IT Spark Class- 7

7 For Age Group 11 to 13 years COMPUTER BOOK Computer Education Series Concept by: Composed by: Contributed by: Gagan Agarwal David S. Gareema Balwani Hitesh Saini Founder M.D. CLDP, MCA,15 yrs exp. with NIIT Jameel Khan

Contents 1. Introduction to Photoshop CS6 4 7. Lists and Images in HTML 65  Starting with Photoshop  Using Selection Tools  Ordered, Unordered & Nested Lists  Images & Marquee 2. Photoshop CS6: Advanced 15 8. Introduction to Cascading 75  Image Retouching Style Sheets  Working with Layers  Applying Filters  Introduction to CSS  Different Ways of Applying CSS 3. Introduction to GIMP 23 9. Network Concepts 85  Network Components  GIMP Interface  Types & Topologies  Selection, Painting & Drawing Tools  Image Manipulation Tools 10. Internet: E- Commerce & More 95  E-Commerce & Online Shopping  Layers & Filters  Social Networking 4. Data Representation in Computer 35  Coding System in Computers  Number System 11. Mobile App Development 109  Features, Types and Uses 5. Introduction to HTML 45  Download and Develop Apps  Getting started with HTML Mark up Supplement 126  Artificial Intelligence  HTML tags 6. Formatting in HTML 56 Project 128  Text Formatting  Content Layout

SAFE COMPAUNTDINHGAPPINESS INTERNET USAGE DONT’S 1. Don't give anyone your password & other details as well as any information about your family. 2. Don't talk to strangers on the Internet. 3. Don't agree to meet any of your online friends in person. 4. Don't fill in any form online that asks for details like address or phone number. 5. Don't visit any online chat room without elder’s or parent's permission. 6. Don't watch online any stuff that you think your parents won't like. 7. Don't post family and personal pictures without your parents' knowledge. 8. Don't download/install anything on your PC without your parents' permission. 9. If you have any doubts, ask your parents, teachers or elders. 10. If anyone cyberbullies, get in touch with your teachers and parents. CYBERBULLYING Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. How to keep safe?  Don't respond to any emails or messages sent by anyone who cyberbullies you.  Don't cyberbully others online. Respect everyone’s privacy and rights.  Save the messages and screen-shots of the messages as an evidence of cyberbullying.  If you are being bullied, inform your elders immediately.

1 Introduction to Photoshop CS6 Dear Teacher, Yes Students, We came to know This is true. that Photoshop is Photoshop is an an advanced image advanced image editing software. editing software. Is Let’s learn about it. it true? Adobe Photoshop is professionally used for creating and editing graphics and photographs, drawing shapes and colouring. Starting Photoshop The steps to start Photoshop: Windows 10: Click on Start →Adobe →Photoshop CS6 (whichever version is installed). Windows 7: Click on Start →All Programs →Photoshop CS6 option. Photoshop Inerface Title Bar Menu Bar Option bar Note Palettes Photoshop does Tool Box not contain any image by default. Image You need to open file a file. 4

Title Bar: Title bar displays the title of the file in its tab. Menu Bar: Menu bar contains the menus of Photoshop, such as File, Edit, Image etc. Options Bar: The Options bar, below the menu bar, shows additional Tool Options. Menu bar Options bar Title bar Tool Box: It contains various tools required for image processing. Palettes Palettes display additional choices to control the working of any tool or feature. Palettes usually visible are Navigator, Color, Histogram, Swatches and Layer. To display the palettes, go to Window in the Menu bar and choose palettes you need to work with. Creating a New File 1. File menu →New option. The New dialog box appears. 2. Specify the details and click on OK button. Name: Assign a name for the file. Width & Height: Specify the width and height of the image. Units: We can create our file in pixels/ inches/ mm/ cm, etc. Resolution: Specify the Color Mode: Specify the number resolution of the image of colours that can appear in (number of pixels per inch). an image i.e. bitmap, grayscale, RGB color, CMYK color). Saving a File 1. File menu → Save option. The Save As dialog box appears. 2. Specify file name, select the location to save the file and click on Save button. Opening a File To open a file: File menu → Open option. In the Open dialog box, locate the desired file and click on Open button. Photoshop supports formats such as *.PSD, *.TIFF, *.BMP, *.JPEG, *.GIF, *.PCX etc. 5

Closing a File and Exiting Photoshop To close a file, click on File menu → Close option. To exit Photoshop, click on File menu → Exit option. Changing Background and Foreground Colour The foreground color defines the color that you write, draw or paint on the canvas. The current foreground color appears in the upper color selection box in the toolbox, the current background color appears in the lower box. Foreground and background color boxes in toolbox. A. Foreground color box B. Default colors icon C. Switch colors icon D. Background color box The steps to change the foreground or Color Color slider background colour are: selection 1. Click on Foreground and box Background color selection box in the toolbox. 2. The Color Picker dialog box appears. Choose the color in Color Picker. Then, click OK button. Working with Images through Activities Let us explore various tools and basic features of Photoshop through various activities. ACTIVITY 1: Zooming in and out Tools used: Zoom tool To focus on a particular region of an image you can zoom into the image and once your task is done, you can zoom out of it. To zoom in simply press Ctrl + + key and to zoom out, press Ctrl + key. In addition to this, you can fit the image to screen by pressing Ctrl + 0. To see the image in its actual size, press Ctrl + 1. You will find these options in View menu. 6

ACTIVITY 2: Duplicating a part of image by simple selection Tools used: Various Marquee tools and Move Tool To manipulate any part of the image, first select that part using various Selection tools. The simplest one are the Rectangular Marquee and Elliptical Marquee. They are used to select a rectangular and circular region. Any manipulation is applied on the selected region of the image. Let us, increase the number of clouds in this image. 1. In the Toolbox, right click on Marquee tool and select Elliptical Marquee Tool. 2. Click on the image and drag the mouse to select a piece of cloud as shown here. 3. Take Move Tool in the Toolbox and press Alt key on the keyboard. 4. Keep Alt key pressed, click on the selection and move the mouse. The copy of the cloud will move away. Note Selection Modes in Options bar: To add an area to the existing selection, hold down Shift key while selecting. To subtract an area from the existing selection, hold down Alt key while selecting. To intersect an area with the existing selection, Shift+Alt keys while selecting. These options are available in Options bar. ACTIVITY 3: Creating duplicate balloon. Tools used: Magnetic Lasso Tool and Move Tool To create a copy of the balloon in our image, we need to select the balloon only. To select an irregular shape like balloon, we need Magnetic Lasso Tool. It senses the colour and sticks the selection outline to it as you click around the desired selection. 1. Right click on Lasso tools in the Toolbox. Select Magnetic Lasso Tool from the pop-up. 2. Click at the top of the balloon and move downwards, around the outline of the balloon, slowly. Keep clicking at shorter distances. The selection outline magnetically sticks to the outline of the balloon. 3. Finally, you will come back around to the starting point (your first click) with selection outline around entire balloon. At this point, double click to complete the selection. 7

4. Take Move Tool in the Toolbox and press Alt key on the keyboard. 5. Keep Alt key pressed, click on the selected balloon and move the mouse to get balloon’s copy. ACTIVITY 4: Changing some colour in the balloon. Tools used: Magic Wand Tool and Paint Bucket Tool Photoshop allows us to select a region of the image by sensing the colours in it. For example, in our image, we can select the top yellow colour in the balloon. The span of colour selected is determined by a property called Tolerance. Higher the tolerance, more will be the span of the selection. In our example, we shall keep the Tolerance 32 in the Options bar above the image. 1. In the Toolbox, select Magic Wand Tool and set the Tolerance to 32 in the Options toolbar. 2. Click on the top, yellow coloured region in the balloon. Some yellow region will be selected. 3. Press Shift key, keep it pressed and do further clicks to increase the selection area. 4. In the Toolbox, pickup the Paint Bucket Tool. 5. In the Swatches panel, select the desired colour and click in the selection. 8

ACTIVITY 5: Removing outer area around the image. Tools used: Crop Tool To remove the unwanted outer area of the image, pick up the Crop Tool in the Toolbox and drag with mouse to mark the area which you need to keep. Double click inside the bounding rectangle that is created. The region outside the bounding rectangle will be cropped. ACTIVITY 6: Making simple drawing and painting. Tools used: Brush Tool, Pencil Tool Drawing Tools Options Drawing tools provide some common options which can be set for desired output of the drawing. Some common options are descirbed here: Size, Hardness and Shape: These determine the thickness, hardness and various shapes of the tip of the pen or pencil. Opacity: Determines opacity of the drawing (0 means maximum transparency) Flow: Amount of colour retained as you draw. Higher value draws with more colour. 9

In the Toolbox, pick up the Pencil Tool or Brush Tool, select the desired colour from Swatches Panel and draw. ACTIVITY 7: Filling colours in the drawing. Tools used: Paint Bucket Tool, Gradient Tool Various drawing and painting tools help create our own drawing in Photoshop. Painting Tools Options Opacity: Determines opacity of the drawing (0 means maximum transparency) Tolerence: Range of colour to fill. Higher the value, larger will be the colour span. Contiguous: Determines if all pixels or the similar colour should be filled or not. To fill the colour in the drawing with solid colour, in the Toolbox, pick up Paint Bucket Tool, in the Swatches Panel, select the desired colour and click in the drawing where you need to fill the colour or click on the selection already made. Let us fill the roof of the hut with Gradient Tool. In the Toolbox: 1. Pick up the Magic Wand Tool and select the roof by clicking inside it. 2. Take two different colours in Foreground and Background colour boxes. 3. Drag over the selection in the roof to fill the gradient. Try short and long drags. 10

ACTIVITY 8: Adding a slogan to the image. Tools used: Text Tool Text tool allows adding text in the image in horizontal as well as vertical orientation. Size, color and other attributes of the text can be specified and adjusted. Let us add a vertical slogan to our image: 1. In the toolbox, click open Text Tool and select the Vertical Type Tool. 2. On the Options bar at the top, select desired font, font style, size and anti-aliasing (how sharp and clear the test should look). 3. Click on the image and type. Note that Layers palette shows that text appears above the image in a separate layer. To edit a previously typed text, select the proper text layer in the Layers palette or just select the text with the Text Tool. ACTIVITY 9: Adding custom shapes to the image. Tools used: Shapes Tool [Various shapes] Various shapes and custom shapes can be added to the image by clicking on Shape tool as shown here. 1. In the toolbox, select Custom Shape Tool. 2. Select Fill colour, Stroke (outline) colour, stroke width and desired shape from the options bar then draw the image. ACTIVITY 10: Setting foreground colour from any colour in the image. Tools used: Eyedropper Tool Using Eyedropper tool you can pick up a colour from any area of the image. Simply click on Eyedropper Tool in the toolbox and click on the desired colour in the image. 11

Hand Tool and Eraser Tool A large image can be scrolled by grabbing it with Hand Tool. Simply click on the Hand Tool in the toolbox, click on the image with mouse and drag. Eraser tool erases the desired part of the image in foreground colour. As shown here, the foreground colour was set to white before erasing. Simply, click on the Eraser Tool in the toolbox, click on the starting point in image to erase and drag. Glossary Colour Palette : It displays the foreground current or background colour. Tool Box : It is a collection of tools. Options bar : Shows various options for the selected Tool in the toolbox. Quick Review  Photoshop is a program used for creating and editing graphics and photographs.  Photoshop supports image formats like PSD,TIFF, BMP, JPEG, GIF, PCX etc.  There are various tools to manipulate images in different ways. A. Choose the correct answer. 1. Which of the following formats is not in Adobe Photoshop? a) *.PSD b) *.PNG c) *.JPEG d) *.AVI 2. With the help of which of the following, objects can be moved on canvas. a) Lasso tool b) Move tool c) Text tool d) Menu bar 3. Images can be viewed and modified using the functions of which of the following? a) Selection tool b) Palette c) Move tool d) Option bar 12

4. Foreground and background colours are displayed by ___________. a) Color Palette b) Ink Bottle tool c) Menu bar d) Paint bucket tool B. Fill in the blanks. Tolerance, Text, Rectangular Marquee, Option 1. In Photoshop, _____________________ is not the available option in menu bar. 2. ____________________________________ tool is the part of tool box. 3. ___________________________ tool is an option available in Selection tool. 4. ____________ refers to the colour senstivity of a selection tool. C. Name the tools for the following. 1. To change foreground colour. ___________________________________________________________________ 2. To work with text. ___________________________________________________________________ 3. To create hard edged drawing. ___________________________________________________________________ 4. To select similar contiguous color in an image. ___________________________________________________________________ D. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the use of Title bar, Menu bar and Option bar. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. In Photoshop, how will you add to, subtract from and intersect a new selection with the existing selection. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 13

3. In Photoshop, what is the basic difference between Magnetic Lasso tool and Magic Wand tool? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Write the steps to add a shape in the image in Photoshop. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. What do you mean by Opacity and Tolerance properties in Photoshop? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Try activities given in the chapter for practice in Lab. Teacher's Signature : __________________ Teacher's Remark : WEB http://www.ghdean.com/tips/articles/Issue-30.htm http://www.wikihow.com/Change-Foreground-Color-in-Adobe-Photoshop LINKS Teacher’s Corner Provide more lab time to students for this chapter. 14

2 Photoshop CS6: Advanced Dear Teacher, Yes Students, Photoshop is an We are going to amazing image learn about editing software. retouching tools and other important What will we learn in this chapter? features like Layers and Filters. Earlier we learnt about the basics of Photoshop through various activities. Now let us discover some advanced tools and how to work with layers and filters. Image Processing (Retouching) Tools Many times photographs and images need corrections to look good. Enhancing and manipulating original images is actual image processing and it is called retouching the image. Let us explore image retouching using various tools. ACTIVITY 1: Healing an image. Tools used: Healing Brush Tool It is used to remove old marks and scratches from the photographs and repair them. 1. In the toolbox, select the Healing Brush tool. 2. Set brush size and style in the Options bar. Select Mode as Replace. 3. Alt+click in a good region of the image which you want to apply to heal. 4. Click and apply healing on the regions of the image that need healing. Original Image Patches removed, broken part replaced 15

ACTIVITY 2: Patching a region of image on another. Tools used: Patch Tool The Patch tool copies pixels copied from one region of the image to the other. Patching can be done in 2 ways - first, you can select the source region which can be patched on to the destination region. Second, you can select the region to patch and then destination region can be patched onto it. Options Bar allows you to select Source or Destination. 1. Open the image and select the Patch tool from the toolbox. 2. Select Source in the Options Bar. 3. Select the region with the Patch tool in the image that needs to be restored. 4. Drag the selected area to the area (destination), whose texture is to be applied as a patch. 5. Press Ctrl+D keys to remove the selection. Original Image After using Patch Tool ACTIVITY 3: Copying and stamping one region of image to other. Tools used: Clone Stamp Tool The Clone Stamp tool is used to create a copy of the selected area and stamp it to the other areas. 1. Select the Clone Stamp tool from the toolbox. 2. In the Options bar, set the Brush size and hardness (as you do for the Brush tool). 3. Hold down Alt key and click on the area of the image which you want to copy. Release the Alt key. 4. Drag and draw the left mouse button on the area where you need to apply the clone. 16

Aligned: If this option is selected, the new cloned image will be drawn continuously even if you release the mouse button while drawing. If it is deselected, the clone will begin drawing from the sampling point each time you release the mouse and resume painting. Use All Layers: If this option is selected, information will be used from all visible layers, otherwise only the active layer will be used. Original Image Green grass cloned and applied over flowers ACTIVITY 4: Blurring/Sharpening regions of an image and mixing colours. Tools used: Blur Tool, Sharpen Tool, Smudge Tool The Blur tool is used to selectively blur areas of an image. The Sharpen Tool is does reverse of blur. The Smudge Tool is used to mix colours in an image. The amount of blur can be controlled. 1. In the toolbox, select the Blur tool. 2. Choose brush size, style and strength (intensity of the tool)in the Options bar. 3. Click and drag the mouse on the image. Similarly, you can use Sharpen Tool. Pick up Smudge Tool to mix colours in the image. Mountain, Sky smudged Original Image Blurred Region Boat Sharpened 17

ACTIVITY 5: Doing colour correction in the image. Tools used: Sponge Tool, Dodge Tool, Burn Tool The Sponge tool saturates or desaturates the colours in an image. The Dodge tool lightens the dark regions. The Burn tool is reverse of Dodge, it darkens the light regions. You can choose Shadows, Highlights to apply an exposure value. 1. In the toolbox, select the Sponge/Dodge or Burn tool. 2. Choose brush size, hardness and strength etc. in the Options bar. 3. Click and drag the mouse on the image. Sponge Dodge Burn Original Image Working with Layers When you are working with an image having more than one layer; each layer operates independently with its own content. You can change one layer without affecting the other layers or the background of the image. When layered together, the contents of each layer combine to create a composite image. Photoshop allows you to create multiple layers in an image. Each layer is assigned with a default name and the default opacity is set to 100%. You can rename layers or change the opacity while you create the layer or at a later time. You can create layers using the New Layer dialog box or the Layers palette. Create a New Layer Using the dialog box method, you can create a new layer and change the layer name, opacity, colour and mode. 1. From the Layer menu, select New → Layer. Or Press Ctrl + Shift + N 18

Or Press Alt + CREATE A NEW LAYER on the Layers palette. 2. In the New Layer dialog box, type the desired name in the Name text box. 3. Click on OK button. The new layer appears on the layers palette. Note Giving layers a name that is descriptive to your project or the layer’s content allows you to manage layers more effectively. Deleting Layers If you no longer need a layer, or wish to replace a layer, you can delete it. If you delete a layer by mistake, you can retrieve the layer by using either the Undo or Step Backward functions. Layers can be deleted by using the menu option, right click option, or button option. Deleting Layers : Menu Option 1. In the Layers palette, select the layer you want to delete. 2. In the Layer menu, select Delete Layer option. A confirmation dialog box appears. 3. Click Yes button. The layer is deleted. Deleting Layers : Right Click Option 1 In the Layers palette, right-click on layer that you want to delete and select Delete Layer option. A confirmation dialog box appears. 2. Click on Yes button. The layer is deleted. Deleting Layers : Button Option 1. In the Layers palette, select the layer you want to delete. 2. Click on Delete Layer button . A confirmation dialog box appears. 3. Click on Yes button. The layer is deleted. Using Filters You can choose filters to add different types of special effects to an image. The steps to apply a filter are: 1. Select the area and complete layer to be filtered. 2. Click on the Filters menu and select any option. 3. If a dialog box opens, enter values or select options and then click on OK button. 19

Liquify Filter Distort > Ripple Filter Stylize > Emboss Filter Glossary Layer : Provides a powerful method of working on one element of an image without disturbing the other. Filter : To show multiple effects on image. Quick Review  The retouching tools in Adobe Photoshop are: Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp, Healing Brush, Patch and Color Replacement.  Healing Brush tool is used to remove dust marks and scratches from photographs.  The Patch tool repairs an area with pixels copied from another area or image.  The Dodge tool is used to lighten dark areas.  The Clone stamp tool paints one part of an image over another part of the same image or over another part of any open document that has the same colour mode.  The Blur tool is used to selectively blur areas of an image. A. Choose the correct answer. 1. The ____________ tool is used to remove old marks from an image. a) Clone stamp b) Healing brush c) Pattern stamp d) All of these 20

2. While using Clone stamp tool, holding down ________ key with mouse click copies the desired area of the image. a) Alt b) Ctrl c) Shift d) Tab 3. While creating a new layer in Photoshop, by default, transparency of each layer is _______. a) 100% b) 0% c) 50% d) 75% 4. The dark areas of an image can be lightened using _______________ tool. a) Eraser b) Healing Brush c) Dodge d) None of these 5. Shortcut key to open New Layer dialog box is _______________________. a) Ctrl + Shift + N b) Shift + Alt + N c) Alt + Ctrl + N d) None of these B. Fill in the blanks. Dodge, Patch, Healing Brush tool, Filters, Clone Stamp 1. In Photoshop, _________________________ is an example of retouching tool. 2. ___________ tool repairs an area with pixels copied from another area or image. 3. ______________ tool is used to create a copy of the selected area. 4. ______________ tool is used to lighten the dark area. 5. ______________ are used to apply different types of special effects on image. C. Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by retouching images in Photoshop? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Write the steps to use Healing brush tool. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the use of Blur tool? Write the steps to blur a part of an image. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 21

4. Write the steps to create a New layer in Photoshop. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 5. Write the steps to apply a filter to add a special effect to an image. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Create a Sunset scenery as shown here. You can use your own imagination. The scenery given here is just for hint. Complete your drawing in following layers: a. Sky : This layer contains the yellow-orange sky in the background b. Sun : This layer contains bright yellow-white sun. c. Birds : This layer contains three birds returning home. d. Silhouette : This layer contains the dark tree and ground. Try out some filters to give a different look to the image from as shown here. Take liberty to use any others tools to enhance the image. Once finished, put your name and class at the bottom right corner and save your work. Teacher's Signature : __________________ Teacher's Remark : WEB https://www.lynda.com/Photoshop-tutorials/Up-Running-Photoshop-CS6/123495-2.html https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/photoshop-cs6-tutorials.html LINKS http://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-editing/smart-filters Teacher’s Corner Teacher can make groups of students and give them different exercises on all the concepts. Later, students can discuss their observations with the whole class. 22

3 Introduction to GIMP Dear Teacher, Yes Student, Besides Photoshop, Unlike Photoshop, GIMP is there any other is an open source, free image editing image editing program. software? This chapter will introduce you to the basics of GIMP. GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) is a free image editing program. Beginners can use it as a simple paint program while experts can work on GIMP to retouch images, resize images, add special effects to them, manipulate the images in different ways, saving the images in different types, applying filters on them, working with layers and all the features of a premium commercial image editing software. GIMP can be downloaded from: https://www.gimp.org/downloads/ This chapter gives an introduction to the basic tools in GIMP. GIMP Interface GIMP interface is composed of 4 main components: i. Toolbox, ii. Tool options, iii. Various panels arranged in tabs to accomplish various tasks and iv. Image window which displays the image to be created or edited. Toolbox Tool options Various Panels 23

Creating A New Image  Press Ctrl+N or Click Image option in the File menu.  In Create a New Image dialog box: Template: You can select the predefined sizes using this dropdown list Image Size: In this section, you can define custom size in Height and Width parameters. The units of these parameters can be selected from the drop-down with several options like pixels, inches, feet etc. Pixel is by default. Saving an Image Images in GIMP are saved with extension .xcf. You can also save a zipped (gzip) version of the image. Use File > Save… or Save As… option to save the image file. Exporting Image in Different Formats Images can be exported from GIMP in a variety of formats like jpeg, gif, psd, png, raw, tiff, bmp, gbr (GIMP brush), pat (GIMP pattern) and ico (icon) etc. Use File >Export As… option to export the image file. The Toolbox Toolbox provides a various tools to work with the image. It also displays the options to customize the tools as desired. Toolbox also displays current background and foreground colours. Selection Tools and Selection Modes Selection tools allow selecting a part or whole image in various ways like a particular shape, on the basis of colour regions in the images or freehand shapes. Let us learn about basic selection tools: Rectangle and Ellipse Tools: These tools allow selecting a part of image in rectangular or elliptical form. We can change the rectangular corners to rounded corner by changing the radius in Rounded corners options. Some common options are described below: Feather Edges Sets smoothness of selection edges from sharp to blur. Rounded Corners Sets the radius of the rectangle selection corners. 24

Free Select Tool: It allows free form selection by clicking at various points which join to make the desired shape. Fuzzy Select Tool: This tool selects a contiguous region in the image by sensing the similarity in the colours. In options we can set the Threshold to sense the similarity in colour regions. Select by Color Tool: It selects all the similar colours in an entire image. Colour sensing can be set by Threshold option. Scissors Select Tool: This tool wraps the selection around the colour pixels as the user clicks on. This helps in selecting irregular shapes like clouds, face, trees etc. easily. Selection Modes When we make a new selection, the previous selection goes away by default. But sometimes we need to Add, Subtract or Overlap (intersect) the selections. Add to current selection: This can be done by making a new selection while pressing Shift key on the keyboard or clicking the second button in the Mode choices in tool options. Subtract from the current selection: This can be done by making a new selection while pressing Ctrl key on the keyboard or clicking the third button in the Mode choices in tool options. 25

Intersect with the current selection: This can be done by making a new selection while pressing Shift+Ctrl keys on the keyboard or clicking the fourth button in the Mode choices in tool options. Drawing and Painting tools Pencil and Paintbrush: Both the tools are same except that Pencil draws smoother than Paintbrush. In Tool Options various settings can be done like various brush styles, size, drawing angle, hardness, force and various drawing dynamics options. You need to spend some time trying out various combinations of these options for varying drawing effects. Press Shift key to draw straight line. Bucket Fill and Gradient: Bucket Fill allows filling selected colour or pattern in a closed selection. You can fill whole selection or similar colours. Threshold option allows setting the color sensitivity for fill. Lower the value, lesser coloured areas will be identified to fill. Gradient tool fills blend of two or more colours in a selection. Airbrush and Ink: Airbrush produces paint spray like drawing while Ink tool is used to do calligraphy style drawing. These tools have same Tool Options as Pencil tool has. Eraser and Clone Tool: Eraser allows removing the undesired part of an image or drawing. Clone tool is used to clone one part of an image and stamp it to other parts. To copy a part of image using Clone tool: Select the Clone tool. While pressing Ctrl key, click on the region of image you need to copy. Release Ctrl key and then click in the desired region where you want to stamp (paste) the copied part. These tools have same Tool Options as Pencil tool has. 26

Image Manipulation Tools The third set of tools allows applying various transformations, effects and modifications in the image or drawing. Move and Rotate: Move tool allows moving the whole image or a selection around the canvas. You can select what to move from the Tool Options. Rotate tool allows rotating the image or a selection by desired degree. You can select what to rotate from the Tool Options. Scale, Crop, Shear and Perspective: Scale tool allows to change size of a selected region.  Select desired region with a selection tool.  Pick Scale tool and click over the selection.  Drag the selection handles to resize the region. Crop tool allows removing the undesired part of the image.  Using Crop tool, select the region of the image you need to keep.  Press Enter key. Unselected region will be cropped. Shear tool allows distorting an image or selected region in the form of parallel lines. Pressing Enter key applies the shearing. Perspective tool is used to change the perspective of an image or selected region. Pressing Enter key applies the shearing. Warp Transform and Flip: Warp Transform tool allows applying warp effect on the selected region.  Using suitable selection tool, select the desired region.  Select Warp Transformation tool and apply with careful hand over the selection. 27

Flip tool, turns around the selected region horizontally or vertically depending on the option selected in Tools Options. Using suitable selection tool, select the desired region. Select Flip tool, select the direction in Tool Options and click on the selection. Healing, Blur/ Sharpen, Smudge and Dodge/ Burn: Healing tool allows smoothen the regions of images like removing spots, making edges smoother in a picture, removing wrinkles etc.  Click on Healing tool and press Ctrl and click on the part of image to pick colour which you need for healing. For example, skin colour in a photograph to remove wrinkles.  Release Ctrl key and then click and apply healing carefully on the desired region of the image. See the images of a rock before and after healing. Blur/Sharpen tool is used to blur desired parts of an image to mix well with adjacent colours. For example, appearance of the clouds, background, rough surfaces etc. Sharpen mode sharpens the regions of images making them more distinct. See the images of a tree before and after blur. Smudge is used to mix or blend the colours in a region. It is like using your finger to mix colours on a wet painting. See the images of a cloud before and after smudge. Dodge/Burn tool allows dodging or lightening colours in a region and burning or darkening the colours. See the images of a mountain before and after burn. All these tools have the same Tool Options as Pencil tool has. Cut/ Copy and Variety of Paste After selecting desired region of the image Ctrl+X (Edit > Cut) or Ctrl+C (Edit > Copy). Then following Paste operations can be performed: Simple Paste (Ctrl+V): It pastes the copied content in the center of the canvas. Paste in Place (Ctrl+Alt+V): It pastes the copied content right over the copied region. You need to use Move tool to move it around. 28

Paste into Selection: This option in Edit menu Pastes the copied content inside any current selection that has been made after copying the content. Paste into Selection in Place: This option in Edit menu Pastes the copied content right over the copied region if it falls inside any current selection that has been made after copying the content. Paste as: This submenu in Edit menu provides options to paste the copied content as a separate image, layer, brush or pattern. Brush and Pattern will then be available in the Tools Options. Layers In GIMP, an image can have more than one layer stacked one above each other. Each layer may contain one or more drawings or objects. The benefit with layers is that they make the editing and management of a complex image easier. Layers can be arranged above or below other layers. When we open or create and image, the default layer is Background layer. More layers can be added later on as and when required. The Layers Panel Layers can be managed using Layers panel. Go to Windows menu >Dockable Dialogs >Layers option to open up Layers panel. Creating and deleting layers: At the bottom of the Layers panel, Create a new layer button and Delete Layer buttons are available. To create a new layer:  Click on the Create a new layer button in the Layers panel.  In the dialog box, give a unique name to the layer. You can also set the opacity of the layer (lesser the opacity, higher the transparency).  Finally, click OK. 29

As shown here, the Layers panel is showing two newly created layers – House and Tree. Background layer is created by default when you create a new image. Hiding/ Unhiding Layers In the Layers panel, note that besides each layer there is an icon of eye which means layer is visible. Click on it and the layer will be hidden. It is a toggle option to hide/ show the layer. Locking/ Unlocking Layers Locking a layer means it cannot be edited until it is unlocked. By default, all layers are unlocked. Besides the hide/unhide eye icon, there is Lock/ unlock icon. This icon is visible when a layer is locked. If an icon of a chain is beside a layer then it means that layer is locked and hence not editable. Clicking on the chain icon unlocks the layer. Merging Layers and Flattening Image Adjacent layers in the Layers panel can be merged together into a single layer. To merge any layer with the layer just below it, right click on the layer name and select Merge Down option. Flattening the image means all the layers are merged into single layer that is Background. Flattening is done when the final image is created. Flattened image, once saved, cannot be un-flattened back into separate layers. To flatten image, right click on any layer and select Flatten Image option. Applying Filters Filters are special effects that can be applied to an image or a selected region. Filters enhance the look of the image. Filters are arranged in various categories available as submenus under Filters menu. To apply a filter: Select the desired region in the image on which filter is to be applied. Select desired filter from the set of submenus under Filters menu. WORKING WITH TOOLS, LAYERS AND FILTERS Let us take forward the exercise of layers House and Tree created earlier. To create drawing in a particular layer, that layer needs to be selected in the Layers panel. 1. Select layer House in the Layers panel 2. Select Pencil tool and do following settings in the Tool Options: • Opacity: 100% • Brush: 2. Hardness 075 30

• Aspect Ratio: 0.00 (for drawing solid thick line) 2 • Dynamics: Off 3. Draw a house as shown below. (To draw a straight line, click the first point, press Shift key and then click the second point of the line.) 4. Hide layer House and select layer Tree in the Layers panel. 5. Take Paintbrush tool and in Tools Options, select Brush Vegetation 01 6. Click on Foreground colour and select Green colour. 7. Click several times to create the tree top as shown here. 3 67 8 8. Change Foreground colour to darker brown shade and using 9 Pencil or Paintbrush draw a freehand closed tree trunk. 12 14 9. Take Bucket Fill tool. In Tools Options, take Pattern 15 fill as Tree Bark then click inside the tree trunk drawn. 10. Take Smudge tool, set its Size 20 and Hardness 50 then carefully apply on the outline and over the tree trunk to mix the colours. 11. Unhide and select layer House and fill the house with colours and patterns. 12. In Layers panel, click on Raise this layer one step… option to bring layer House above layer Tree. Now let us bring the house under the tree. Keep House selected. 13. Pick Rectangular selection tool and select around the house. Then, press Ctrl+X and then Ctrl+V 14. Click on the pasted house and drag it down. Let us apply a filter Hurl… under Noise category. 15. Using Free Select tool select the area around the green tree top. 16. Select Hurl… option in Noise submenu under Filters menu. 17. Click OK on the dialog box. 31

Glossary Feather : Smoothness of selection edges from sharp to blur. Cloning : Making a copy of the selection. Perspective : Providing a 3D look to the selection. Burn : Darkening the colour. Dodge : Lightening the colour. Quick Review  GIMP interface is composed of 4 main components: i.Toolbox, ii.Tool options, iii.Various panels and iv. Image window which displays the image to be created or edited.  Image Size can be set in New Image dialog box.  Tool Box contains variety of tools to select region in an image, drawing and painting tools and image manipulation tools.  Drawing and Painting tools in the Toolbox are used to create a new drawing or image.  Various selection tools provide different ways for easily selecting different regions of an image.  Selection tools have selection modes to add, subtract and intersect with the current selection.  Images or selected regions can be passed as separate image, brush, pattern or layer.  In GIMP, an image can have more than one layer stacked one above each other.  Each layer may contain one or more drawings or objects.  Layers make the editing and management of a complex image easier.  Background is the default layer.  Layers are managed using Layers panel.  Layers can be created, hidden/ unhidden, locked, deleted, rearranged, merged and flattened.  Filters are special effects that can be applied to an image or a selected region.  Filters menu provides choices of various filters. A. Choose the correct answer. 1. GIMP stands for ____________. a) Graphical Image Manipulation Program b) GIMP Image Manipulation Program c) GNU Image Manipulation Program d) Graphical Imaging Master Program 32

2. Image size in GIMP is in _______ by default. a) Centimetres b) Pixels c) Inches d) Millimetres 3. Angle, spacing, threshold, hardness and size are ________ in GIMP Toolbox. a) Options b) Tools c) Panels d) Menus 4. By default, GIMP provides ___________ layer. a) Layer1 b) No Layer c) Bottom Layer d) Background 5. Merging all the layers into single layer is done by which of the following options in Layers panel? a) Flatten image b) Merge down c) Merge all d) Finalise image B. Fill in the blanks. Shift, Threshold, Toolbox, Flattening, Templates 1. Tool option are displayed in the _____________ for the selected tool. 2. Predefined sizes for a new image are available in _________________ dropdown in Create New Image dialog box. 3. _______________ option sets the colour sensitivity for the selected tool. 4. Straight lines can be drawn using Pencil tool with _____________ key pressed. 5. ___________________ image means merging all the layers into one. C. Tick (3) the correct statement and cross (5) out the wrong one. 1. Gradient tool can only blend two colours at a time. 2. Layers help in easier management of the image creation process. 3. One layer can contain only one object at a time. 4. Background layer is situated at the bottom of all the layers. 5. The look of the image can be enhanced by applying filters. D. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the use of Pencil and Bucket Fill tools? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 33

2. What are the steps to stamp a region of an image? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. How are Subtract and Intersect selection modes different from each other? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4 What do you mean by Paste in Place and Paste into Selection? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. What do you mean by hiding and locking a layer? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 1. Create an image with three layers, each layer containing a sun, sky and sea respectively. Using various drawing and image manipulation tools and filters, create the three objects to make a sea view scenery. 2. Open any image of a scenery photograph clicked by you and increase the number of trees in it. 3. Open any image of a scenery photograph clicked by you and try different filters on various regions selected in the image. [e.g. changing the colours in the sky, mountains and land] Hint: Try various values of Threshold option of the selection tool you use for selecting any region of the image. Teacher's Signature : __________________ Teacher's Remark : WEB https://www.gimp.org/tutorials/ https://conceptartempire.com/free-gimp-tutorials/ LINKS Teacher’s Corner Teachers must give more lab exposure to the students in this chapter. 34

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