May 2022 edition

under the aegis of Association of Civil Engineering (ACE), IE (I) - Civil Engineering Students Chapter, Department of Civil Engineering Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam KAVACH CANAKKALE BRIDGE MAY 2022 nirmaangvpcea.blogspot.com [email protected]

Content page Page No KAVACH 10 8 7 5 3 CANAKKALE BRIDGE FUNZONE STUDENT ARTICLE Announcement OUR TEAM CHIEF EDITOR : D. JASWANTH (19131A0122) PUBLISHING CHIEF EDITORS : B. DATTATREYA (19131A0106) COVER DESIGN : G. SAI NITHISHA (19131A0130) FACULTY CO-ORDINATOR MENTOR & PROFESSOR-INCHARGE : Y. HARIKA (19131A0197) (STUDENTS' CHAPTERS) : K. S. S. K. MUKUND (20131A0152) : G. ISAAC (21135A0104) : P. MANMADHARAO (20131A0170) : CH. E. JOSEPH PAUL (20131A0122) : Dr. G. SANTOSH KUMAR : Prof. Dr. MANCHIKANTI SRINIVAS

KAVACH The automatic Train Protection (ATP) System In 2012, India began developing its Automatic Train Protection (ATP) or collision avoidance system known as 'Kavach' to improve train safety. Kavach, which means armor, is developed as a part of the Indian Railways' goal to achieve zero accidents. Safety Integrity Level-4 is the highest safety and reliability standard set by the Research Design and Standards Organization. On March 4, 2022, a live demonstration of Kavach's operation took place between Gullaguda and Chitgidda railway stations in Secunderabad Division. In the South-Central Railway zone, the Kavach system is already in use on 65 locomotives, a 1445km track, and 134 stations. Kavach is a set of electronic equipment installed in locomotives that use the global positioning system (GPS) and includes microprocessors and radio frequency identification devices. The trains are equipped with anti-collision sensors. The signaling system and the rails communicate via highly high radio frequencies to operate train brakes and warn drivers, all depending on their logic. If the driver fails to regulate the train according to the speed regulations, the Kavach system immediately engages the train braking system. The Kavach protection system is designed so that if one loco comes in front of the engine, the Kavach immediately stops the engine from a distance of 380m. The Kavach system can send immediate impulses when a loco pilot crosses a stop signal called Signal Passed At Danger (SPAD) by continuously renewing a train's movement information. Kavach alerts the driver when the train is close to gates or intersections. Loop-line crossing was also tried, where the armor restricts the engine speed to 30kmph while crossing the loop-line. Do you know? Nirmaan | 3 Running Shoes are designed by Engineers. Engineers determine how much force travels from the pavement through the shoe to the foot. Through their calculations and design, weight is dispersed through the entire foot, allowing better performance and comfort.

Kavach has been installed on a 1098km track in the central railway as part of the South-Central Railway's ongoing development. Under the \"Mission Raftar\" project, Kavach will also be put in the 3009km Delhi-Mumbai and Delhi-Howrah corridors. It will also make it easier for trains to run in bad weather, such as dense fog. According to the Railway Ministry, the Indian Railways' High- Density Network and Highly Used Network lines, transport 96% of train travel. The national transporter is taking up the Kavach system development in a focused manner to transport this train traffic safely.The Union Budget for 2022 plans to expand the rail network to 2,000km using 'Kavach' technology as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Kavach improves rail operations in terms of safety, security, and punctuality. The Kavach system would help prevent rail track incidents such as train collisions. When the system is activated, all trains within a 5-kilometer radius will halt to protect trains on nearby tracks. is being marketed as the world's cheapest automatic railway collision safety system, with an operating cost of only Rs. 50 lakh per kilometre, compared to over Rs. 2 crore worldwide. SOURCE: http://surl.li/ccfen http://surl.li/ccfei http://surl.li/ccfed http://surl.li/ccfdx “Engineers like to solve problems. If there are no problems handily available, they will create their own problems.” -Scott Adams ( 1957 - present), writer, political commentator Nirmaan | 4

CANAKKALE BRIDGE The 1915 Canakkale Bridge is the world’s longest suspension bridge, spanning 4.6km across the Dardanelles Strait in the Canakkale province of Turkey, located at the western end of the Marmara Sea. The main span of the Canakkale Bridge is 2,023m, with side spans of 770m. The two unique red towers of the Canakkale Bridge stand at 318m, making it the world's tallest suspension bridge. The project's total cost is estimated to be US$3.41 billion. The bridge was constructed by a group of Turkish and South Korean companies which was designed in Denmark. This bridge connects Europe and Asia and spans one of the world's busiest commercial routes. The construction began in December 2017 and was opened for traffic on March 18, 2022. The bridge structure comprised of a reinforced concrete deck suspended from two shear-connected longitudinal steel box beams coupled with steel crossbeams supported by external cantilevers. The high- strength concrete meets the requirements for a 120-year service life guarantee. The foundation pillars are two enormous caissons with a height of 20m. These caissons have a surface area of 74m x 83m and are positioned at a depth of 45 m. After that, additional steel platforms were added to allow the steel towers to be mounted above. This project involved 3,50,000cu.m of concrete work and bridge structure components such as foot bases, concrete anchor blocks/wall concrete, and bridge feet for offshore casting. Do You know? The ancient Egyptians were some of the first civil engineers, constructing pyramids and other monumental structures. Nirmaan | 5

The bridge is marked by several challenges, such as high seismic activity, ship impact loads, high wind loads for aerodynamic stability, and specific concerns such as traffic loads which all had to be considered. For a long-span suspension bridge, strong winds are always a concern. After the completion of the towers, the cables were stretched strand by strand in a process that took more than 1,62,000km of wire. Then the main deck was suspended from the cables with the clearance of about 72m. The deck was built using a twin box girder structure with a 9m gap between them, allowing more wind to travel through the bridge. The boxes are connected with cross beams, which increases the bridge's aerodynamic stability. 45,000 vehicles are expected to cross the bridge every day. According to President Erdogan, the project is expected to save US$458 million per year by reducing fuel consumption and carbon emissions. The project will also help improve traffic safety by reducing the number of intersections, which are a significant cause of accidents. It reduces traffic congestion and travel times increase road safety and promotes the integration of the national road network. The bridge will reduce traffic congestion in Istanbul, which experiences considerable traffic intake from Europe, directly linking to the southwest region. The primary goal of the Canakkale Bridge project was to connect Turkey's European and Asian shores by reducing the travel time to just six minutes. SOURCE: http://surl.li/cceze http://surl.li/ccezv http://surl.li/ccezy http://surl.li/ccfah http://surl.li/ccfai Do You know? John Smeaton constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse, and he was the first civil engineer. Nirmaan | 6

FUNZON E CROSSWORD ACROSS DOWN 1. Electronic/optical instrument used in modern 2. The ratio of length to the radius of gyration k, surveying and building construction_____ ______ 4. Device used for calculating the velocity of 3. Father of soil mechanics ______ flow at any point in a pipe or a channel_____ 5. The process of strength loss and gain with no 8. The process by which a soil mass decreases alteration in volume or water content____ in volume in response to either natural or 6. The operation that involves assessing and man-made loadings_____ recording details about an area of land____ Solution 7. Movement of water in soils____ Nirmaan | 7

Self Healing Concrete STUDENT by P. Jyothsna ARTICLE Civil-2, 3rd year Self-healing concrete is a new type of concrete. It resembles the natural healing of body wounds through the secretion of material. To make self-healing concrete, unique materials (such as fibres or capsules) containing adhesive liquids are mixed into the concrete. When cracks appear, the fibres or capsules will break, and the fluid within them will immediately heal the crack. It is mainly defined as the ability of concrete to repair cracks on its own. It's also known as self- repairing concrete. Concrete cracks are a common occurrence due to their low tensile strength. These cracks reduce the durability of concrete by providing an easy path for the transportation of liquids and gases that may contain harmful substances. If microcracks grow and reach the reinforcement, the concrete will be compromised, and also the reinforcement will also corrode. As a result, it is critical to control crack width and heal cracks as soon as possible. Self-healing concrete cracks would extend the service life of concrete structures and make the material more durable and more sustainable. Factors influencing self healing: Research has concluded that many factors may influence self-healing abilities. There are five major factors to consider: a. Moisture content: pilot specimens stored in water heal more effectively on their own. b. Crack width: cracks with a width of less than 0.3 mm can be completely healed. Cracks larger than 0.3 mm in width may not heal. After about 200 hours, cracks with a width of 0.1 mm are completely healed. Furthermore, 0.2 and 0.3 mm wide cracks usually heal within 30 days. Cracks ranging in width from 0.15 to 0.3 mm shrink significantly in 7 days and heal completely in 33 days. c. Time for hydration: prolonged hydration can improve self-healing performance. d. Applying proper pressure to cracks: applying adequate pressure to cracks can stimulate better self-healing ability. e. Water–cement ratio: a higher water-cement ratio contains more unreacted cement particles that can be used for further hydration to increase calcium carbonate production. Advantages of Self Healing: It has the potential to last for decades or centuries. This is the most significant advantage of self-healing concrete. This guarantees that we will never have to replace the concrete surface during its lifetime. Self-healing concrete requires less maintenance. Cracks in standard concrete must be filled and sealed. However, you don't have to do or worry about this with self-healing concrete. Concrete's compressive strength has improved. Nirmaan | 8

Disadvantages of Self Healing: One of the most significant disadvantages it currently has is the cost. It is more expensive than regular concrete. Perhaps the cost will come down as self-healing concrete becomes more common. It is now uncommon. This product is still relatively unknown among contractors. Because it is a new product, many people have no idea how to use it. There is currently no code in place to standardise self-healing concrete. Conclusion: A self-healing concrete has several essential characteristics, including low pollution, low cost, environmental friendliness, and improved durability in harsh environments. These characteristics make them effective, sustainable building materials. The development of nanomaterial-based self-healing concretes with improved performance and endurance that can be used in various applications represents a new direction in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Environmental pollution can be significantly reduced by using high-strength and durable cementitious composites made from various nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and nanofibers. Nanotechnology-based material production will play an essential role in achieving long-term development in building and construction. Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/self-healing-concrete Nirmaan | 9

ANNOUNCEMENT JOB-RELATED NOTIFICATIONS S.NO DETAILS DATES SOURCE 1 SSNR Projects Private Limited submit Resumes to https://ssnrprojects.co Visakhapatnam, Civil Engineer the below E-mail m/careers/ [email protected] Fresher 2 MPPSC,State Engineering Service 03-06-2022 https://www.mponline. 2021 – 466 Posts gov.in/ ACE- NOTIFICATIONS S.NO NAME UPCOMING EVENTS DATES 1 IEI New board Recruitment 20-06-2022 2 New board Recruitment 15-06-2022 3 IGBC 13-06-2022 ICE Eloquent debate Nirmaan | 10