JHEN-ERNEST-B.-SARABIA-11-EGYPTIAN

DIGITAL SPORTS HANDBOOK JHEN ERNEST B. SARABIA 11 - EGYPTIAN

BASKETBALL Basketball is a game that was coined by a sports teacher named James Naismith in 1891. At that time, James wanted to create a game that his students could play in a closed room, especially in winter. Over time, this game grew and became known as basketball. This game spread in America and continues to grow rapidly until today. Around 1930, basketball associations began to appear in various cities in Indonesia, starting in Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, etc. Basketball grew rapidly after Indonesia’s independence in 1945. Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24 cm) in diameter) through the defender's hoop (a basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter mounted 10 feet (3.048 m) high to a backboard at each end of the court, while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop.

COURT DIMENSION The playing area of a basketball court in the UK is 91.8ft (28m) in length and 49.21ft (15m) wide. Indoor courts should be 22.96ft (7m) in height. Sport England's requirements are split into four levels of play: International, Premier (national competition), Club (regional competition) and Community (schools/recreational). This allows courts to be more flexible with sizes. The dimensions of a basketball court in these cases also include a minimum length and width: 85.3ft (26m) x 45.93ft (14m). How long is a basketball court? The length of a basketball court is 28m. These measurements can be reduced to 26m for Premier, Club and Community courts where only smaller spaces are available. How wide is a basketball court? The width of an International-standard basketball court in the UK is usually 15m. The court lines can be reduced by no more than 1m (14m) if required for lower levels of play. What is the total area of a basketball court? The total area of a professional basketball court is 420m². The minimum area allowed under Basketball England's guidance is 364m². These measurements apply to both indoor and outdoor courts. The addition of 2.05m run-offs and 2m for teams and officials on the sideline increases the total area to 677.31m².

Sidelines Basketball court markings The outer edge of the court is denoted by the sidelines, which run the length of the court. On a Regulation line markings must be 50mm width in a full-sized court they measure 28m. Baseline and endline contrasting colour to the playing surface. The terms baseline and endline both refer to the ends of the court running behind the goals. Typically they measure 15m. The use of the different terms depends on the direction a team is playing. Endline is the term for the end of the court which a team is defending, baseline is the for the attacking end. Mid court This is the halfway mark on the court and is used to denote the offensive playing area during a game. On a full-sized court, the mid court line would be 14m from each endline. Centre circle Used for the opening tip off, the centre circle has a 3.6m diameter. Three point line The three point lines are the arcs that mark a range boundary from each hoop. Scoring from outside this line is worth three points. The distance of the line will vary depending on the level of game, but is typically 6.75m from the basket. Free throw line The free throw line, marked 4.6m from the backboard, is the mark at which a player must stand when shooting free throws. Free throw circle The free throw circle is the same size as the centre circle (3.6m in diameter). Shooters must stay inside this circle when taking a free throw. The circle is also used for jump balls. Free throw lane lines/key Lane lines run from the free throw line to the baseline, to form the 'key'. The shape and width can vary depending on the level of the game, but FIBA (International Basketball Federation) regulation changes in 2010 set it as a 4.9m by 5.8m rectangle. Some also include space markings to keep opposing players from obstructing the free throw shooter.

BACKBOARDS Backboard dimensions are 1.8m x 1.22m, with a minimum thickness of 19mm. Backboards can be made of either timber or transparent material and must be fitted with padding at all levels above U16. Backboard line markings should be 50mm in width and either black or white, depending on the material of the board. The inner rectangle should measure 0.45m x 0.59m. Goals The basketball goal (also known as a ring or hoop) is typically 18 inches (45.72cm) in diameter and must be positioned 3.05m from the floor. Nets are typically white and suspended from the ring. They should be no shorter than 45cm.

EQUIPMENTS 1. BASKETBALL Basketball is a tool that must be in the game of basketball. Imagine what would happen if the game of basketball was played without a ball, strange isn’t it? Of course. Based on the provisions made by FIBA, the basketball criteria that meet the standards include: •The size of the ball must match the conditions of the game. The sizes of basketball that suit the class are: • Ball size 7 for ages 14 up to boy seniors • Ball size 6 for ages 14 up to girl seniors • Ball size 5 for boys and girls aged 13 and under •The ball material is made of rubber and covered by synthetic leather or it can be rubber. •Ball weights are in the range of 600 grams to 650 grams. •The pressure on the ball ranges from 4.26 to 4.61 psi and if it is bounced from a height of 180 cm to the floor then the ball will bounce to a height of 120 cm to 140 cm (not to exceed 140 cm). That is the criteria for choosing a basketball that meets international standards, while the basketball brand recommendation is Molten because the quality is quite good compared to other brands. 2. Basketball Shoes Equipment that is no less important is basketball shoes. The thing that distinguishes basketball shoes from other shoes is their shape which is slightly higher at the ankle, which aims to protect the ankle from the risk of an ankle injury. Then the sole or base of the shoe is also made with anti-slip material for use on the field because the basketball game pattern, which consists of running and jumping movements, requires anti-slip shoes and helps with the said movements.

3. Player Uniforms Each basketball player from each team must wear a uniform so that when the game takes place, there will be a difference between teammates and opponents. Besides that, uniforms will also make the team more solid and look attractive when playing. Generally, basketball uniforms do not have sleeves on the shirt and the length of the pants is only up to the knees, all of which aims to facilitate the player’s movement. 4. Knee pad A Knee-pad is an elastic cloth that is made to keep the parts of the body that are experiencing movement from being injured, as a result of the wrong position during the movement. Generally, basketball players use the pads on the knees, ankles, and elbows. 5. Basketball Ring The basket consists of a ring and a net. The rings were made of hard iron and the diameter of the rings was 45 centimeters. The ring height is 305 centimeters from the floor surface and is installed on the surface of the basketball board with a distance of 15 centimeters. Meanwhile, the net is hung from the ring, with a net length of 40 centimeters. 6. Basketball Board The basketball board is made of 3 cm thick wood or of a suitable transparent material, such as acrylic or plastic glass. The basketball board is 180 centimeters long and 120 centimeters wide. The board is 275 centimeters high from the floor surface to the bottom of the board and is 120 centimeters perpendicular to the distance from the center point of the finish line of the court. 7. Basketball Court It is a rectangle with dimensions of 28 meters long and 15 meters wide as measured from the edge of the boundary line. In a basketball court, there are several dividing lines such as the three-point zone semicircle line and the free-throw line. The size of each line can be seen in the image above.

BASIC SKILLS IN BASKETBALL When you watch pro basketball players on the court, they make some of the most incredible feats seem absolutely effortless. The reality is that every one of those fantastic performances is only made possible by years of working hard to build the skills needed to execute at the highest level. If you're looking to play like the pros, here are the top skills you need to train to take your game to the next level. To be an elite basketball player, you need to be able to produce on both offense and defense. While all-time greats like Lebron James and Michael Jordan are known for their scoring prowess, they also played shutdown defense. If you want to excel, it's important to develop your talents on both sides of the ball by focusing on offensive skills, defensive skills, and skills that apply at both ends. Although different roles on the court will place a different emphasis on each skill, the fundamentals of basketball remain consistent no matter where on the court you play. The more well-rounded you are, even in skills generally considered less important for your position, the better situated you'll be to beat your opponents and lead your team to victory. These are the core skills every basketball player should be working on consistently. 1. Dribbling It doesn't matter if you're trying to beat your man from the set offense or leading fast breaks, basketball players always benefit from having strong ball-handling skills. By mastering moves like the crossover, behind-the-back and spin dribble, you ensure your defender can never be confident of where you're going with the ball. Once you have them confused, it's easier to get past your opponent with your skilled dribbling. Pistol Pete Maravich famously dribbled a ball nearly everywhere he went and it helped him to develop his skilled dribbling, both for crowd-pleasing trick dribbles and practical moves to beat his opponents on the court. You should focus on dribbling with your weaker hand as well, as being two-sided makes you significantly harder to defend.

2. Shooting At the end of the day, basketball is about scoring, and a team without shooters is going to struggle no matter how much they excel elsewhere. In the modern game, shooting is moving away from midrange jumpers, with a focus on finishing around the basket and hitting the deep ball. Even big men are now being expected to develop a threat from long range. In addition to practicing your fundamentals, you should also get reps in working less-conventional shots like hooks or fade away jumpers that allow you to score while contested. Related 3. Passing If you want to know how to be a better basketball player to your teammates, improving your passing is a must. The ability to see lanes and thread a pass into them where others would not significantly opens up your attacking arsenal. A great thing about passing is you need nothing more than a wall and a ball to practice. Be sure you're mixing up your pass types to diversify your game. 4. Rebounding A player who dominates the boards can carve out a strong career nearly on that talent alone. Drills like the tip drill, where a player repeatedly elevates to rebound the ball and put it right back off the glass again, teach you to meet the ball up high and look to turn that rebound right back into another shot when on offense.

5. Defending Offense may be flashy, but defense is no less important. Developing fast hands to make steals off the dribble, or an intimidating presence around the rim to deter driving opponents, can make you a terror to deal with on the court. When your defensive skills are strong enough, you can even use them to quickly turn the table and set up fast-break responses. 6. Foot Movement Although the ability to move at a sprint is always a plus, basketball is unique to many other sports by the need for quick horizontal motion. Running wind sprints with side-shuffles can help you develop the side-to- side motion you need to keep your opponent in front of you on defense. 7. Jumping Basketball is all about getting vertical, and an increased jump height benefits you on both sides of the ball. Work on building your leg strength with exercises like squats and calf presses. Squats help you to build the explosive power you need to out-jump your opposition.

How to Build Your Basketball Skills If you really want to know how to get better at basketball, simply working on your skills is not enough. Drilling is important and should not be overlooked, but it's important to do the right things when not drilling as well to ensure you see as much benefit as possible from all that hard work. Combining diligent work off the court with hard work on the court will produce the most growth. Create a healthy diet. There's a saying that an army marches on its stomach, and the same can be applied to a basketball team. A nutritious diet is essential to getting the most out of yourself when you're playing. Eating clean allows you to play at your best and put the skills you've honed into action more effectively. Build your cardio. The better you get, the more time your coaches are going to want to get from you in every game, and that means developing your cardiovascular system until it can keep up with the increased demand. When your cardio fails you, your ability to utilize the skills you worked so hard to develop drops off as well. Set concrete targets. An effective way to build your skills in basketball is to identify a weakness and then pick a measurable target for improvement on that skill. By using quantifiable measures you can track your progress and change things up if you hit plateaus in your progression. Play in small-sided games. No matter how much talent is on the court, there's only one ball, so one simple way to increase your chances to attack and defend is to reduce the players on each team. Tournaments like Red Bull 3X combine elements of organized play and pick-up games to create an exciting style of play, and with only two other teammates you're on the ball far more often than in a full 5-on-5 matchup.

RULES OF THE GAME What Are the Rules of Basketball? Dr. James Naismith invented the game of basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The objective of today's game stems directly from Naismith's original rules that are based around shooting a ball through a metal hoop suspended above the ground, which is called a basket. These rules include; 1. Only five players per team on the court. In the NBA, WNBA, and NCAA basketball, each team can play a maximum number of five players on the court. If a team breaks this main rule, they will lose possession of the ball. Sometimes this inadvertently happens, particularly at low levels of the game, when substitute players check into the game and others don't leave the court in time. 2. Score more than your opponent to win. To win the game, a team must score more field goals than the other team. A field goal refers to any basket a player scores during gameplay. Field goals can be worth two or three points. Field goals shot from inside the arc that designates the three-point line on the court are worth two points. Field goals shot from outside the arc are worth three points. Field goals can take the form of jump shots, layups, slam dunks, and tip-ins. 3. Score within the shot clock. Teams have a limited amount of time to shoot the ball during a given possession. In the NBA and WNBA, teams are allowed 24 seconds of possession before they must shoot, while NCAA teams are allowed 30 seconds. A shot clock mounted above the hoop on each side of the court displays and counts down the time allotted. If the shot clock elapses, the opposing team forfeits the ball and becomes the defensive team. 4. Dribbling advances the ball. Basketball players may only advance the ball by passing or dribbling (bouncing the ball on the floor) as they move up and down the court. If a player stops dribbling, they may not resume; instead, they must pass the ball or shoot it. If an offensive player with possession of the ball stops then continues dribbling before passing or shooting, the referee will call a “double dribble,” and the opposing team gets the ball. Additionally, players may only advance the ball by dribbling it. If they run while holding the ball, they are traveling. Referees will issue a traveling call, and possession of the ball will go to the opposing team.

5. The offense has five seconds to inbound the ball. After the offense scores a basket, the opposing team receives possession of the ball. One of their players has to inbound the ball from a designated spot on the sidelines of the court to resume gameplay. The player has five seconds to pass the ball to another player on his team, or else the team loses possession. The defender cannot contact the ball when the offensive player is trying to inbound it, or the referee can issue a technical foul. 6. The offense must advance the ball. Once an offensive team advances the ball past the half-court line, the ballhandler may not cross that line again, or a referee will award possession of the ball to the opposing team. 7. Ball and ballhandler must remain inbounds. During gameplay, the player with possession of the ball must stay within the designated inbounds lines marked on the court. If a player steps out of bounds or touches this line with their foot while holding the ball, the referee will award possession to the opposing team. Additionally, if a player shoots the ball while their foot is touching the line and the shot is successful, it will not count. 8. Defenders can’t interfere with a shot on a downward trajectory. After the offensive player shoots the ball, it is illegal for a defensive player to interfere with it once it begins its descent toward the rim. This interference is called a goaltend and will result in an automatic field goal for the offense. 9. Defenders can legally block or steal the ball. The defending team’s goal is to prevent the offensive team from scoring by either stealing the ball, blocking the ball from entering the basket, or using defensive tactics to prevent an offensive player from shooting and scoring. 10. Defenders must leave the paint after three seconds. The area directly in front of the basket is sometimes referred to as \"the paint\" or \"inside the key.\" Offensive players may not camp out in this area waiting for the ball or an offensive rebound. Any individual player can spend a maximum of three seconds at a time in the space before they have to move. Once they step out of the paint, they can return. If the referee notices a player hovering in the paint for over three seconds, the team will receive a three-second violation. 11. Each team is allotted a certain number of fouls. The NBA allows each team a total of five fouls per quarter. Once a team surpasses this allotment, they go “into the bonus,” which means the officials will award the opposing team with free throws for every additional foul that a player commits in that quarter of play. In the NCAA, these foul shots are known as \"one and one\" shots, which means that if a player makes the

first free throw, they receive a second free throw. If they miss the first free throw, either team can rebound the errant shot and claim possession. After 10 team fouls, the opposing team gets a \"double bonus,\" which means they get to take two foul shots. 12. Illegal contact results in a foul. When a basketball player commits illegal physical contact against an opposing player, the referees will call a personal foul. Most player fouls involve contact that impedes an opposing player's gameplay. When a player fouls another player on an opposing team in the act of shooting, the referee rewards the fouled player with unguarded free throws from the foul line. Each successfully made free throw counts for one point. Referees can assess coaches with fouls for unsportsmanlike acts, such as using profanity to dispute a missed call. 13. Illegal contact results in a personal foul. A personal foul is an infraction that violates the rules of the game. Players can incur personal fouls by pushing, blocking, or striking another player in the act of shooting. Shooting fouls result in free throw attempts for the fouled player. If a defender fouls a shooter attempting a two-point shot, the shooter will receive two free throws. If a shooter is fouled during a three-point shot attempt, they will receive three free throws. If the player makes the shot they were attempting at the time of illegal contact, the basket counts, and the shooter will receive one free throw. 14. Excessive contact results in a flagrant foul. Flagrant fouls refer to a personal foul that can potentially injure the opponent. These fouls carry heavier penalties, such as fines, immediate ejection, and even suspension. There are two types of flagrant fouls: flagrant foul—penalty (1) and flagrant foul—penalty (2). Flagrant 1 refers to fouls involving unnecessary contact. The penalty for this foul type is a free throw for the opponent and possession of the ball. Flagrant 2 refers to any foul involving unnecessary and excessive contact. Officials perform an instant-play review to determine if an act qualifies for the flagrant 2 penalty. If it does, the player at fault is assessed a fine and an automatic ejection from the game, and the opposing team receives free throws and possession of the ball. 15. Charges and illegal screens result in an offensive foul. An offensive foul is a personal foul that offensive players commit when their team possesses the ball. The two most common offensive fouls are charging and illegal ball screens. Charging is when an offensive player makes contact with a defensive player who has planted their feet in a locked position. An illegal screen is when a non-ball-handling offensive player moves while setting a screen for their teammate to prevent the defender from moving about the court. 16. Certain rule violations result in technical fouls. A technical foul is a penalty for violating the game’s administrative rules. Officials commonly assess technical fouls for fighting and verbal abuse, often assessing coaches with this penalty if they are too abrasive when disputing a call. Technical fouls result in a free throw and a change of possession. If a player or coach receives two technical fouls in the same game, the referee will eject them. Players with a long history of technical fouls risk suspension from the regular season and even playoff games.

TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL OF THE GAME Technical Skills Passing and Receiving The technical skills that make up the fundamentals of ball handling are crucial in playing any type of basketball. Effective passing requires that a player understand how to move their feet in a fluid manner while also having the ability to generate topspin and turnovers. Receiving the ball well requires that a player possess good hands and a solid handle, but also be able to stop on a dime and change directions with authority. Dribbling Dribbling is one of the technical and tactical skills of basketball yet so many players fail to master this important skill. Many youth coaches focus on fundamentals to improve their players’ dribbling skills specifically because they believe it is one of the key distinctions between less experienced and more experienced players. A player who can dribble with both hands with confidence has a real advantage in terms of his ability to help his team most effectively, even if he’s not the most athletic or energetic player on the court. Rebounding Rebounding in basketball is a tactic used by the defensive team to regain possession of the ball or to steal the ball from an opposing offensive player. The ability to rebound is one of the many skills required in basketball. Along with assists and steals, rebounding is often considered to be one of the most important duties in basketball, as it can have a major impact on whether a defensive or offensive team will emerge victoriously. Shooting Shooting in basketball refers to a number of basketball skills that involve taking a shot at the basket. These may be free throws, shots taken from behind the three-point line, or as part of other plays like alley-oops, passes off rebounds, and so on. Shooting is among the most basic of basketball skills, yet it is also one of the most fundamental. While there are several types of shooting techniques that can be employed, shooting is one of the technical and tactical skills of basketball that should be focused on. Shot blocking There is a lot more going on than just the numerical value of the points you get to shoot. A good shot blocker will use his height and reach effectively, start his feet and then use his hand-eye coordination to keep his arm in the air after his shot is made. A good shot blocker also has great balance and flexibility in his left leg which allows him to change his angle on attempts near the basket or behind the arc.

Tactical Skills Spacing While there are many technical and tactical skills of basketball, it is spacing that really makes up the foundation. The amount of spacing on the court has a huge effect on defense, offense, and even rebounding in basketball. It’s commonly said that the best shot in basketball is no shot at all because a defender can sometimes render a good offensive player useless with proper swarming defense. And while spacing on defense is important to ensure open shooters aren’t left open, you also need effective spacing on offense to ensure the best pass opportunities as well. Cutting through the lane Cutting through the lane is the most direct route by which a basketball player can move toward that basket. Cutting in this fashion allows players to finish with a lay-up, take their defender off-balance, or pass quickly to players on the wings. The proper use of cutting movements is crucial because they can open up scoring opportunities for teammates, or dramatically improve the shot quality of one’s own shots. Setting ball screens Setting ball screens is one of the integral technical and tactical skills of basketball that opens up a number of opportunities to attack the defense and find your best player in a scoring position. Setting good ball screens is made up of five parts: footwork, contact, angle, balance, and finishing the play. Each section focuses on an element of setting a screen that if overlooked adds up to give your opponent the opportunity to defend the play effectively. Help defense Defense wins championships. As cliche as it sounds, it is true. No offensive team can be successful without a strong defense. From the game of basketball, we have seen how some players become successful while others don’t. One of these reasons is because they put the work on their defense more than they do on their offense. So, as a player, it is essential to contribute to the defense of the game. Achieve Overall Mastery The technical and tactical skills of basketball are the necessary elements an athlete must acquire in order to maintain beyond-the-arc shots, perfect ball handling, better rebounding, better blocking, accurate passing, better shooting, swift-running patterns, and quick thinking.

Basketball scoring, rules and officials Scoring In a game of basketball there are three clear ways to score points. If a shot is successfully scored from outside of the three-point line, three points are awarded. If a shot is successfully scored from inside of the three-point line, two points are awarded. If a team is awarded a technical foul then they will receive between one and three free shots. Each shot scored will be awarded with one point. Rules A basketball team can have a maximum of five players on the court. Player substitutions can be made at any time and there is no restriction on the number of substitutions made. A ball can travel through dribbling or passing. A player is no longer able to dribble with the ball once the player puts two hands on the ball. This does not include catching. At this point, a player must either pass or shoot. If a team wins possession back in their own half, they have ten seconds to get it into their opponent's end or a foul will be called. An attacking team has 24 seconds from gaining possession of the ball to shoot at the basket. After the shot is taken, the clock is restarted for another 24 seconds. After a team scores a basket, the ball is returned back to the opposition to start again. All fouls that are committed throughout a game are to be accumulated and when a certain number is reached, the umpire will award a free throw. Depending on where a technical foul is committed, the umpire may award a number of free throws a player will receive. Violations can be awarded by the officials in basketball for player handling errors. These include travelling, double dribble, goal-tending and back court violation. Officials During a competitive game of basketball there are two referees, a scorekeeper, timekeeper and a shot clock operator. To ensure that everybody is aware of a decision made, the referees perform a series of hand and arm signals.

REFERENCE https://www.breakthroughbasketball.com/basics/basics.html https://www.redbull.com/in-en/basketball-skills https://wattsbasketball.com/blog/technical-and-tactical-skills-of-basketball https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwqw7hv/revision/3 https://www.megapixl.com/basketball-background-illustration- 16749522 https://www.harrodsport.com/advice-and-guides/basketball- court-dimensions-markings

JHEN ERNEST B. SARABIA 11 - EGYPTIAN