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8/ :d? C:Û D a=9 «Õ C; ab7 d (CaO dÛ ± R= ± `=»±S:Ù ± P ÏP ©C<= dÛ ± R= ± ÏP Рû±S:Ù 9 `8: d± ER± Ãb C . ©ER± ¹Û ±bÒ dÛ ± R= ± `= µP Ð `8: ÔQ± ^Ù C6± C .² ©^Ù C6± ±Q c9 \\Ø92Ù ÔQ± _ ± C .³PÛ / a;= \\R ` ÔR= ± R ± ` dÛ ± R= ± ZØ;0Ù .¶ E=gCS=6± EC ± ¼b» Rº Z dÛ R= c¯ ÔR= ± R ± ÎbÛ Ù ÔQ± ^Ù C69 EÒ¼b:± ESR± E¹C4:Ù ± D± .¹ .¹±b:9 ¢
yfbM&bF>e yfbM&bF>e ´CbR c9 Ôb d4= R j :Limestone ÔR= ± R ± E»¹ d ÃC6»± :Global warming d:C4± Ô»±R ± ½C± (¡ ¿ .Ïb= C8± Ë
5± d E=P± ´±¼C ´C=:ú ¹C¹¼ E = À»M± ³»±R (ÐbÒR H+ Ðb N; c9 »¹C Ðb Ò «ÔSÙ :Acid W: ± (¡ ¿ .ÔbÛ ± ( ¿ .³PC7 c¯ Ô¹Û @Ù `= M± Z ³¹K C ^Ù C6 :Combustion ̱R± Ë
5± d ³¹bb ´±¼C :Greenhouse gases E=P± ´±¼C (¡ ¿ .E»±R EC µC4± ` C<4;:Ò À»M± ` E4Ú ;:Ù ± ³»±R ± VL : dÒ ÔbÛ ± ̱R± E=9: :Incomplete combustion ^C8± R= ̱R± (¡ ¿ .«C16± c¯ ²RL ± .dgS Ù ± CP Ù ?Ò `= M± ` ³¹ÒP E=:Û d ³¹C:± ´±»Û Q± E¹CÙÒ E9C ´±¼C :Noble gases E9=;± ´±¼C5± (¡ ¿ (¡ ¿ .Ô»ÒP± ÎÒP ± ` VIII Eb: :± RjC; dÒ ³¹C:± ̱R± E=9: :Complete combustion ^C8± ̱R± (ÐbÒR H+ Ðb Îb c9 »¹C Ðb Ò «ÔSÙ :Base ³PC7± (¡ ¿ .^C8± CP Ù ?Ò `= M± ` ³RÒ d ( ¿ .W: ` Ðb=C E=C PP db »C ± :Flame test D<9± »C ± Îb9 c¯ C<Ch¯ P; C<b R=K 5 ³¹C :Indicator û C8± (¢ ¿ .a ; ÔQ± D<9± Ðb ` (£ ¿ .Ôb9 Îb9 Ò d1: E=9: :Flue gas desulfurisation ` ±P:± ¼C ` FR8± E±¼¯ OH– ´Cb ^8ú /ÙÒ «C:± d ²ÒQ ³PC :Alkali Eb97± ³¹C:± ¼C E±¼ EPC ³¹C ÏP ØÒ ZC0:± ` ±P d _Û ( ¿ .dgC:± C<b9 d ̱R± ´C=Û 9: Î
G4Ú ;:Ù ± d1: ± FR8± P= dgC; ÏC3 d a=R _Û ¼C< :Catalytic converter ¼C6Û ± Îbú :Ù ± (¡ ¿ .Ô»b6M± ¹bb± ¹±b:± ^b ]ºÒ ¥C<; HC;± µbL 9± ` PÛ 9 ³»C=Û ± ϹC ` E¼C ´CK RÙ :Nitrogen oxides `=ÒR=;± P= C (¡ ¿ .±»Õ Rh ^Û E C ¹±b c¯ Ebú 9:Ù ± E = ÐbK 8 (NOx EC4± C<5=j `= M±Ò `=ÒR=;± E=1: ´Cbú 9Ù c9 Ôb R2 :Acid rain d1: ± R2:± ´C»¹ P; «±b<± d `Ü¹Ø bb:± `= M±Ò `=ÒR=;± ^Ù C6 .E=± d ±»Õ ±Rh Dú ÙÒ Ô»b6M± ¹bb± ÌR E = FbK 8 (¡ ¿ .´±»C=Û ± ´CRú Ù d µP C: E46R:Ù ± ³»±R ± (¡ ¿ :Amphoteric metal oxide (¹¹ú R:Ù ± ²QÚ Q:Ù ± SÛ 96± P= ^Ù C6 ^=: :Net ionic equation E=C0± E=bM± E¹C4:Ù ± .«CÒ N9 ¶C Eb9 ³¹C Ò W: Z ^C6 SÛ 9 P= E C;± ¹±b:±Ò ^Ø C6 d± ´CbM± X7 R<Ú 3Ù dgC=:= (£ ¿ ´CbM±Ò E9C6:Ù ± ¹±b:± Ò ´CbM± ]9 ` Ebú 8:Ù ± E»¹ d ¹RÚ 2K :Ù ± ÃC6»± :Greenhouse effect E=P± R=? (¢ ¿ .(¹±b:± ]9 ` E C;± Ë
5± d E=P± ´±¼C ´C=:ú ¹C¹¼ E = À»M± ³»±R Balanced symbol EÒ¼b:± ESR± E=gC=:=8± E¹C4:Ù ± (¡ ¿ .ÔbÛ ± [=Ø 0±Ò RjC;4± ¼b» ÏP R=4 :chemical equation PP dgC=:= »C ± :Qualitative analysis db;± ^=9 ± ¹±P a= Ðb8 dgC=:=8± ^Ù C6± ^=: ´CK R:Ù 9 E=gC=:=8± EK RÙ Ðb8Ò E¹C4:Ù ± dØ R
c9 E9C: C<±bÒ ´±»Û Q± ( ¿ .C<Cbú 8Ù P Ò C ³¹Û C E=C `Ü=Øb9 X9 P; E9j ³¹C: ÐbL 8 :Precipitation D= R± .E9C6:± ¹±b:C E»C7 E C;± ¹±b:± d û9 ^8/ ( ¿ (¢ ¿ .Îb9 ^ ±¹ ¼C OÛ h P; Ò C4Õ ^Ù C6± ` R=4 :Word equation E=369± E=gC=:=8± E¹C4:Ù ± W: `= µP ^Ù C6 :Neutralisation ι٠C4± ^Ù C6 E9 ±P± E=gC=:=8± ´CK R:Ù ±Ò RjC;4± «C: ? dgC=:=8± (¡ ¿ .«CÒ N9 a; H;Ò ³PCÒ ( ¿ .^Ù C6± ` E C;±Ò dgC=:= ^Ù C6 :Thermal decomposition Ô»±R ± ]8L 6± ½C=7 ÏPØ Ù ÏC3 :pH scale d;=Ò»P=<± _R± ½C=7 .X ¹±b c¯ DK R:Ù ± ]8L 6 `:K 1Ò DK RÙ `= aú .14 c¯ 0 ` a:= ¶»Û P G= ¥(H+ Ðb S=R ³¹C Ehb: (¡¡ ¿ ( ¿ R 9 Ô»±R ± ]8L 6± ` E C ³¹K C :Lime d ± R= ± d `=Ò»P=<± ^Û SÛ 9 ^Û CP; ÐbK 8 DK RÙ :Salt N9:± (¡ ¿ .Ïb= C8± P= dgC=:=8± _ ± ^: bÒ ÔR= ± ( ¿ .W: ± ¢
zi az50-ac>Va¿O5aW>a¿²yfy^a 1=jNbaw0q-a`q-\"a III pLeeUÐ 2 IV pLeeUÐ V pLeeUÐ He VI pLeeUÐ VII pLeeUÐ êHehldiuhwm pLeeUÐ 4 VIII 10 27 28 29 30 5 6 7 8 9 Ne Co Ni Cu Zn B C N O F Nëeohni 20 Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc ëBÚoírÚon= ëCar=b}oTn Nhi@troíg}ehni OhxygeTnÌ FlÚuordiRne 11 12 14 16 19 18 qUn=T chi Üni hÉÚnB 59 59 64 65 13 14 15 16 17 Ar 45 46 47 48 Al Si P S Cl ëArgQoÚnÌ 40 Rh Pd Ag Cd êAluhmfhYiniuUÌm ëSiclichdohnH PhÚosapHhorRus qSux}lfuTr CÚhlodrTine 27 28 31 32 35.5 36 Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium 31 32 33 34 35 Kr êxØíÚ êxØøn= p\\R êhYØnT 103 106 108 112 Ga Ge As Se Br Krypton 77 78 79 80 Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine ëx}T 84 Ir Pt Au Hg êhUnQ êhinY}h@ zhiÚÛ êhfhdhH êí}= 70 73 75 79 80 54 Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury 49 50 51 52 53 Xe êx{xÚÎ h>Ć= owÙ ýÛ 192 195 197 201 In Sn Sb Te I Xenon Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine ëfxÛ 131 êx{iÎ }x{[S ëehiÌ êxÚdh> Øx 115 119 122 128 127 86 81 82 83 84 85 Rn Tl Pb Bi Po At Radon Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine ëíØÐÚ – êhUn? ÞnÉÚ ÔY~h= êhiU= h>nHÌ 204 207 209 – – 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Eêuroh=píiÚumíÌ êGadhfohUliínØiunmQ Têerbh=i}uhm> êDyhsHpíro}siumxØ êHohlemhUiumw Eêrbhi=u}mxÎ TêhuhlUium? Yêttehr=b}iuxmÎ êLuhteZtihu>mU 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium êhH}hYÌ êxÚT êhdhT}h= êhiÚahUnT êhfxnZiÌ êhY}hR êhahdx{inY êhdh=i êhiÚíø – – – – – – – – – ¢
1=jNbaw0q-a`q-\"a ÖnaeUÐ a a = ïÚ|UÐ Ø{_UÐ X = ~Y}UÐ I pLeeUÐ X II pLeeUÐ HøÐ b b = phfUÐ pxö Ú|UÐ pdcUÐ 1 1 ÒÚí{UÐ 3 4 21 22 23 24 25 2 ÒÚí{UÐ H 3 ÒÚí{UÐ Li Be Sc Ti V Cr Mn 4 ÒÚí{UÐ Hydrogen 5 ÒÚí{UÐ Lithium Beryllium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Ma~nhfg`afnYese 6 ÒÚí{UÐ 55 h@íÚ{hw 7 ÒÚí{UÐ êhhU êhdx}= êx{incH êhinh> êxØnfR êí}T 1 7 9 45 48 51 52 43 39 26 11 12 40 41 42 Tc Y Fe Na Mg Zr Nb Mo TeêchhnZehtfiucm> êYttxr}iuxmÎ – Iron Sodium Magnesium 89 êZihricoTn}iuxmÛ Nêiohb=iuhmi Mêolhyib{dheUnuYm 91 93 96 75 {x{A êxØÉ êhhfQnY La 56 23 24 to 72 73 74 Re 44 Lu 19 20 Hf Ta W Rhenium Ru Ac K Ca to Hafnium Tantalum Tungs`tefn> êhfxÚ Rêuthhfehn?íiuÚm Lr 184 186 101 PêotahHssniu>m= êCahlciuUmnT êhfRnw êUnin> 76 39 40 178 181 Os 37 38 êOshmYiÛuímÌ Rb Sr 190 êRubx{idhi=uímÚ êSthrZoniíti}umH 86 88 55 56 Cs Ba Cêaexs~iuhHm BêarxiuÚmn= 133 137 87 88 Fr Ra Francium Radium êhiÐ}R êxØÐÚ – – 57 58 59 60 61 62 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium êiniø êx}hH êhexØxÛÐ}= êhexØhi êhhYí}= êxÚnYnH 139 140 141 144 – 150 89 90 91 92 93 94 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium êhfhTÌ êxÚ? êhfhTn>í}= êhiÐÚx êhii êhi>d= – – – – – – ¢
RP7ÒR8 ϱP ± Ìb7 _< ; ` Z=: c¯ ^S ± R8/C ÐÒR C;±Ò Ðb6@:± ab _ P< ^8 _RP7 ` ²±R± d _<» ` _RCÒ ._<4±R Ò _»¹C0 CR0Ò CRº ^= a ¯ ^:4± ±Q ¼C a±P ± _ »P0 ^ RºÒ aQ E¹C7± O ;± d ÑRº _R aA ZR Ò »P0 ÔM _<C6¯ ÎC dÒ .C4Õ =: .²C8± ±Q ` Bjoern Wylezich/Shutterstock; DAVID MUNNS/SPL; Peter Dazeley/Getty Images; Jeremy Pardoe/Alamy Stock Photo; chromatos/Getty Images (x2); Teevit Lertchaturaporn/Shutterstock; Deyan Georgiev/Shutterstock; EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY/AEOS MEDIALAB/SPL; ©Leslie Garland Picture Library; ANDREW LAMBERT PHOTOGRAPHY/SPL; CHARLES D. WINTERS/ SPL; ANDREW LAMBERT PHOTOGRAPHY/SPL; TREVOR CLIFFORD PHOTOGRAPHY/SPL (x2); ANDREW LAMBERT PHOTOGRAPHY/SPL; Nneirda/Shutterstock; ARNOLD FISHER/SPL; MARTYN F. CHILLMAID/ SPL; CHARLES D. WINTERS/SPL; MARTYN F. CHILLMAID/SPL; ANDREW LAMBERT PHOTOGRAPHY/SPL; DEA / G. CIGOLINI/DeAgostini/Getty Images; ANDREW LAMBERT PHOTOGRAPHY/SPL (x4); ESA/KEVIN A HORGAN/SPL; ©Leslie Garland Picture Library; joebelanger/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images; ASTRID & HANNS-FRIEDER MICHLER/SPL; Oman Ministry of Education SPL = Science Photo Library
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