widths and row heights .................................................................. 67 Changing column widths .................................................................................. 67 Changing row heights ....................................................................................... 68 Chapter 4: Working with Cells and Ranges ............................................... 69 Understanding Cells and Ranges ........................................................................................... 69 Selecting ranges ........................................................................................................... 70 Selecting complete rows and columns ........................................................................ 71 Selecting noncontiguous ranges .................................................................................. 71 Selecting multisheet ranges ......................................................................................... 72 Selecting special types of cells ..................................................................................... 74 Selecting cells by searching ......................................................................................... 76 Copying or Moving Ranges ................................................................................................... 78 Copying by using Ribbon commands ......................................................................... 79 Copying by using shortcut menu commands .............................................................. 80 Copying by using shortcut keys .................................................................................. 81 Copying or moving by using drag-and-drop ............................................................... 81 Copying to adjacent cells ............................................................................................ 82 Copying a range to other sheets .................................................................................. 83 Using the Office Clipboard to paste ............................................................................ 84 Pasting in special ways ................................................................................................ 85 Using the Paste Special Dialog box .............................................................................. 87 Performing mathematical operations without formulas ..................................... 88 Skipping blanks when pasting ........................................................................... 89 Transposing a range .......................................................................................... 89 Using Names to Work with Ranges ....................................................................................... 89 Creating range names in your workbooks ................................................................... 90 14

Contents Using the New Name dialog box ....................................................................... 90 Using the Name box .......................................................................................... 91 Using the Create Names from Selection dialog box ........................................... 91 Managing names ......................................................................................................... 92 Adding Comments to Cells ................................................................................................... 94 Formatting comments ................................................................................................. 95 Changing a comment’s shape ...................................................................................... 96 Reading comments ...................................................................................................... 96 Printing comments ...................................................................................................... 96 Hiding and showing comments ................................................................................... 97 Selecting comments ..................................................................................................... 97 Editing comments ....................................................................................................... 98 Deleting comments ...................................................................................................... 98 Chapter 5: Introducing Tables .................................................................... 99 What Is a Table? .................................................................................................................... 99 Creating a Table .................................................................................................................. 102 Changing the Look of a Table ............................................................................................. 103 Working with Tables ........................................................................................................... 105 Navigating in a table .................................................................................................. 105 Selecting parts of a table ............................................................................................ 105 Adding new rows or columns ................................................................................... 105 Deleting rows or columns ......................................................................................... 106 Moving a table ........................................................................................................... 106 Setting table options .................................................................................................. 107 Working with the Total Row ..................................................................................... 107 Removing duplicate rows from a table ...................................................................... 109 Sorting and filtering a table ....................................................................................... 110 Sorting a table ................................................................................................. 110 Filtering a table ............................................................................................... 112 Converting a table back to a range ............................................................................ 113 Chapter 6: Worksheet Formatting ............................................................ 115 Getting to Know the Formatting Tools ................................................................................ 115 Using the formatting tools of the Home Tab ............................................................. 116 Using the Mini toolbar .............................................................................................. 116 Using the Format Cells dialog box ............................................................................ 118 Using Different Fonts to Format Your Worksheet ............................................................... 119 Changing Text Alignment ................................................................................................... 122 Choosing horizontal alignment options .................................................................... 122 Choosing vertical alignment options ......................................................................... 124 Wrapping or shrinking text to fit the cell .................................................................. 124 Merging worksheet cells to create additional text space ............................................ 124 Displaying text at an angle ........................................................................................ 125 xiii

Contents Controlling the text direction .................................................................................... 126 Using Colors and Shading ................................................................................................... 127 Adding Borders and Lines ................................................................................................... 128 Adding a Background Image to a Worksheet ...................................................................... 130 Using Named Styles for Easier Formatting .......................................................................... 131 Applying styles .......................................................................................................... 132 Modifying an existing style ........................................................................................ 133 Creating new styles ................................................................................................... 134 Merging styles from other workbooks ....................................................................... 134 Controlling styles with templates .............................................................................. 135 Understanding Document Themes ...................................................................................... 135 Applying a theme ...................................................................................................... 137 Customizing a theme ................................................................................................. 138 Chapter 7: Understanding Excel Files ...................................................... 141 Creating a New Workbook .................................................................................................. 141 Opening an Existing Workbook .......................................................................................... 143 Using the Favorite Links ........................................................................................... 146 Filtering filenames ..................................................................................................... 146 Choosing your file display preferences ...................................................................... 147 Saving a Workbook ............................................................................................................. 147 Using AutoRecover .............................................................................................................. 149 Recovering versions of the current workbook ........................................................... 149 Recovering unsaved work ......................................................................................... 149 Specifying a Password ......................................................................................................... 150 Organizing Your Files ......................................................................................................... 151 Other Workbook Info Options ........................................................................................... 153 Security Warning section .......................................................................................... 153 Compatibility Mode section ...................................................................................... 154 Permissions section ................................................................................................... 154 Prepare for Sharing section ....................................................................................... 155 Versions section ........................................................................................................ 156 Closing Workbooks ............................................................................................................ 156 Safeguarding Your Work ..................................................................................................... 157 Excel File Compatibility ...................................................................................................... 157 Checking compatibility ............................................................................................. 157 Recognizing the Excel 2010 file formats .................................................................... 159 Saving a file for use with an older version of Excel ................................................... 159 Chapter 8: Using and Creating Templates ............................................... 161 Exploring Excel Templates .................................................................................................. 161 Viewing templates ..................................................................................................... 161 Creating a workbook from a template ....................................................................... 162 Modifying a template ................................................................................................ 164 16

Contents Understanding Custom Excel Templates ............................................................................ 165 Working with the default templates .......................................................................... 166 Using the workbook template to change workbook defaults .......................... 166 Using the worksheet template to change worksheet defaults .......................... 167 Editing your templates .................................................................................... 168 Resetting the default workbook and worksheet settings ................................. 168 Creating custom templates ........................................................................................ 168 Saving your custom templates ......................................................................... 170 Ideas for creating templates ............................................................................. 170 Chapter 9: Printing Your Work ................................................................ 171 Printing with One Click ...................................................................................................... 171 Changing Your Page View ................................................................................................... 172 Normal view .............................................................................................................. 173 Page Layout view ....................................................................................................... 174 Page Break Preview ................................................................................................... 175 Adjusting Common Page Setup Settings ............................................................................. 177 Choosing your printer ............................................................................................... 178 Specifying what you want to print ............................................................................ 178 Changing page orientation ........................................................................................ 179 Specifying paper size ................................................................................................. 179 Printing multiple copies of a report ........................................................................... 180 Adjusting page margins ............................................................................................. 180 Understanding page breaks ....................................................................................... 181 Inserting a page break ..................................................................................... 181 Removing manual page breaks ........................................................................ 182 Printing row and column titles .................................................................................. 182 Scaling printed output ............................................................................................... 183 Printing cell gridlines ................................................................................................ 183 Printing row and column headers ............................................................................. 185 Using a background image ........................................................................................ 185 Adding a Header or Footer to Your Reports ........................................................................ 185 Selecting a predefined header or footer ..................................................................... 186 Understanding header and footer element codes ...................................................... 186 Other header and footer options ............................................................................... 187 Copying Page Setup Settings across Sheets ......................................................................... 188 Preventing Certain Cells from Being Printed ....................................................................... 188 Preventing Objects from Being Printed ............................................................................... 189 Creating Custom Views of Your Worksheet ........................................................................ 190 Part II: Working with Formulas and Functions 193 Chapter 10: Introducing Formulas and Functions .................................... 195 xiii

Contents Understanding Formula Basics ............................................................................................ 195 Using operators in formulas ...................................................................................... 196 Understanding operator precedence in formulas ...................................................... 197 Using functions in your formulas .............................................................................. 199 Examples of formulas that use functions ......................................................... 200 Function arguments ........................................................................................ 201 More about functions ...................................................................................... 202 Entering Formulas into Your Worksheets ........................................................................... 202 Entering formulas manually ...................................................................................... 203 Entering formulas by pointing .................................................................................. 203 Pasting range names into formulas ............................................................................ 205 Inserting functions into formulas .............................................................................. 206 Function entry tips .................................................................................................... 208 Editing Formulas ................................................................................................................. 209 Using Cell References in Formulas ...................................................................................... 209 Using relative, absolute, and mixed references .......................................................... 210 Changing the types of your references ...................................................................... 212 Referencing cells outside the worksheet .................................................................... 212 Referencing cells in other worksheets ............................................................. 213 Referencing cells in other workbooks .............................................................. 213 Using Formulas in Tables .................................................................................................... 214 Summarizing data in a table ...................................................................................... 214 Using formulas within a table .................................................................................... 216 Referencing data in a table ........................................................................................ 217 Correcting Common Formula Errors .................................................................................. 218 Handling circular references ...................................................................................... 219 Specifying when formulas are calculated ................................................................... 220 Using Advanced Naming Techniques ................................................................................. 222 Using names for constants ......................................................................................... 222 Using names for formulas .......................................................................................... 223 Using range intersections .......................................................................................... 224 Applying names to existing references ...................................................................... 226 Tips for Working with Formulas ......................................................................................... 227 Don’t hard-code values .............................................................................................. 227 Using the Formula bar as a calculator ....................................................................... 227 Making an exact copy of a formula ........................................................................... 227 Converting formulas to values ................................................................................... 228 Chapter 11: Creating Formulas That Manipulate Text .............................. 229 A Few Words about Text .................................................................................................... 229 Text Functions .................................................................................................................... 230 Working with character codes .................................................................................. 231 The CODE function ........................................................................................ 232 The CHAR function ......................................................................................... 232 18

Contents Determining whether two strings are identical .......................................................... 233 Joining two or more cells .......................................................................................... 234 Displaying formatted values as text ........................................................................... 235 Displaying formatted currency values as text ............................................................ 236 Repeating a character or string .................................................................................. 236 Creating a text histogram .......................................................................................... 237 Padding a number ..................................................................................................... 238 Removing excess spaces and nonprinting characters ................................................. 239 Counting characters in a string ................................................................................. 239 Changing the case of text .......................................................................................... 239 Extracting characters from a string ............................................................................ 240 Replacing text with other text ................................................................................... 241 Finding and searching within a string ....................................................................... 242 Searching and replacing within a string .................................................................... 242 Advanced Text Formulas ..................................................................................................... 243 Counting specific characters in a cell ........................................................................ 243 Counting the occurrences of a substring in a cell ...................................................... 243 Extracting a filename from a path specification ......................................................... 244 Extracting the first word of a string ........................................................................... 244 Extracting the last word of a string ............................................................................ 244 Extracting all but the first word of a string ................................................................ 245 Extracting first names, middle names, and last names .............................................. 245 Removing titles from names ...................................................................................... 247 Creating an ordinal number ...................................................................................... 247 Counting the number of words in a cell .................................................................... 248 Chapter 12: Working with Dates and Times ............................................. 249 How Excel Handles Dates and Times .................................................................................. 249 Understanding date serial numbers ........................................................................... 249 Entering dates ........................................................................................................... 250 Understanding time serial numbers .......................................................................... 252 Entering times ........................................................................................................... 253 Formatting dates and times ....................................................................................... 254 Problems with dates .................................................................................................. 255 Excel’s leap year bug ....................................................................................... 255 Pre-1900 dates ................................................................................................ 256 Inconsistent date entries .................................................................................. 257 Date-Related Worksheet Functions ..................................................................................... 258 Displaying the current date ....................................................................................... 259 Displaying any date ................................................................................................... 259 Generating a series of dates ....................................................................................... 260 Converting a nondate string to a date ....................................................................... 261 Calculating the number of days between two dates .................................................. 262 Calculating the number of work days between two dates ......................................... 263 xiii

Contents Offsetting a date using only work days ..................................................................... 264 Calculating the number of years between two dates ................................................. 265 Calculating a person’s age ......................................................................................... 265 Determining the day of the year ................................................................................ 266 Determining the day of the week .............................................................................. 267 Determining the date of the most recent Sunday ...................................................... 267 Determining the first day of the week after a date ..................................................... 267 Determining the nth occurrence of a day of the week in a month ............................. 268 Calculating dates of holidays ..................................................................................... 268 New Year’s Day ............................................................................................... 269 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day ............................................................................. 269 Presidents’ Day ................................................................................................ 269 Easter .............................................................................................................. 270 Memorial Day .................................................................................................. 270 Independence Day .......................................................................................... 270 Labor Day ........................................................................................................ 270 Columbus Day ................................................................................................ 270 Veterans Day ................................................................................................... 270 Thanksgiving Day ............................................................................................ 271 Christmas Day ................................................................................................. 271 Determining the last day of a month ......................................................................... 271 Determining whether a year is a leap year ................................................................. 271 Determining a date’s quarter ..................................................................................... 272 Time-Related Functions ...................................................................................................... 272 Displaying the current time ....................................................................................... 272 Displaying any time ................................................................................................... 273 Calculating the difference between two times ........................................................... 274 Summing times that exceed 24 hours ....................................................................... 275 Converting from military time .................................................................................. 277 Converting decimal hours, minutes, or seconds to a time ......................................... 277 Adding hours, minutes, or seconds to a time ............................................................ 278 Rounding time values ................................................................................................ 279 Working with non–time-of-day values ..................................................................... 279 Chapter 13: Creating Formulas That Count and Sum ............................... 281 Counting and Summing Worksheet Cells ........................................................................... 281 Basic Counting Formulas .................................................................................................... 283 Counting the total number of cells ............................................................................ 283 Counting blank cells ................................................................................................. 284 Counting nonblank cells ........................................................................................... 285 Counting numeric cells ............................................................................................. 285 Counting text cells .................................................................................................... 285 Counting nontext cells .............................................................................................. 285 Counting logical values ............................................................................................. 286 20

Contents Counting error values in a range ............................................................................... 286 Advanced Counting Formulas ............................................................................................. 286 Counting cells by using the COUNTIF function ....................................................... 287 Counting cells based on multiple criteria .................................................................. 288 Using And criteria ........................................................................................... 289 Using Or criteria .............................................................................................. 290 Combining And and Or criteria ...................................................................... 290 Counting the most frequently occurring entry .......................................................... 291 Counting the occurrences of specific text .................................................................. 292 Entire cell contents .......................................................................................... 292 Partial cell contents ......................................................................................... 292 Total occurrences in a range ........................................................................... 293 Counting the number of unique values ..................................................................... 293 Creating a frequency distribution .............................................................................. 294 The FREQUENCY function ............................................................................. 294 Using formulas to create a frequency distribution ........................................... 296 Using the Analysis ToolPak to create a frequency distribution ....................... 297 Using a pivot table to create a frequency distribution ..................................... 298 Summing Formulas ............................................................................................................. 299 Summing all cells in a range ...................................................................................... 299 Computing a cumulative sum ................................................................................... 300 Summing the “top n” values ...................................................................................... 302 Conditional Sums Using a Single Criterion ......................................................................... 303 Summing only negative values .................................................................................. 304 Summing values based on a different range .............................................................. 304 Summing values based on a text comparison ............................................................ 304 Summing values based on a date comparison ........................................................... 305 Conditional Sums Using Multiple Criteria .......................................................................... 305 Using And criteria ..................................................................................................... 305 Using Or criteria ........................................................................................................ 306 Using And and Or criteria ......................................................................................... 307 Chapter 14: Creating Formulas That Look Up Values .............................. 309 Introducing Lookup Formulas ............................................................................................ 309 Functions Relevant to Lookups ........................................................................................... 310 Basic Lookup Formulas ....................................................................................................... 312 The VLOOKUP function ........................................................................................... 312 The HLOOKUP function ........................................................................................... 313 The LOOKUP function .............................................................................................. 314 Combining the MATCH and INDEX functions ......................................................... 316 Specialized Lookup Formulas ............................................................................................. 318 Looking up an exact value ........................................................................................ 318 Looking up a value to the left .................................................................................... 319 Performing a case-sensitive lookup ........................................................................... 320 xiii

Contents Looking up a value from multiple lookup tables ....................................................... 321 Determining letter grades for test scores ................................................................... 322 Calculating a grade-point average ............................................................................. 322 Performing a two-way lookup ................................................................................... 323 Performing a two-column lookup ............................................................................. 325 Determining the cell address of a value within a range ............................................. 326 Looking up a value by using the closest match ......................................................... 327 Chapter 15: Creating Formulas for Financial Applications ....................... 329 The Time Value of Money ................................................................................................... 329 Loan Calculations ................................................................................................................ 330 Worksheet functions for calculating loan information .............................................. 331 PMT ................................................................................................................ 331 PPMT .............................................................................................................. 331 IPMT ............................................................................................................... 332 RATE .............................................................................................................. 332 NPER .............................................................................................................. 333 PV ................................................................................................................... 333 A loan calculation example ....................................................................................... 333 Credit card payments ................................................................................................ 334 Creating a loan amortization schedule ...................................................................... 337 Summarizing loan options by using a data table ....................................................... 338 Creating a one-way data table ......................................................................... 338 Creating a two-way data table ......................................................................... 340 Calculating a loan with irregular payments ............................................................... 341 Investment Calculations ...................................................................................................... 343 Future value of a single deposit ................................................................................. 343 Calculating simple interest .............................................................................. 343 Calculating compound interest ....................................................................... 344 Calculating interest with continuous compounding ....................................... 346 Future value of a series of deposits ............................................................................ 348 Depreciation Calculations ................................................................................................... 350 Chapter 16: Introducing Array Formulas .................................................. 355 Understanding Array Formulas ........................................................................................... 355 A multicell array formula .......................................................................................... 356 A single-cell array formula ........................................................................................ 357 Creating an array constant ......................................................................................... 358 Array constant elements ............................................................................................ 360 Understanding the Dimensions of an Array ........................................................................ 360 One-dimensional horizontal arrays ........................................................................... 360 One-dimensional vertical arrays ................................................................................ 361 Two-dimensional arrays ............................................................................................ 361 Naming Array Constants ..................................................................................................... 362 22

Contents Working with Array Formulas ............................................................................................ 364 Entering an array formula ......................................................................................... 364 Selecting an array formula range ............................................................................... 364 Editing an array formula ........................................................................................... 364 Expanding or contracting a multicell array formula .................................................. 365 Using Multicell Array Formulas ........................................................................................... 366 Creating an array from values in a range ................................................................... 366 Creating an array constant from values in a range ..................................................... 367 Performing operations on an array ............................................................................ 368 Using functions with an array ................................................................................... 369 Transposing an array ................................................................................................. 369 Generating an array of consecutive integers .............................................................. 370 Using Single-Cell Array Formulas ....................................................................................... 371 Counting characters in a range .................................................................................. 371 Summing the three smallest values in a range ........................................................... 372 Counting text cells in a range .................................................................................... 373 Eliminating intermediate formulas ............................................................................ 374 Using an array in lieu of a range reference ................................................................ 376 Chapter 17: Performing Magic with Array Formulas ................................ 379 Working with Single-Cell Array Formulas. ......................................................................... 379 Summing a range that contains errors ....................................................................... 379 Counting the number of error values in a range ....................................................... 380 Summing the n largest values in a range ................................................................... 381 Computing an average that excludes zeros ................................................................ 381 Determining whether a particular value appears in a range ...................................... 383 Counting the number of differences in two ranges ................................................... 384 Returning the location of the maximum value in a range .......................................... 384 Finding the row of a value’s nth occurrence in a range ............................................. 385 Returning the longest text in a range ......................................................................... 385 Determining whether a range contains valid values .................................................. 386 Summing the digits of an integer .............................................................................. 386 Summing rounded values ......................................................................................... 388 Summing every nth value in a range ......................................................................... 388 Removing non-numeric characters from a string ...................................................... 390 Determining the closest value in a range ................................................................... 391 Returning the last value in a column ......................................................................... 391 Returning the last value in a row ............................................................................... 392 Ranking data with an array formula .......................................................................... 392 Working with Multicell Array Formulas ............................................................................. 394 Returning only positive values from a range ............................................................. 394 Returning nonblank cells from a range ..................................................................... 394 Reversing the order of cells in a range ....................................................................... 395 Sorting a range of values dynamically ....................................................................... 396 xiii

Contents Returning a list of unique items in a range ................................................................ 396 Displaying a calendar in a range ................................................................................ 398 Part III: Creating Charts and Graphics 401 Chapter 18: Getting Started Making Charts ............................................. 403 What Is a Chart? .................................................................................................................. 403 Understanding How Excel Handles Charts ......................................................................... 404 Embedded charts ...................................................................................................... 405 Chart sheets ............................................................................................................... 406 Creating a Chart .................................................................................................................. 408 Hands On: Creating and Customizing a Chart .................................................................... 408 Selecting the data ...................................................................................................... 408 Choosing a chart type ............................................................................................... 409 Experimenting with different layouts ........................................................................ 409 Trying another view of the data ................................................................................ 411 Trying other chart types ............................................................................................ 412 Trying other chart styles ............................................................................................ 412 Working with Charts .......................................................................................................... 413 Resizing a chart ......................................................................................................... 414 Moving a chart .......................................................................................................... 414 Copying a chart ......................................................................................................... 414 Deleting a chart ......................................................................................................... 414 Adding chart elements .............................................................................................. 415 Moving and deleting chart elements .......................................................................... 415 Formatting chart elements ........................................................................................ 415 Printing charts ........................................................................................................... 416 Understanding Chart Types ................................................................................................ 417 Choosing a chart type ............................................................................................... 417 Column ..................................................................................................................... 419 Bar ............................................................................................................................ 422 Line ........................................................................................................................... 423 Pie ............................................................................................................................. 424 XY (scatter) ................................................................................................................ 426 Area .......................................................................................................................... 427 Doughnut ................................................................................................................ 429 Radar ......................................................................................................................... 430 Surface ...................................................................................................................... 432 Bubble ....................................................................................................................... 433 Stock ......................................................................................................................... 433 Learning More ..................................................................................................................... 436 Chapter 19: Learning Advanced Charting ................................................ 437 Selecting Chart Elements ..................................................................................................... 437 24

Contents Selecting with the mouse ........................................................................................... 438 Selecting with the keyboard ...................................................................................... 439 Selecting with the Chart Element control .................................................................. 439 User Interface Choices for Modifying Chart Elements ........................................................ 441 Using the Format dialog box ..................................................................................... 441 Using the Ribbon ....................................................................................................... 442 Using the Mini toolbar .............................................................................................. 442 Modifying the Chart Area .................................................................................................... 443 Modifying the Plot Area ...................................................................................................... 444 Working with Chart Titles .................................................................................................. 445 Working with a Legend ....................................................................................................... 446 Working with Gridlines ...................................................................................................... 448 Modifying the Axes ............................................................................................................. 448 Value axis .................................................................................................................. 448 Category axis ............................................................................................................. 452 Working with Data Series ................................................................................................... 455 Deleting a data series ................................................................................................. 456 Adding a new data series to a chart ........................................................................... 456 Changing data used by a series ................................................................................. 457 Changing the data range by dragging the range outline .................................. 457 Using the Edit Series dialog box ...................................................................... 458 Editing the Series formula ............................................................................... 459 Displaying data labels in a chart ................................................................................ 460 Handling missing data ............................................................................................... 461 Adding error bars ...................................................................................................... 461 Adding a trendline .................................................................................................... 463 Modifying 3-D charts ................................................................................................ 464 Creating combination charts ..................................................................................... 465 Displaying a data table .............................................................................................. 468 Creating Chart Templates .................................................................................................... 469 Learning Some Chart-Making Tricks .................................................................................. 470 Creating picture charts .............................................................................................. 470 Creating a thermometer chart .................................................................................... 472 Creating a gauge chart ............................................................................................... 473 Displaying conditional colors in a column chart ....................................................... 474 Creating a comparative histogram ............................................................................. 475 Creating a Gantt chart ............................................................................................... 476 Plotting mathematical functions with one variable .................................................... 477 Plotting mathematical functions with two variables .................................................. 479 Chapter 20: Visualizing Data Using Conditional Formatting .................... 481 About Conditional Formatting ............................................................................................ 481 Specifying Conditional Formatting ..................................................................................... 483 Formatting types you can apply ................................................................................ 483 xiii

Contents Making your own rules ............................................................................................. 484 Conditional Formats That Use Graphics ............................................................................. 485 Using data bars. ......................................................................................................... 485 A simple data bar ............................................................................................ 486 Using data bars in lieu of a chart ..................................................................... 487 Using color scales ...................................................................................................... 487 A color scale example ...................................................................................... 488 An extreme color scale example ...................................................................... 489 Using icon sets .......................................................................................................... 490 An icon set example ........................................................................................ 491 Another icon set example ................................................................................ 492 Creating Formula-Based Rules ............................................................................................ 494 Understanding relative and absolute references ........................................................ 495 Conditional formatting formula examples ................................................................. 496 Identifying weekend days ................................................................................ 496 Displaying alternate-row shading. ................................................................... 497 Creating checkerboard shading ....................................................................... 497 Shading groups of rows ................................................................................... 497 Displaying a total only when all values are entered ......................................... 498 Working with Conditional Formats .................................................................................... 499 Managing rules .......................................................................................................... 499 Copying cells that contain conditional formatting ..................................................... 500 Deleting conditional formatting ................................................................................ 500 Locating cells that contain conditional formatting .................................................... 501 Chapter 21: Creating Sparkline Graphics ................................................. 503 Sparkline Types ................................................................................................................... 504 Creating Sparklines ............................................................................................................. 505 Customizing Sparklines ....................................................................................................... 507 Sizing Sparkline cells ................................................................................................. 507 Handling hidden or missing data .............................................................................. 508 Changing the Sparkline type ..................................................................................... 508 Changing Sparkline colors and line width ................................................................ 508 Highlighting certain data points ................................................................................ 509 Adjusting Sparkline axis scaling ................................................................................ 509 Faking a reference line .............................................................................................. 510 Specifying a Date Axis ......................................................................................................... 512 Auto-Updating Sparklines ................................................................................................... 513 Displaying a Sparkline for a Dynamic Range ....................................................................... 514 Chapter 22: Enhancing Your Work with Pictures and Drawings .............. 517 Using Shapes ....................................................................................................................... 517 Inserting a Shape ....................................................................................................... 518 Adding text to a Shape .............................................................................................. 520 26

Contents Formatting Shapes .................................................................................................... 520 Grouping objects ....................................................................................................... 522 Aligning and spacing objects ..................................................................................... 523 Reshaping Shapes ...................................................................................................... 523 Printing objects ......................................................................................................... 524 Using SmartArt .................................................................................................................... 525 Inserting SmartArt ..................................................................................................... 525 Customizing SmartArt ............................................................................................... 527 Changing the layout .................................................................................................. 528 Changing the style ..................................................................................................... 528 Learning more about SmartArt .................................................................................. 529 Using WordArt .................................................................................................................... 530 Working with Other Graphic Types .................................................................................... 531 About graphics files ................................................................................................... 531 Using the Clip Art task pane ..................................................................................... 531 Inserting graphics files .............................................................................................. 532 Inserting screenshots ................................................................................................. 533 Displaying a worksheet background image ............................................................... 535 Using the Equation Editor ................................................................................................... 535 Part IV: Using Advanced Excel Features 539 Chapter 23: Customizing the Excel User Interface .................................. 541 Customizing the Quick Access Toolbar ............................................................................... 541 About the Quick Access toolbar ................................................................................ 542 Adding new commands to the Quick Access toolbar ................................................ 543 Other Quick Access toolbar actions .......................................................................... 545 Customizing the Ribbon ...................................................................................................... 546 Why customize the Ribbon? ...................................................................................... 546 What can be customized ........................................................................................... 546 How to customize the Ribbon ................................................................................... 547 Chapter 24: Using Custom Number Formats ........................................... 551 About Number Formatting ................................................................................................. 551 Automatic number formatting ................................................................................... 552 Formatting numbers by using the Ribbon ................................................................. 552 Using shortcut keys to format numbers .................................................................... 553 Using the Format Cells dialog box to format numbers .............................................. 554 Creating a Custom Number Format .................................................................................... 555 Parts of a number format string ................................................................................. 557 Custom number format codes ................................................................................... 558 Custom Number Format Examples ..................................................................................... 560 Scaling values ............................................................................................................ 560 xiii

Contents Displaying values in thousands ....................................................................... 560 Displaying values in hundreds ........................................................................ 561 Displaying values in millions .......................................................................... 562 Adding zeros to a value ................................................................................... 563 Displaying leading zeros ............................................................................................ 564 Displaying fractions ................................................................................................... 564 Displaying a negative sign on the right ..................................................................... 565 Formatting dates and times ....................................................................................... 566 Displaying text with numbers ................................................................................... 566 Suppressing certain types of entries .......................................................................... 567 Filling a cell with a repeating character ..................................................................... 568 Chapter 25: Using Data Validation ........................................................... 569 About Data Validation ......................................................................................................... 569 Specifying Validation Criteria .............................................................................................. 570 Types of Validation Criteria You Can Apply ........................................................................ 571 Creating a Drop-Down List ................................................................................................. 573 Using Formulas for Data Validation Rules ........................................................................... 574 Understanding Cell References ........................................................................................... 574 Data Validation Formula Examples ..................................................................................... 575 Accepting text only .................................................................................................... 576 Accepting a larger value than the previous cell ......................................................... 576 Accepting nonduplicate entries only ......................................................................... 576 Accepting text that begins with a specific character .................................................. 577 Accepting dates by the day of the week ..................................................................... 577 Accepting only values that don’t exceed a total ......................................................... 578 Creating a dependent list ........................................................................................... 578 Chapter 26: Creating and Using Worksheet Outlines .............................. 581 Introducing Worksheet Outlines ......................................................................................... 581 Creating an Outline ............................................................................................................. 584 Preparing the data ..................................................................................................... 584 Creating an outline automatically .............................................................................. 585 Creating an outline manually .................................................................................... 586 Working with Outlines ....................................................................................................... 587 Displaying levels ........................................................................................................ 587 Adding data to an outline .......................................................................................... 588 Removing an outline ................................................................................................. 588 Hiding the outline symbols ....................................................................................... 588 Chapter 27: Linking and Consolidating Worksheets ............................... 589 Linking Workbooks ............................................................................................................ 589 Creating External Reference Formulas ................................................................................ 590 Understanding link formula syntax ........................................................................... 590 28

Contents Creating a link formula by pointing .......................................................................... 591 Pasting links .............................................................................................................. 591 Working with External Reference Formulas ........................................................................ 592 Creating links to unsaved workbooks ....................................................................... 592 Opening a workbook with external reference formulas ............................................ 592 Changing the startup prompt .................................................................................... 594 Updating links ........................................................................................................... 594 Changing the link source .......................................................................................... 595 Severing links ............................................................................................................ 595 Avoiding Potential Problems with External Reference Formulas ......................................... 595 Renaming or moving a source workbook .................................................................. 596 Using the Save As command ..................................................................................... 596 Modifying a source workbook ................................................................................... 596 Intermediary links ..................................................................................................... 597 Consolidating Worksheets .................................................................................................. 597 Consolidating worksheets by using formulas ............................................................ 598 Consolidating worksheets by using Paste Special ...................................................... 599 Consolidating worksheets by using the Consolidate command. ............................... 600 A workbook consolidation example .......................................................................... 601 Refreshing a consolidation ........................................................................................ 604 More about consolidation ......................................................................................... 604 Chapter 28: Excel and the Internet ........................................................... 605 Understanding How Excel Uses HTML ............................................................................... 605 Understanding the Different Web Formats ......................................................................... 606 Creating an HTML file ............................................................................................... 607 Creating a single file Web page ................................................................................. 607 Opening an HTML File ....................................................................................................... 609 Working with Hyperlinks ................................................................................................... 610 Inserting a hyperlink ................................................................................................. 610 Using hyperlinks ....................................................................................................... 611 Using Web Queries ............................................................................................................. 612 Other Internet-Related Features .......................................................................................... 614 Chapter 29: Sharing Data with Other Office Applications ....................... 615 Copying and Pasting ........................................................................................................... 615 Copying from Excel to Word .............................................................................................. 617 Pasting static information .......................................................................................... 617 Pasting a link ............................................................................................................. 620 Embedding Objects in a Worksheet .................................................................................... 622 Embedding Word documents ................................................................................... 623 Embedding other types of documents ....................................................................... 623 Embedding an Excel Workbook in a Word Document ....................................................... 624 Embedding a workbook in Word by copying ........................................................... 624 xiii

Contents Embedding a saved workbook in Word .................................................................... 626 Creating a new Excel object in Word ........................................................................ 626 Chapter 30: Using Excel in a Workgroup ................................................. 627 Using Excel on a Network ................................................................................................... 627 Understanding File Reservations ......................................................................................... 628 Sharing Workbooks ............................................................................................................ 629 Understanding shared workbooks ............................................................................ 630 Designating a workbook as a shared workbook ........................................................ 631 Controlling the advanced sharing settings ................................................................ 632 Tracking changes ............................................................................................ 632 Updating changes ............................................................................................ 633 Resolving conflicting changes between users .................................................. 633 Controlling the Include in Personal View settings ........................................... 633 Tracking Workbook Changes .............................................................................................. 633 Turning Track Changes on and off ............................................................................ 633 Reviewing the changes .............................................................................................. 635 Chapter 31: Protecting Your Work ........................................................... 637 Types of Protection ............................................................................................................. 637 Protecting a Worksheet ....................................................................................................... 638 Unlocking cells. ......................................................................................................... 639 Sheet protection options ........................................................................................... 640 Assigning user permissions ....................................................................................... 641 Protecting a Workbook ....................................................................................................... 641 Requiring a password to open a workbook ............................................................... 641 Protecting a workbook’s structure ............................................................................. 643 Protecting a workbook’s windows ............................................................................. 644 VB Project Protection .......................................................................................................... 644 Related Topics ..................................................................................................................... 645 Saving a worksheet as a PDF file ............................................................................... 645 Marking a workbook final ......................................................................................... 646 Inspecting a workbook .............................................................................................. 646 Using a digital signature ............................................................................................ 646 Getting a digital ID .......................................................................................... 647 Signing a workbook. ....................................................................................... 647 Chapter 32: Making Your Worksheets Error-Free .................................... 649 Finding and Correcting Formula Errors .............................................................................. 649 Mismatched parentheses ........................................................................................... 650 Cells are filled with hash marks ................................................................................ 651 Blank cells are not blank ........................................................................................... 651 Extra space characters ............................................................................................... 652 Formulas returning an error ...................................................................................... 653 30

Contents #DIV/0! errors ................................................................................................. 653 #N/A errors ..................................................................................................... 654 #NAME? errors ................................................................................................ 655 #NULL! errors ................................................................................................. 655 #NUM! errors .................................................................................................. 655 #REF! errors .................................................................................................... 656 #VALUE! errors ............................................................................................... 656 Absolute/relative reference problems ........................................................................ 657 Operator precedence problems ................................................................................. 657 Formulas are not calculated ...................................................................................... 658 Actual versus displayed values .................................................................................. 658 Floating point number errors .................................................................................... 659 “Phantom link” errors ............................................................................................... 660 Using Excel Auditing Tools ................................................................................................. 661 Identifying cells of a particular type .......................................................................... 661 Viewing formulas ...................................................................................................... 662 Tracing cell relationships .......................................................................................... 663 Identifying precedents ..................................................................................... 664 Identifying dependents .................................................................................... 665 Tracing error values .................................................................................................. 665 Fixing circular reference errors ................................................................................. 665 Using background error-checking feature ................................................................. 665 Using the Excel Formula Evaluator ........................................................................... 667 Searching and Replacing ..................................................................................................... 668 Searching for information .......................................................................................... 669 Replacing information ............................................................................................... 670 Searching for formatting ............................................................................................ 670 Spell Checking Your Worksheets ........................................................................................ 671 Using AutoCorrect ............................................................................................................... 672 Part V: Analyzing Data with Excel 675 Chapter 33: Getting Data from External Database Files ............................ 677 Understanding External Database Files ............................................................................... 677 Importing Access Tables ...................................................................................................... 679 Retrieving Data with Query: An Example ............................................................................ 680 The database file ........................................................................................................ 681 The task ..................................................................................................................... 681 Selecting a data source .............................................................................................. 682 Using the Query Wizard ........................................................................................... 684 Query Wizard: Choosing the columns ............................................................ 684 Query Wizard: Filtering data .......................................................................... 685 Query Wizard: Sort order ................................................................................ 686 xiii

Contents Query Wizard: Finish ...................................................................................... 686 Specifying a location for the data .............................................................................. 687 Working with Data Returned by Query .............................................................................. 688 Adjusting the external data range properties ............................................................. 688 Refreshing a query ..................................................................................................... 689 Deleting a query ........................................................................................................ 690 Changing your query ................................................................................................ 690 Using Query without the Wizard ........................................................................................ 690 Creating a query manually ........................................................................................ 690 Using multiple database tables .................................................................................. 692 Adding and editing records in external database tables ............................................. 693 Formatting data ......................................................................................................... 693 Learning More about Query ................................................................................................ 693 Chapter 34: Introducing Pivot Tables ....................................................... 695 About Pivot Tables .............................................................................................................. 695 A pivot table example ................................................................................................ 696 Data appropriate for a pivot table .............................................................................. 698 Creating a Pivot Table ......................................................................................................... 701 Specifying the data .................................................................................................... 701 Specifying the location for the pivot table ................................................................. 701 Laying out the pivot table .......................................................................................... 702 Formatting the pivot table ......................................................................................... 703 Modifying the pivot table .......................................................................................... 706 More Pivot Table Examples ................................................................................................. 708 Question 1 ................................................................................................................. 708 Question 2 ................................................................................................................. 709 Question 3 ................................................................................................................. 710 Question 4 ................................................................................................................. 710 Question 5 ................................................................................................................. 711 Question 6 ................................................................................................................. 712 Question 7 ................................................................................................................. 713 Learning More ..................................................................................................................... 714 Chapter 35: Analyzing Data with Pivot Tables .......................................... 715 Working with Non-Numeric Data ...................................................................................... 715 Grouping Pivot Table Items ................................................................................................ 717 A manual grouping example ..................................................................................... 717 Automatic grouping examples ................................................................................... 719 Grouping by date ............................................................................................ 719 Grouping by time ............................................................................................ 722 Creating a Frequency Distribution ...................................................................................... 722 Creating a Calculated Field or Calculated Item ................................................................... 724 Creating a calculated field ......................................................................................... 726 32

Contents Inserting a calculated item ........................................................................................ 728 Filtering Pivot Tables with Slicers ....................................................................................... 731 Referencing Cells within a Pivot Table ................................................................................ 733 Creating Pivot Charts .......................................................................................................... 735 A pivot chart example ............................................................................................... 736 More about pivot charts ............................................................................................ 738 Another Pivot Table Example .............................................................................................. 739 Producing a Report with a Pivot Table ................................................................................ 742 Chapter 36: Performing Spreadsheet What-If Analysis ............................ 745 A What-If Example .............................................................................................................. 745 Types of What-If Analyses ................................................................................................... 747 Manual What-If Analysis ..................................................................................................... 747 Creating Data Tables ........................................................................................................... 747 Creating a one-input data table ................................................................................. 748 Creating a two-input data table ................................................................................. 750 Using Scenario Manager ...................................................................................................... 753 Defining scenarios ..................................................................................................... 754 Displaying scenarios .................................................................................................. 757 Modifying scenarios .................................................................................................. 758 Merging scenarios ...................................................................................................... 758 Generating a scenario report ..................................................................................... 758 Chapter 37: Analyzing Data Using Goal Seeking and Solver .................... 761 What-If Analysis, in Reverse ................................................................................................ 761 Single-Cell Goal Seeking ..................................................................................................... 762 A goal-seeking example ............................................................................................. 762 More about goal seeking ........................................................................................... 763 Introducing Solver ............................................................................................................... 764 Appropriate problems for Solver ............................................................................... 765 A simple Solver example ........................................................................................... 765 More about Solver ..................................................................................................... 770 Solver Examples .................................................................................................................. 771 Solving simultaneous linear equations ...................................................................... 771 Minimizing shipping costs ........................................................................................ 773 Allocating resources .................................................................................................. 776 Optimizing an investment portfolio .......................................................................... 778 Chapter 38: Analyzing Data with the Analysis ToolPak ............................ 781 The Analysis ToolPak: An Overview. .................................................................................. 781 Installing the Analysis ToolPak Add-in ............................................................................... 782 Using the Analysis Tools ..................................................................................................... 783 Introducing the Analysis ToolPak Tools .............................................................................. 783 Analysis of Variance .................................................................................................. 784 Correlation ................................................................................................................ 784 xiii

Contents Covariance ................................................................................................................ 785 Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................................. 785 Exponential Smoothing ............................................................................................. 786 F-Test (two-sample test for variance) ........................................................................ 786 Fourier Analysis ........................................................................................................ 787 Histogram ................................................................................................................. 787 Moving Average ......................................................................................................... 788 Random Number Generation .................................................................................... 789 Rank and Percentile .................................................................................................. 790 Regression ................................................................................................................ 790 Sampling ................................................................................................................... 791 t-Test. ........................................................................................................................ 792 z-Test (two-sample test for means) ........................................................................... 792 Part VI: Programming Excel with VBA 793 Chapter 39: Introducing Visual Basic for Applications ............................. 795 Introducing VBA Macros ..................................................................................................... 795 Displaying the Developer Tab ............................................................................................. 796 About Macro Security .......................................................................................................... 797 Saving Workbooks That Contain Macros ............................................................................ 798 Two Types of VBA Macros .................................................................................................. 799 VBA Sub procedures .................................................................................................. 799 VBA functions ........................................................................................................... 800 Creating VBA Macros .......................................................................................................... 802 Recording VBA macros .............................................................................................. 802 Recording your actions to create VBA code: The basics .................................. 802 Recording a macro: A simple example ............................................................ 803 Examining the macro ...................................................................................... 804 Testing the macro ............................................................................................ 805 Editing the macro ............................................................................................ 805 Another example ............................................................................................. 806 Running the macro .......................................................................................... 806 Examining the macro ...................................................................................... 806 Re-recording the macro ................................................................................... 807 Testing the macro ............................................................................................ 808 More about recording VBA macros ........................................................................... 808 Absolute versus relative recording ................................................................... 808 Storing macros in your Personal Macro Workbook ........................................ 809 Assigning a macro to a shortcut key ................................................................ 810 Assigning a macro to a button ......................................................................... 810 Writing VBA code ..................................................................................................... 811 The basics: Entering and editing code. ............................................................ 812 34

Contents How VBA works .............................................................................................. 812 Objects and collections ................................................................................... 814 Properties ........................................................................................................ 815 Methods .......................................................................................................... 817 Variables ......................................................................................................... 817 Controlling execution ...................................................................................... 818 A macro that can’t be recorded ....................................................................... 819 Learning More ..................................................................................................................... 821 Chapter 40: Creating Custom Worksheet Functions ............................... 823 Overview of VBA Functions ................................................................................................ 823 An Introductory Example .................................................................................................... 824 A custom function ..................................................................................................... 824 Using the function in a worksheet ............................................................................ 824 Analyzing the custom function ................................................................................. 825 About Function Procedures ................................................................................................ 826 Executing Function Procedures .......................................................................................... 827 Calling custom functions from a procedure .............................................................. 827 Using custom functions in a worksheet formula ....................................................... 828 Function Procedure Arguments .......................................................................................... 828 A function with no argument .................................................................................... 829 A function with one argument .................................................................................. 829 Another function with one argument ........................................................................ 830 A function with two arguments ................................................................................. 831 A function with a range argument ............................................................................. 832 Debugging Custom Functions ............................................................................................. 833 Inserting Custom Functions ................................................................................................ 834 Learning More ..................................................................................................................... 836 Chapter 41: Creating UserForms .............................................................. 837 Why Create UserForms? ..................................................................................................... 837 UserForm Alternatives ......................................................................................................... 838 The InputBox function .............................................................................................. 838 The MsgBox function ................................................................................................ 839 Creating UserForms: An Overview ...................................................................................... 842 Working with UserForms .......................................................................................... 843 Adding controls. ........................................................................................................ 843 Changing the properties of a control ......................................................................... 844 Handling events ........................................................................................................ 846 Displaying a UserForm .............................................................................................. 846 A UserForm Example .......................................................................................................... 846 Creating the UserForm .............................................................................................. 847 Testing the UserForm ................................................................................................ 848 Creating an event-handler procedure ........................................................................ 849 xiii

Contents Another UserForm Example ................................................................................................ 850 Creating the UserForm .............................................................................................. 850 Testing the UserForm ................................................................................................ 852 Creating event-handler procedures ........................................................................... 853 Testing the UserForm ................................................................................................ 854 Making the macro available from a worksheet button .............................................. 855 Making the macro available on your Quick Access toolbar ....................................... 855 More on Creating UserForms .............................................................................................. 856 Adding accelerator keys ............................................................................................ 856 Controlling tab order ................................................................................................. 856 Learning More ..................................................................................................................... 857 Chapter 42: Using UserForm Controls in a Worksheet ............................ 859 Why Use Controls on a Worksheet? ................................................................................... 859 Using Controls .................................................................................................................... 861 Adding a control ....................................................................................................... 862 About design mode ................................................................................................... 862 Adjusting properties .................................................................................................. 862 Common properties .................................................................................................. 863 Linking controls to cells ............................................................................................ 864 Creating macros for controls ..................................................................................... 864 Reviewing the Available ActiveX Controls ........................................................................... 866 CheckBox ................................................................................................................. 866 ComboBox ................................................................................................................ 867 CommandButton ....................................................................................................... 868 Image ........................................................................................................................ 868 Label ......................................................................................................................... 868 ListBox ...................................................................................................................... 868 OptionButton ............................................................................................................ 869 ScrollBar. ................................................................................................................... 869 SpinButton ................................................................................................................ 870 TextBox ..................................................................................................................... 871 ToggleButton ............................................................................................................ 872 Chapter 43: Working with Excel Events .................................................... 873 Understanding Events ......................................................................................................... 873 Entering Event-Handler VBA Code ..................................................................................... 874 Using Workbook-Level Events ............................................................................................ 875 Using the Open event ................................................................................................ 876 Using the SheetActivate event ................................................................................... 878 Using the NewSheet event ......................................................................................... 878 Using the BeforeSave event ....................................................................................... 878 Using the BeforeClose event ...................................................................................... 879 Working with Worksheet Events ........................................................................................ 879 36

Contents Using the Change event ............................................................................................ 880 Monitoring a specific range for changes .................................................................... 881 Using the SelectionChange event .............................................................................. 882 Using the BeforeRightClick event .............................................................................. 883 Using Non-Object Events .................................................................................................... 883 Using the OnTime event ........................................................................................... 883 Using the OnKey event ............................................................................................. 884 Chapter 44: VBA Examples ....................................................................... 887 Working with Ranges .......................................................................................................... 887 Copying a range ........................................................................................................ 888 Copying a variable-size range .................................................................................... 889 Selecting to the end of a row or column .................................................................... 890 Selecting a row or column ......................................................................................... 890 Moving a range .......................................................................................................... 891 Looping through a range efficiently .......................................................................... 891 Prompting for a cell value ......................................................................................... 893 Determining the type of selection .............................................................................. 893 Identifying a multiple selection ................................................................................. 895 Counting selected cells .............................................................................................. 895 Working with Workbooks .................................................................................................. 896 Saving all workbooks ................................................................................................ 896 Saving and closing all workbooks ............................................................................. 896 Working with Charts .......................................................................................................... 897 Modifying the chart type ........................................................................................... 898 Modifying chart properties ........................................................................................ 898 Applying chart formatting ......................................................................................... 899 VBA Speed Tips ................................................................................................................... 899 Turning off screen updating ...................................................................................... 899 Preventing alert messages .......................................................................................... 900 Simplifying object references .................................................................................... 900 Declaring variable types ............................................................................................ 901 Chapter 45: Creating Custom Excel Add-Ins ............................................ 903 What Is an Add-In? ............................................................................................................. 903 Working with Add-Ins ........................................................................................................ 904 Why Create Add-Ins? .......................................................................................................... 906 Creating Add-Ins ................................................................................................................. 907 An Add-In Example ............................................................................................................. 908 Setting up the workbook ........................................................................................... 908 Procedures in Module1 ............................................................................................. 909 About the UserForm ................................................................................................. 909 Testing the workbook ............................................................................................... 910 Adding descriptive information ................................................................................ 911 xiii

Contents Protecting the project ................................................................................................ 911 Creating the add-in ................................................................................................... 912 Creating the user interface for your add-in macro ..................................................... 912 Installing the add-in .................................................................................................. 913 Part VII: Appendixes 915 Appendix: Worksheet Function Reference .............................................. 917 The Excel Help System ........................................................................................................ 943 Microsoft Technical Support ............................................................................................... 944 Support options ........................................................................................................ 944 Microsoft Knowledge Base ........................................................................................ 944 Microsoft Excel Home Page ....................................................................................... 944 Microsoft Office Home Page ...................................................................................... 944 Internet Newsgroups ........................................................................................................... 945 Accessing newsgroups by using a newsreader ........................................................... 945 Accessing newsgroups by using a Web browser ....................................................... 945 Searching newsgroups ............................................................................................... 946 Internet Web sites ............................................................................................................... 947 The Spreadsheet Page ................................................................................................ 947 Daily Dose of Excel ................................................................................................... 948 Jon Peltier’s Excel Page .............................................................................................. 948 Pearson Software Consulting ..................................................................................... 948 Contextures ............................................................................................................... 948 David McRitchie’s Excel Pages ................................................................................... 948 Pointy Haired Dilbert ................................................................................................ 948 Mr. Excel ................................................................................................................... 948 Appendix D: Excel Shortcut Keys ............................................................. 949 Index ......................................................................................................... 957 38



Contents xxxviii

Is This Book for You? This book covers all the essential components of Excel and provides clear and practical examples that you can adapt to your own needs. Software Versions This book was written for Excel 2010 and 2013 for Windows. Much of the information also applies to Excel 2007, but if you’re using an older version of Excel, I suggest that you put down this book immedi- ately and find a book that’s appropriate for your version of Excel. The user interface changes intro- duced in Excel 2007 are so extensive that you’ll probably be hopelessly confused if you use an earlier version. Conventions This Book Uses Take a minute to scan this section to learn some of the typographical and organizational conven- tions that this book uses. xl

Introduction Excel commands Excel 2010 (like Excel 2007) features a “menu-less” user interface. In place of a menu system, Excel uses a context-sensitive Ribbon system. The words along the top (such as File, Insert, Page Layout, and so on) are known as tabs. Click a tab, and the Ribbon displays the commands for the selected tab. Each command has a name, which is (usually) displayed next to or below the icon. The commands are arranged in groups, and the group name appears at the bottom of the Ribbon. The convention I use is to indicate the tab name, followed by the group name, followed by the command name. So, the command used to toggle word wrap within a cell is indicated as: Home ➪ Alignment ➪ Wrap Text You’ll learn more about using the Ribbon user interface in Chapter 1. Filenames, named ranges, and your input Input that you make from the keyboard appears in bold. Named ranges appear in a monospace font. Lengthy input usually appears on a separate line. For example, I may instruct you to enter a formula such as the following: =”Part Name: “ &VLOOKUP(PartNumber,PartList,2) Key names Names of the keys on your keyboard appear in normal type. When two keys should be pressed simultaneously, they’re connected with a plus sign, like this: “Press Ctrl+C to copy the selected cells.” Here are the key names as I refer to them throughout the book: Alt down arrow Num Lock right arrow End Scroll Lock Caps Lock Home PgDn Shift Ctrl Insert PgUp Tab Delete left arrow up arrow The four “arrow” keys are collectively known as the navigation keys. Functions Excel built-in worksheet functions appear in uppercase, like this: “Note the SUM formula in cell C20.” 38

Introduction Mouse conventions You’ll come across some of the following mouse-related terms, all standard fare: l Mouse pointer: The small graphic figure that moves onscreen when you move your mouse. The mouse pointer is usually an arrow, but it changes shape when you move to certain areas of the screen or when you’re performing certain actions. l Point: Move the mouse so that the mouse pointer is on a specific item: for example, “Point to the Save button on the toolbar.” l Click: Press the left mouse button once and release it immediately. l Right-click: Press the right mouse button once and release it immediately. The right mouse button is used in Excel to pop up shortcut menus that are appropriate for whatever is currently selected. l Double-click: Press the left mouse button twice in rapid succession. l Drag: Press the left mouse button and keep it pressed while you move the mouse. Dragging is often used to select a range of cells or to change the size of an object. What the Icons Mean Throughout the book, you’ll see special graphic symbols, or icons, in the left margin. These call your attention to points that are particularly important or relevant to a specific group of readers. The icons in this book are as follows: Note This icon signals the fact that something is important or worth noting. Notes may alert you to a concept that helps you master the task at hand, or they may denote something that is fundamental to understanding subsequent material. n Tip This icon marks a more efficient way of doing something that may not be obvious. n Caution I use this symbol when a possibility exists that the operation I’m describing may cause problems if you’re not careful. n Cross-Reference This icon indicates that a related topic is discussed elsewhere in the book. n xli

Introduction How This Book Is Organized Notice that the book is divided into six main parts, followed by four appendixes. Part I: Getting Started with Excel: This part consists of nine chapters that provide background about Excel. These chapters are considered required reading for Excel newcomers, but even expe- rienced users will probably find some new information here. Part II: Working with Formulas and Functions: The chapters in Part II cover everything that you need to know to become proficient with performing calculations in Excel. Part III: Creating Charts and Graphics: The chapters in Part III describe how to create effective charts. In addition, you’ll find a chapter on the conditional formatting visualization features, and a chapter on the new Sparkline graphics. Part IV: Using Advanced Excel Features: This part consists of ten chapters that deal with topics that are sometimes considered advanced. However, many beginning and intermediate users may find this information useful as well. Part V: Analyzing Data with Excel: Data analysis is the focus of the chapters in Part IV. Users of all levels will find some of these chapters of interest. Part VI: Programming Excel with VBA: Part VI is for those who want to customize Excel for their own use or who are designing workbooks or add-ins that are to be used by others. It starts with an introduction to recording macros and VBA programming and then provides coverage of UserForms, add-ins, and events. Appendixes: The book has appendixes that cover Excel worksheet functions, other Excel resources, and Excel shortcut keys. How to Use This Book Although you’re certainly free to do so, I didn’t write this book with the intention that you would read it cover to cover. Rather, it’s a reference book that you can consult when: 40

Introduction xliii

Introduction Part I Getting Started with Excel T IN THIS PART he chapters in this part are intended to provide essential background information for working with Excel. Here, you’ll see how to make use of the basic features that are required for every Excel user. If you’ve Chapter 1 Introducing Excel used Excel (or even a different spreadsheet program) in the past, much of this information may seem like review. Chapter 2 Even so, it’s possible that you’ll find quite a few tricks and Entering and Editing Worksheet Data techniques. Chapter 3 Essential Worksheet Operations Chapter 4 Working with Cells and Ranges Chapter 5 Introducing Tables Chapter 6 Worksheet Formatting Chapter 7 Understanding Excel Files Chapter 8 Using and Creating Templates Chapter 9 Printing Your Work 42



CHAPTER Introducing Excel his chapter serves as an introductory overview of Excel 2010. If you’re already familiar with a previous version of Excel, reading this IN THIS CHAPTER T chapter is still a good idea. You’ll find that Excel 2010 is very similar Understanding what Excel is to Excel 2007. However, both Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 are different from used for every previous version — very different. What’s new for Excel 2010 Learning the parts of Excel’s What Is Excel Good For? window Introducing the Ribbon user Excel, as you probably know, is the world’s most widely used spreadsheet interface, shortcut menus, program, and is part of the Microsoft Office suite. Other spreadsheet pro- and dialog boxes grams are available, but Excel is by far the most popular and has become the world standard. Navigating Excel worksheets Much of the appeal of Excel is due to the fact that it’s so versatile. Excel’s Introducing Excel with a quick forte, of course, is performing numerical calculations, but Excel is also very hands-on session useful for non-numeric applications. Here are just a few of the uses for Excel: l Number crunching: Create budgets, analyze survey results, and perform just about any type of financial analysis you can think of. l Creating charts: Create a wide variety of highly customizable charts. l Organizing lists: Use the row-and-column layout to store lists efficiently. l Accessing other data: Import data from a wide variety of sources. l Creating graphical dashboards: Summarize a large amount of business information in a concise format. 3



Part I: Getting Started with Excel l Creating graphics and diagrams: Use Shapes and the new SmartArt to create professional-looking diagrams. l Automating complex tasks: Perform a tedious task with a single mouse click with Excel’s macro capabilities. What’s New in Excel 2010? When a new version of Microsoft Office is released, sometimes Excel gets lots of new features. And sometimes it gets very few new features. In the case of Office 2010, Excel got very few new fea- tures. Here’s a quick summary of what’s new in Excel 2010, relative to Excel 2007: l 64-bit version: If your hardware (and Windows version) supports it, you can install the 64-bit version, which lets you create larger workbooks. Most people do not require the 64-bit version, and using it might cause some add-ins to not function. l Sparkline charts: Create small in-cell charts to summarize a range of data graphically. See Chapter 21. l Slicers: A new way to filter and display data in pivot tables, by clicking buttons. See Chapter 35. l New pivot table formatting options: You have more control over the appearance of pivot table reports. See Chapter 35. l Office button changes: The big round Office button in Excel 2007 has been replaced by a File button/tab, displayed to the left of the tabs. Clicking it displays a screen that lets you perform various operations on your workbook. This view essentially replaces the tradi- tional File and Print menus — plus quite a bit more. l Conditional formatting enhancements: Data bar conditional formatting can display in a solid color, and the bars provide a more accurate display. See Chapter 20. l Function enhancements: Some Excel worksheet financial and statistical functions have been improved in terms of numerical accuracy. l Image editing enhancements: You have much more control over graphic images inserted into a workbook, including the ability to remove nonessential parts from the background of an image. l Screen capture tool: You can easily capture a window from a different program and then insert the image on a worksheet. l Paste preview: When you copy a range, the Paste command displays various options with a live preview so you can see how the paste operation will look. 4

Chapter 1: Introducing Excel l Ribbon customization: You can customize the Ribbon by adding new tabs and groups. l Equation editor: Create and display (noncalculating) mathematical equations and embed them on a worksheet. See Chapter 22. l Faster: Microsoft made some improvements to the calculation engine, and files load a bit faster. l New security features: Workbooks downloaded from the Internet or from e-mail attach- ments are opened in Protected View mode. Workbooks can be designated as “trusted,” and don’t need to reside in special trusted folders. l Solver: Excel 2010 includes a new version of the Solver add-in, which is useful for solving some complex problems. l Enhancements to VBA: Operations that used to require old XLM macros can now be per- formed directly using VBA macro commands. In addition, macro recording now works for operations such as chart shape formatting. Understanding Workbooks and Worksheets The work you do in Excel is performed in a workbook file, which appears in its own window. You can have as many workbooks open as you need. By default, Excel 2010 workbooks use an .xlsx file extension. Each workbook comprises one or more worksheets, and each worksheet is made up of individual cells. Each cell contains a value, a formula, or text. A worksheet also has an invisible draw layer, which holds charts, images, and diagrams. Each worksheet in a workbook is accessible by clicking the tab at the bottom of the workbook window. In addition, workbooks can store chart sheets. A chart sheet displays a single chart and is also accessible by clicking a tab. Newcomers to Excel are often intimidated by all the different elements that appear within Excel’s window. After you become familiar with the various parts, it all starts to make sense. Figure 1.1 shows you the more important bits and pieces of Excel. As you look at the figure, refer to Table 1.1 for a brief explanation of the items shown in the figure. 5

Part I: Getting Started with Excel FIGURE 1.1 The Excel screen has many useful elements that you will use often. Application close Window maximize/restore Application maximize/restore Row number Application minimize Quick Access Column Name box toolbar letter Title bar Help Window File button Tab list Minimize the Ribbon minimize Active cell Formula bar Status bar indicator Ribbon Page view buttons Macro recorder Insert Worksheet button Horizontal scrollbar Zoom control Sheet tab scroll buttons Vertical scrollbar Window close 6

Chapter 1: Introducing Excel TABLE 1.1 Parts of the Excel Screen That You Need to Know Name Description Active cell indicator This dark outline indicates the currently active cell (one of the 17,179,869,184 cells on each worksheet). Application Close button Clicking this button closes Excel. Application Minimize button Clicking this button minimizes the Excel window. Column letters Letters range from A to XFD — one for each of the 16,384 columns in the worksheet. You can click a column heading to select an entire column of cells, or drag a column border to change its width. File button Click this button to open Back Stage view, which contains many options for working with your document (including printing), and setting Excel options. Formula bar When you enter information or formulas into a cell, it appears in this line. Help button Clicking this button displays the Excel Help system window. Horizontal scrollbar Use this tool to scroll the sheet horizontally. Macro recorder indicator Click to start recording a VBA macro. The icon changes while your actions are being recorded. Click again to stop recording. Minimize Ribbon button Clicking this button hides the Ribbon, giving you a bit more space onscreen. When you click a tab, the Ribbon reappears. Name box This field displays the active cell address or the name of the selected cell, range, or object. Page View buttons Change the way the worksheet is displayed by clicking one of these buttons. Quick Access toolbar This customizable toolbar holds commonly used commands. The Quick Access toolbar is always visible, regardless of which tab is selected. Ribbon This is the main location for Excel commands. Clicking an item in the tab list changes the Ribbon that displays. Row numbers Numbers range from 1 to 1,048,576 — one for each row in the worksheet. You can click a row number to select an entire row of cells. Sheet tabs Each of these notebook-like tabs represents a different sheet in the work- book. A workbook can have any number of sheets, and each sheet has its name displayed in a sheet tab. Insert Sheet button By default, each new workbook that you create contains three sheets. Add a new sheet by clicking the Insert Worksheet button (which is displayed after the last sheet tab). Sheet tab scroll buttons Use these buttons to scroll the sheet tabs to display tabs that aren’t visible. continued 7

Part I: Getting Started with Excel TABLE 1.1 (continued) Name Description Status bar This bar displays various messages as well as the status of the Num Lock, Caps Lock, and Scroll Lock keys on your keyboard. It also shows summary information about the range of cells that is selected. Right-click the status bar to change the information that’s displayed. Tab list Use these commands to display a different Ribbon, similar to a menu. Title bar This displays the name of the program and the name of the current work- book, and also holds some control buttons that you can use to modify the window. Vertical scrollbar Use this to scroll the sheet vertically. Window Close button Clicking this button closes the active workbook window. Window Maximize/Restore Clicking this button increases the workbook window’s size to fill Excel’s button complete workspace. If the window is already maximized, clicking this but- ton “unmaximizes” Excel’s window so that it no longer fills the entire screen. Window Minimize button Clicking this button minimizes the workbook window, and it displays as an icon. Zoom control Use this scroller to zoom your worksheet in and out. Moving around a Worksheet This section describes various ways to navigate through the cells in a worksheet. Every worksheet consists of rows (numbered 1 through 1,048,576) and columns (labeled A through XFD). After column Z comes column AA, which is followed by AB, AC, and so on. After column AZ comes BA, BB, and so on. After column ZZ is AAA, AAB, and so on. The intersection of a row and a column is a single cell. At any given time, one cell is the active cell. You can identify the active cell by its darker border, as shown in Figure 1.2. Its address (its column letter and row number) appears in the Name box. Depending on the technique that you use to navigate through a workbook, you may or may not change the active cell when you navigate. Notice that the row and column headings of the active cell appear in different colors to make it easier to identify the row and column of the active cell. 8

Chapter 1: Introducing Excel FIGURE 1.2 The active cell is the cell with the dark border — in this case, cell C8. Navigating with your keyboard Not surprisingly, you can use the standard navigational keys on your keyboard to move around a worksheet. These keys work just as you’d expect: The down arrow moves the active cell down one row, the right arrow moves it one column to the right, and so on. PgUp and PgDn move the active cell up or down one full window. (The actual number of rows moved depends on the number of rows displayed in the window.) Tip You can use the keyboard to scroll through the worksheet without changing the active cell by turning on Scroll Lock, which is useful if you need to view another area of your worksheet and then quickly return to your original location. Just press Scroll Lock and use the navigation keys to scroll through the worksheet. When you want to return to the original position (the active cell), press Ctrl+Backspace. Then, press Scroll Lock again to turn it off. When Scroll Lock is turned on, Excel displays Scroll Lock in the status bar at the bottom of the window. n The Num Lock key on your keyboard controls how the keys on the numeric keypad behave. When Num Lock is on, the keys on your numeric keypad generate numbers. Many keyboards have a sep- arate set of navigation (arrow) keys located to the left of the numeric keypad. The state of the Num Lock key doesn’t affect these keys. Table 1.2 summarizes all the worksheet movement keys available in Excel. 9

Part I: Getting Started with Excel TABLE 1.2 Excel Worksheet Movement Keys Key Action Up arrow (↑) Moves the active cell up one row. Down arrow (↓) Moves the active cell down one row. Left arrow (←) or Shift+Tab Moves the active cell one column to the left. Right arrow (→) or Tab Moves the active cell one column to the right. PgUp Moves the active cell up one screen. PgDn Moves the active cell down one screen. Alt+PgDn Moves the active cell right one screen. Alt+PgUp Moves the active cell left one screen. Ctrl+Backspace Scrolls the screen so that the active cell is visible. ↑* Scrolls the screen up one row (active cell does not change). ↓* Scrolls the screen down one row (active cell does not change). ←* Scrolls the screen left one column (active cell does not change). →* Scrolls the screen right one column (active cell does not change). * With Scroll Lock on Navigating with your mouse To change the active cell by using the mouse, click another cell; it becomes the active cell. If the cell that you want to activate isn’t visible in the workbook window, you can use the scrollbars to scroll the window in any direction. To scroll one cell, click either of the arrows on the scrollbar. To scroll by a complete screen, click either side of the scrollbar’s scroll box. You also can drag the scroll box for faster scrolling. Tip If your mouse has a wheel, you can use the mouse wheel to scroll vertically. Also, if you click the wheel and move the mouse in any direction, the worksheet scrolls automatically in that direction. The more you move the mouse, the faster the scrolling. n Press Ctrl while you use the mouse wheel to zoom the worksheet. If you prefer to use the mouse wheel to zoom the worksheet without pressing Ctrl, choose File ➪ Options and select the Advanced section. Place a check mark next to the Zoom on Roll with Intellimouse check box. Using the scrollbars or scrolling with your mouse doesn’t change the active cell. It simply scrolls the worksheet. To change the active cell, you must click a new cell after scrolling. 10

Chapter 1: Introducing Excel Introducing the Ribbon The most dramatic change introduced in Office 2007 was the new user interface. In most Office 2007 applications, traditional menus and toolbars were replaced with the Ribbon. In Office 2010, all applications use the Ribbon interface. In addition, the Ribbon can be customized in Office 2010 (see Chapter 23). Ribbon tabs The commands available in the Ribbon vary, depending upon which tab is selected. The Ribbon is arranged into groups of related commands. Here’s a quick overview of Excel’s tabs. l Home: You’ll probably spend most of your time with the Home tab selected. This tab contains the basic Clipboard commands, formatting commands, style commands, commands to insert and delete rows or columns, plus an assortment of worksheet editing commands. l Insert: Select this tab when you need to insert something in a worksheet — a table, a diagram, a chart, a symbol, and so on. l Page Layout: This tab contains commands that affect the overall appearance of your worksheet, including some settings that deal with printing. l Formulas: Use this tab to insert a formula, name a cell or a range, access the formula auditing tools, or control how Excel performs calculations. l Data: Excel’s data-related commands are on this tab. l Review: This tab contains tools to check spelling, translate words, add comments, or protect sheets. l View: The View tab contains commands that control various aspects of how a sheet is viewed. Some commands on this tab are also available in the status bar. l Developer: This tab isn’t visible by default. It contains commands that are useful for programmers. To display the Developer tab, choose File ➪ Options and then select Customize Ribbon. In the Customize the Ribbon section on the right, place a check mark next to Developer and then click OK. l Add-Ins: This tab is visible only if you loaded an older workbook or add-in that custom- izes the menu or toolbars. Because menus and toolbars are no longer available in Excel 2010, these user interface customizations appear on the Add-Ins tab. Note Although the File button shares space with the tabs, it’s not actually a tab. Clicking the File button displays the new Back Stage view, where you perform actions with your documents. n 11

Part I: Getting Started with Excel The appearance of the commands on the Ribbon varies, depending on the width of Excel window. When the window is too narrow to display everything, the commands adapt; some of them might seem to be missing, but the commands are still available. Figure 1.3 shows the Home tab of the Ribbon with all controls fully visible. Figure 1.4 shows the Ribbon when Excel’s window is made more narrow. Notice that some of the descriptive text is gone, but the icons remain. Figure 1.5 shows the extreme case when the window is made very narrow. Some groups display a single icon. However, if you click the icon, all the group commands are available to you. FIGURE 1.3 The Home tab of the Ribbon. FIGURE 1.4 The Home tab when Excel’s window is made narrower. FIGURE 1.5 The Home tab when Excel’s window is made very narrow. Tip If you would like to hide the Ribbon to increase your worksheet view, just double-click any tab. The Ribbon goes away, and you can see about five additional rows of your worksheet. When you need to use the Ribbon again, just click a tab, and it comes back temporarily. To keep the Ribbon turned on, double-click a tab. You can also press Ctrl+F1 to toggle the Ribbon display on and off. The Minimize the Ribbon button (to the left of the Help button) provides yet another way to toggle the Ribbon. n 12