AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR More crowded WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN More beautiful Crowded More difficult The most charming Beautiful More diligent The most crowded Difficult More valuable The most beautiful Diligent More attractive The most difficult Valuable More expensive The most diligent Attractive More intelligent The most valuable Expensive More important The most attractive Intelligent The most expensive Important The most random + The most intelligent Noun The most important More random More splendid The most splendid More charming Irregular comparison / tingkat perbandingan tidak teratur. Positive degree Smaller Good Later Well Elder Many Farther Much Further Bad Latter Badly Superlative degree Ill The best + Noun Little The best Little The most Late The most Old The worst Far The worst Far The worst Late The least Comparative degree The smallest Better The latest Better The eldest More The farthest More The furthest Worse The last Worse Worse Less 51
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN Pemakaian dalam kalimat / comparative degree : 1. Memperbandingkan satu lawan satu. 2. Memperbandingkan satu golongan dengan golongan lain. Contoh : Ali is fatter than Ani John is cleverer than Tono Ana is more beautiful than Ana Medan is more crowded than Padang Pemakaian dalam kalimat / superlative degree : Memperbandingkan satu diantara banyak benda, orang, atau binatang. Examples : I am the cleverest student in this class Tini is the most beautiful girl in this class III. Absolute Superlative : untuk menyatakan paling Examples : This is the most interesting one. His father is the richest one. IV. Equal comparison. Berbanding seimbang. Examples : That house is as large as that one. My pencil is as long as yours My car is as new as his My shoes is as cheap as hers V. Negative comparison / berbanding berlawanan. Examples : That girl is not beautiful as Ani. This course is not so good as that one. VI. Cara membentuk kalimat semakin lama semakin …………….. / comparative and comparative. Examples : Ani looks more and more beautiful. Ani kelihatannya semakin lama semakin cantik. You come later and later. Kamu datang semakin lama semakin terlambat. VII. Cara membentuk kalimat semakin …………. semakin …………… / the comparative …………. the comparative …… Examples : 1. The sooner the better. 2. The more beautiful you are the happier I feel. 3. The longer I know you the deeper my love to you. 4. The richer I am the happier I feel. 5. The poorer you are the less friends come. 6. The fatter you are the sooner you will die. 7. The more money you have the more things you want. 52
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN 8. The deeper the river is the more dangerous you swim. 9. The faster you drive a car the faster you achieve your destination. Compound Personal Pronoun / Reflexive Pronoun. Self / selves = diri sendiri Compound = penggabungan Personal = yang bersifat pribadi / langsung mangambil bagian dalam suatu kejadian tersebut. Pronoun = Kata pengganti orang / benda / binatang. SELF = diri sendiri ( singular ) SELVES = diri sendiri ( jamak ) Pronoun Compound Personal Pronoun I MYSELF = diri saya sendiri YOU YOURSELF = diri kamu sendiri YOU YOUR SELVES = diri kamu sendiri ( jamak ) WE OURSELVES = diri kami sendiri THEY THEMSELVES = diri mereka sendiri HE HIMSELF = diri dia sendiri ( lk ) SHE HERSELF = diri dia sendiri ( pr ) IT ITSELF = diri dia sendiri ( benda / binatan I. Pokok langsung dengan diri sendiri melakukan pekerjaan. - I myself gave that book to Ahmad. - Helen herself cooks the meal for you. - My mother herself went to visit him. - We ourselves heard the news. II. Sebagai penegasan, bahwa pokok sendiri yang berkemauan atau berbuat ( bukan orang lain ) - Our parents themselves said to Mr. Ali himself. - Your children themselves wanted to play here, you know ? - My father himself bought the house. 53
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN III. Penderita langsung menerima perbuatan pokok tanpa perantara. - Teacher gave the gift to Mr. Ali himself. - He threw a fish to a dog itself. - She mentioned the worst word to my mother herself. IV. Menyatakan sesuatu mengenai diri sendiri. - She likes to talk about herself. - I look at myself in the mirror . - He killed himself with a pistol. V. BY ……………………….. SELF = ALONE - I made this homework by myself. - My grandfather hoes this kitchen garden by himself. VI. Pengguna OWN yang artinya sendiri untuk possessive and genitive case. Kita tidak perlu lagi memakai self / selves. Examples :My own mistake = kesalahan saya sendiri Is this your own ? = Apakah ini milikmu sendiri You are the only friend of my own = kamu adalah satu-satunya temanku. He lives on his own = dia hidup sendiri Use your own equipment = gunakanlah peralatanmu sendiri VII. OWNSELF = dengan possessive pronoun = sendiri untuk menekankan pokok / dari kepunyaan sendiri/ untuk lebih menguatkan. My ownself = diri saya sendiri Your ownself = diri kamu sendiri Our ownself = dirik kami/kita sendiri Their ownself = diri mereka sendiri His ownself = diri dia sendiri / lk / Her ownself = diri dia sendiri / pr / Its ownself = diri dia / benda / binatang / sendiri Examples : You do it your ownself = Dirimu sendiri yang melakukannya. They made stupid their ownself = Diri mereka sendiriyang membodohinya. VIII. Sesudah kata penghubung as ………………………… as + Reflexive pronoun. Examples : I am as tall as himself. I am not so lazy as herself. IX. ONESELF : Dipakai untuk kerja. 54
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN My sister is already clever to dress Examples : the machine can apply oneself. oneself. X. Pengganti pokok-pokok pronoun yang penderitanya adalah pokok sendiri. Examples : I teach me ( wrong ). I teach myself ( true ) 1. I never taught myself to play piano. 2. Please pinch yourself, is it nice or pain ? 3. What do you speak to yourself about ? 4. Don’t cheat yourself ? 5. It means, she killed herself ? XI. SELF pengganti pokok pronoun yang kedua. Examples : Mother and myself went there yesterday. You and himself went to Bali two days ago. RELATIVE PRONOUN Relative Pronoun = Kata penghubung pengganti kata benda. I. WHO : Dipakai jika kata yang digantikan pada kalimat kedua adalah pokok / subject ( golongan orang ) Examples : Saya mencari Ahmad. Ahmad menjual roti. Saya mencari Ahmad yang menjual roti. = I’m looking for Ahmad who sells the bread. II. WHOM : Dipakai jika kata yang digantikan pada kalimat kedua adalah penderita ( golongan orang ). 55
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN Examples : Itulah orangnya. Saya melihatnya kemarin. Itulah orangnya yang saya lihat kemarin. = That is the man whom I saw yesterday. III. WHICH : Dipakai jika kata yang digantikan pada kalimat kedua adalah pokok/subject ( golongan binatang/benda ) Examples : Ibumu membunuh kucing. Kucing mencuri ikan. Ibu membunuh kucing yang mencuri ikan. = Mother killed the cat which stole the fish. IV. WHOSE : Dipakai jika kata yang digantikan pada kalimat kedua menyatakan milik dari golongan orang. Examples : Panggilkan si Ali. Ibunya meninggal dunia kemarin. Panggilkan si Ali yang ibunya meninggal kemarin. = Please call Ali whose mother died yesterday. V. OF WHICH = Dipakai jika kata yang digantikan pada kalimat kedua adalah kepunyaan dari golongan binatang/benda. Examples : Apakah kamu melihat sapi bitam ? tanduknya patah. Apakah kamu melihat sapi hitam yang tanduknya patah ? Do you see the black cow of which horn is broken ? VI. TO/FOR/AT/WITH/WITH = Dipakai jika kata yang digantikan pada kalimat kedua adalah penderita (golongan orang ) Examples : Ini adalah Mr. Ali, Saya member uang kepadanya kemarin. Ini adalah Mr. Ali yang kepadanya saya memberi uang kemarin. This is Mr. Ali to whom I gave money yesterday. Ingatkah kamu anak muda yang bersamanya saya pergi tadi malam ? Do you remember the guy with whom I went last night ? VII.Relative pronoun THAT : Examples : The book that I bought yesterday is lost. The man that is standing over there is Mr. Burhan. The gentleman that you saw yesterday is my uncle. VIII. THAT dapat juga dipakai untuk semua golongan, baik orang, binatang maupun benda. Jadi dengan sendirinya kata penghubung pengganti kata benda akan dijumpai dua macam. 56
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN a. Continuative relative clause = membatasi kata benda yang mendahului. Examples : His father who is a lawyer, lives on Jl. Sekolah. The book which is read in colour, is a story book. b. Restrictive relative clause = membatasi kata benda yang mendahului. Examples : The plan that was discussed was agreed complete. Please wash the shirt that is dirty. THAT umumnya dijumpai sebagai pengganti WHO dan WHOM jika didahului oleh : - YOU : you that know so much about the matter. - ONLY : He is the only boy that can give us information. - SINGLE : Not a single word that I can mention to him. - ALL : All that has been said was true. - THING : Anything, something, everything. Nothing that was left by him. - SUPERLATIVE : This is the best story that I found in that library. Relative pronoun dapat juga DIHAPISKAN SEPERTI DALAM KALIMAT : - This is man whom I spoke yesterday. - This is the man I spoke about yesterday. ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION I. A. AND …………………… TOO = JUGA / untuk kalimat positif (+) 1. I study English. You study English. I study English and you do too. 2. He drivers a car. She drivers a car He drivers a car and she does too. 3. A man will go to Bali. A woman will go to Bali. A man will go to Bali and a woman will too. 4. Yesterday Rini bought a book. Yesterday Budi bought a book. Yesterday Rini bought a book and Budi did too. 5. My sister has sold a house. My friend has sold a house. My sister has sold a house and my friend has too. II. AND SO ………………………. = JUGA / untuk kalimat positif (+). 1. I study English. You study English. I study English and so do you. 57
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN 2. He drivers a car. She drivers a car. He drivers a car and so does she. 3. A man will go to Bali. A woman will go to Bali. A man will go to Bali and so will a woman. 4. Yesterday Rini bought a book . yesterday Budi bought a book Yesterday Rini bought a book and so did Budi. 5. My sister has sold a house. My friend has sold a house. My sister has sold a house and so has my friend. III. AND NEITHER ………………………. = JUGA untuk kalimat negative (-). 1. They don’t speak Spanish. We don’t speak Spanish. They don’t speak Spanish and neither do we. 2. John doesn’t help the man. Joko doesn’t help the man. John doesn’t help the man and neither does Joko. 3. A boy can’t understand French. A girl can’t understand French. A boy can’t understand French and neither can a girl. 4. The man didn’t steal my money yesterday. the woman didn’t steal my money yesterday. The man didn’t steal my money yesterday and neither did the woman. 5. He hasn’t helped the girl. She hasn’t helped the girl. He hasn’t helped the girl and neither has she. IV. AND …………………… EITHER = JUGA / untuk kalimat menidakkan (-). 1. I don’t go. You don’t go. I don’t go and you don’t either. 2. My brother doesn’t come. His brother doesn’t come. My brother doesn’t come and his brother doesn’t either. 3. A beautiful girl mustn’t live here. A handsome man mustn’t live here. A beautiful girl mustn’t live here and a handsome man mustn’t either. 4. Two days ago didn’t come to school. Two days ago she didn’t come to school. Two days ago didn’t come to school and two days ago she didn’t either. 5. He hasn’t come here. She hasn’t come here. He hasn’t come here and she hasn’t either. 58
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR WRITTEN BY : MR. HERMAN ENGLISH IS A PARTNER TO REACH OUR GOAL 59
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