Design, Implementation and Estiamation of Grand Steel Silos in Afghanistan

Slope 1 Granite Bonding Layer Entry and exit Aproll 1 Granite slop 4）Plain cement slurry (with glue) Downpipe 5）60 thick C15 concrete, step facing outward Aproll width is slope 1% 600 mm, 6）150 thick 5-32 pebble grouting M2.5 mixed expansion joint mortar with 100 mm wide surface is left every 6 m, 7）soil compaction wall and 1）100 Thick Granite Surface, Cut Flat Surface sprinkler joint is 2）30 Thickness 1:3 Dry and Hard Cement Mortar 20 mm wide, Bonding Layer sealing material 3）Plain cement slurry (with glue) is used to seal 4) 100 Thickness C15 Concrete and fill. 5) 200 thick gravel, grouting 1:5 mortar 6）soil compaction 1) 60 Thick C20 Fine Stone Concrete Surface with 1:1 Cement Sand 2) M2.5 Mixed Mortar Grouted with 150 Thick Particle Size 10~20 Pebbles 3) The soil is compacted to the outward 3%~ 5% slopes. Outlet rainwater bucket and rainwater pipe adopt UPVC with specification diameter of 110 mm Doors and Windows Specifications Location Type Design No. W H Qty Remark Office Door M0921 900 2100 M1021 1000 2100 3 wooden door Workshop Window M1521 1500 2100 M2031 2000 3100 12 wooden door Door C2121 2100 2100 Window C1221 1200 2100 4 wooden door C1521 1500 2100 C1021 1000 2100 1 Safety Glass Door M3030 3000 3000 M1521 1500 2100 17 heat insulation Metal Shape, M0921 900 2100 C1520 1500 2000 7 Low-E+12 Air+6 C1220 1200 2000 4 Transparent Glass 1 1 Steel door 2 wooden door 1 wooden door 8 Common metal profiles 1 6mm Thick transparent glass 37

Generator Door JFHM3030 3000 3000 2 Class A Fireproof and Room Soundproof Door Window FHM3030 3000 2100 1 Class B fire door Weight Room FHM1524 1500 2400 2 Class B fire door Door BC3019 3000 1900 3 Common metal profiles,6mm Window BC1819 1800 1900 1 Thick transparent glass C1518 1500 1800 2 C1510 1500 1000 3 wooden door C3009 3000 900 5 C1809 1800 900 1 heat insulation Metal Shape, M1021 1000 2100 2 C1519 1500 1900 4 1000 Low-E+12 Air+6 1500 3796 Transparent Glass Guard Room Door M1021 1800 2100 1 wooden door Window C1519 1500 1900 2 2100 1 heat insulation Metal Shape, ZJC1 Low-E+12 Air+6 Transparent Glass Fire pump Door FHM1824 2400 1 Class B fire door 1800 5 Room Window C1518 Common metal profiles，6mm Thick transparent glass Table 1.11.15 [Best Practiced Bill of Material] 1.11.16 Architecture Calculations and Parameters I have proposed a Four Rooms Office Building. As per best practices, I have proposed four rooms office building with the following details: • Four rooms for the following purposes: o Director Room=1 ▪ Director room area= 13.4m2+2*0.5*5.5+2*0.5*3.5=22.4m2<5.5m*4.5m=24.75m2 • The required space for director room based on Architects’ Data Third Edition is 13.4m2+an additional 50cm on all sides. Required area is 22.4m2 and provided area is 24.75m2. (Refer second page) o Officers Room=2 (One can be used as a workstation and the other as requested for any possible or required purpose) ▪ Workstation area=8m2/p*6p=48m2<9m*5.5m=49.5m2 • Note: The proposed number of officers keeping in mind the current capacity is 4 but to keep in mind the possible future expansion the workstation is designed for 6 officers. The required area for workstation per employee based on 38

Architects’ Data Third Edition is 8m2. Required area is 48m2 and provided area is 49.5m2. (Refer second page) o Finance Room=1 ▪ Office employee room area=2*4.5m2+2*0.5*5.5+2*0.5*3.5=18m2<5.5m*4.5m=24.75m2 • The required space for office employee room based on Architects’ Data Third Edition is 4.5m2+an additional 50cm on all sides. Required area is 18m2 and provided area is 24.75m2. The additional 6.75m2 area is for possible future expansion. (Refer second page) 1: Besides having four rooms in the office building, I have proposed some extra spaces for other purposes e.g. Meeting Room, Reception, Kitchen, Dining Room, Sleeping Room, Praying Room, Toilets, Miscellaneous Usage Room, etc. for which the area calculations are based on Architects’ Data Third Edition and Metric Handbook Fourth Edition too. Including all values and figures are not necessary and possible. The values and figures can be found in details in the books. 2: Guard Room area=8m2/p*2p=16m2<5.7m*3.6m-2*1.082*1.05=18.23m2. The required area is 16m2 and provided area is 18.23m2. The guard room having this much area can be used even for four guards to treat them not as officers. Table 3.4.16: Architecture’s Data, Third Edition, Page No. 346 39

1.12 Design of Steel Silos 1.12.1 General This section describes the structure design procedure of Design for automatic modern grain steel silos with all requirements and Information Management System for controlling of all facilities and features BASE Kabul Province, Afghanistan. For the analysis of the structures, manually calculation, 2D and 3D computer modeling was used. ETABS has been used for the design calculations. The design of bins and silos to store bulk solids involves bulk material geometric and structural consideration. Bulk material properties considerations are important because the frictional and cohesive properties of bulk solid vary from on solid to another and these properties affect material behaviour considerably. When considering the geometric design of silo potential problems include arching across out let, ratholing through the material and the flow pattern during discharge. Established design procedures include selection of optimum hopper angle and minimum out let dimensions. 1.12.2 Design Checks • Global stability and static equilibrium. • Strength of the structure and joint. • Stability. • Cyclic plasticity. • Fatigue. • Deflection. 40

1.12.3 Design of 50 MT Steel Structure Drawing1.12.3: Initial Design of Grain Steel Silo 1.12.4 Design Codes and Standards 1， 《Code for design of grain steel silos》 （GB50322-2011）; 2， 《Technical regulation of aeration for grain storage》 （LS/T1202-2002 3， 《Grain Monitoring System》 （LS/T1203-2002） 1.12.5 Steel Silo Bins I. The silo bin design has been performed on capacity basis. The capacity of each Silo Bin is 5000 MT and the diameter is 21 meters. II. Storage Silo Bins calculation: Since the capacity of each bin is 50MT, I calculated and designed the Silo Bins as follows, in which the final capacity has come to 5,097MT in order to exactly meet the required storage. 41

Drawing 1.12.5: Dimensions Layout of 50MT Silo Bin Drawing 1.12.5.1 General Layout of Silo System 42

1.12.6 Pre-Drying Silo Bins Drawing 1.12.6 Concept of Pre-Drying System Bin 43

1.12.7 Bagged Grains Delivery Silo Bin Drawing 1.12.7: Bagged Grain Delivery Bin 44

1.12.8 Bulk Grain Delivery Silo Bin Drawing 1.12.8: Bulk Grain Delivery Bin 45

1.12.9 Scraper Conveyor 1. Formula for calculating output of scraper：Q=3600*B*h*v*ρ*k, 1) B: well width of the Scraper conveyor 2) h: Bearing height of the Scraper conveyor ， 3) v: Scraper Chain Running Speed， 4) ρ: Grains Bulk density， 5) k: Full-Load Coefficient (0.7-0.9) 2. Formula for calculating elevator output：Q=3.6*i/s*γ*ψ*ν, 1) i: bucket capacity， 2) s: Bucket space， 3) γ: Grains Bulk density， 4) ψ: Full-Load Coefficient， 5) ν: Line speed 3. Based on the TOR, the required capacity is 100t/h, We choose scraper models as follows: TGSS35，TGSS32，TGSS20. The bucket elevator model is TDTG60/33，TDTG60/28，TDTG40/28 Scraper Well Bearing Scraper Grains Bulk Full-Load Output model Width Height Chain density Coefficient (t/h) B（m） h(m) Running ρ(t/m3) Speed v(m/s) TGSS35 0.35 0.32 0.61 0.75 0.8 147.57 TGSS32 0.32 0.28 0.5 0.75 0.8 96.76 41.47 TGSS20 0.2 0.2 0.48 0.75 0.8 Elevator Bucket Bucket Line Grains Bulk Full-Load Output Model Capacity space (m) Speed Density Coefficient (t/h) i（L） (m/s) (t/m3) TDTG60/33 3.9 0.2 3.1 0.75 0.9 146.8 TDTG60/28 2.31 0.18 3 0.75 0.9 93.5 TGTG40/28 1.86 0.2 1.8 0.75 0.9 40.6 1.12.10 Unloading Intake Bags manually loading capacity unloading system calculation: The feeding port can accommodate 4 trucks of 14 meters length at the same time. Trucks are parked beside the feeding port. Each truck arranges four workers to unload manually. According to the per capita efficiency of domestic workers, the unloading speed of 16 46

workers is 128t/h-160t/h. Under the feeding hopper, manual insertion board is installed. The output of the scraper meets the unloading speed requirement. Each feeding port is equipped with a dust collector to effectively improve Industry environment. 1.12.11 Drying System Drying Grains： Corn/Wheat Processing capacity t/d 300 range of losing moisture % 15 Installed capacity kW 4.0 Dimensions： mm×mm×mm 6000×4000×21900 Internal Section Size φ 2000×4000 Height of feed port mm 21900 Capacity m³ 120 Dry slow sulfur ratio 1:1.5 Hot air temperature ℃ ≤120 Maximum grain temperature ℃ ≤55 Output of Grain ℃ ≤8（environment temperature temperature≤0℃） ≤environment temperature Crush Ratio Increment % +8（environment temperature＞0℃） ≤0.5% Heat damaged granule No Color and odor No significant change Side panel material Year Galvanized sheet; thickness Corner box material 2mm 。 Grain hopper Galvanized sheet; thickness Service life 2mm 。 Galvanized sheet; thickness 2mm。 ≥15 Air heater（G4-73-9D，37kW，2pcs） flow m3/h 35053-44128 total pressure Pa 2440-11775 Motor power kW 37 47

heat source 10,000Kcal 300 Heating capacity / hour Table 1.12.11: Specifications of Drying System 1.12.12 Pre-Cleaning System 1. The grains in the feeding pit are conveyed to the bucket elevator by scraper conveyor. After initial screening, combined screening, flow scale, iron remover, impurity removal is carried out, and dust removal system is equipped at the same time. 2. After cleaning, part of the material that does not need to be dried goes directly into the silo bins for storage. 3. The grains that need to be dried are stored temporarily in the pre-dry silo bins before drying, and then dried in the drying tower by conveyor. After drying, the grains are stored in the silo bins， 4. Each silo bin is equipped with a level device. When the grains is loaded to a certain extent, the level device alarms to avoid grain explosion.， 5. When the temperature of the temperature measuring cable in the silo bin is abnormal, the ventilation system of the silo bin is activated to reduce the grain temperature, or the silo bin inversion system can be used to transfer the grain from one bin to another. Drawing 1.12.12: Pre-Cleaning System Design 48

1.12.13 Loading System There are two ways for loading system, 1. Automatic bagging system: 25MT/h, for 50KG bag, the capacity will reach 500Bags per hour，After packaging, the grain is directly entered into the car through the loading chute, thus saving labor. 2. Directly loading the Truck: 90MT/h，Bulk grain distribution is loaded into trucks through riser and shrunk pipes, and dust removal is equipped in the process to effectively avoid dust spillover. Drawing 1.12.13: Loading System 1.12.14 Foundation and Piles Overall description 4， The fire hazard of the silo project category is C.; 5， The marked (+0.000) elevation in this project is equivalent to 340.000 of the borehole height in the ground. 6， The structural design basis of this project is construction site and Geological report of the site. 7， The structure calculation of the project are compiled by the standard as below; 1) The construction sites are classified as Class II.、 2) Building structure safety level II， 3) The seismic fortification category of this project is C 4) Structural design the service life of 50 years， 5) earthquake：PGA=48%,0.2sec 1.13g，1sec，0.53g. 6) The seismic grade of shear wall is grade 3 7) Concrete Design Environment Category II B 8) The wind speed50m/S 49

9) The design grade of the foundation of this project is Grade B 8， Except for the elevation which indicate in meters, the other drawings are in mm. 9， Without design permission, the use and use environment of the structure shall not be changed. Major materials 1， Reinforced bars: 2， HPB300(O)、HRB335(O)、HRB400(O)；fy=270、300、360N/mm2•. 3， The strength standard value of steel bars should have a guaranteed rate of not less than 95%. The ratio of the measured value of tensile strength to the measured value of yielding strength of steel bars under longitudinal loads of frame structures designed according to the first and second aseismic design is not less than 1.25, and the ratio of the measured value of yielding strength to the standard value of strength is not less than 1.3. 4， Hooks Rings are used. HPB 235 steel bar, control stress is not more than 50N/mmŒ2•and it is welded or bonded reliably with the steel bar on the upper part of the beam. 5， The strength of concrete is C30 concrete except the cushion is C15. S6 impermeable concrete is required for pits and ditches. Base 1， The foundation form adopted in the design according to the geological survey report: the silo mining pile foundation of this project. 2， The characteristic values of silo foundation bearing stratum and foundation bearing capacity are explained in detail. In actual excavation, the bearing capacity of foundation bearing layer should be strictly checked, and the foundation must be excavated to the bearing layer. 3， Effective measures of prevention and drainage should be taken to protect the foundation soil layer during the construction period, and timely backfilling should be taken after the foundation construction is completed. Backfill should be compacted by layers with a compaction coefficient of no less than 0.94 and an organic content of no more than 5%. Structural description 1， Thickness of concrete net protective layer of stressed steel bars. 1) Generally the upper structural plate is 25 and the beam is 35. The column is 35, the wall is 25, the side of ditch floor is 25, the side of ditch floor is 40, the side of ditch wall is 25, the side of ditch wall is 40, and the side of foundation beam is 30. There is a cushion layer on the lower side 50. When the side of the foundation beam is on the water-front surface, the thickness of the longitudinal reinforcement side protective layer is 50, and that of the non-water-front surface 50

is 40. 2) When the beams and columns are in normal time, the protective layer on the side of the beam is 50, when the primary and secondary beams intersect, the protective layer on the main beam epithelium is 50, and the secondary beam epithelium is 25.， 3) Under no circumstances shall the net protective layer thickness of the stressed steel bar be less than the diameter of the stressed steel bar. 4) When the multi-storey longitudinal bars of beam-slab (wall-column) joints intersect, the thickness of the outer longitudinal bars protection layer should be satisfied, and the inner longitudinal bars protection layer should be increased accordingly. 2， Minimum Anchorage Length of Tensile Reinforcement Bar La. Concrete Seismic1 and 2 Seismic 3 Seismic 4 and non- seismic Reinforcement LaE=1.15la LaE=1.05La LaE=La C20 C25 C30 C20 C25 C30 C20 C25 C30 HPB235 36d 31d 28d 33d 29d 26d 31d 27d 24d HRB335 45d 41d 35d 41d 37d 32d 39d 35d 30d HRB400 59d 51d 45d 54d 46d 41d 51d 44d 39d In any case, the anchorage length of the tension steel bar should not be less than 250 mm, and bending hooks must be added at both ends of the smooth steel bar. 3， The minimum lap length (LlE) of longitudinal tension bar is determined by the following table, and >= 300 mm Percentage of overlap joint area of Minimum lap length of longitudinal reinforcement (%) longitudinal tension bar(LlE) ≤25 1.2LaE 50 1.4LaE 100 1.6LaE 4， 4. Reinforcement structure. 1) Joint Principle: Mechanical or welded joints should be preferred for longitudinal bars of seismic components in this project. Mechanical or welded joints should be used when the diameter of steel bars is larger than 22mm. Binding joints can be used for longitudinal bars of non-seismic components.. 2) Joint area: the length of the bonded joint is 1.3 times the lap length, the length of the mechanical or welded joint is 35 days, and the length of the welded joint is more than 500 mm at the same time. The joint area should avoid the stirrup encrypted zone as far as possible..； 3) c .Except as otherwise indicated in the drawings, mechanical joints or welded joints shall be used for bars D (> 22). The types and quality of mechanical joints or welded joints shall conform to the relevant national standards. When welding, the height of the weld seam is 6 mm which is not indicated in the drawing, and 51

the length of the overlap weld of the reinforcing bar is not indicated in the drawing. The single side weld is not less than 10 days, and the double side weld is not less than 5 days (d is the diameter of reinforcing bar). When using arc overlap welding, E43XX electrode is used for HPB235 steel bar and E50XX electrode is used for HRB335 steel bar. 4) lapping position: the tied joints of adjacent longitudinal stressed steel bars in the same member should be staggered from each other. The percentage of area of lapping joints of tensioned steel bars in the same connecting section is not more than 25% for beams, slabs and walls, and less than 50% for columns. 5) Overlap stirrups: The stirrups should be installed in the overlap joint range of longitudinal loaded reinforcing bars, whose diameter is not less than 0.25 times the maximum diameter of overlap reinforcing bars. When reinforcing bars are tensioned, the stirrup spacing is not more than 5 times and not more than 100 mm of the smaller diameter of overlap reinforcing bars; when reinforcing bars are compressed, the stirrup spacing is not more than 10 times and not more than 200 mm. 6) Compressed bar lapping: When the longitudinal compressive bar is lapped, the lapping length of the compressive bar is not less than 0.7 times of the lapping length of the tensive bar, and in any case is not less than 200 mm. Plate, Beam and Column 1， When the primary and secondary beams intersect, the longitudinal reinforcement of the secondary beams should be placed above the longitudinal reinforcement of the main beams; the short reinforcement of the two-way slabs should be placed on the lower floor, and the long reinforcement should be placed above the short reinforcement. 2， At the end corner of the end-span slabs of each floor (including those embedded in load-bearing walls or supported on frame beams), within the span of 1/4 short- direction slabs, no less than 8@100 bidirectional gluten shall be used, as shown in the figure. Drawing 1.12.14: Plate, Beam and Column 3， When the overlap length is used, the overlap length is 48 days for the seismic structure and 35 days for the non-seismic structure, and it is not less than 250 days. 52

The section area of the joint reinforcement in the same section shall not exceed 1/4 of the total section area of the reinforcement. 4， When the width of the opening floor is less than 300, no additional stiffeners are used to circumvent the edge of the opening and no cutting is needed. The leveling layer should make the lattice seams, with the longitudinal and transverse spacing less than 4000 and the seam width 20, filled with sealing materials. The seam depth is 0.5- 0.7 times of the width. The lattice joint should be located at the supporting end of the structure, and the base surface of the seam should be coated with the base treatment agent matched with the sealing material. Unbounded or weak backing material shall be provided at the bottom of the sealing material. 5， Where the end support of the end span plate is a reinforced concrete wall, the board and the gluten should be anchored into the wall for 45 d (seismic) or 35 d (non- seismic). 6， The section of reinforced concrete ring beam is: wall thickness×300，Match up and down with2 O 12,stirrup O 6@200,The length of longitudinal bar overlap is 30d 200. Its extension length is: 1/5 wall length is greater than 700 at 6 and 7 degrees of seismic fortification, through the whole wall length at 8 and 9 degrees of seismic fortification, 500 at non-seismic fortification, if the wall stack length is less than the above length. 7， The sections of beams, columns and walls are shown in the drawings. Observation of silo settlement and the first grain loading 1， Setting the leveling point: 20 meters away from the silo, choose a reliable base, good visibility, and dig 1 meter deep. Leveling points are set up in accordance with figure A-1 for checking. After the level points are set up, they should be connected with the urban leveling network. 2， The observation point is reinforced withΦ16steel head. The location is shown in Figure A-2 of this figure. 3， Observation in construction stage: After the observation points are firmly placed, the first observation should be made, and the second observation should be made after the completion of construction. 4， Observation on the first grain loading: According to different grain loading height, the trial grain loading should be carried out three times, each time in sequence. The first stage of grain loading is 60%, 30 days later, 90% in the second stage, 30 days later, 100% in the third stage. After each stage of grain loading, it should be stationary for a period of time and observed every five days. After the observation results meet the following requirements, the next stage of grain loading can be carried out. 5， The first stage is 60%, 30 days later, 90% in the second stage and 100% in the third stage. 53

6， After each stage of grain loading, it should be stationary for a period of time and observed every five days. After the observation results meet the following requirements, the next stage of grain loading can be carried out: 1) The settlement of the last 10 days is not larger than the requirements of the code (see \"Code for Design of Tall Structures\"). 2) The inclination caused by uneven settlement in the three directions of length, width and height of the structure is not more than 0.2%. Otherwise, it will be calibrated by controlling grain loading. 3) The observation data should be submitted to the design unit for one month after full load. After putting into operation, the grain in and out should be balanced and not long-term unbalanced load. 1.12.15 Calculation of Piles Basic Parameter: 1. Diameter of Silo Bins：20.010 m 2. Height of Silo Bins：18.866 m 3. Grains：Wheat & Corn 4. Earthquake： 0.2sec 1.13g，1.0sec 0.53g； 5. Wind：50m/s Load calculation of silo foundation: 1. In the case of wind and earthquake, the most disadvantageous vertical load of a single reinforcement bar is 64KN by finite element analysis. 2. There are 66pcs of reinforcement bar, total load: W1=66*64=4224KN; 3. Grains Weight: W2=(3.14*10.005*10.005*18.866+3.14*10.005*10.005*10.005*Tan25/4)*8=503 71KN; 4. Pile cap weight：W3=3.14*11*11*1.1*25=10448KN 5. W Total =W1+W2+W3=4224+50371+10448=65043KN Quantity of Piles: 1. Bearing capacity of single pile： Pile Diameter: 0.5，Pile Length: 21.5m Qb=9*45*3.14*0.25*0.25=79.48KN Qf =0.75*45*3.14*0.5*21.5=1139.2KN Qult= Qb+ Qf=1218.7KN Qu= Qult/2.5=487KN 2. Consider of the earthquake，the Vertical Bearing Capacity of Composite Foundation Piles, R= Qu+ζa/1.25*ηc*fak*Ac 54

Ac=(A-nAps)/n= =(3.14*11*11-144*3.14*0.375*0.375)/144=2.2 R= Qu+ζa/1.25*ηc*fak*Ac=487+1/1.25*0.1*106*2.2=506KN 3. Piles quantity n=Wtotal/R=65043/506=128pcs. Arranged in Practical Engineering: 144pcs 4. Raft and trench roof calculation 1. Punching shear calculation of raft: 1) Grains Load on Raft: Pv=180KN/M2 2) punching area of Raft：A=3.14*(0.25+0.75) *(0.25+0.75) =3.14M2 3) Fl=1.3*3.14*180-1.2*487=150KN 4) Fl≤0.7βhftημmh0 5) η1=0.4+1.2/βs=0.4+1.2/2=1 6) η2=0.5+1.2/βs=0.5+αsh0/4/μm=0.5+40*700/4/6280=1.6 η=1 7) 0.7βhftημmh0=0.7*1*1.43*1*6280*700=4400000N=4400KN>FL Raft punching meets requirements 2. Trench Roof calculation: 1) Grain load in the trench roof: Pv=160KN/M2。 2) Self-weight: P1=10KN/M2 3) Trench Length: L=2.4M 4) Bending at End of Trench：Ma=Mb=1/12QL^2=1/12*(1.2*10+1.3*160)*2.4*2.4=106KN.M/M 5) Reinforcement at the End of Trench： Asa=Ma/(0.9*fy*h0) =106*1000000/ (0.9*360*375) =872mm2/m. 6) Reinforcement: 20@150 A=2094mm2/m> Asa 7) Medium-span bending of Trench: Mm=1/24QL^2=1/24*(1.2*10+1.3*160) *2.4*2.4=53 KN.M/M 8) Reinforcement at the Medium-span of Trench：AM=MM/(0.9*fy*h0)=53*1000000/(0.9*360*375)=436mm2/m. 9) Reinforcement: 20@150 A=2094mm2/m> AM Drawing 1.12.15: Pile Design 55

1.13 Electrical 1.13.1 Design Code 1. 《Code for design of civil buildings》GB50352-2005; 2. 《Code for Fire Protection in Architectural Design》(GB50016-2014) 3. 《Technical Specification for Application of Building》(JGJ113-2015) 4. 《Code for design of office buildings（JGJ67-2006）》; 5. 《Energy-saving Design Standard for Public BuildingsGB50189-2015》; 6. 《Construction of External Wall External Thermal Insulation Building》International Standard-10J121; 7. 《Design Specification for Power Supply and Distribution Systems》GB50052- 2009 8. 《Code for Design of Low Voltage Distribution》GB50054-2011 9. 《Architectural Lighting Design Standard》GB50034-2013 10. 《Energy-saving Design Standard for Public Buildings》 GB 50189-2015 11. 《Energy-saving Design Standard for Public Buildings》 DGJ32/J 96-2010 12. Code for Electrical Design of Civil Buildings》JGJ16-2008 13. 《Code for Fire Protection in Architectural Design》GB50016-2014(2018年版) 14. 《Green Architectural Design Standard》DGJ32/J 173-2014 15. 《Code for acceptance of construction quality of building electrical engineering》 GB 50303-2015 16. 《Code for design of office buildings 》JGJ 67—2006 17. 《Specification for Distribution Design of General Electric Equipment》GB50055-2011 18. 《design code for protection of structures against lightning》GB50057-2010 19. 《Technical Specification for Lightning Protection of Building Electronic Information System》GB50343-2012 20. 《Code for Construction and Quality Acceptance of Building Lightning Protection Engineering》GB50601-2010 21. 《Code for Seismic Design of Building Electromechanical Engineering》GB50981-2014 22. 《Code for design of integrated wiring system engineering》GB50311-2016 23. 《Technical Regulations for Energy Consumption Monitoring System of Public Buildings》DGJ32/TJ 111-2010 1.13.2 Design Scope 1. 220/380V distribution system 2. Lighting system 56

3. Lightning protection grounding system and safety measures 4. Integrated Cabling System 5. Energy consumption monitoring system 6. The demarcation point of the power supply in this project is the feeder switch of the power supply line of the distribution box. The position of the power supply entering the building and the sleeve passing through the wall are provided by this design. 7. The power supply is drawn from the outdoor distribution room. In this design, the pre-buried pipe of the power supply line is 0.8m outside the outdoor diffuse water. 8. The electricity in the kitchen of this project is reserved at 15kW. 1.13.3 220/380V Distribution 1. Load classification: 1) Primary load: no 2) Secondary load: no 3) Three-stage load: all loads 2. Power supply: The low voltage of the monomer is introduced into 380V power supply, which is from the outdoor pipe network. The three-stage load power supply system uses 380/220V, single power supply. 3. Power supply line: YJV22-0.6/1KV cable is used for inbound cable, buried depth is 0.8m, steel pipe protection is penetrated the building. The protective pipe extends out of the building foundation to the outdoor hand hole well. The inbound pipe should be inclined outdoors when it is embedded in the house. The height difference between the inbound pipe and the outbound pipe should be large than 50mm. The outbound pipe of the inbound pipe of the cable in the building which the cable has been put should be sealed, and the measures of preventing seepage and leakage should be taken. 4. Measurement methods: The project has a total meter in the distribution cabinet of the gross incoming line between the ground floor debris. The scale is designed at the floor sub-cabinet, and the measurement is classified into sub-items. See the description of the distribution system and the energy consumption monitoring system for details. 57

5. The low-voltage distribution system adopts the combination of 220/380V radiation and trunk power supply mode, and the radiation power supply mode is used for single load or important load with large capacity, and the combination of trunk power supply mode and radiation power supply mode for lighting and general load. 6. Strong power should be connected and loaded strictly according to the principle of three- phase balance. Drawing 1.13.3: Outdoor Power Distribution Plan 1.13.4 Energy Saving 1. All the lamps and lanterns in this building are made of green environmental protection materials, and the inspection report of the competent national authorities is required to meet the design requirements before they can be put into use. 2. The indoor use of LED-type lamps, energy-saving and high-light efficiency T5 tube LED fluorescent lamps (with batteries), toilets and other wet places using moisture- proof energy-saving lamps. Except for fire-fighting lamps, all other types of luminaires are open (direct-fired), and the luminaire efficiency is more than 75%. The power factor required for all Luminaires in various places is not less than 0.90. When the luminaires meet beams and water and heating pipes, they can be adjusted appropriately according to the situation on the spot. The illumination requirements of each functional room are detailed in the relevant chapters of the green design special section (electrical) of public building construction drawings. 58

3. Timing control is used in public aisles and halls, and warping switch is used in equipment rooms and function rooms. 4. In the second decoration, the lighting energy-saving index should meet the relevant chapters in the green design of public building construction drawings. 5. Lamps shall be fixed firmly and reliably. Wood wedges, nylon stoppers or plastic stoppers shall be strictly prohibited in masonry and concrete structures. Lamps, fixtures and suspensions with a mass greater than 10kg shall be tested according to a uniform load of 5 times the weight of lamps, and the duration shall not be less than I5 minutes. 6. When using Class I lamps, the exposed conductive part of the lamps should be grounded reliably; when using safe ultra-low voltage power supply for lighting devices, the safety isolation transformer should be adopted, and the secondary side should not be grounded. 7. Splash-proof safety products should be selected for boiling water room, switch and socket in toilet. Installation height should not be less than 1.5m from ground. 8. Power sockets should be safe. 9. Except as illustrated in the figure, all sockets are single-phase two-pole three-pole safe sockets. The installation mode and height of sockets are detailed in the table of main equipment materials. Drawing 1.13.4: Outdoor Lighting Plan 1.13.5 Fire Distribution and Emergency Lighting 1. The firefighting equipment of this unit is emergency lighting, etc. 59

2. Emergency lighting is powered by a special circuit, which is introduced from the lighting distribution headbox AL. Emergency lighting and evacuation indicator lamps are LED-type, and battery-equipped lamps are used. 3. The main power supply line used for fire protection facilities is NH-YJV-0.6/1KV, and the branch line is NH-BV-450/750V with fire-resistant conductor, and the working temperature is 90 C. 4. When fire-fighting distribution lines are laid open (including in ceiling), they should be protected by metal conduits or closed metal groove boxes, and fire-proof measures should be taken for metal conduits or closed metal groove boxes; when fire-retardant or refractory cables are used and laid in cable wells and grooves, they cannot be protected by metal conduits or closed metal groove boxes; when mineral insulated non-flammable cables are used. When applied, it can be applied directly. When concealed laying of fire-fighting distribution lines, pipes should be pierced and laid in non-combustible structures, and the thickness of protective layer should not be less than 30 mm. 5. Emergency lighting (self- batteries) should be set up in corridors and places where normal work is still needed in case of fire, and the power supply should be turned on by itself. 6. The \"safe exit\" should be used directly above the safety exit and the evacuation door; the light evacuation indication signs should be set along the evacuation corridor and meet the following requirements: the distance between the light evacuation indication signs should not be greater than 20m; the bag-shaped corridor should not be greater than 10m; and the corner area of the corridor should not be greater than 1.0m. 7. The lowest level illumination of evacuation lighting should not be less than 5.0Lx; stairwell, front room or shared front room should not be less than 5.0Lx. 8. Standby lighting should be set up in equipment rooms and firefighting equipment rooms which still need to work normally in case of fire. The minimum illumination of their working surface should not be lower than that of normal lighting. 9. Emergency lighting and light evacuation indicators should be equipped with protective shields made of glass or other non-combustible materials. Continuous power supply time for standby power supply: not less than 90 minutes in general places; not less than 180 minutes in places that still need to work in case of fire between equipments. 10. The continuous power supply time of fire-fighting distribution line should be more than 90 minutes. 11. Fire evacuation indication signs and fire emergency lighting fixtures in buildings shall comply with the relevant provisions of the current national standards \"Fire Safety Signs Part I: Signs\" GB13495.1-2015 and \"Fire Emergency Lighting and Evacuation Indicating System\" GB17945-2010. 12. The control box (cabinet) of fire-fighting equipment shall be marked with obvious 60

\"fire-fighting\" signs and shall conform to the requirements of fire-fighting standards. 13. All self-contained battery-type fire emergency evacuation lamps and lanterns are LED-type lamps and lanterns. Drawing 1.13.5: Single Line Power Distribution Diagram 1.13.6 Equipment Selection and Installation 1. All distribution boxes, except those in the distribution room and the partition wall of fire protection zones, are hidden; the height of the box body is below 600 mm, the bottom margin is 1.5 mm; the height of 600 mm to 800 mm is 1.2 m; the height of 800 mm to 1000 mm is 1.0 m; the height of 1000 mm to 1200 mm is 0 mm, and the bottom margin is 0.8 m; and the height of 1200 mm is ground- mounted with 300 mm foundation. Practice details D702-1~3 \"Installation of common low-voltage distribution equipment\". Closure measures should be taken around the floor mounting base and small animals such as rats and snakes should be prevented from entering the box. 2. The cable groove box is a closed metal groove box. When laying horizontally, the distance between installation height and support point is 1.5-3 m, and the distance between installation height and support point is 50 mm (not less than 2.5 m from ground height); when laying vertically, the distance between fixed point and support point should not be less than 1.8 m (except laying inside and outside electric rooms, the distance between fixed points is not more than 2 m); when constructing bridge, attention should be paid to cooperation with other specialties. Cable bridge shall not be connected through floor or wall; it shall not be laid above corrosive gas pipeline and thermal pipeline and below corrosive liquid pipeline; when it fails to meet the above requirements, anti-corrosion and heat insulation measures shall be taken; expansion joints shall be set every 15-25 m of 61

the straight line length of the bridge; compensation devices shall be set when it crosses the deformed joints of the building; and when it crosses the fire wall and fireproof. When floor slabs are used, non-combustible materials or fire-proof plugging materials which are not lower than the fire resistance limit of floor slabs are used to plug them. 3. When laying multi-layer cable bridge, the distance between layers is generally not less than 0.2m between control cables; 0.3m between power cables; 0.3m between the upper part of the bridge and the roof or other obstacles. When laying several groups of cable bridge at the same height, the maintenance and repair distance between adjacent cable bridges should be considered. 4. Metal partitions shall be used for inward working/standby power supply cables of the same bridge frame (fire prevention metal partitions shall be used for firefighting). 5. Installation details of cable bridge frame 04D701-3 \"Installation of cable bridge frame\". 6. The test items of low-voltage electrical apparatus handover installed separately on site shall conform to GB50303-20159.1.2 of the Code for Acceptance and Acceptance of Construction Quality of Building Electrical Engineering. 7. The specific location of the outlet of the power supply for pumps and other equipment shall be based on the professional drawings of the equipment. Drawing 1.13.6: Electrical and Communication Handholes 1.13.7 Conductors 1. Copper-cored cross-linked polyethylene insulated polyvinyl chloride sheathed power cable (YJV) and copper-cored polyvinyl chloride insulated wire (BV) are used in the main lines of non-fire-fighting equipment distribution lines in this project. 2. The main line of distribution line of firefighting equipment in this project, fire- resistant copper core cross-linked polyethylene insulated polyvinyl chloride sheathed power cable (NHYJV), and other branch lines are fire-resistant conductors. There are three wires not marked in the figure, three wires in the 62

emergency evacuation lighting circuit and two wires from the single-control switch to the light fixture. 3. The maximum outer diameter of cable protection duct laid in cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slab should not be greater than 1/3 of floor thickness, and the maximum outer diameter of cable protection duct laid in cushion should not be greater than 1/2 of cushion thickness. 4. When the pipeline is longer or has more turns, it is better to install a cable box or increase the diameter of the pipeline. The spacing between two pulling points should conform to the following requirements: no bending pipeline not exceeding 30m; one more than 20m between two pulling points; no more than 15m between two pulling points; no more than 8m between three turning points; and any additional junction box should be installed in construction, which shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of construction specifications. 5. In the plan, all the loops should be laid separately according to the loops, and different branches should not be laid together. The N and PE wires of each circuit are drawn from the distribution box. 6. Steel conduits shall not be welded by butt welding; galvanized steel conduits or steel conduits whose wall thickness is less than or equal to 2 mm shall not be welded by sleeve welding. 7. The pipelines in the cast-in-place concrete slab should be avoided overlapping and exposed according to the structure. The cover of the protective tube of a concealed common distribution pipe shall not be less than 15 mm. Steel conduits with a wall thickness not less than 2.0 shall be used for open or buried metal conduits. Metal conduits that are applied openly or secretly in dry places should be wired with a wall thickness of not less than 1.5mm. Reliable moisture proof and anti-corrosion measures should be taken when metal conduits are laid open. 8. Pipelines buried underground should not pass through the equipment foundation. Pipes should be protected when passing through the building foundation, and protective measures should be taken when passing through the expansion and settlement joints of the building. 9. Therefore, pipelines passing through expansion joints, settlement joints and post- pouring belts of buildings should be constructed according to national and local standard drawings. 10. Electrical lines should not be crossed or laid in thermal insulation materials with B1 or B2 burning performance. When crossing or laying is necessary, fire protection measures such as penetrating metal tubes and using non-combustible thermal insulation materials around metal tubes should be taken. Fire protection measures such as non-combustible heat insulation materials for fire prevention and isolation should be taken around the parts where electrical fittings such as 63

switches and sockets are installed. 11. When switches, sockets and lighting fixtures are close to combustibles, fire protection measures such as heat insulation and heat dissipation should be taken. Halogen tungsten lamp and incandescent lamp with rated power of not less than 100W, such as ceiling lamp, trough lamp and embedded lamp, should be insulated by non-combustible materials such as ceramic tube and mineral wool. Incandescent lamp, tungsten halide lamp, high pressure sodium lamp, metal halide lamp, fluorescent high pressure mercury lamp (including inductance ballast) with rated power not less than 60W should not be installed directly on combustible objects or take other fire prevention measures. 1.13.8 Grounding and Safety measures 1. Lightning protection of buildings: The lightning protection grade of this project is designed according to three categories. The lightning protection of this project includes external lightning protection device, internal lightning protection device and measures to prevent lightning surge intrusion. 2. Lightning protection outside the building: 1) Flash connector: The roof adopts hot 12 galvanized round steel as flash connector, which is laid around the parapet wall. The spacing of supporting clips is 1 meter, the hanging section at the corner is not more than 0.3 meters, the flash connector belt is 0.15 meters higher than the decorative pillar or parapet wall. The grid of the connecting line of the roof flash connector belt is not more than 20mX20m or 24mX16m; the flash connector should be laid on the parapet wall. The upper terrace roof is preferred to use metal railings and curtain steel frames as flash receivers. Flagpole and balustrade decorations on the roof and cover on the parapet wall can be directly used as flash receivers. Its cross section and wall thickness should meet the requirements of the relevant specifications. 2) Lead-down line: The lightning-proof lead-down line is made up of the long binding or screw-fastening of steel bars above 2XΦ16 or 4XΦ10 in all structural columns of the external wall of a building. The upper end of the lead line is welded with the flash strip and the lower end is welded with the ground electrode. Four test points are reserved at 0.5 meters of the building's four-corner lead. A 40X4 hot-dip galvanized flat steel was drawn from 0.8m below the outdoor surface. Flat steel extends outdoors and is not less than 1.5m away from the outer wall skin. All components must be connected to form an electrical path. 3) Grounding device: The grounding device of the grounding device should be shared with the grounding device of buildings and electronic systems and should be equipotential connected with the introduced metal pipelines and metal components, requiring that the grounding resistance should not exceed 1 ohm. When the grounding resistance does not meet the requirements, the outdoor grounding pole is added, and the grounding grid is formed by welding the 64

flinging steel bar. The special grounding device of the external lightning protection device should be laid into a ring grounding body around the building. The grounding body is made up of steel mesh over 2xΦ10 in the foundation (the depth of the foundation is more than 0.5m from the ground). The connection of grounding body should be welded, and exothermic welding (flux welding) should be adopted. When the general welding method is adopted, the - 40*4 hot-dip galvanized flat steel should be added at 0.5 m, and the circular grounding body should be welded along the outer ring of the building. The connection of grounding body should be welded, and the place where the grounding body is placed should be used for anticorrosive treatment. 4) The stirrups and reinforcing bars, which are connected by stirrups or meshed reinforcing bars, and reinforcing bars and reinforcing bars, shall be tied, screw, butt welding or lap welding in civil construction. Single steel bar, round steel or embedded connection plate and wire should be welded with steel bar in component or connected with clamp fastened by bolt. Components must be connected to each other in an electrical way. 3. Buildings are equipped with internal lightning protection devices: The lightning protection equipotential connection is made between the lightning protection device and the building metal body, the metal device, the system in the building and the metal pipeline in and out of the building at the basement or ground floor of the building. 4. Festival lights fixed on buildings and other electrical equipment and lines should take corresponding measures to prevent thunder wave intrusion according to the type of lightning protection of buildings. It shall comply with the following provisions: 1) Electrical equipment without metal case or protective net cover shall be within the protection range of the flasher. 2) Distribution lines drawn from distribution boxes shall pass through steel tubes. One end of the steel pipe shall be connected with the distribution box and PE line, the other end shall be connected with the housing and protective cover of the electrical equipment and shall be connected with the lightning protection device of the roof nearby. When the steel pipe is disconnected due to the connection equipment, a cross connection shall be set up. 3) Surge protectors of Class II test should be installed on the power side of the switch in the distribution box. 5. Measures to prevent lightning electromagnetic pulse: The lightning protection level of the electronic information system designed in this paper is D level, and the first level surge protector is installed in the main distribution box. Its maximum continuous working voltage Uc=275V, voltage protection level Up=2.0kv, impulse current Iimp(10/350us):12.5kA. The second stage SPD is installed in the distribution box of each layer. Its maximum continuous working voltage Uc = 420V, voltage protection 65

level Up = 1.2kv, nominal discharge current In (8/20us): 20kA. 6. Measures to prevent thunder and lightning wave intrusion: All kinds of lines and metal pipes entering the building should be introduced buried in the whole line, and the metal skin of the cable, steel pipes and metal pipes should be connected with the grounding grid at the end of the entrance. 7. Measures to prevent contact voltage and step voltage: Use the steel bars connected by the metal frame of the building and the building to connect electrically with a natural lead line composed of not less than 10 pillars. The pillars used as the natural lead line include those located around the building and within the building. 8. The connecting wires of SPD at all levels in this project should be short and straight, and its length should not exceed 0.5m, and it should be fixed firmly. 9. SPD Connecting Wires See Table 6.5.1, GB50343-2012 10. Information facilities system and public safety system are equipped with over-voltage protection devices. System integrators implement drawings according to the requirements of \"Technical Specification for Lightning Protection of Building Electronic Information System\" GB50343-2012. The SPD surge protector adapted to the signal line should be selected for the information facility system and the public security system, and it should meet the requirements of the relevant design specifications. 11. The type of lightning protection products in the drawing purchased shall be approved by the local lightning protection authority. 12. Grounding and safety measures (1) The grounding of lightning-proof grounding, protective grounding of electrical equipment and weak electricity in this project should share a unified grounding electrode. The grounding resistance should not exceed 1 ohm. When the actual measurement does not meet the requirements, artificial grounding electrode should be added. The grounding grid should be welded by using the throwing steel bar, and asphalt corrosion protection should be brushed at all welding points of outdoor grounding. (2) All metal enclosures of electrical equipment that are normally not electrified and may present voltage when insulation damage occurs shall be reliably grounded. PE wires shall not be connected in series. (3) The project adopts total equipotential bonding. The total equipotential bonding plate is made of copper sheet. The protective trunk lines in buildings, the main pipes of equipment and the metal components of buildings should be connected. The total equipotential bonding line adopts BV-1x25mm2-PC32(-40X4 hot-dip galvanized flat steel). The total equipotential bonding adopts equipotential clamps, which prohibits welding on metal pipes. (4) TN-C-S system is adopted in the grounding type of this project. The section of special grounding wire (PE line) is stipulated as follows: when the section of 66

phase line is less than 16 mm2. PE line is the same as phase line; when the section of phase line is 16-35 mm2, PE line is 16 mm2; when the section of phase line is more than 35 mm2, PE line is not less than half of the section of phase line. (5) The metal cable bridge and its brackets and the metal cable conduits introduced or extracted must be grounded (PE) reliably and must comply with the following requirements: a) When the total length of ladder, tray and groove box is not more than 30m, there should be no less than two reliable connections with the protective conductor; when the total length is more than 30m, there should be an additional connection point every 20m to 30m. Both the beginning and the end should be grounded reliably. b) The two ends of the connecting plate between the non-galvanized ladder, pallet and groove box body should be spanned to protect the connecting conductor, and the cross-sectional area of the protecting connecting conductor should meet the design requirements. c) When the galvanized ladder, pallet and groove box body are not spanned to protect the connecting conductor, the connecting plate shall not be less than two connecting fixed bolts with anti-loosening nuts or washers at each end. (6) Grounding (PE) feeder must be connected with the main line of grounding (PE) separately and not in series. (7) The exposed conductive parts of lamps and lanterns with installation height less than 2.4m must be reliably connected with PE conductor by copper-cored flexible conductor. The grounding mark should be set at the connection, and the cross-sectional area of copper-cored flexible conductor should be the same as that of the power supply wire entering the lamps. The connection of the socket shall comply with the current specification GB50303, Article 20.1.3. (8) The outdoor steel climbing ladder of the building, the metal pipes laid vertically inside and outside the outer wall, and the top and bottom of the metal objects should be connected with the lightning protection device by equal potential. 1.13.9 Weak Current 1. Integrated Cabling System (1) The communication signal is brought near by the metal slot box/metal pipeline used in the main distribution frame. (2) UTP-Cat6 is used for the line to the terminal network telephone sockets, and the PVC pipe is hidden along the wall and floor. (3) RJ45 super-five type network socket is selected, matching with the wire, 0.3m undercover at the bottom margin. 67

1.13.10 Seismic Design 1. Installation bolts or welding strength of distribution boxes meet seismic requirements. Installation of distribution box and communication equipment cabinet by wall should be firm at the bottom. Welding method should be adopted when installation is not by wall. When more than eight degrees, several cabinets can be connected in the center of gravity. The wall-mounted distribution box shall be connected with the wall by metal expansion bolts. The components in the cabinet of distribution box and communication equipment should consider the interaction with the supporting structure. Soft connection should be adopted between the components, and the connection should be treated as earthquake-proof. Instruments on the distribution box surface should be firmly assembled with the cabinet body. 2. Fire and security equipment installed on the horizontal operating surface should take measures to prevent sliding. Electrical equipment built on the roof of buildings should take protective measures to prevent falling and injuring people after damage of equipment or its components caused by earthquakes. 3. The relative displacement between ceiling and floor should be taken into account when installing lamps on ceiling. 4. Cables and groove boxes should have allowances in length at the points of introduction, extraction and turning. Pipes with good elasticity and ductility are used for laying cable through pipes. 5. The following measures should be taken when laying the gas pipeline into the building: a. Flexible pipeline should be adopted at the entrance; B. When the entrance well is adjacent to the building, there is a margin of cable in the well; C. The gap between the entrance casing and the entrance pipe should be flexible anticorrosive and sealed with waterproof material. 6. The following measures should be taken when the electric line crosses the seismic joint: a. When using metal conduit and rigid plastic pipe to lay, it passes near the lower part of the building, and there is a flexible pipe joint on both sides of the seismic joint; B. The cable groove box and the metal wire groove are provided with expansion joints on both sides of the seismic joint; C. The seismic support joints are set at both ends of the seismic joint and are connected reliably with the structure. 7. Electrical pipeline laying should comply with the following requirements: a. When the line is laid with metal conduit, rigid plastic conduit and cable ladder, rigid bracket or bracket should be used to fix it; B. When metal conduit and rigid plastic conduit cable groove box pass through fire protection zones, the crack should be sealed with flexible fire-proof material, and seismic support should be installed near the penetration site; C. Metal conduit and rigid plastic conduit. Expansion joints are arranged in the straight part of the material conduit every 30 m. 8. Connections between distribution devices and electrical equipment shall comply with the following requirements: a. Use of soft conductors; B. When laying with metal 68

conduits, the inlet shall be converted to flexible conduit transition; C. When laying with cable groove boxes or slots, the inlet shall be converted to flexible conduit transition. 9. The other seismic requirements are detailed in Chapter 7 of GB50981-2014. 1.13.11 Other 1. The protection level of indoor distribution equipment in this project: wet place should not be lower than IP55, other places should not be lower than IP40, and outdoor distribution equipment should not be lower than IP65. 2. Hot-dip galvanized thick-walled steel pipes are used in this project, and the wall thickness should not be less than 4mm. 3. The metal balustrade on the roof is used as a flash connector and connected with the flash band. Its wall thickness should be greater than 2.5mm. 4. The selected equipment and materials of this project must have the certificate of national testing center (3C certification), must meet the national standards related to products, and power supply products and fire products should have access to the network license. 5. Construction units must construct according to engineering design drawings and construction technology standards and may not modify engineering design without authorization. If a construction unit finds errors in design documents and drawings in the course of construction, it shall promptly put forward opinions and suggestions. 6. National Architectural Standard Design in this project. (1) 《Installation of common lamps and lanterns》 96D702-2 (2) 《Equipotential connection installation》 15D502 (3) 《Grounding Device Installation》 14D504 (4) 《Electrical Design and Outdoor Wiring of Civil Buildings》 08D800-7 (5) 《Installation of Common Low Voltage Distribution Equipment》 04D702-1 (6) 《Installation of Lightning Protection Facilities in Buildings》 15D501 (7) 《Installation of Hard Plastic Pipe Wiring》 98D301-2 1.14 Water Supply System 1.14.1 Volume Calculation of Domestic Water Tank Domestic water tanks provide domestic water for officer and worker which considered by 50 people. The average water consumption per capita is calculated by 50L/person. water consumption time is calculated by 8-10 hours, and the hourly variation coefficient is considered by 1.2. The calculation is followed by the Code of Design of Building Water Supply and Drainage (GB 50015-2003) as follow: 69

Drawing 1.14.1: Water Supply Plan Water supply Standard Unit Qty Time variati Water consumption (cubic on meters) coeffic Maximum Maximum Average ient day hour Hour Officer & 50.00 L/Pers 50 8.0 1.20 2.50 0.38 0.31 Worker on Unforeseen According to 10% of the above items in this 0.25 0.038 0.031 water supply table Total 2.75 0.41 0.34 According to the Code of Design of Building Water Supply and Drainage (GB 50015- 2003), the storage capacity of domestic water tank is not less than 25% of the maximum daily water consumption. The effective volume of the designed tank is 0.9 cubic meters. The size of water tank is 1500mm * 1500mm * 1000mm, and the depth is 400mm. Drawing 1.14.2: Domestic Water Tank – Source: The Engineering Community 70

1.15 Communication System 1.15.1 Standards • ANSI/TIIA-4966 (Telecommunications Infrastructure for Educational Buildings and Spaces • TSB-155-A (Installed Category 6 Cabling to support 10GBASE-T • TIA-492AAAD (Detail specifications for OM4-nm laser-optimized, 50-um cladding diameter class la graded-index multimode optical fibers • ANSI/TIA-607-B (Telecommunications Grounding (Earthing) and Boding for Customer Premises • Maintenance Revision of IEEE Std. 802.3.2012 Task Force (Standard for Ethernet • ISO/IEC 11801-1 (Information Technology – Generic cabling systems • ANSI/BICSI-005 (Electronic Safety and Security (ESS) System Design and implementation Best Practices Drawing 1.15.1: Outdoor Communication Plan 71

1.16 HVAC Grain chilling units for the safest and cost-effective storage of bulk grain, seeds and perishable granular products as wheat, barley, paddy rice, milled rice, maize, soybeans, sunflower seeds, cotton seeds, alfalfa pellets and cubes, feed pellets, etc. A heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system, which is based on the refrigeration of the grain in hygrometric equilibrium with it, minimize the mentioned problems and stands for the cleanest, safest and most natural andecologic method for conserving grains, seeds and most kinds of perishable granulated products. Figure 1.16: HVAC installed in Steel Silo Bin (C-Grain, Thailand) 1.16.1 Importance of HVAC The grain, even after harvested, still keeps on breathing. This breathing is a combustion chemical process where the grain converts its own mass into carbon dioxide and water, which in turn heats up and re-wetsthe grain, accelerating the product self-destruction. This non-reversible process of respiration increases at higher temperatures and moistures of the grain. By the proper use of refrigeration, the mentioned grain damaging process is minimized and kept under control. The grain once chilled, keeps its low temperature for a 72

long time, without the need for a continuous cooling. Direct consequences of non- controlled storing of the grain are the appearing of fungi and toxins, which are very dangerous for the health of humans and animals. The proper storing of grain by means HVAC increase the life of the stored material. At ambient temperatures of 15º C and higher, the insects develop, infesting and devastating the stored product. As well as the weight loss also, the insect activity increases with temperature rise, up to a maximum level around 35º C, depending on varieties. Under 15º C, the insects do not develop. In case of seed storing, the preservation of their germinating potential is the most important goal. An adequate preservation of seeds, at low temperature and moisture levels results indispensable. Oil seeds and grains with high fat content, particularly benefit from adequate preservation by means of refrigeration. On the contrary, the heat rotten the oils, thus damaging the product in a non-reversible way. Less fissured or cracked grains, better quality grain, and many other benefits have been demonstrated along many years of experience in the grain refrigeration technique by means of the HVAC units. Figure 1.16: Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning System of Silo 73

Figure 1.16.1: Fumigation through Acaricide/Insecticide Smoke before drying 1.16.2 Fumigation Large volumes of bulk grain have always been a challenge. A challenge to inspect, to maintain the quality, to locate the hot spots, to aerate, to fumigate, to preserve. Silos, ship holds, bunkers and flat warehouses shall offer safe storage but very often offer “blind” storage as it is really difficult to measure the conditions in the bulk mass. To successfully fumigate the large volumes, one needs to combine science with art. Fumigation Plan Everything good always starts with a plan. In the US and a few other countries, developing a fumigation plan and sharing it with the local authorities, is part of the legislation. In some other countries, the fumigation plan is developed as part of the Good Practices. In most countries the plan only exists in the mind of the chief fumigator. And this is not good… Looking at the American standard plan {2}, it includes the exact location to be treated, the responsible people and the authorities involved. It requires details of the structure to be fumigated, like the type of walls, the adjacent buildings and even a drawing. The monitoring for safety depends on the risk assessment and continuous electronic monitoring is asked for the dangerous cases. The type of commodity must be stated, the volume and the quantity. The times of preparation, treatment and aeration must be declared. The dosage and type of fumigant are declared and correlated with the label. The sealing is described. All doors must be locked, carry a label and have extra locks to avoid the chance of personnel entering with their own keys. 74

The aeration process must be described and even the deactivation of used fumigant. A release procedure and signing are also required. Figure 1.16.2: Fumigation System for Silo Resistance management Most countries in the world have issues with insects showing some level of resistance to phosphine. If resistance is detected, then a higher dosage is required in combination with longer exposure. The fumigator needs to search for resistance by collecting insects and putting them in the test. There are five tests that are commonly used [1]: • The molecular test using PCR and molecular markers • The FAO test using 30ppm for 20 hours. • The Nayak et al 2013 modified test using 6 hours of exposure. • The Dose response test using 3 days at a range of concentrations. • The Detia Degesh Kit using 3000ppm for 9-12 minutes The last test can be performed on site by fumigators. Fumigation protocol There are very few phosphine fumigation protocols internationally accepted. 1. According to the Australian GRDC standard [3] the concentration of phosphine must remain above 200ppm for 10 days or above 300ppm for 7 days. 2. According to Coresta Guide No2 [4] the concentration of phosphine must remain above 200ppm for 4 days when the product temperature is >20C or above 300ppm for 6 days when the product temperature (T) is 16C>T>20C. The Coresta is actually focusing on the insect Lasioderma sericorne of Tobacco but recent research showed that it has excellent results on most stored product insects. 75

3. The COFP standard (by the USDA) [5] requires the concentration of phosphine to remain above 300ppm for 6 days when the product temperature (T) is 16C>T>20C, or above 300ppm for 4 days when the product temperature is >20C. The common thing between all protocols is that the fumigator needs to measure the concentration continuously as well as the product temperature. The general idea is that Fumigation is not recommended below 16C and the minimum duration is 4 days plus the time to reach the concentration. So no phosphine fumigation can last less than 5 days. Silo tightness If a silo/bunker/warehouse/container/stack is not airtight, the phosphine gas will escape. When the gas escapes, we face two serious problems: it may threaten the life of people and animals nearby and the treatment may fail. For both reasons we need airtight assets. To determine the level of tightness there is an Australian standard for pressure testing issued by GRDC and revised in 2014. The bottom-line of the standard is that the “Half- life Pressure Test” time must be over 3 minutes. How do we measure that? We increase the pressure in the asset to 25mmHg and measure the time needed to drop to 12mmHg. This is the “Half-life Time” and it must be longer than 3 minutes. If we cannot reach this level of tightness, we must be prepared to deal with leakages. We must be prepared to add gas and also to deal with the risks of escaping gas. Recirculation Most professionals know that phosphine (molecular weight: 33,9 g/mol) is a bit heavier than air (molecular weight: 28.9 g/mol). That means the phosphine gas would go down pulled by gravity. But this is not happening. The reason is that the phosphine gas is moving together with the air. In the grain we usually have air movement caused by the differences of the temperature during the day. Unless we use recirculation of phosphine (j-system) we cannot guarantee that phosphine will reach all areas of grain mass and that it will create an equilibrium. What happens without recirculation is shown on the next graph and it allows insect survival. Recirculation is mandatory for all grain masses larger than 100 metric tons. The ideal recirculation should last during all the treatment as long as it does not increase gas leakage. When the recirculation is stopped, the result is loss of equilibrium. 76

Figure 1.16.3: Non-Fumigated Grains in Silo Bins Measuring Remote monitoring is changing the fumigation world. Precision fumigation is not cheap to achieve and in most cases monitoring is made only at the beginning and at the end of a fumigation. Fumigators hesitate to send operators to take readings every day in a faraway silo. Wireless sensors offer new capabilities with continuous information upload. They allow the observation of each treatment in real time, allowing corrective actions and evaluation of each application. The cognitive software offers treatment prediction and gives recommendation to users based on numerous monitored parameters. In the next years all fumigations will be monitored online. Inspect At the end of each fumigation, a thorough inspection must be made in search for surviving insects. Such a finding will indicate a gap in the process and should lead to corrective and preventive actions. There are several aspects in a fumigation that may lead to a failure like leakage, low dosage, low humidity, low temperature, wrong readings, short duration etc. By finding alive insects we realize a failure. If we don’t find alive insects are we sure that the fumigation was successful? Probably not. Adult insects are about 15% of the total insect population (data on Tribolium), meaning that we search for alive adults while the 85% of the population (larvae, pupae and eggs) may also be alive and almost impossible to detect. When a treated volume shows infestation a month or two later, it is a clear indication that the fumigation failed. Frequency of applications Depending on the label of phosphine and the country legislation, a second phosphine fumigation on the same lot, in the same year, may not be allowed. Here is another serious reason for improving the art of fumigation. 77

Are non-chemical fumigation methods successful in silos? Several silo treatments like: oxygen, controlled atmosphere, CO2, N2 are considered very successful and are available in many places around the world. Academic research has been conducted by several institutes leading to the conclusion that non-chemical methods can be equally successful. Precision monitoring is the key to success. People safety The right approach starts with a Risk Assessment for each treatment. This can be part of the Fumigation Plan as described on the first paragraph. Personal monitors, real-time monitoring, visual and sound alarms shall be involved in every fumigation. Life is very valuable to put it at risk and modern technology gives us many tools to use. There is no excuse for risking lives. It’s all about precision The fumigator must evolve. The art of modern fumigation is not in using traditional secret methods. The art is acquiring information and using it to succeed. Insects evolve, we should too. 1.17 Comparison of reliability index between American and BG Codes 1.17.1 National Standards of China National Standards are often referred to as “GB standards”. They are consistent across all of China and are developed for technical requirements. Many Chinese national GB standards are adoptions from ISO, IEC or other international standards developers. (As of 2006, nearly half of all Chinese national GB standards were adoptions of international standards and “advanced foreign standards”.) China has also expressed a goal of significantly increasing the number of standards that are adoptions of international or advanced foreign standards. GB Standards are the Chinese national standards issued by the Standardization Administration of China (SAC), the Chinese National Committee of the ISO and IEC. GB stands for Guobiao, Chinese for national standard. The Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China (SAC) is the standards organization authorized by the State Council of China to exercise administrative responsibilities by undertaking unified management, supervision and overall coordination of standardization work in China. The SAC represents China within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electro- technical Commission (IEC) and other international and regional standardization organizations; the SAC is responsible for organizing the activities of the Chinese National Committee for ISO and IEC; the SAC approves and organizes the implementation of international cooperation and the exchange of projects on standardization. 78

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard- setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and works in 164 countries. It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. 1.17.2 Code administration and enforcement Construction laws are administered by the Ministry of Construction, while building codes and mandatory standards are drafted and maintained by multiple parties: The Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Housing and Urban and Rural Development, the Chinese Academy of Building Research, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Environment. The Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China (SAC) is authorized by the State Council of China to exercise administrative responsibilities by undertaking unified management, supervision, and overall coordination of standardization work. Local governments frequently develop regional codes and mandatory standards, and the SAC also administers these. Thus, the SAC administers all codes and standards. Codes and mandatory standards are enforced by local governments and private companies contracted by the governments conduct inspection and testing. 1.17.3 Reference Standards The SAC is authorized by the State Council of China to exercise administrative responsibilities by undertaking unified management, supervision, and coordination of standardization work in China. The SAC represents China in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electro technical Commission (IEC), and other standardization organizations. The SAC is responsible for organizing the activities of the Chinese National Committee for ISO and IEC. It approves and organizes the implementation of international cooperation and the exchange of projects on standardization. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ)—a ministerial department under the State Council and the SAC—is in charge of national quality, metrology, entry-exit commodity inspection, entry-exit health quarantine, entry-exit animal and plant quarantine, import-export food safety, certification and accreditation, standardization, as well as administrative law enforcement. Mandatory codes in China incorporate standards from China and various economies (e.g., Australia, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, United States). Most codes copied directly from standards do not refer to or cite the standards, but note that the standards are from international standards. The wording in the codes is modified to suit regional conditions. Chinese standards may be mandatory or voluntary. Mandatory standards have the force of law as do other technical regulations. They are enforced by laws and administrative regulations and concern the protection of human health, personal property, and safety. Standards that fall outside of these characteristics are considered 79

voluntary. Many technical regulations developed under the Chinese standards system is referred to as “mandatory standards.” In addition to these mandatory standards, individual agencies also develop regulatory requirements outside of the Chinese standards system. There are four levels of standards. The most widely implemented are national standards, followed by professional standards, then local standards, and finally enterprise standards. These levels are hierarchical, so that local standards supersede enterprise standards; professional standards supersede local standards, etc. For any given product or service, only one type of standard will apply (Standards Portal 2012). National standards are often referred to as “GB standards.” They are consistent across all of China and are developed for technical requirements. As of 2006, there were 21,410 Chinese national GB standards, among which approximately 15 percent were mandatory and 85 percent voluntary. Chinese national GB standards can be identified as mandatory or voluntary by their prefix code. GB/T indicates voluntary national standards, and GB/Z indicates national guiding technical documents (SAC (a) 2010; SAC 2012). Many Chinese national GB standards are adoptions from ISO, IEC, or other international standards developers. (As of 2006, nearly half of Chinese national GB standards were adoptions of international standards and “advanced foreign standards.”) China has also expressed a goal of significantly increasing the number of standards that are adoptions of international or advanced foreign standards. The database of Chinese national GB standards provides information on which standards have been adopted. Professional standards are often referred to as “industry standards.” They are developed and applied when no national GB standard exists, but where a unified technical requirement is needed for a specific industry sector. Professional standards are coded by industry sector. The codes of mandatory standards are shown in the following table, and the codes of voluntary standards have \"/T\" added after the mandatory codes. For example, the code for agricultural voluntary standards is \"NY/T\". Local standards are often referred to as “provincial standards.” They are developed when neither national nor professional standards are available, but unified requirements for safety and hygiene of industrial products are needed in a local area. Local standards are delineated with either “DB + *” (mandatory) or “DB + */T” (voluntary). The codes for local standards are shown below. The * represents the province code as defined by the ISO 3166-2:CN and GB 2260/T, so a local voluntary standard in Sichuan Province would be DB + 51/T. Enterprise standards may be developed and/or used by an individual company when national, professional, and local standards aren't available. However, companies doing business in China are encouraged to use/adopt national, professional and local standards if they are available. The formula for determining an enterprise standards code is below, where the * represents the enterprise code (EU-SME 2011). Codes and mandatory standards in China are divided up finely into technical requirements, systems, approaches, materials etc. For example, there are 48 national codes and 25 mandatory standards on structures alone, and nearly 60 national codes and 80

mandatory standards pertaining to building energy and heating, airconditioning and refrigeration (HVAC) systems. In turn, the HVAC codes and mandatory standards are divided into types of systems, design methods, building types, regional weathers, and equipment etc. The structural codes are divided into building types, materials, design methods, and regional constraints. The national codes and mandatory standards also include more than 800 national codes and mandatory standards pertaining to building design. These pertain to plumbing, sanitation, foundation, piling, storm sewer, water quality, oxygen stations, lighting etc. Codes can be further categorized into prescriptive code, technical codes, and design codes for design. Many regions have developed regional codes and mandatory standards, and these categorize buildings differently. While national codes and mandatory standards are mandatory to the region, the regional codes and mandatory standards can sometimes overwrite the national codes and mandatory standards if they are more stringent, or if the regional can better address regional issues. 81

1.17.4 GB Similarity with ISO and other International Codes A non-exhaustive list of National Standards of the People's Republic of China is listed as follows, accompanied with similar international standards of ISO, marked as identical (IDT), equivalent (EQV), or non-equivalent (NEQ). Mandatory standards Number Equivalent to Title GB AC power mains plugs and sockets 2099.1‐2008 GB 1002‐2008 AC power mains plugs and sockets GB 2312-1980 Code of Chinese graphic character set for information interchange, primary set; see also GBK, a common extension of GB 2312 GB 3100-1993 EQV ISO SI units and recommendations for the use of their 1000:1992 multiples and of certain other units GB 3101-1993 EQV ISO 31- General principles concerning quantities, units and 0:1992 symbols GB 3259-1992 Transliterating rules of Chinese phonetic alphabet on titles for books and periodicals in Chinese GB 3304-1991 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes GB 5768-2009 Road traffic signs and markings GB 6513-1986 Character set for bibliographic information interchange on mathematical coding of characters GB 7714-1987 Descriptive rules for bibliographic references GB 8045-1987 Mongolian 7-bit and 8-bit coded graphic character sets for information processing interchange GB 12050- 1989 Information processing – Uighur coded graphic character sets for information interchange GB 12052- IDT ISO/IEC Korean character coded character sets for information 1989 10646:2003 interchange GB 12200.1- Chinese information processing – Vocabulary – Part 1: 1990 Fundamental terms GB 13000- Information technology – Universal multiple-octet 2010 coded character set (UCS) GB 14887- Road traffic signals 2003 Information technology – Chinese ideograms coded GB 18030- 82

2005 character set for information interchange – Extension for the basic set GB 500011- 2001[1] Civil engineering – Code for seismic design of GB 50223- buildings 2008[2] Civil engineering – Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions Recommended standards Number Equivalent to Title GB/T 148- NEQ ISO Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter – 1997 216:1975 Trimmed sizes-A and B series Information technology – 7-bit coded character set for GB/T 1988- EQV ISO/IEC information interchange 1998 646:1991 Information technology – Character code structure and extension techniques GB/T 2311- IDT ISO/IEC 2000 2022:1994 GB/T 2260- Codes for the administrative divisions of the People's 2007 Republic of China GB/T 2261- None but similar Codes for sexual distinction of human beings 1980 to ISO 5218 GB/T 2659- EQV ISO 3166- Codes for the representation of names of countries and 2000 1:1997 regions GB/T 4880- EQV ISO Codes for the representation of names of languages 1991 639:1988 Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 2: Alpha-3 code GB/T 4880.2- EQV ISO 639- 2000 2:1998 GB/T 4881- Code of Chinese languages 1985 GB/T 5795- EQV ISO China standard book numbering 2002 2108:1992 Data elements and interchange formats – Information GB/T 7408- EQV ISO interchange – Representation of dates and times 1994 8601:1988 GB/T 7589- Code of Chinese ideogram set for information 1987 interchange – 2nd supplementary set GB/T 7590- Code of Chinese ideogram set for information 1987 interchange – 4th supplementary set GB/T Chinese information processing – Vocabulary – Part 2: 12200.2-1994 Chinese and Chinese character GB/T 12345- Code of Chinese graphic character set for information 1990 interchange, supplementary set GB/T 12406- IDT ISO Codes for the representation of currencies and funds 1996 4217:1990 83

GB/T 13131- IDT ISO/IEC Code of Chinese ideogram set for information 1991 8859 interchange – The 3rd supplementary set Code of Chinese ideogram set for information GB/T 13132- IDT ISO interchange – The 5th supplementary set 1991 6709:1983 Yi coded character set for information interchange GB/T 13134- IDT ISO Information processing – 8-bit single-byte coded 1991 9000:2000 graphic character sets GB/T 15273 IDT ISO Use of punctuation marks 14001:1996 GB/T 15834- General rules for writing numerals in publications 2011 Basic rules for Hanyu Pinyin Orthography GB/T 15835- 1995 Standard representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locations GB/T 16159- 2012 China Seismic Intensity Scale, or liedu Quality management systems – Fundamentals and GB/T 16831- vocabulary 1997 Electrical vehicle charging, including GB/T 20234.2- 2015 AC-charging standard GB/T 17742- 1999 Tibetan Coded Character Set Extension A Environmental management systems – Specification GB/T 19000- with guidance for use 2000 Tibetan Coded Character Set Extension B GB/T 20234- 2015 Technical Specification of Remote Service and Management System for Electric Vehicles GB/T 20542- 2006 Calculation and promulgation of the Chinese calendar GB/T 24001- 1996 GB/T 22238- 2008 GB/T 32960- 2016 GB/T 33661- 2017 To conclude, the international standards are almost similar with <10% of difference and that is applicable to be used worldwide. Below is the detailed discussion on the comparison of the GB codes with other international codes. 84

1.17.5 Annexes sequences and short descriptions S/N Document Reference Description Annex Numbered 1 Overview of Building Asia Pacific Economic Workshop on Sharing Annex 1 Codes, Building Corporation Experiences in the Energy Codes and Design and Green Building Codes Implementation of in China Building Codes 2 Comparison of GB and ASME Pressure Annex 2 ASME Standards Systems Interest Group 3 Comparison of the Andrzej Nowak, Chair, evaluation of two Annex 3 reliability index Professor of Civil different series’ between American Engineering J. Michael structural design codes and Chinese Stallings, Professor of codes using in codes Civil Engineering America and China Robert Barnes, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering 4 Comparison on Code Department of comparison in the Annex 4 Methods for Flexure Structural Engineering, design of reinforced and Shear Design of Tongji University, concrete beams Reinforced Concrete Shanghai, China between the Chinese Beams code GB 50010, the European code Eurocode 2 and the American code ACI 318 5 Comparison of Jinling Institute of accessibility design Annex 5 Standards for Technology, Jiangsu and environmental Accessible Design Nanjing 211169, constructions of between America and China China, comparing the China differences of codes for accessibility design between domestic and abroad 6 Comparison of the Guangren Yu, M. Comparison of the Annex 6 USA, China and Japan ASCE USA, China and Seismic Design Japan Seismic Design 85

CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND STEEL SILO 1.18 Introduction This chapter presents a comparative study of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Silo. The silos are mostly used in agriculture industries. They carry normal pressures and axial compressive loads due to stored materials together with the self weight of the super structure. It also carries lateral loads due to wind or seismic forces. A finite elemental software describes the analysis and a study was conducted to compare the behaviour of Reinforced Concrete and Steel silo. From the analysis it was observed that Steel Silos are more efficient and economic. 1.19 Pros of Steel Bins 1.19.1 Steel Manufacturing Guarantees the products Companies can fully control the steel manufacturing process, ensuring high-quality products with consistency. Concrete manufacturing, on the other hand, has many variables during production that can affect the final product. Factories manufacture all- steel silo components in a quality-controlled setting, using set techniques and methods to guarantee a stable final product. Cast-in-place concrete silos rely on good weather, timely concrete delivery, and other variables for structural soundness. For instance, concrete has less than two to three hours of useful life before it begins to lose its optimal characteristics. A delayed concrete delivery can, therefore, compromise the entire silo. 86