ETIME 2021 Proceedings E-Book

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) The calorific incentive for petrol diesel is 45.4MJ kg-1 while in favor of the seed oil ofAcacia separated is 35.70 MJ kg-1. This little power contented is because of the attendance of synthetically clear oxygen in the unsaturated fat chains. The consistency is a significant actual goods of a fluid fuel, the kinematic thickness esteems for the acacia seed oil record at 40°C in our analysis is 4.15 cst was in the reach suggested byASTM. From Literature it is accounted for that the ASTM customary for biodiesel consistency is 1.9-6.0 cst at 40°C. The other important Physical Properties are Flash & Fire Point which is done on Closed cup apparatus. The experiment is done by PMCC and result Flash & Fire Point was noted as 80oC & 90oC. From this outcomes obviously very little distinction fabrication in the physico-substance property of acacia seed oil as displayed in table 3, separated utilizing n-Hexane thought aboutASTM Standards. Table-3 Comparsion of Physico-Chemical Characterization of Acacia Biodiesel S.No Characteristics Value ASTM Standards Criteria 1 Density@30o C (gm/ml) 0.88 6 0.860-0.890 Satisfied 2 Kinematic Viscosity @ 40oC (cst) 4.15 1.9-6.1 Satisfied 3 Flash Point (o C) 50-90 Very Close 4 Fire Point (o C) 80 100-110 Very Close 7 90 0.5 max Satisfied 9 Acid Value (mm KOH/gm) 0.11 10 max Satisfied 10 0.08 8500-8700 Satisfied Sulphur (%) 8534 Gross Calorific Value (Kcals/Kg) 3. CONCLUSION Commencing the seeds of the acacia tree, Oil be gotten with 10.8% capitulate by utilizing dissolvable extraction measure.Abiodiesel was framed byTransesterification of the unrefined petroleum byutilizing customary impetus KOH and methanol. In light of the outcomes got in this review in regards to the portrayal of unrefined petroleum for different physico-substance properties showed that, practically every one of the significant property of Acacia methyl esters are in concurrence by means of the biodiesel making it a possible contender to be an option prudent bio fuel, in view to restricted inventory of normal non-renewable energy source. REFERENCES [1]. C.adikesavan, K.Raja gopal & J.Selwin Rajadurai, Production and Characterization of Biodiesel fromAcacia nilotica seed, International Journals of ChemTech Research, Volume 8, No 2 (2015) [2]. M. BABU Jonnalagadda, N.V.sai Deepak Raj, Pruthviraj Bharmal & M.Balaji, Experimental Investigation on the Production of Linseed Biodiesel Yielding and Properties Evaluation, AIP Conference Proceedings 2311, 020028 (2020) [3]. A.Cheriti1, M.F.Talhi1, N.Belboukhari1, Y.Belhadjadji & S.Ghezali, Biodiesel Production by transesterification of Acacia raddiana seed oils, Chemical Technology, Volume 6 Issue 1 (2010) [4]. J.M.Babu, Dr.R.Velu, Abdul Nayeem & B.Yeswanth Singh,Experimental Investigation On Production of Lotus Seed Bio- Diesel and Properties Evaluation, Advances in Natural and applied Sciences,11 (4), 539-543(2017) [5]. P.Ravi Chandra Ganesh, K.Hema Chandra Reddy, J.M.Babu & M.Sarath Chandra, Experimental Investigation of Performance, Emissions and combustion Characteristics of A Di-Diesel Engine Fuelled with Aqueous Cerium Oxide and Aqueous Aluminium Oxide Nano Particle Additive, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, Springer Singapore, PP 85-96 (2020) [6]. B Ashok, K Nanthagopal, D Arumuga Perumal, JM Babu, Anmol Tiwari and Akhil Sharma,An investigation on CRDi engine characteristic using renewable orange-peel oil, Energy conversion and management, Volume 180, PP 1026-1038 (2019) [7]. A.P.Vyas, J.L.Verma & N.Subrahmanyam, A Review on FAME Production Processes, Fuel, Vol. 89, issue 1 (2010). [8]. A.W.Schwab,M.O.Baghy & B.Freedman, oils: Dilution of vegetable oil with diesel fuel;. Microemulsions with short chain alcohols, Fuel, volume 66, 1372-1375 (1987). 16 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) [9]. S.M.P.Meneghetti, M.R.Meneghetti, C.R.Wolf, E.C.Silva, G.E.S.Lima, M.A.Coimbra, J.I.Soletti & S.H.V.Carvalho;. Ethanolysis of Castor and cotton seed oil: A systemic study using classical catalyst, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Volume 83, NO 9, (2006). [10]. R.Sarin & M.Sharma, Jatropha-palm biodiesel blends: an optimum mix for Asia, Fuel, volume 86,1365-1371, (2007). [11]. L.Soh-Kheang, C.Soo-Mooi & C.Yuen, Oxidative stability and storage behavior of fatty Acid methyl esters derived from palm oil, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, volume 83, 947-952,(2006). [12]. P.T.Scott, L.Pregelj, N.Chen, J.S.Hadler, M.A.Djordjevic & P.M.Gresshoff, Pongamia Pinnata: an untapped resource for the biofuels industry of the future, Bioenergy Research.,1,2-11, (2008). [13]. M.Mittelbach & P.Tritthard, Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, III. Emission tests Using methyl esters of used frying oil, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, volume 65, 1185-11,(1988). [14]. A.S.Ramadhas, S.Jayaraj & C.Muraleedharan, Biodiesel production from high FFA Rubber seed oil, Fuel, volume 84, 335- 340,(2005). [15]. M.Dias Joana, C.M.Alvim-Ferraz Maria & F.Almeida Manuel, Comparison of the Performance of different homogeneous alkali catalysts during transesterification of waste And virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel quality, Fuel, volume 87, 3572-3578,(2008). [16]. J.M. Babu, J.M., Prasad, K.S., Ganji, P.R., Ravikiran & C., Velu, Analysis on the effect of pilot injection strategies on combustion and emission characteristics of palm-munja biodiesel/diesel blend on CRDI diesel engine, International Journal of Ambient Energy, (2019) [17]. Rachan Kamakar, Krishnendu Kundu & Anita Rajor. Fuel Properties and emission characteristics of biodiesel produced from unused algae grown in india, Petroleum Science, 15:385-395, (2018) [18]. Vishal Saxena, Niraj Kumar & Vinod Kumar Saxena, Biodiesel synthesis from Acacia concinna seed oil: A comprehensive study, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, ISSN: 1556-7036, (2018) [19]. K.C Akashkumar, P. Nagesh, J.M.Babu & J.Aatmesh Vora, Production and engine performance and emission evaluation of karanja and jatropha-based biodiesel, Proceedings of the 19th Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference & SAE- China Congress, Volume 486, PP 1119-1133, Special Issue SAE-China (2017) [20]. Riyazuddeen Khan, Ruchi Srivastava, Mather Ali Khan, Pravej Alam, Malik Zainul Abdinc and Mahmooduzzafara, Variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Acacia species collected from the northwest zone of India, wiley Online Library, 2012 [21]. J.M. Babu, R.Velu, U.S. Kalyan Rao & A.M., Yatish, A critical review on EGR Technique to reduce the diesel engine emissions, International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, Special Issue, PP 23-28, (2018) [22]. Bargali, K. & Bargali, S.S. \"Acacia nilotica: a multipurpose leguminous plant\", Nature And Science\", 7(4): ISSN 1545-0740, (2009). [23]. TALHI M. Fouzi , CHERITI Abdelkrim & BELBOUKHARI Nasser, Biodiesel Production by Transesterification of Acacia raddiana Oils Under Heterogeneous catalysis, Journal of Scientific Research, Volume 1, (2010) [24]. A.Garba, B. Sallau, S. Ibrahim, M. Abarshi, A. Muhammad, M. S. Galadima & S.Babangida, Biodiesel Production by Lipase Mediated Transesterification of Acacia Nilotica Seed Oil, Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, ISSN 0794-5698, (2018) [25]. J.M. Babu, M.S.Sikarwar, M.S. & R.Velu, Experimental investigation on the effect of Diesel engine performance when operated with palm Munja biodiesel, International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, Special Issue, PP 213-220, (2018). ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 17

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Optimization of Parameters for Deburring Operation with SCARA Dr.PVS Subhashini Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vasavi College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telngana-500031 E-mail id: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper presents the optimization (minimization) of roughness of a surface by using SCARA with various parameters of deburring. Then optimization is executed with Genetic and Teaching Learning Based (TLBO) optimization methods. Brass material and end effector of aluminum oxide is used for analysis. Spindle speed, rate of feed and cutting depth are considered as deburring parameters. Experiments are carried out based on orthogonal array. Then studied surface roughness of brass with Talysurf. Further end of arm tooling of SCARA is used for deburring on the brass to analyze SCARA manipulator for removal of burrs. Optimization of deburring parameters was carried out using TLBOand Geneticoptimization methods in MATLAB. Surfaceroughness with optimized deburring parameters is presented. Keywords: Brass, SCARA, TLBO, Genetic 1. INTRODUCTION SCARA, it is a special manipulator used for fast operations. It has 4-Degrees Of Freedom where 3 revolute(R) joints, and 1 (P) prismatic joint. This paper is an attempt to remodel the SCARA manipulator to the specific application called deburring and investigate the deburring parameters for material brass. Deburring operation means discarding undesirable burrs. Burrs are generated by machining methods. A small burr left over on the component may delay production process due to an injury to the workers. To decrease unnecessary time delays in the production process one has to take care that burrs are to be properly removed. Song et al. [1] suggested tool-plane modifications of deburring using computer-aided design. Impedance control is used and improved force control. Path of deburring is optimized by comparing data of CAD model with teaching points. Changhoon et al. [2] presented, deburring operation controlled using robotic arm. Manipulator and the end effector are treated as subsystems which are controlled by controllers. Nirosh et al. [3] introduced real-time deburring path.Asensor is used to find the position of the work piece before starting of deburring process. In this a group of algorithms are developed for path planning. Jue et al. [4] presented,required contact force with different sizes of burr. Mohammad et al. [5] carried out using a tool called DELMIAfor virtual simulation of completededges. Naoki et al. [6] used material handling robot for press working applicationfor the deburring application. Tomasz et al. [7] developed a microprocessor which is used to control the forces acting between end of arm tooling and work piece. Carlos et al. [8] developed a programme for removalof burr, using controlparameters andcontact evaluation . Catalin et al. [9] developed a relationship between machining parameters, surface finishing values, deburring forces.Abhang et al. [10] investigated on EN31 and optimized the parameters for deburring process Selvaraj et al. [11] used Taguchi methodfor materialAISI 304to optimize the parameters for the objective of surface roughness. 18 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) 2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP To investigate the influence of parametersof deburring, experiments are conducted on the material Brass of equally sized and shaped cross section of 25mm and the tool (end effector) is made of Al2O3. The Surface roughness was measured with a tester, with an accuracy of 0.001 microns. Chemical composition of Brassmaterial is presented in table 1.In this work, path planning is carried out for linear path. Table 1. Chemical Composition of Brass Material Brass (percentage) Materi al percentage 59 – 63 Cu 1.8 – 3.7 Pb < 0.3 Fe Sn (Fe + Sn) < 0.5 Zn Remaining The specifications of deburring tool are presented in Table 2. Python programming is used as back end to operate SCARAmanipulator. Figure of SCARA is shown in Fig.1.(a). Table 2. Cutting Tool Specifications Tool Grade Al 2O3 A60S Aluminum oxide A – Abrasives Grain - grit size –60- Medium Grade / hardness---S ab Fig.1 (a) SCARArobot; (b) Tester used for measuring Surface Roughness The surface roughness was measured using tester which hasan accuracyof 0.001 microns shown in Fig.1.(b). ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 19

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) 3. METHODOLOGY Taguchi experiments [12-13] are used to conduct the experiments. Literature was performed decide the range for rate of feed (mm/S), cutting speed (rpm), and cutting depth (mm) for deburring of material brass. Considered factors for Brass material is given in table 3. Table 3. Cutting Conditions used in experimentationfor Brass Material Cutting Speed Rate of feed Cutting depth Medium of Brass (rpm) (millimeter/S) (millimeter) cutting 0.859, 1.8, 2.5 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 Dry 3500, 4000, 5000 Design of Experiments Experiments to be conducted are decided based on orthogonal array. Orthogonal arrays depend on the number of levels and factors. L9 OA was decided and it is presented in table 4. • Number of factors = (P, Q, R) • Number of levels: Three levels • Experiments = Nine Table 4. Combination of parameters to conduct experiments Exp. No. P (Cutting Q (cutting depth) R( Rate of feed) Speed)(rpm) (mm) (mm/S) 1 0.1 0.85 9 2 3 000 0.2 1.8 3 3 000 0.3 2.5 4 3 000 0.1 1.8 5 4 000 0.2 2.5 6 4 000 0.3 0.85 9 7 4 000 0.1 2.5 8 5 000 0.2 0.85 9 9 5 000 0.3 1.8 5 000 After conducting the experiments, Surface Roughness is measured on the machined work pieces of brass material. Figure 2. (a) Presents the brass material after machining on a SCARA, and figure2.(b) shows the used deburring tool. Fig. 2. (a) Brass material after machining on a SCARA manipulator. (b) deburring tool 20 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Regression analysis is used to calculate mathematical relationship among the parameters and its responses. MINITAB is used to do Multiple Regression in order to get the relationship. Regression equation for Brass material was analyzed. Cutting parameters Vs Surface Roughness for Brass Material are tabulated in Table 5 Table 5. Cutting parameters Vs Surface Roughness for Brass Material S. No. C utt ing Cutting depth Rate of feed Surface finish Surface finish (mm/S) R before deburring after deburring Speed(rpm) P (mm) Q 0.859 (µm) (µm) 1 3000 0.1 1.8 2.18 2.06 2 3000 0.2 2.5 1.93 1.81 3 3000 0.3 1.8 1.85 1.73 4 4000 0.1 2.5 1.61 1.49 5 4000 0.2 0.859 1.5 1.38 6 4000 0.3 2.5 2.3 2.18 7 5000 0.1 0.859 1.09 0.97 8 5000 0.2 1.8 1.5 1.38 9 5000 0.3 1.5 1.38 Multiple Regression for OUTPUT Summary Report Is there a relationship between Y and the X variables? Comments 0 0.1 > 0.5 The following terms are in the fitted equation that models the relationship between Y and the X variables: Yes No X1: cuttigspeed P = 0.001 X2: depth of cut X3: feedrate The relationship between Y and the X variables in the model is statistically significant (p < 0.10). If the model fits the data well, this equation can be used to predict OUTPUT for specific values of the X variables, or find the settings for the X variables that correspond to a desired value or range of values for OUTPUT. % of variation explained by the model 0% 100% Low High R-sq = 94.62% 94.62% of the variation in Y can be explained by the regression model. cuttigspeed OUTPUT vs X Variables feedrate 4 depth of cut 3 A gray background represents an X variable 2 not in the model. 3000 4000 5000 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.8 1.6 2.4 Fig.3. Report of Brassmaterial Surface roughness is good with a value of 93.06 %. It gives that the variation in the surface roughness is up to the extent of 93.06 %.Therefore this model is accurate. Fitness model using multiple regressions is shown in Fig.4 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 21

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Fig. 4. Equation derived through regression for Material Brass. It wasnoticed, that the cutting speed has highcontribution of 48 %of surface roughness, whereas rate of feed with 35 % and less contribution with cutting depth. Therefore, it is observed that brass material cutting speed is most significant factor. The regression equation generated was used to predict the values of surface roughness and compared with obtained results. Graph was drawn between experiment number on x-axis and respective responses on y-axis. From graph, it is analyzed that difference is very less observed that the developed models are satisfactorily. Fig.5 and 6 presents comparison graphs. Experimental Data Vs. Predicated Data(Throu gh Regression Model) for SR 4 SURFACE ROUGHNESS(µm) SURFACE ROUGHNESS(µm)Regression Model 3 SR values 2 1 0 2 Ex4periment n6o. 8 10 0 Fig. 5. Predicted and experimental values of comparison Fig.5. represents comparisonof experimental data and surface roughness data Fig.6 gives graph of before and after deburringand observed the minimized surface roughness. Fig.6. Surface roughness (µm) before and after Deburring. 22 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Further surface roughness is optimized with the objective is to minimize the surface roughness, and with constrain limits of cutting parameters. Minimum Surface roughness for material Brass SRbrass=3.256+ ((-0.000313)*(P)) + ((1.275)*(Q))+((-0.3137)*(R)) Constraints of Brassmaterial are given as: 3000 rpm ≤ P ≤ 5000 rpm 0.1 millimeter ≤ Q ≤ 0.3 millimeter 0.859 millimeter/S ≤ R ≤ 2.5 millimeter/S An optimization problem is formulated with objectives and constraints then it was solved using Genetic technique in the MATLAB environment. The mathematical models shown in Equation in Fig. 4 were compared with results of TLBO. From TLBO optimization the surface finish value is 1.28 µm. Optimized parameters obtained are shown in Table 6. Table 6. Brass material Optimization Results Objective Genetic TLBO Function/Parameters Surface roughness 1.05 µm 1.03 µm 5000 rpm 5000 rpm Speed 0.1 millimeter 0.1 millimeter Cutting depth 2.5 millimeter/S 2.5 millimeter/S Rate of feed 5. CONCLUSION Work pieces of Brass material are used and the end effector considered in this paper is aluminum oxide. The parameters of deburring are considered are cutting depth, Spindle speed, and rate of feed. L9 OA was used to carry out the experiments and roughness of surfaces of the brass is calculated using Talysurf. MINITAB-17 was usedfor Regress analysis and analyzed the effect of parameters on brass material. The optimized Surface roughness is obtained for Brass material and the deburring parameters analyzed are 5000(rpm) Spindle speed, 0.1 (mm/ sec) rate of feed and 2.5 (mm) cutting depth and observed that Spindle speed is most significant factor, later rate of feed. The results obtained were verified by comparing TLBO and genetic optimization methods, and results found are satisfactory. REFERENCES [1] Song, Hee-Chan, and Jae-Bok Song. \"Precision robotic deburring based on force control for arbitrarily shaped workpiece using CAD model matching.\" International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 14.1 (2013): 85-91. [2] Hong, Deukjo, et al. \"HIGHT:Anew block cipher suitable for low-resource device.\" International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. [3] Jayaweera, Nirosh, Phil Webb, and Craig Johnson. \"Measurement assisted robotic assembly of fabricated aero-engine components.\" Assembly Automation 30.1 (2010): 56-65. [4] Jue , Wang, , Maneesh Agrawala, and Michael F. Cohen. \"Soft scissors: an interactive tool for Realtime high quality matting.\" ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG). Vol. 26. No. 3. ACM, 2007. [5] Bousquet, Jean, et al. \"Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008.\" Allergy 63.86 (2008): 8-160. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 23

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) [6] Yazawa, Koji, et al. \"Molecular dynamics of Regio regular poly (3-hexylthiophene) investigated by NMR relaxation and an interpretation of temperature dependent optical absorption.\" The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 114.3 (2010): 1241-1248. [7] Tomasz,Stepien, , et al. \"Control of tool/workpiece contact force with application to robotic deburring.\" IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation 3.1 (1987): 7-18. [8] Catalin,Dumitras, G. \"An Approach on Micro-Cutting (Deburring) Process.\" World Congress on Engineering. 2007. [9] Abhang, L. B., and M. Hameedullah. \"Chip-tool interface temperature prediction model for turning process.\" International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 2.4 (2010): 382-393. [10] Howard, Andrew W., et al. \"The California planet survey. I. Four new giant exoplanets.\" The Astrophysical Journal 721.2 (2010): 1467. [11] Selvaraj, D. Philip, and P. Chandramohan. \"Optimization of surface roughness of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel in dry turning operation using Taguchi design method.\" Journal of engineering science and technology 5.3 (2010): 293-301. [12] Radhika N, \"Fabrication of LM25/SiO2metal matrix composite and optimization of wear process parameters using design of experiment\".Tribology in Industry, vol. 39, pp. 1-8, 2017. [13] S. Vivek and Amrith, V., \"Spirituality and productivity - A relationship perspective\", Purusharta, vol. 10, pp. 60-69, 2017. 24 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Modeling and 3D Printing of Bevel Gear D. Sai Sridhar1, Anil Kumar2, Chandrashekar Goud Vutukuri3 1Student, 2Assistant Professor, 3Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1,2,3Aurora's Technological and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Gears are power transmission devices in between input and output of machines, these power transmitting elements are very compact, and they transfer power with minimum loss. Due to the nature of their different speed ratios they are used for different applications like high speed marine engines, automobiles etc. Different materials are used for preparation or fabrication of gears like metals (steel or brass), plastics (nylon or polycarbonate). Applications of plastic gears, they are used in varying industries such as food production machines, consumer electronics, chemical, toy, and medical equipment industries. Rapid prototyping systems make it possible to manufacture prototypes of complex shapes, including gear prototypes, 3D Printing or Additive manufacturing is a method of manufacturing parts directly from digital model by using layer by layer material build-up-approach. In industries generally materials fabricated on either conventional machines, unconventional machines or 3D Printing, the advantages of 3D printing over conventional and non-conventional machines are manufacturing of complex designs is possible, requires less materials, flexible design, strong and lightweight parts are obtained, minimizing waste, fast-design and production, cost effective, ease of access. In our project we are choosing FDM type of 3D printing over other types of 3D printing process. When compared to other rapid prototyping process, FDM process exhibits the advantage of low input energy, low cost of materials, minimum wastage, and consistent accuracy in prototyping. The use of additive manufacturing can potentially benefit a wide range of industries including defence, aerospace, automotive, biomedical, consumer products and metals manufacturing. Our project essentially covers the modeling of bevel gear using CATIA software version V5R21 with the help of gear nomenclature, overall view of 3D printing technology, FDM working process, for this project plastic material isused that is Polylactic Acid (PLA), and finally manufacturing process of bevel gear usingFDM. Index Terms: 3D Printing, Additive Manufacturing, FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling), CATIA, PLA(Polylactic Acid), Bevel Gear. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 25

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) I. INTRODUCTION Figure: Bevel Gear Design Parameters Straight Bevel Gear Geometrical Proportions: 1.Pitch diameter of pinion : d = Np / Pd 2.Pitch diameter of gear: D = Ng / Pd 3.Pitch angle of pinion :  = tan^-1(Np /Ng) 4.Pitch angle of gear Pitch angle of pinion: = 90°- 5.Circular pitch of pinion and gear: p = 3.1416 / Pd 6.Addendum: ha = m 7. Dedendum: hf =1.25m 8.Tooth depth: h = 2.25m 9.Shaft angle = 90° 10.Module = m 3D Printing: 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a method of creating a three dimensional object layer- by-layer using a computer created design. 3D printing is an additive process where by layers of material are built up to create a 3D part. This is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing processes, where a final design is cut from a larger block of material. As a result, 3D printing creates less material wastage. There are several types of 3D printing, which include: 1. Stereolithography (SLA) 2. Selective Laser Sintering(SLS) 3. Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM) 4. Digital Light Process(DLP) 5. Multi Jet Fusion(MJF) 6. Direct Metal Laser Sintering(DMLS) 7. Electron Beam Melting(EBM) 26 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): Figure: Typical Fused Deposition Modeling Setup Heat the nozzle until it reaches the desired temperature. The filament will be fed to the extrusion head and then it will be melts in the nozzle.The extrusion head can move in the X,Y and Z directions. The extrusion head extrudes melted material in very thin strands .The material is deposited layer-by-layer on the platform, and then will be cool and solid.When one layer is finished, the build platform will move down (on some machines, the extrusion head moves up) and a new layer will be deposited. This process repeats until the part is completed. II. LITERATURE REVIEW: Amarjeet R.Gupta, introduced the Plastic gears and also opened new opportunities for more efficient transmissions in many products along with reduced drive drive-cost, weight, noise and wear.Along with this the gearbox is a heavy component of the automobile. To reduce drive cost, noise and weight by replacing metallic gears with thermoplastic gears in the gearbox of identified low power moped is the objective of this work. Initially the material is identified among heavyengineering plastics for manufacturing of gear. The material elected is tested in test laboratory and gears are manufactured using hobbing process with the same accuracy and specifications as that of metallic gears of the gear box as discussed as in reference. Tanmay Kotkar, Investigated the use of advance manufacturing processes to produces complex Designs using 3d printing methods. Theoretical designing of Spur gear is done as per Lewis equation and 3D modelling is done using Solid works 2015 software, analysed using Finite Element analysis softwareANSYS 15.0 and then Spur gear is manufactured using 3D printing,FDM technique with four different filaments i.e.ABS, Nylon 12, PC and PLA. These types of Gears can be used in any power transmission system and can be manufactured with required load carrying capacity with short time of production and complex designs. This Gear is manufactured using additive manufacturing methods which will reduce the manufacturing time, easy to make customized gears instantly, reduce noise generated during meshing of gear at high speed, low rate of wear and increase in life of gear. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 27

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) T. Venkata Ramana, Investigated that the Crankshaft is designed for multi cylinder engine and its 3D- model is created using modeling software CATIAV5R20.The 3D printer prints the CATIAdesign layer by layer forming a real object. 3D printing process is derived from inkjet desktop printers in which multiple deposit jets and the printing material, layer by layer derived from the CATIAdata. 3D printing significantly challenges mass production processes in the future. This type of printing is predicted to influence industries, like automotive, medical, education, equipment, consumer products industries and various businesses. Anand D, Investigated that connecting rod are manufactured using carbon steel but in recent days aluminium alloys are finding its application in connecting rod. In this work connecting rod material is replaced by aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide and flyash.And it describes the modelling, analysis and 3d printing of connecting rod. Compared to former material to the new material found to have less weight. Prateek Srivastava, Rishabh, Zubair Irshad, Pankaj Kumar Singh studied on Static Analysis on Bevel Gear using Structural Steel, Grey Cast Iron and Stainless Steel. ABevel gear is generally used for Shaft. They are at 90 degree angle with each other, and their teeth which are involved with each other are cut to be straight. There are two types of bevel gear first straight bevel gear and second spiral bevel gear. The use of bevel gear is used to transfer the power from one shaft to another shaft which being per pendicular to each other. The shape of bevel gear is truncated cone. The gear tooth size, thickness and height are to be small or decrease towards the cone apex. In this paper we use to calculate stress, stain and deformation in bevel gear. The design of bevel gear is done in Catia software and theAnalysis is done inAnsys 17.2 software. III. METHODOLOGY IV. MODELING OF BEVELGEAR: 1. Construct the 2D Modeling of Bevel Gear shown below in Sketcher Mode, with the help of various tool bars such as Profile tool bar, Operation tool bar, Constraint Tool bar, Sketch Tools bar. 28 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Figure: 2D Modeling of Bevel Gear 2. Select exit workbench, and you will be redirected to Part DesignMode. Figure: Part Design Mode 3. Go to Start> Shape> Generative Design,Go to insert> operations >Translate, Select the sketch and keep the direction Z component and distance to30mm. Figure: Translate Definition Figure: Translation Operation in Generative Design 4. Go to Insert> Operations> Scaling. Select the Downside Element (i.e Sketch1) and keep the reference as Origin and Ratio as 0.75. Figure: Scaling Definition in Generative Design Figure: Scaling Operation ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 29

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) 5. Select the element shown below and Hide it. Figure: 3D View in Part Design Mode 6. Go to Start> Mechanical Design> Partdesign, Select the multi section solid option, Now select the two elements and press ok. Figure: Multi Section Solid Option Figure: Multi Section Solid View 7. Go to Insert> Transformation Features > Circular Pattern, Set the parameter, Instances, Angular spacing, Total angle, and Reference element as Complete crown, 30, 12 degrees, 360 degrees and Z-axis Respectively. Figure: Circular Pattern Definition Figure: Circular Pattern View 8. Select the face as shown in the figure and then go to the Sketch Mode. Now construct a circle of diameter 30mm on the selected face from the origin. Figure: Selection of Face Figure: 30mm Circle in Sketcher Mode 30 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) 9. Now again select option Exit from Workbench, you will be redirected to Part Design. Now select Pad Option and keep the length to10mm. Select hole option and select upto next and keep the diameter to 15mm to Generate the Final Shape given below. Figure: Pad Option Figure: Final Bevel Gear Modeling V. PROCESS OF 3D PRINTINGTECHNOLOGY: Here we are getting the 3d object by using (Fused Deposition Modeling Process) Step 1- To Develop the Cad Model. Designing the 3d model with the help of 3d modeling software like CATIA, CREO, SOLIDWORKS, UNI GRAPHICS, byusing modeling tools. Step 2- Converting the Cad Model into .STL File Format.In this step we will save the cad model in .STL format. Go to the file-- save as--give the name and choose the file format as STL. Step 3- Generating the G-Codes to the Cad Model by Using Kisslicer Software.Open the .STLin Kisslicer and import the model. Figure : Setting up an FDM Printer Selection of Materials: Materials available are PLA (PolylacticAcid), ABS(Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PET (Polyethylene terephthalate), TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane), Polycarbonate and Nylon • Out of all these we are choosing PLA, PolylacticAcid ,it's the classic filament people 3D print with. PLAis a biodegradable and bioactive thermoplastic polyester that is made from natural products like corn starch, making it more environmentally- friendly compared to other plastics. Suitable applications for PLA include parts, proto types and products that are not required to endure extreme stress. • Advantages of PLA: Layers deposited accurately gives a fine surface finish, Easy to post-process, Low shrinkage, Low printingtemperature. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 31

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) • Disadvantages of PLA: PLAhas a relatively low glass transition temperature (typically between 111 to 145 °F). This makes it fairly unsuitable for high temperatureapplications. Properties of PLA: Chemical Formula:(C3H4O2)n,Typical Injection Molding Temperature: 178 - 240 °C (353 - 464 °F), Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT):49 - 52 °C (121 - 126 °F), Tensile Strength :61 - 66 MPa,Flexural Strength: 48 - 110 MPa, Specific Gravity:1.24,Shrink Rate: 0.37 - 0.41%. Figure : Bevel Gear VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 1. We have studied about the CATIASoftware, Drafting process in CATIA,.STLfile conversion, Selection of materials, Process parameters and finally working ofFDM. 2. The specifications of FDM printer are : Device Size:549×490×561mm, Build Volume:280×250×300mm, Printing Precision ±0.1 to 0.2mm, Printing Software: Flash print, Input: 100V-240V~ 500W, Input Support: USB Stick/ USB Cable/WIFI/Ethernet, Filament Support:PLA. 3. Based on previous case studies we referred to the following Optimum Parameter Values :-Infill Density : 80% kg/mm³, Layer Thickness: 0.3mm,Printing Speed:60mm/s, Nozzle Diameter:0.3mm. 4. The advantages of this project over either Conventional or Unconventional machines are complex designs is possible, cost effective. 5. When compared to other rapid prototyping process, FDM process exhibits the advantage of low input energy, low cost of materials, minimum wastage, and consistent accuracy in prototyping. 6. The disadvantages of 3D Printing are limited materials, reduction in manufacturing jobs, design inaccuracies, restricted build size. VII. REFERENCES: 1. Amarjeet R.Gupta, Application of different thermoplastic gears in the gear box moped, IJFEAT, Vol no:6, 2013. 2. Tanmay Kotkar, Prashant Masure, Pundalik Modake, Chirag Lad, Basanagouda Patil, Modelling and Testing of Spur Gear made of Different 3D Printed Materials, IJSRSET, 2018. 3. Modelling and 3D Printing of Crankshaft T. Venkata Ramana, Sagam Kunta Subhash, Sangem Devendra Kumar, Vanga Balakrishna Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, JNTUH, Hyderabad, India Volume: 3 | Issue: 3 | Mar- Apr 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 647 4. A Review on Comparison of Connecting Rod Made by 3D Printing Method Anand D. Tale1, Abhijit S. Shingane2, Pranav P. Shinghane3, Suhas P. Thakare4, M. V. Wasekar5 1,2,3,4UG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DES's COET, Dhamangaon (Rly.), India www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792. 32 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Microstructural Investigations with Friction Stir Welding onAluminiumAlloys Dr.Bazani Shaik1*, Dr. G. Harinath Gowd2, Dr. B. Durgaprasad3, Dr. M. Muralidhara Rao4 1,4Professor, Ramachandra College of Engineering, Eluru-534007 2Professor, Dept. of ME, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle, A.P-517325 3Professor, Dept. of ME, JNTUA, Anantapuramu, A.P., INDIA-515002 Corresponding [email protected] ABSTRACT Friction stir welding is a very promising welding method widely used to join varieties of metals in other relatively marine, shipbuilding, automotive industries, aeronautical and heavy machinery industries due to the following advantages i.e. low porosity, less tendency to cracking and fewer defects. The present research was mainly focused on finding the set of optimal process parameters that produce best friction stir welded joints. The research was carried on Al7075T651 and Al6082T651 alloys, because of its lightweight, high strength and its wide applicability in various industries like, automobile, aerospace, and marine etc. FSW is a complex process that involves many numbers of input process parameters to be controlled to get the best quality weld joints. Selecting the appropriate and optimal combination of input process parameters is the key to the success in FSW process. However it is very difficult to identify and set the right combination manually by the process engineer either by using trial and error method or from the past references. Hence there is a need to develop a methodology which helps the manufacturing engineer or process engineer for proper setting of input process parameter. This research mainly was carried out to develop the method which helps to run the process in an efficient manner and also the process can be automated. Keywords Cracking, Fewer Defects, Quality Weld, Automated. 1. INTRODUCTION Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in nonferrous alloys for many industrial applications.Aluminum exhibits a combination of an excellent mechanical strength with lightweight and thus it is steadilyreplacing steel in industrial applications where the strength to weight ratio plays a significant role. In conventional welding, the joining of aluminum is mainly associated with a high coefficient of thermal expansion, solidification shrinkage and dissolution of harmful gases in the molten metal during welding. Theweld joints are also associated with segregation of secondary alloys and porosities which are detrimental to the joint qualities.[1,2]Studied welding of butt on dissimilar joiningAA6061T6 and pure copper of laser power 700 W, tool speed 950 rpm and travel speed 23.5 mm/min. The tool pin offset distances having 0.2 mm to 2.1 mm.SEM and EDS, the microstructure of intermetallic compounds.[3] Joining of Cu-alloy and duplex stainless steel of the coupled Eulerian lagrangian method applied for deformation of modeling. The rotating flow zone indicates simulations on welding parameters have maximum rotational speed 1200 rpm and tool offset 0.5 mm, minimum welding speed 30 mm/min and residual stresses of longitudinal is decreased by a rotational speed increasing and increasing travel speed be increased. The symmetry of stresses across the weld line.[4,5] Dissimilar joints AA1100 andA441 AISI steel plates are investigated 1.3 mm offset of the tool at 0.2 mm of depth plunge of rotational speed 800 rpm, welding speed 63 mm/min and output parameter of tensile strength is a maximum of 90 %Al base metal.[6] The 3mm sheet AA5083H111 by using silicon carbide Nanoparticles and AA6082T6 of micro hardness 70 HV at nugget zone of weld joint ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 33

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) without silicon carbide and with the addition of Sic micro hardness increased to 81 HV and failed in heat affect zone ofAA6082-T6 side of with and without Sic welding. The higher tensile strength and elongation percentage with Sic particles weld in mechanisms improvement not clear and good distribution of nanoparticles.EDS analysis and scanning electron microscope have more uniform distribution information.[7,8]AA1050 alloy and PMAl- Al2O3-SiC nanocomposite joints of rotational speed 1200 rpm and travel speed 50 mm/min and electron microscope formation has a three-grain structure of micro scale >1µm to nanoscale <100 nm in stir zone joint.[9,10]Mg-AZ31B and Al6061 of welding joints rotational speeds 560 rpm,710 rpm,860 rpm,1010 rpm and weldingspeeds 16 to 25 mm/min and metallurgical investigations were done on energydispersive spectrometer, scanning electron microscope has growth mechanism and corrosion behavior. The higher impact strength has moderate tool speed and low travel speed and tensile strength have higher with concave shape tool shoulder used and stir zone to cause brittle fracture due to intermetallic compounds.[11,12] By using FSW in air and underwater of aluminum alloyAA5052 of 6 mm thickness investigated are lower hardness at stir zone and HAZ, the base metal has high microhardness and stir zone of voids size 0.00073 mm2 and base metal of void size 0.0024 mm2 and 0.0039 mm2.[13,14] Studied dissimilar joining of 304 austenite steel and SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel of damage is continuum mechanics used for residual stress and fatigue life has 30% weld sample in residual stress concentration.[15-18]A3003 and SUS304 of fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness are tested and intermetallic compound observed by scanning electron microscope and dwell temperature 500º C and dwell time 60 sec and maximum thickness 0.1µm. 2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK The experiments were carried out DissimilarAl7075T651 andAl6082T651 (artificiallyaged due to stretching of stress relieved and heat treated solution) aluminum alloys having 6mm thickness of each and square tool using M2Grade SHSS tool of shoulder dia 18 mm and probe length 6 mm on a computer numerically controlled Friction StirWelding it's a special purpose machine done atAnnamalai university.The components and arrangement of plates of Friction stir welding shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Welding Setup The chemical compositions of material measured alloying elements byAmerican Society of Metals are shown in table 1. Table 1. Chemical Composition of Parent metals 34 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Al alloy 6082-T651 7075-T651 Si 1.05 0.12 Fe 0.26 0.2 Cu 0.04 1.4 Mn 0.68 0.63 Mg 0.8 2.53 Cr 0.1 0.2 Ni 0.005 0.004 Zn 0.02 5.62 Ti 0.01 0.03 Al bal Bal The plates were finished to a dimension of 100mm × 50mm×6mm plates on individuallyflatter the surfaces of effect for adjusting a mechanism of two pairing edges. A butt weld is being made by clamping the materials using fixtures by placingAA7075T651 andAA6082T651 onAdvancing Side and Retreating Side respectively by opting the parameters-rotational speed(RS), Welding Speed(WS), TiltAngle(TA)Are investigated for pilot study and literature review i.e. Three levels shown in Table2 Table 2 Levels of Process parameters No. Pa rameters Notation Unit Levels -1 0 +1 1 Rotational sp eed RS Rpm 1150 1250 1350 2 Welding speed WS mm/min 40 50 60 3 Tilt angle TA Degree 1 2 3 The test specimens are prepared according to the ASTM standards. Grey relational analysis of Taguchi are used on orthogonal arrayof L9 selection for responses tensile strength, Elongation, Impact strength are most important moderation quality of butt joint weld. Grey relational analysis are used for output variables to get maximum values. Orthogonal array L9 experimental plan given in Table 3. Table 3. Experimental plan through L9 orthogonal array Exp .N o. Rotational Speed Weld Speed Tilt Angle (rpm) (mm/min) (0) 1 -1 -1 2 -1 -1 0 3 0 4 -1 1 5 0 1 0 6 -1 7 0 1 8 0 0 -1 9 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 0 0 1 Al7075T651 in advancing side and Al6082T651 in retreating side for best joining and development of mechanical properties. The friction stir welding specimens are cut in sections of transverse as perASTME8.The tensile test specimens shown in Figure3.The tensile specimens tested at room temperature on 100KN Universal ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 35

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Testing Machine Model F-100.Tensile strength test results are shown in Table 4. Elongation percentage are also shown in Table 4. The weld specimens are appropriately prepared for metallurgical examination and Investigated to improve micro structures of aluminum alloys. The dissimilar welds ofAl7075T651 andAl6082T651 are toned on Hydro Fluoric Solution. Byusing optical microscope microstructural investigations and observation of material mixing is done. 3. MICROSTRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS Figure 3.a. AA6082 in cold rolled condition on FSW by using a straight cylindrical threaded tool for samples Figure 3.a Shows microstructures of magnification 100 x and etchant hydrofluoric solution are used. Its shows the microstructure ofAA6082 in cold rolled condition on grain orientation along direction of rolling with insoluble and eutectic constituents. Figure 3.b. Shoulder Zone of Eutectic Constituents on FSW by using a straight cylindrical threaded tool for samples 36 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Figure 3.b Shows the shoulder zone of the FSW process and the metal matrix underwent fragmentation with the heat of friction and stir process facilitated dissolution of eutectic constituents for both AA7075 and AA6082. More ofAA6082 constituent's undergone fragmentation and fusion with enhanced plasticity due to the heat of friction. Figure 3.c. Heat affected zone of AA6082 on FSW by using a straight cylindrical threaded tool for samples Figure 3.c Shows the heat-affected zoneAA6082 close to the nugget zone in different fields. The effect of heat has resulted in the removal of the parent metal rolled grains and the grains have deflected along the direction of stirring. Figure 3.d. Close to Nugget Zone on FSW by using a straight cylindrical threaded tool for samples Figure 3.d Shows theAA6082 close to the nugget zone in different fields. The effect of heat has resulted in the removal of the parent metal rolled grains and the grains have deflected along the direction of stirring. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 37

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Figure 3.e. Interface zone of AA6082 on FSW by using a straight cylindrical threaded tool for samples Figure 3.e Shows AA6082 has interface and nugget zone at the bottom on the FSW zone with tool pin effect. When the heat process resulted in more precipitation with the larger size of Mg2Si in primary aluminum solid solution.The right side is a heat-affected zone ofAA6082 and the left side is the nugget zone with constituents of AA6082 and AA7075. Figure 3.f. Nugget zone bottom on FSW by using a straight cylindrical threaded tool for samples Figure 3.f Shows the nugget zone bottom with effective plasticity which has led to the formation of an alternate layer ofAA7075 and AA6082 with fragmented particles inAA6082 and elongated grains in AA7075 layers. 38 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) 4. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, optimal conditions for FSW process was found out using the Taguchi based Grey Relational Analysis technique.This technique is well known for multi response optimization. To improve the efficiencyof the joint, it is very much essential that the welding must be done at optimal conditions. This was quite possible with the application of Grey taguchi method.Atotal of nine dissimilar joints based on L9 were prepared using FSW process. The experimental data obtained for tensile strength, percentage elongation and impact strength were transformed in to Grey Relational Grades (GRG) in accordance with the grey relational analysis. The GRG values are evaluated for each welding condition to determine the optimal welding setup. Also using ANOVA analysis, the significance and percentage contributions for all the output responses are studied. Based on the analysis of the results, it can be observed that the Grey taguchi method proved to be very successful in finding the optimal process parameters for dissimilar FSW process. The nugget zone bottom with effective plasticity which has led to the formation of an alternate layer ofAA7075 andAA6082 with fragmented particles inAA6082 and elongated grains inAA7075 layers. REFERENCES [1] Mojtaba Rezaee Hajideh, Mohammadreza Farahani, Navid Molla Ramezani, Reinforced Dissimilar Friction Stir Weld of Polypropylene to Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene with Copper Nanopowder, Journal of Manufacturing Processes 32 (2018) 445-454 [2] S. Fey X, Ye Y, Jin Lowing H, Live S, Special welding parameters study on Cu/Al joint in laser-heated friction stir welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.004 [3] V. Shokri, A. Sadeghi, M.H. Sadeghi, Thermomechanical modeling of friction stir welding in a Cu-DSS dissimilar joint, Journal of Manufacturing Processes 31 (2018) 46-55. [4] H. A. Derazkola, H. J. Aval and M. Elyasi, Analysis of process parameters effects on dissimilar friction stir welding of AA1100 and A441AISI steel, doi:10.1179/1362171815Y.0000000038, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 2015 VOL 20 NO 7 553-562. [5] D. I. Pantelis, P. N. Karakizis, N. M. Daniolos, C. A. Charitidis, E. P. Koumoulos, D. A. Dragatogiannis, Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of AA5083 with AA6082 Reinforced with SiC Particles. [6] F. Khodabakhshi,A. Simchi, A. H. Kokabi, A. P. Gerlich, M. Nosko & P. Svec, Influence of hard inclusions on Microstructural characteristics and textural components during dissimilar friction-stir welding of a PM Al-Al2O3-SiC hybrid nanocomposite with AA1050 alloy, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, doi:10.1080/13621718.2016.1251714. [7] Jagesvar Verma, Ravindra V. Taiwade, Chandraprakash Reddy & Rajesh K. Khatirkar (2017): Effect of Friction Stir Welding Process Parameters on Mg-AZ31B/Al-AA6061 Joints, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, DOI: 10.1080/ 10426914.2017.1291957. [8] Chirag G. Dalwadi, Anjal R. Patel, Jaydeep M. Kapopara, Drupal J. Kotadiya, Nikul D. Patel, H. G. Rana, Examination of Mechanical Properties for Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Joint of Al Alloy (AA-6061) to PMMA (Acrylic), Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4761-4765. [9] Zhang, W., Jiang, W., Zhao, X., Tu, S-T., Fatigue life of a dissimilar welded joint considering the weld residual stress: Experimental and finite element simulation, International Journal of Fatigue (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ijfatigue.2018.01.002. [10] Hidehito Nishida, Tomo Ogura, Ryoichi Hatano, Hirotaka Kurashima, Mitsuo Fujimoto & Akio Hirose (2016): Fracture toughness and fatigue crack behavior of A3003/SUS304 lap friction stir welded joints, Welding International, DOI:10.1080/ 09507116.2016.1223206. [11] Jitender Kundu & Hari Singh (2016) Friction stir welding: multi-response optimization using Taguchi-based GRA, Production & Manufacturing Research, 4:1, 228-241, DOI: 10.1080/21693277.2016.1266449. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 39

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) [12] Jesper Lundqvist, Kyoung-Hak Kim, Hee-Seon Bang, Han-Sur Bang & Alexander F. H. Kaplan (2017): Numerical simulation of laser preheating of friction stir welding of dissimilar metals, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, DOI:10.1080/ 13621718.2017.1391936. [13] Tiago Felipe de Abreu Santos, Edwar Andrés Torres & Antonio Jose Ramirez (2017): Friction stir welding of duplex stainless steels, Welding International, DOI:10.1080/09507116.2017.1347323. [14] Dhanesh G. Mohan & S. Gopi (2018): Induction assisted friction stir welding: a review, Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, DOI: 10.1080/14484846.2018.1432089. [15] Madhavi Barla and Jeevan Jaidi, Influence of Strain Hardening Behaviour in Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aluminium-alloy Plates, Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3851-3860. [16] Went Han, Farong Wan, Kiyohiro Yabuuchi, Hisashi Serizawa & Akihiko Kimura (2018): Joint inhomogeneity in dissimilar friction stir welded martensitic and nanostructured ferritic steels, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, DOI:10.1080/13621718.2018.1456797. [17] M Shiva Chander, P Satish Kumar, Aruri Devaraju, Influence of Tool Rotational Speed and Pin Profile on Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Friction Stir Welded 5083 Aluminium Alloy, Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3518-3523. [18] S. Dourandish, S. M. Mousavizade, H. R. Ezatpour & G. R. Ebrahimi (2017): Microstructure, mechanical properties and failure behavior of protrusion friction stir spot welded 2024 aluminum alloy sheets, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, DOI:10.1080/13621718.2017.1386759. 40 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Optimization of 3D Printing Parametersto Improve Flexural Strength on FDM Material Gurram Aravind1, Mr.B. Shirish2, Dr.A. Purushotham3 1Student, 2Assistant Professor, 3Professor 1,2,3SNIST ABSTRACT The Fused Filament Fabrication technique is a fast flourishing additive manufacturing technology in the field of engineering for different applications. For 3Dprinted parts, the mechanical properties depend on numerous parameters based on the material. Literature survey demonstrates that Layer height, Change in Orientation, Temperature and Print Speed are parameters that impact the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts. In the present investigation, Polyethylene terephthalate glycol material is used as thermoplastic polyester provides more durability, formability and easily recycled material. In this paper, we use the optimization technique by using the Taguchi method with L9approach. A total of nine different samples are printed with ASTM D790 standards and tested for Flexural strength. The accomplished results would explain how parameters influence the flexural strength and optimized values for acquiring better results within less time. Keywords: PETG, Taguchi Method, ASTM D790, Change in Orientation. 1. INTRODUCTION Additive Manufacturing is also known as 3D printing technology, the process which produces an object from a CAD model to the addition of layer by layer of material on a fixed bedplate. 3D printed objects can also be used as prototypes, tools and also final working parts. This technology also has the potential to build complex structured objects with accurate dimension by easy layer by layer constructions.Additive manufacturing printed objects have many advantages over conventional manufacturing methods.We use thisAdditive manufacturing technologyin various engineering applications, personalized objects, pre-surgical models and optimized products. This made an industrial revolution in the manufacturing industry that obtain its application in various industrial engineering fields, including medical implants, automobiles, aircraft and much more. Usually, design engineers encounter the challenge of manufacturing the products to reach client satisfaction even in complex shapes. The 3D printing tools have been developed to understand the mechanical behaviour of products with instructions or suggestions for the design engineer. The mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of the final product depend on various parameters given by the slicing software. The slicer software authorizes to change several printing parameters, which affects the dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties of the 3D printed object. The printing parameters which involve layer height, Orientation of 3D Printed object, PrintingTemperature, Speed, infill percentage, Shell thickness, infill pattern and nozzle diameter etc. Along withthis parameter, the surrounding conditions also influence.The influenced parameters are predicted in the figure-1. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 41

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Fig1: Parameters that effects mechanical properties of 3D Printing sample Earlier noticed from literature surveyAdi Pandzica, Damir Hodzicb & Aleksa Milovanovicc [1] in their paper impact of infill type and density on tractable properties, 3D printing time and measure of 3D literature will be explored and introduced. R. Srinivasana , K. Nirmal Kumarb,A. Jenish Ibrahimc, K.V.Anandud, R. Gurudhevane[2] In their paper learns about the rigidity of the FDM created part made of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PTEG) with the process parameter infill design is thought about and any remaining boundaries are kept steady. The FDM method includes different types of materials. Thermoplastics are mainly used 3D printed filaments. In the recent era, the development of reinforced filaments is also used, such as fibreglass filaments. The most commonly used thermoplastic filaments are PETG (Polyethylene terephthalate glycol), Polylactic Acid, Polycarbonate,ABS, nylon and manymore. PETG material has better durabilityand formabilityfor manufacturing to produce objects quickly. PETG filament combines ductility and strength helps to use it for many applications to build mechanical parts and robotics. It is the main reason for the selection of this material for the research topic. In this paper, we discuss the influence parameters of Layer height, Change in Orientation, PrintingTemperature and Speed, which influence the mechanical properties of PETG material to find the Flexural Strength by 3 points bending load. We use the optimization technique by Taguchi method, which helps to provide the better suitable parameters to print the 3D printed object. In the Taguchi method, we use 3 Level design with 4 no of factors that give the L9 approach to follow. The L9 approach suggeststo 3D print of total of 9 different samples by arranging or interconnectingfourother parameters of layer height (0.1,0.2,0.3), Change in Orientation (0o, 25o, 45o), Printing Temperature (230oC, 250oC, 270oC) and Speed (30, 60, 90). The total 9different sample is printed with same PETG material in closed printer with suitable bed temperature. 42 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) The paper is organised in the following manner section 2 describes the detalils of samples and experimental procedure results and discussions are covered in the section 3. Finally conclusions are drawn in section 4. 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: In this paper, we explore the influenceof the parameters forflexural strength on PETG material byoptimization technique with the Taguchi method. The standard dimensions ofASTMD790 isused to understand the flexural properties ofthe reinforced thermoplastic material. With ASTMD790 dimensions, a CAD model is prepared in Solidworks; then in open source UltimakerCura(4.8.0),Slicer software is used to convert the CAD model into slicing format by adjusting the parameters the G-codes are generated to control and interface with the 3D printer. To prepare the 3D printed sample, we use the FDM method built on CURA closed printer. The PETG filament of 1.75mm diameter with 0.4nozzel was used to print all the samples. Fig 2: Flexural Test sample according to ASTM D790 standards 3.a) Samples before testing Fig 3: 3D Printed Samples by FDM method The determined 3D printing parameters such as layer height (0.1,0.2,0.3), Change in Orientation (0o, 25o, 45o), Printing Temperature (230oC, 250oC, 270oC) and Speed (30, 60, 90).), with the optimization technique by Taguchi method with L9 approach we set up 9 different samples(Table 5) to be 3D printed. The printing time also ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 43

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) varies based on the given input parameters.After 3D printing the samples, the Flexural test are performed by an Electronic UTE-10 machine, which servesa load range upto 100KN. The 3D printed samples are tested 3-point bending load at a speed of 1mm/min. Fig 4: 3-Point bending load setup 3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: In this Taguchi method, thetotal 9samples of PETG material with four different parameters are tested. Effect of parameters on Flexural strength was tested with 3-Point bending load, and the results are examined in table (5), which further examined to get optimized value for better result. Fig 5: Taguchi method L9 approach samples preparation with results The flexural strength values for nine different samples are present in table (5). From theAnalysis of Taguchi method from table (5), we get a ranking order of most influencing parameters to least influencing parameter Fig (6). The analysis also gives the graphical data Fig (7), which predicts which parameter gives the highest flexural strength value is defined in each factor. The graphical data says that these parameters, such as layer height 0.1, Orientation 30o, Temperature 250oC, and Speed 30mm/sec give the optimization value that possesses the highest flexural strength to print the sample. 44 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Fig 6: Ranking order of influence paramters for Flexural strength Fig 7: Graphical Representation on parameters effect After analyzing the data, we printed a 3D sample with parameters such as layer height 0.1, Orientation 30o, Temperature 250oC, and Speed 30mm/sec. This sample is tested under a 3-Point bending load. The Flexural strength for optimized parameters is 85.56MPA, which is highest than the predicted analysis of the Taguchi method. It's says that the Taguchi method for optimization parameters data gives the best outcome to obtain maximum Flexural strength. 4. CONCLUSION: In the present work, the results acquired from the Flexural strength, it can conclude that layer height, Temperature, speed, and orientation parameters play an important role in influencing mechanical properties. Optimization Technique of Taguchi method gives the best suitable parameters to print which posses high Flexural Strength Values.As layer height increases, the Flexural strength decreases because no of layers becomes small and depends on bonding strength between layers. Speed of nozzle increases the insufficient cooling and week layer adhesion which affects the flexural strength. In the future experimental research should be based on bonding between the two layers to be considered, so it also helps to improve the mechanical properties. To understand the bonding between layer SEM analysis can be made further scope. 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors (G.Aravind student Snist, Mr.Shirish.BAsst-prof Snist,Dr.A Purushotham professor Snist) thank the Principal and HOD of Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology for providing necessary resources for doing this project. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 45

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) REFERENCES: 1. EFFECT OF INFILLTYPEAND DENSITYON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PLAMATERIALFOR FDM PROCESS Adi Pandzic, Damir Hodzic & Aleksa Milovanovic DOI: 10.2507/30th.daaam.proceedings.074 2. Impact of fused deposition process parameter (infill pattern) on the strength of PETG part R. Srinivasan , K. Nirmal Kumar, A. Jenish Ibrahim, K.V. Anandu, R. Gurudhevan Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore 641042, India 3. Role of infill parameters on the mechanical performance and weight reduction of PEI Ultem processed by FFF Albert Forés-Garriga, Marco A. Pérez , Giovanni Gómez-Gras, Guillermo Reyes-Pozo IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain 4. Influence of infill and nozzle diameter on porosity of FDM printed parts with rectilinear grid pattern Irene Buj-Corrala,*, Ali Bagheria, Alejandro Domínguez-Fernándeza, Ramón Casado- Lópeza 5. Investigation of infill-patterns on mechanical response of 3D printed poly-lactic-acid Bandar Aloyaydi, Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Ammar Mustafa 6. Optimization of composite materials using 3D printed cores Adam Kolusz* and Zuzanna Rydz** *AGH Space Systems, AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków 46 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Numerical Study of Conjugate Natural Convection from PerforatedAnnular Fins Md. Shaukat Ali1*, Bhongiri Sai Ganesh2, Krishna Veera Kumar3, RachuriRhushikesh Chandra4 1,2,3,4Mechanical Engineering Department, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, India. *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This work numerically investigates the conjugate heat transfer from perforated annular fins protruded from a hot vertical cylinder. This natural convectionproblem is solved for three Rayleigh numbers in a laminar flow regime with varying numbers of fins (S/d ratio) along the cylinder length. Navier-Stokes equations and energy equationswere solved to understand the heat dissipation characteristics and flow behavior. It is found that the Nusselt number increases as the Rayleigh number increases irrespective of the S/d ratio. Maximum augmentation in Nusselt number with perforations as compared to that without perforations is found to be 49% for the maximum Rayleigh number and the minimum S/d ratio (i.e.,the maximum number of fins). KEYWORDS: Heat Transfer Enhancement, Conjugate heat transfer, Natural Convection, Annular Fin, Perforated Fin INTRODUCTION Convection heat transfer primarily takes place due to the motion of the bulk fluid over a hotter/colder surface. In the case of natural convection, the bulk fluid movement occurs due to the lower/higherdensity of the near-wall fluid as compared to the outer fluid caused by the temperature difference. Whereas, in case of the forced convection, the bulk fluid motion is mainly due to the pressure difference caused by external means such as a fan, a blower, or a pump.Heat dissipation in the case of natural convection is much less as compared to forced convection due to slower bulk fluid motion and thus lower convection coefficient. Heat transfer rate due to the natural convection can be increased if the dissipating surface area is increased using fins (extended surfaces) made up of high thermal conductivity materials such as copper and aluminum. An understanding of the flow behavior andthe resulting heat transfer characteristics is required to design the components of sophisticated thermal systemswith improved performance and reliability. There are various applications of natural convection such as cooling engine cylinder block, cooling of high voltage electrical transformers, cooling of hot wires, and cooling of electronic chips where faster heat dissipation is required for safe and reliable operation and maintenance. Many investigationsare carried out on the natural convection with different types of fins utilizing different schemes and methods. While investigating the free convection over a horizontally suspendedcylinder,Churchill and Chu [1] have explored the influence of the Rayleigh number as well as the Prandtl numberon the Nusselt number. Subsequently, correlations were developed for Nu in the case of laminar andturbulent flow regimes which were claimed to predict the result more accurately as comparedto previously developed ones.Bilgen[2] hasnumericallystudied the natural convection in a cubicenclosure with thermally insulated horizontal walls and differentially heated vertical walls with a single straight fin protruding from the hot vertical wall. It wasreported that the Nusselt number is directly proportional tothe Rayleigh number and inversely proportional to fin length and dimensionless conductivity ratio (kfin/kair). ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 47

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Yasin et al. [3] havecarried out a numericalstudy of buoyancy-driven flow across a porous medium in an enclosure caused by a sinusoidally heated bottom wall and reported multiple recirculation zones irrespective of all the problem variables.It was also observed that the rate of heat transferincreases with increasing amplitude of sinusoidal function,decreasing aspect ratio (H/L) of the rectangular enclosure, and increasing Rayleigh number. Bocu andAltac[4] have carried out numerical investigation on cubiccavityembedded with an array of pin fins. One wall was heated to a certain temperature and the opposite wall was cooled while the remaining walls were made adiabatic.An array of isothermal pin fins was attached to the heated wall in a staggered and inline manner to optimize the heat transfer. By varying different geometrical parameters, flow patterns and heat distribution were observed. They found that the Nusselt number increases with increasing fin length and the number of fins irrespective of the array pattern. The horizontal inline arrangement provided around 4-7% higher heat transfer as compared to the vertical inline arrangement. However, the staggered arrangement was reported to be the most efficient configuration. Senapati et al. [5] have numerically studied heat transfer from annular fins mounted on vertical cylinders kept in quiescent air with varying Rayleigh numbers corresponding to laminar andturbulent flow regimes. The effect of varyingthe ratio of the fin to tube diameter (D/d) and the ratio of fin gap to tube diameter (S/d) on Nusselt number were analyzed. The optimal S/dratio of 0.28 to 0.31 providedthe highest heat transfer augmentation in the turbulent regime. Correlations were also developed for average Nusselt number in terms of S/d,D/d, and Rafor laminar and turbulent flow regimes.Pathak et al. [6] numerically simulatedfree convection from a non- isothermal, shrouded, and vertical fin arrayof variable height. They found improved performance due to an array of fins of variable height, for certain conditions, in comparison with that of fixed height. Dash and Dash [7]have carried out a 3-dimensional computational study of convection from athick hollow cylinderkept horizontally in still air at Rayleigh number starting from 104 up to 108. They calculated the Nusselt number by varying thickness ratio (d/D) and diameter ratio (L/D). They observed the thermal plume, velocity vector, and temperature contours at various sections in different planes. They found Nusselt number gets increased upon reducing the thickness ratio (d/D). They proposed a correlation that is useful for many industrial applications. As the Rayleigh number increases the rate of heat transfer from the inner surface increases whereas the rate of heat transfer from the outer surface decreases. Several studies [8-14] have reported the influence of fin shape alterations, by providing different forms of perforations and cavities in the fin, on heat transfer intensification. Through numerical study, Bassam [8] has reported that permeable fins provide significantly faster heat transfer as compared to solid fins.AlEssa and Al- Widyan [9]analyzed the effect of triangular perforations inside a horizontal rectangular fin on the enhancement of heat dissipation under natural convection in comparison withits solid counterpart. The extent of enhancement was found to be in proportionate with the thickness as well asthe thermal conductivity of the material of the fin. Moreover, the introduction of perforations resulted in the reduction of material costs. Huang et al. [10]employed a perforated fin base to study the enhancement of free convection from an array of rectangular fins and observed substantial improvement in ventilation resulting in higherheat transferenhancement. It was also observed that the shorter perforations provide better enhancement in heat transfer as compared to shorter ones.Free convection from an arrayofperforated rectangular fins at different inclinations was experimentally investigated byAwasarmol and Pise [11]. Theyfound better heat transfer enhancement with 12mm diameter perforated fins oriented at an angle of 45 . Sobamowo et al. [12]numerically analyzed natural convection heat dissipation from porous fins assuming internal heat generation along withvariable thermal conductivity. They found with the increase in the porosity, fin thickness-length ratio, Nusselt number, Darcy number, and Rayleigh number, heat transfer rate increases, reaches an optimum value, and becomes almost constant afterward. 48 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Sunder et al. [13] have performed experimental as well as numerical investigation of the heat sink (cylindrical) meant for LED bulb cooling wherein short perforated fins were radially mounted all over the hot outer surface. The numerical model was developed to explore the effectiveness of finning and porosity factors along with the angle of orientation on the rate of heat transfer and the mass of the fin required. They observed that the perforated staggered fin configuration caused around 7 to 12% reduction in thermal resistance (depending on orientation angle) and around 9% reduction in mass when compared with non-perforated ones.The effect of porous annular fins protruding from the heated vertically cylinder was experimentally investigated by Kiwan et al. [14]. High permeable fin exhibited a higher heat dissipation rate. They reported a minimum enhancement of 7.9% in heat transfer when a less permeable fin of 10 mm thickness is used, whereas, maximum enhancement of around 131% when the entire cylinder is covered with a high permeable layer. The present numerical study intends to quantify the natural heat dissipation from a vertical cylinder embedded with varying numbers of perforated annular fins at different Rayleigh numbers. This conjugate heat transfer problem has been simulated for five inter fin distance to fin diameter S/d ratios (2, 2.4, 3, 4, and 5.8) and three Rayleigh numbers 6.8×106, 1.37×107, and 1.8×107. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY Figure 1(a) shows the vertical cylinder integrated with perforated annular fins. The study intends to numericallyinvestigate the effect of different configurations of perforated annular fins onthe intensification of heat transfer and flow phenomenon at varying Rayleigh numbers. Three-dimensionalsolutions of governing equations (Equations 1-5)are obtained using ANSYS Fluent 18.0. The vertical cylinder is of length (L) 325 mm and diameter (d) 25 mm, and is integrated with annular finsof 1 mm thickness and 145 mm diameter. The annular fins contain 6 circular perforations (10 mm diameter) at a distance of 10 cm from the cylinderaxis. The Material selected for the cylinder and the finsare aluminum. (a) (b) Figure1.(a) Perforated annular fins integrated with vertical cylinder and (b) Computational domain and boundary conditions. The governing equations namelythe continuity equation, the momentum equations, and the energy equation, which are derived from fundamental principles of heat transfer and fluid flow and simplified by Boussinesq approximation, are used to implement SIMPLE 'Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked equation' algorithm. The major assumptions made in this work aresteady-state heat transfer and fluid flow,uniform wall temperature, ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 49

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) incompressible fluid,laminar flow,constant thermos-physical properties of solid and fluid, negligible radiation heat transfer. Continuity Equation u  v  w  0 (1) x x x X-momentum equation u u v u  w u   1 p   2u  2u  2u  (2) x y z  x  x2 y 2 z 2    Y-momentum equation: u v  v v  w v   1 p   2v  2v  2v   g T  T  (3) x y z  y  x2 y 2 z 2    Z-momentum equation: u w  v w  w w   1 p   2w  2w  2w  (4) x y z  z  x2 y 2 z 2    Energy Equation: u T  v T  w T     2T   2T  2T  (5) x y z  x2 y 2 z 2    Where,u, v and w, are the velocity components in x, y, and z directions. , µ, , and  are air density, dynamic viscosity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric thermal expansion coefficient respectively.T and p denote temperature and pressure. Figure 1(b) shows the computational domain and the boundary conditions. Thermal boundary conditions of constant wall temperature 350 K were applied to the surface of the solid cylinder. The pressure outlet boundary conditions were applied to all the outer boundaries of the flow domain. The top and the bottom surfaces of the solid cylinder are taken as adiabatic. The density of air is taken as 1.225 kg/m3 with an operating temperature of 300 K. The gravity is taken into consideration along the negative y-axis. Following relation is used to estimate the Rayleigh number (Ra). Ra  g Tw  T  L3 (6)  Where T, Tare temperatures of wall surface, surrounding air respectively, and  is the kinematic viscosity w of air. Newton's law of cooling is used to calculate the heat transfer dissipation (Q) from the finned tube. Q  hATw  T  (7) Where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient and A is the total area exposed to convective heat transfer. 50 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) For Nfin number of fins, total surface area can be calculated as A  N fin Afin  Ab (8) Afin and Ab are fin surface area and base area not occupied by the fin respectively. The Nusselt number is calculated by Nu  hL  QL (9) k ATw  T  k GRID INDEPENDENCE TEST AND DATA VALIDATION Figure 2 shows the cell arrangementin a cylinder along with the fin and the adjacent air.Agrid independence test was carried performed by changing the number of elements from 1 Million to 2 Million for a typical case in the present work. It was found that variation in Nusselt number is almost negligibleafter 1.8 Millionelements (Figure 3); therefore almost similar number of elements wasconsidered for all the simulations. Figure 2.Typical mesh generated forthe cylinder with perforated annular fins and the fluid domain. Figure3. Grid independence test result. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 51

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) The present numerical model is verified by matching the present results with that of Senapatiet al.[5]as shown in Figures 4 and 5. The maximum deviation in the rate of heat transferandthe Nusselt number is found to beless than 8.3% which can be considered reasonably accurate. Figure 4.Heat transfer against Rayleigh number at same input. Figure 5.Performance of Nusselt number against Rayleigh number at the same input. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this work, a numerical solution of 3-dimensional natural convection from perforated annular fins is obtained and presented in terms of qualitative visualization of temperature plume, velocity vectors around the investigated geometry. The effect of various parameters such asfin pitch to cylinder diameter ratio (S/dratio) and the Rayleigh number on the rate heat transfer (Q), average Nusselt number (Nu),augmented Nusselt number (Nu/Nuo) were also presented quantitatively. Figure 6 represents the effect of Rayleigh number (Ra) and non-dimensional fin spacing (S/d ratio) on the Nusselt number. Three Rayleigh numbers of 0.68×107, 1.37×107, and 1.80×107, are considered corresponding to the temperature difference between the cylinder surface and the ambient of 30, 50, and 80 K respectively. It 52 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) is evident from the figure that Q increases as the number of perforated fins increases (with decreasing S/d ratio) for any Rayleigh number. The increase in Q with the increase in thenumber of fins is due to an increase in surface area. However, heat transfer rate (Q) increases with increasing Ra for any S/d ratio or any number of perforated fins due to higher fluid velocity and mixing around the perforated fins as evident from Figure 9.Another evidence of enhanced heat dissipation at higher Ra is the higher temperature of the rising plume (Figure 9) indicating a greater amount of heat swept away by the air. Conversely, Nusselt number (Nu) decreases as the number of perforated fins increases (with decreasing S/ d ratio) as shown in Figure 7. The Nusselt number (Nu) is directly proportional to the rate of heat dissipation (Q) and inversely proportional to the entire surface area (Equation 9). With the decrease in the S/d ratio or increase in the number of perforated fins, the heat transfer rate increases, but the total surface area also increases. Therefore, as an overall effect, the Nu decreases with decreasing the S/d ratio or increasing the number of perforated fins. However, Nu always increases with increasing Rayleigh number for all S/d ratios (or the number of perforated fins) obviously due to increased air velocity and perturbation around the fins. Figure 6. Effect of S/d ratio on heat transfer rate for different Rayleigh numbers. Figure 7. Effect of S/d ratio on Nusselt number for different Rayleigh numbers. 53 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Figure 8. Effect of S/d ratio on augmented Nusselt number for different Rayleigh numbers. Figure 8presents the variation of augmented Nusselt number (Nu/Nuo)as a function of S/d ratio and Rayleigh number, where Nudenotesthe Nusselt number in the case of perforated annular fins and Nuodenotesthe Nusselt number without perforations inthe annular fins.As the S/d ratio increases augmented Nusselt number decreases for any of the Rayleigh numbers considered in this work.The value of the augmented Nusselt number (Nu/Nuo) is more than one for any of the S/d ratio and Rayleigh number combinations. This shows that the introduction of perforations inside the annular fins always causes heat transfer (as well as Nu) to enhance irrespective of the S/ d ratio and Rayleigh number. Maximum enhancement in Nusselt number is 49% for S/d ratio of 2 and Rayleigh number of 1.8×107 and minimum enhancement in Nusselt number is 20% for S/dratio of 5.84 and Rayleigh number of 0.68×107. 54 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Figure 9. Temperature contours and Velocity vector fieldfor S/dratio 5.84, 3, and 2 corresponding to (a) Ra = 0.68×107 and (b) Ra = 1.8×107 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 55

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) CONCLUSION This work investigates natural convection from perforated annular fins integrated on a hot vertical cylinder. Simulations were performed for various configurations of the S/d ratio and Rayleigh numbers. Results were presented in terms of the rate of heat transfer, the Nusselt number, augmented Nusselt number quantitatively. Two-dimensional temperature contours and velocity vectors were also presented for qualitative visualization. The result shows that heat transfer rate, Nusselt number as well as augmented Nusselt number increases as the Rayleigh number increases irrespective of the S/d ratio (or the number of fins). Heat transfer rate increases asthe number of perforated annular fins attached to the hot vertical cylinder increases.It is found that heat transfer is maximum at S/d ratio 2 (7 number of fins) and minimum at S/d ratio 5.84 (3 number of fins). The rate of heat transfer increases as the Rayleigh number increases irrespective of the S/d ratio. Nusselt number decreases for any of the Rayleigh numbers as the number of fins increases (or the S/d ratio decreases). The augmented Nusselt number decreases with an increase in the S/d ratio and is the minimum for S/d ratio 2 and the maximum for S/d ratio 5.84. The maximum augmentation in Nusselt number in case of perforated fins, as compared to solid fins, is found to be 49% corresponding toS/d ratio of 2 and Rayleigh number of 1.8×107 and the minimum enhancement in Nusselt number is 20% for S/d ratio of 5.84 and Rayleigh number of 0.68×107. REFERENCES [1] S.W.Churchill, and HHS Chu,\"Correlating Equations for Laminar Free Convection from a Horizontal Cylinder\", Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 18, Pp. 1049-53, 1975. [2] E.Bilgen,\"Natural Convection in Cavities with a Thin Fin on the Hot Wall\", Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 48, Pp. 3943- 3505, 2005. [3] YasinVarol, Hakan F Oztop, andIoan Pop, \"Numerical Analysis of Natural Convection for a Porous Rectangular Enclosure with Sinusoidal Varying Temperature Profile on the Bottom Wall\", Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 35, Pp. 56-64, 2008. [4] Z.Bocu and Z Altac, \"Laminar natural convection heat transfer and air flow in three-dimensional rectangular enclosures with pin arrays attached to hot wall\", Appl. Therm. Eng., Vol. 31, Pp. 3189-3195, 2011. [5] Jnana RanjanSenapati,Sukanta Kumar Dash, and Subhransu Roy, \"Numerical Investigation of Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Vertical Cylinder with Annular Fins\", Int. J. Therm. Sci.,Vol. 111, Pp. 146-59, 2017. [6] Kankan Kishore Pathak, AsisGiri, and PradipLingfa, \"A numerical study of natural convective heat transfer from a shrouded vertical variable height non-isothermal fin array\", Appl. Therm. Eng., Vol. 130, Pp. 1310-1318, 2018. [7] M.K.Dash, and S.K.Dash, \"3D numerical study of natural convection heat transfer from a hollow horizontal cylinder placed on the ground\", Int. J. Therm. Sci., Vol.140, 429-441, 2019. [8] Bassam Abu-Hijleh, \"Natural Convection Heat Transfer from a Cylinder with High Conductivity Permeable Fins\", ASME J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 125, Pp. 282-288, 2003. [9] A.H.AlEssa, and M.I.Al-Widyan, \"Enhancement of natural convection heat transfer from a fin by triangular perforation of bases parallel and toward its tip\", Appl. Math.Mech.,Vol. 29, Pp. 1033-1044, 2008. [10] G.J.Huang, S.C.Wong, and C.P.Lin, \"Enhancement of natural convection heat transfer from horizontal rectangular fin arrays with perforations in fin base\", Int. J. Therm. Sci.,Vol. 84, Pp. 164-174, 2014. 56 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) [11] U.V.Awasarmol and A.T.Pise, \"An experimental investigation of natural convection heat transfer enhancement from perforated rectangular fins array at different inclinations\", Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., Vol. 68, Pp. 145-154, 2015. [12] M.G.Sobamowo, O.M.Kamiyo, and O.A.Adeleye, \"Thermal performance analysis of a natural convection porous fin with temperature?dependent thermal conductivity and internal heat generation\",Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog., Vol. 1, Pp. 39-52, 2017. [13] SusmithaSundar, Gihyun Song, Muhammad ZeeshanZahir, J.S. Jayakumar, and Se-JinYook, \"Performance Investigation of Radial Heat Sink with Circular Base and Perforated Staggered Fins\", Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 143,Pp. 118526, 2009. [14] SuhilKiwan,HamzehAlwan, and NisrinAbdelal, \"An Experimental Investigation of the Natural Convection Heat Transfer from a Vertical Cylinder Using Porous Fins\", Appl. Therm. Eng., Vol. 179, Pp. 115673, 2020. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 57

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) AResearch on Solution Spproaches for Optimizing Dynamic Facility Layout Problems Eswar Balachandar G1, Bhaskar Reddy C2 1Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA, Anantapur, 515002, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Kalahastheeswara Institute of Technology, Sri Kalahasthi, Chittoor Dt., Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT In manufacturing systems, the planning of the layout plays a main role. Dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) is a complex and broad subject that determines to be adaptable to changing requirements over planning periods. In view of this research paper, the solution approaches for optimizing the DFLP's are presented with the latest findings of effective algorithms like heuristics, metaheuristics, and hybrid approaches along with the available simulation methods for seeking ideal solutions. Keywords: Dynamic layout, Facility layout, Optimization, Solution approaches. 1. INTRODUCTION In facilityplanning, the facilitylayout problem (FLP) is a long-term decision where the total investment of the industry is being used for designing a layout. The facility layout involves the proper arrangement of machinery, various departments, material handling devices, safetyconsiderations, and different to achieve desired production results. The FLP's are categorized on basis of evolution, workshop characteristics, design of problems and solution approaches. Based on layout evolution it was static and dynamic. When the demand is constant with time, fixed products manufacturing and flow of materials called a Static facility layout problem (SFLP). The DFLP comes into the scenario while there are differences in demand, variation in product mix, disruption of existing products and introducing of different products in the manufacturing system. 2. SOLUTION APPROACHES FOR OPTIMIZING DFLP Below Table 1 summarizes the solution approaches avail for the optimization of DFLP. The exact techniques are further known as optimum methods used for small-sized problems. Heuristics are sub-optimal approaches and problem-dependent used for solving large-sized problems with very low computation time compare to the exact methods. It produces near-optimal adequate solutions for DFLP's. Table 1 Summary of solution techniques for optimizing DFLP Exact methods Branch and Bound (B&B), Dynamic programming (DP) and modified sub-gradient (MSG) Heuristics Dynamic pair wise exchange, steepest descent pair wise exchange, monte-carlo simulation- based heuristic, similarity score-based two-phase heuristic Metaheuristics Simulated Annealing (SA), Tabu Search (TS), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Immune System (AIS), Fuzzy System and others Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP), Symbiotic Evolutionary Algorithm (SymEA), Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) 58 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Metaheuristics are problem independent techniques for figuring out the multi-objective broad problems in DFLP. Hybrid methods are existed to solve the most complicated multi-objective problems for finding out the best optimum results of DFLP. It combines the two or more heuristic algorithms for framing the hybrid approach. Most researchers have recently employed hybrid approaches to find effective outputs. 3. SIMULATION TECHNIQUE Besides, the manufacturing system will follow the improvements to the planning periods after the facility layout has been configured. The assumptions of how the system operates and the draw backs at the product level should be identified and minimizing the queuinglevels at process stations and buffer storage etc. Here the simulation techniques provide the optimum result for analyzing the process without disruptions and risks. The simulation tools used for designing the facility are IGRIP, ARENA, QUEST, Pro Model, Witness, Flexsim etc. This simulation software's provide 2D/3D visualization of the models, it helps the researchers to find the best result within a short period of time without expenses and faults. 4. A SUMMARY OF WORK DONE BY RESEARCHERS S.No A ut hor Methodology Finding 1 ZDFLP was first implemented in this paper. (S.Kulturel- Novel Matheuristic based The results illustrate the use of more realistic 2 Konak) 1 distance measurements instead of a rectilinear 3 concept combines VNS and distance. This leads towards more practical and 4 realistic block layouts. SA with MIP. variab le 5 Finally, the TMHC was reduced up to 43% by neighborhood simulated optimizing the existing facility layout. 6 annealing matheuristic The suggested SA algorithm was efficient and versatile considering (V NSAM) both the equal as well as unequal DFLP field. The performance of computation is also better (Akash Tayal Hybrid Firefly Algorithm than other metaheuristics. et.al) 2 Solving the prospective model contributes to (FA) and Chaotic Simulated form an optimal layout in every level of a multi-period time designing horizon. The Annealing (CSA) attainment of the recommended system and the hybrid technique was valuate using the DOE (I.B.Hunagunda Heuristic Simulated and b enchmark methods. et.al) 3 The novel heuristic method BFO is first Annealing implemented in DFLP. The primary solution obtained by BFO introduce into SA process, it (G Moslemipour) 4 New hybrid intelligent called as SABFO. It provides results by a approach was implemented sufficient CPU time. (B. Turanoglu by integrating SA and clonal et.al) 5 selection (CS)algorithms The effectiveness o f the recommend ed hybrid technique was analyzed usin g experiment (G.Moslemipour Proposed a new hybrid design and benchmark methods in sto chastic et.al)6 heuristic technique SABFO and d eterministic environments respectively. based mainly combining SA and bacterial foraging optimization. Taguchi method. The hybrid AC-CS-SA method combine with mathematical based new QAP- to model a robust layout was considered to solve DFLP. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 59

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) S.No Author Methodolo gy Finding 7 (H.Pourvaziri Meta-heuristic and Pareto This paper creates a new mathematical model 8 et.al) 7 and open q ueuing network for solving DFLP. 9 front using cloud-b ased C-MOSA compared against NSGA-II and 10 (Jingfa Liua multi-objective simulated PVNS with corresponding to various et.al) 8 performance criteria. 11 annealing (C-MOSA) First the problem was p resented in a (M.Pourhassan mathematical model. Then it was solved by 12 et.al) 9 Wang-Landau (WL) using the combined WL and heuristics. 13 (Y. Xiao et.al) samp ling algorithm with The complexity of a manufacturing system and decision making can be able to solve by 14 10 certain heuristic strategies to combining simulation and o ptimization techniques. The statistical results indicated (B. Turanoglu accomplish the unequal-area that the simulation is highly accurate. et.al) 11 DFLP. For improving the capability of MILP model, (S.Vitayasak the two advanced symmetry breaking et.al) 12 DFLP uses mathematical constraints are introduced. Among the impressive results from the literature, DFLP- (S.S.Hosseini approach including a non- FZ and PEA-LP were tested. et.al) 13 dominated sorting genetic Here, the advance parameter called closeness (A.Derakhshan rates among departments was intro duced to et.al) 14 algorithm (NSGA-II) to the DFLP model. For determining closeness rates, fuzzy system along with the locate the best possible conventional closeness rates are also considered for DFLP. It results different layout. layouts and 14.76% cost reduction. The research paper concludes: The overall The paper includes a mixed cost for generating the layouts are lesser while using mBSA compare to conventional integer linear programming BSA and produces the best solutions for large size problems compare to GA. The (MILP), the co mbined required computational time was 70% lesser than the GA. Problem Evolution The research paper introduces a novel Pareto-based MOWFA for solving the Algorithm (PEA) and linear problem. The Taguchi technique was used to modulate the parameters of the algorithms. programming (LP), called Eventually, the results of the MOWFA represents better efficiency compared with PEA-LP represents for NRGA and NSGA-II. DFLP. The paper newly introduced the mo dified PSO to solve UA problems in SFLP and Proposed fuzzy decision- DFLP to achieve: Minimization of MHC in SFLP and Minimization of MHC and making system rearrangement costs in DFLP. The suggested algorithm used four methods to find better Novel modified Backtracking layouts: Two local search techniques, period Search Algorithms (mBSAs) swapping and the department swapping technique to develop the solution aspect. and GA A novel Pareto-based meta- heuristic algorithm called a multi-objective water flow like algorithm (MOWFA) non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and non-dominated ranking genetic algorithm (NRGA). Modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) 60 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) S .N o Author Methodology Finding 15 (Lianghao This paper proposed combined heuristic Li et.al)15 Hybrid heuristic algorithms with forecasting and backtracking 16 strategies. The combined GA and SA heuristic 17 (H.H. simulation algorithms like methods will be much faster than most simplex Nasab algorithms when attempting to so lve sequential 18 et.al)16 combination of GA and coding problems, specifically d eal with large problems. (F. Jolai SA, forecasting and This paper has consid ered the DFLP equal area. et.al)17 For o vercoming the drawbacks of PSO obtained backtracking strategies. near-optimal solutions, the algorithm is combined (P. Azimi with SA. HPSO executes well and has achieved et.al)18 Hybrid particle swarm better solutions to 37 of the 48 problems. optimization (HPSO) It presents a mathematical model for this problem. algorithm and Then a MOPSO algorithm with two novel Simulated Annealing heuristics to avoid overlapping and to minimize the feasible unutilized gaps among d epartments. It Multi-objective particle gives near-optimal so lutions with less computing time. The average improved p erformance was swarm optimization between 2 and 24 per cent for four objectives. The appliance of a simulation-based heuristic for (MOP SO ) solving DFLP was reviewed. The primary objective of the task is to design a simulation SA technique method for large scale problems and coded to render the presented formulation for DFLP. 5. DISCUSSION Concerning the literature survey as described above, it has been shown that the successful design of the DFLP in the fabrication systems has been investigated by various studies. There are several constraints to be considered while selecting the resolution techniques for the facility problems. The exact methods (DP, B&B and MSG) are limited to the small size problems and general heuristic algorithms like SA, GA and TS are also had some limitations such as excess time for computation and accuracy towards the optimization. In recent researches during the past decade hybrid heuristic approaches along with simulation techniques were implemented to resolve the multi-objectives of DFLP. It also analyzes the improvements referring to manufacturing systems considering the safety issues, ergonomics, aisle and few of the potential problems in the facility layout. For decreasing the computational time, optimumlayout arrangement, minimization ofMHC and rearrangement costsin layout problems combination of optimization and simulation techniques performs an extensive role to attain better improvements in the dynamic layout research. 6. CONCLUSIONS The various DFLP approach models for the solution are discussed in the research paper. Some authors applied optimization and modeling methods combinations to find the optimal solutions. The usage of hybrid algorithms in research has increased computational ability and efficiency of the layout problem solutions. Novel metaheuristics are introduced for solving uncertainties, multiple objectives, safety and special constraints for problems in DFLP. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 61

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) 7. REFERENCES [1] Sadan Kulturel-Konak (2019) The zone-based dynamic facility layout problem, INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research, 2019. vol 57:1, 1-31. DOI: 10.1080/03155986.2017.1346915 [2] Tayal A., Singh S.P. Modeling stochastic dynamic facility layout using hybrid fireworks algorithm and chaotic simulated annealing: A case of Indian garment industry. Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018. vol 562. Springer, Singapore [3] Hunagund, I.B., Pillai, V.M., & Kempaiah, U.N. A simulated annealing algorithm for unequal area dynamic facility layout problems with flexible bay structure. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 2018, vol.9, 307-330. [4] Moslemipour, G. A hybrid CS-SA intelligent approach to solve uncertain dynamic facility layout problems considering dependency of demands. J Ind Eng Int, 2018, vol 14, 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40092-017-0222-x [5] Betül Turano?lu, Gökay Akkaya. A new hybrid heuristic algorithm based on bacterial foraging optimization for the dynamic facility layout problem, Expert Systems withApplications, 2018, Volume 98, Pages 93-104, DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.01.011. [6] Ghorbanali Moslemipour; T.S. Lee; Y.T. Loong. Solving stochastic dynamic facility layout problems using proposed hybrid AC-CS-SA meta-heuristic algorithm, International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering (IJISE), 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1. [7] Pourvaziri, Hani & Pierreval, Henri. \"Dynamic facility layout problem based on open queuing network theory,\" European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, 2017, vol. 259(2), pages 538-553. [8] Jingfa Liu, Dawen Wang, Kun He, Yu Xue. Combining Wang-Landau sampling algorithm and heuristics for solving the unequal-area dynamic facility layout problem, European Journal of Operational Research, 2017, Volume 262, Issue 3, Pages 1052-1063. [9] Mohammad Reza Pourhassan, Sadigh Raissi, (2017), An integrated simulation-based optimization technique for multi- objective dynamic facility layout problem, Journal of Industrial Information Integration, Volume 8, Pages 49-58. [10] Yiyong Xiao, Yue Xie, Sadan Kulturel-Konak, Abdullah Konak, A problem evolution algorithm with linear programming for the dynamic facility layout problem: Ageneral layout formulation, Computers and Operations Research. 2017, doi: 10.1016/ j.cor.2017.06.025. [11] Akkaya, Gökay & Turano?lu, Betül. The dynamic facility layout problems with closeness rate: a fuzzy decision support system approach. Selcuk University Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology. 2017, Volume 5, pages 300-311. [12] Srisatja Vitayasak, Pupong Pongcharoen, Chris Hicks, A tool for solving stochastic dynamic facility layout problems with stochastic demand using either a Genetic Algorithm or modified Backtracking Search Algorithm, International Journal of Production Economics, 2017, Volume 190, Pages 146-157. [13] Hosseini, S.S., & Seifbarghy, M. A novel meta-heuristic algorithm for multi-objective dynamic facility layout problem. RAIRO - Operations Research, 2016, vol. 50, p 869-890. [14] Asl, A.D., & Wong, K.Y. Solving unequal-area static and dynamic facility layout problems using modified particle swarm optimization. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2015, vol.28, p 1317-1336. [15] Li, L., Li, B., Liang, H., & Zhu, W. The Heuristic Methods of Dynamic Facility Layout Problem. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2014, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37832-4_25. [16] Hasan Hosseini-Nasab & Leila Emami, Ahybrid particle swarm optimisation for dynamic facility layout problem, International Journal of Production Research, 2013, vol. 51:14, p 4325-4335. [17] Fariborz Jolai , Reza Tavakkoli-Moghaddam & Mohammad Taghipour, A multi-objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm for unequal sized dynamic facility layout problem with pickup/drop-off locations, International Journal of Production Research, 2012, vol.50:15, p 4279-4293. [18] Azimi.P and Salhei.a M.A., A simulation-based heuristic for the dynamic facility layout problem. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 2011, Issue 11. 62 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) StructuralAnalysis of NACA4420 Wind Turbine Wing using ANSYS Mohammed Azmath Ali1, A. Balaraju2 1P.G Student, Department of CAD/CAM , Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad 2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT In these paper we dicuss about the structural layout and evaluation of wing of an turbine . The wing design entails its initial concerns like plan form selection, and the structural design involves the design calculations for the selection of airfoil, area of the wing, wing loading characteristics and weight of the wing. The design is performed with the help of designing software CATIA and the evaluation is done to expose the structural deformations and stress for the applied loading conditions with the assist of ANSYS 14.0, The aim of this paper is to compare the results obtained for different materials like Titanium,composite materails like Frpc and Al 2024-T3 by using analysis software. From the outcome we will conclude which material is having better properties. Main words: NACA 4420, Airfoil , Natural frequency, Modal analysis, Aerodynamics forces. INTRODUCTION Aircraft engines are the main part of the propulsion system in an aircraft and it will generate the mechanical power. Most of the aircraft engines using today is turbo fans. These engines will be suitable for long routes and fuel efficiency of these engines is less compare to turboprop engines. Propeller: The purpose of the propeller is to Offer a propulsion so that the aircraft is able to move forward through the air. The propeller itself consists of two or more blades connected together by a central hub that attaches the blades to the engine shaft. Wind Turbine: Wind possesses energyby virtue of its motion. The wind turbine works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of wind to mechanical energy. Wind mills can be used to mill grains, lift water and to generate electricity. Our focus is on wind mills to generate electricity, these are called wind turbine generators. The parts of a horizontal axis Wind Turbine is shown in figure 1. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 63

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) Figure 1 Parts of a Wind Turbine AEROFOIL: Wings develop the major portion of the lift of a heavier-than-air aircraft. Wing structures carry some of the heavier loads found in the aircraft structure. The particular design of a wing depends on many factors, such as the size, weight, speed, rate of climb, and use of the aircraft. The wing must be constructed so that it holds its aerodynamics shape under the extreme stresses of combat man oeuvres or wing loading. Wing construction is similar in most modern aircraft. In its simplest form, the wing is a framework made up of spars and ribs and covered with metal. Spars are the primary structural contributors of the wing. they enlarge from the fuselage to the tip of the wing.All the load carried by the wing is taken up by the spars. The spars are designed to have bending strength. Ribs give the wing section its shape, and they transfer the air load from the wing to the spars. Ribs enlarge from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing. LITERATURE REVIEW [1] Researchers have worked on developing new kind of wind turbines to produce power from wind energy. . The aim of this paper is to research the turbulent effect of wind turbine wing . The two dimensional model of NACA4420 wing was created in Solid Works. The purpose of the research is to improve the performance of the wind turbine. [2] Mayur kumar kevadiya, Hemish A. Vadya give an explaination the 2D evaluation of NACA4412 wing .They focus primarily on designing the blade for regions of low wind power density. In these paper NACA 4412 airfoil is consider for analysis of wind turbine blade. [3] Khil Yuvraj Manda, Jithendra, SaiRaja Chada, Sambhu Prasad Surapaneni ,Satish Geeri explain aerofoils which permit the flow at a broad range of angles have a more significant impact on the power generation from the turbine.work is meant to focus on analyzing the flow behavior along the surface of the aerofoil geometry. 64 ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1

Proceedings of the 3rd National E-Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering (ETIME-2021) DESIGNING OF AEROFOIL Aerofoil designed to provide lift as air flows around its surface. Air passes over the airfoil quicker than it passes underneath it, resulting in greater pressure below than above. which help the plane to fly. Process of designing of Aerofoil by using NACA 4420 codes in CATIA: • NACA 4420 Code • 1.0000 0.00100 • 0.9500 0.00856 • 0.9000 0.01556 • 0.8000 0.02767 • 0.7000 0.03733 • 0.6000 0.04433 • 0.5000 0.04856 • 0.4000 0.05000 • 0.3000 0.04856 • 0.2000 0.04411 • 0.1500 0.04056 • 0.1000 0.03533 • 0.0750 0.03178 • 0.0500 0.02722 • 0.0250 0.02044 • 0.0125 0.01511 • 0.0000 0.00000 • 0.0125 -0.01511 • 0.0250 -0.02044 • 0.0500 -0.02722 • 0.0750 -0.03178 • 0.1000 -0.03533 Procedure for designing of wing or aerofoil of wind turbine by using NACA4420 codes. 1. Open the local disk. 2. Next select the program files. 3. Then select d assault system's. 4. After that select the b20 ,Intel-a ,code,command 5. Copy to gsd_pointsplineloftfromexcell 6. Paste the gsd_pointsplineloftfromexcel file to desktop. 7. Open the gsd_pointsplineloftfromexcel and paste the NACA4420 aerofoil code into the gsd_pointsplineloftformexcel file. ISBN: 978-0-13-601970-1 65