First_Aid_for_the_USMLE_Step_1_2023_Compressed_-451-849

780 INDEX Asthma Class IC antiarrhythmics, 326 cholinomimetic agents, 239 maple syrup urine disease, 82 albuterol for, 241 conduction pathway, 298 muscarinic antagonists, 240 mutations in hepatocyte, 402 drug therapy, 708 ECG and, 297 naming conventions for, 253 pyruvate kinase deficiency, 428 eosinophilic granulomatosis, 479 supraventricular tachycardia, 311 sympatholytics (α2-agonists), 243 SCID, 35 presentation and pathology, 695 Atrioventricular canals, 285 sympathomimetics, 241 Autosomal recessive disorder pulsus paradoxus, 317 Atrioventricular valves Autonomic insufficiency, 241 MUTYH-associated polyposis embryologic development of, 284 Autonomic nervous system Astigmatism, 551 Atrophic gastritis delirium tremens, 589 syndrome, 394 As-treated analysis, 257 gastrin in, 378 dysregulation in inflammatory Zellweger syndrome, 46 Astrocytes, 503 Atrophy Autosomal recessive disorders Ataxia changes with, 202 demyelinating familial dyslipidemias, 92 motor neuron signs, 545 polyradiculopathy, 540 Autosomal recessive inheritance, 57 abetalipoproteinemia, 92 skeletal muscle, 460 in diabetes mellitus, 350 Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney in tabes dorsalis, 546 Atropine in serotonin syndrome, 589 lithium toxicity, 589 antimuscarinic effects of, 239 limbic system in, 509 disease, 624 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 86 β-blocker overdose, 327 male sexual response, 647 associated disorders, 624 of limbs, 526 for anticholinergic toxicity, 239 Autonomic receptor, 235 Potter sequence, 598 opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, multiorgan drug reactions, 250 Autonomy (ethics), 267 Autosomal trisomies pupil size with, 250 Autophagy Down syndrome (trisomy 21), 61 224 toxicity treatment, 247 atrophy with, 202 Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), 61 prion disease, 175 use and adverse effects, 240 Autoregulation of blood flow, 300 karyotyping for, 53 psychoactive drug intoxication, 590 Attack rate (risk quantification), 259 Autosomal dominant diseases Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), 61 syphilis, 145 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder achondroplasia, 467 types and findings with, 61 truncal, 526 early onset disorder, 576 acute intermittent porphyria, 430 Avanafil, 245 vitamin E deficiency, 68 preferred medications for, 592, 593 ADPKD, 531 Avascular necrosis (bone), 468 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 592 Attributable risk, 258 Brugada syndrome, 312 femoral head, 466 Ataxia-telangiectasia, 115 Atypical antidepressants, 595 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 540 Gaucher disease, 86 serum tumor marker, 222 Atypical pneumonias elastin syndrome, 49 scaphoid bone, 453 Atazanavir, 199 chlamydiae, 146 epidermolysis bullosa simplex, 489 Sickle cell anemia, 428 Atelectasis organisms causing, 176 familial adenomatous polyposis, 394 Avelumab, 218, 446 causes of, 701 typical organisms, 703 familial dyslipidemias, 92 Aversive stimulus (positive physical findings, 700 Atypical venous thrombosis, 105 familial hypocalciuric pleural effusions and, 701 Auditory anatomy and physiology, 549 hypercalcemia, 349 punishment), 572 Atenolol, 244, 327 Auditory cortex, 509 hereditary hemorrhagic Avibactam, 186 Atezolizumab, 218, 446 thalamic relay for, 509 telangiectasia, 320 Avoidant personality disorder, 584 Atherosclerosis Auerbach plexus, 383 hereditary spherocytosis, 428 Axilla/lateral thorax, 458 familial dyslipidemias, 92 Auer rods hereditary thrombophilias, 433 Axillary nerve homocystinuria, 83 in AML, 437 hyper-IgE syndrome, 114 in diabetes mellitus, 350 Auramine-rhodamine stain, 123 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 315 injury and presentation, 450 location, symptoms and Auscultation of heart juvenile polyposis syndrome, 394 neurovascular pairing, 458 Hamman sign, 693 Liddle syndrome, 606 Axonal injury progression, 305 maneuvers and changes with, 295 listing of, 58 characteristic of, 506 renovascular disease, 625 murmurs and clinical associations, Lynch syndrome, 395 diffuse, 531 stable angina with, 308 Marfan syndrome, 50 Axonal trafficking, 46 transplant rejection, 117 296 multiple endocrine neoplasias, 356 Axonemal dynein, 47 Athetosis, 526, 535 Auspitz sign, 485 neurofibromatosis, 541 Azathioprine “Athlete’s foot”, 488 Autism spectrum disorder Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 394 immunosuppression, 119 ATM gene, 115–120 pseudohypoparathyroidism, 348 mechanism, use and adverse Atomoxetine, 576 double Y males and, 657 pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, Atonic seizures, 533 early onset disorder, 576 348 effects, 444 Atopic dermatitis (eczema), 483, 485 fragile X syndrome, 60 Romano-Ward syndrome, 312 pancreatitis with, 248 Atopic reactions Autoantibodies tuberous sclerosis, 541 purine synthesis effects, 34 Type I hypersensitivity, 110 associated disorder, 113 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 541 Azithromycin, 190 Atorvastatin, 324 Autoclaves von Willebrand disease, 433 babesiosis, 154 Atovaquone disinfection/sterilization, 200 Autosomal dominant inheritance, 57 Chlamydia spp, 146 babesiosis, 154 for spore-forming bacteria, 127 Autosomal dominant polycystic in cystic fibrosis, 58 fungal infections, 151 Autodigestion, 404 kidney disease, 624 Mycobacterium avium- malaria, 154 Autoimmune associated disorders, 624 prophylaxis with proguanil, 194 myocarditis, 320 chromosome association, 62 intracellulare, 138 ATP7B gene, 402 Autoimmune diseases saccular aneurysms and, 532 Azoles Atracurium, 568 acute pericarditis with, 319 Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial Atria agent, target and clinical use, 120 kidney disease, 624 mechanism and clinical use, 196 depolarization/repolarization of, 297 blistering skin disorders, 489 Autosomal recessive disease vaginal infections, 179 embryologic development of, 284 diabetes mellitus Type 1, 351 hemochromatosis, 402 Azotemia Atrial fibrillation interferon-induced, 107 homocystinuria, 50, 83 leptospirosis, 145 description and management, 311 rheumatoid arthritis, 472 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Aztreonam Atrial flutter self-antigen in, 97 syndrome, 312 mechanism and clinical use, 187 description and management, 311 Sjögren syndrome, 474 kidney diseases, 606 “Atrial kick”, 292 SLE, 476 Autosomal recessive diseases B Atrial myocytes, 299 Autoimmune gastritis, 386 5α-reductase deficiency, 658 B19 virus, 161 Atrial natriuretic peptide, 299 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia abetalipoproteinemia, 92 Babesia spp source and functions of, 608 causes and findings, 429 adenosine deaminase deficiency, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) cephalosporins, 186 115 hematologic infections, 154 in amyloidosis, 208 risk with hepatitis B and C, 172 alkaptonuria, 82 vector for, 144 in SIADH, 342 Autoimmune hepatitis, 113, 398 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 432 Babesiosis, 154 signaling pathways for, 341 Autoimmune hypothyroidism Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 115 Babinski reflex/sign Atrial septal defect (ASD) risk with hepatitis B and C, 172 cystinuria, 83 motor neuron lesions, 545 congenital disease, 303 Autoimmune lymphoproliferative Friedreich ataxia, 547 upper motor neuron lesions, 525 Down syndrome, 304 fructose metabolism, 77 Bacillary angiomatosis, 486 venous thromboemboli with, 284 syndrome, 204 galactose metabolism, 78 animal transmission, 147 Atrioventricular (AV) block Autoimmune polyendocrine Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 432 HIV-positive adults, 174 first-degree, 313 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, Bacillus anthracis, 130, 135 Lyme disease, 144 syndrome-1, 100 401 Bacillus cereus, 136 second-degree, 313 Autoimmune regulator, 100 Kartagener syndrome, 47 food poisoning, 175 third-degree (complete), 313 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, 119 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 115 Bacitracin Atrioventricular (AV) node Autonomic drugs listing of, 58 sensitivity to, 134 action potential, 297 Baclofen antiarrhythmic effects, 327, 328 actions of, 238 cerebral palsy treatment, 547 blood supply, 288 β-blockers, 244 mechanism and use, 569 bladder dysfunction action on, 236 multiple sclerosis treatment, 539 Bacteremia brain abscesses, 177 cutaneous anthrax, 135

INDEX  781 daptomycin, 192 Bartter syndrome Benzidine, 221 β-lactam antibiotics, 184, 429 Streptococcus bovis, 135 renal disorder features, 611 Benznidazole, 155 β-lactamase inhibitors, 185, 186 Bacteria renal tubular defects, 606 Benzocaine, 567 β-oxidation of VLCFA biofilm-producing, 126 Benzodiazepines hemolytic, 134 Basal body (cilium), 47 in adrenoleukodystrophy, 46 infections in immunodeficiency, Basal cell carcinoma alcohol withdrawal, 592 β-pleated sheet protein configuration, clinical use, 508 116 5-fluorouracil for, 444 cocaine overdose, 591 208 normal microbiota, 175 characteristics of, 493 in anxiety disorders, 582 β-prophage phage infection of, 128 Basal ganglia, 512 in psychiatric emergencies, 589 pigment-producing, 126 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 530 intoxication and withdrawal, 590 Corynebacterium exotoxin spore-forming, 127 lesions of, 526 mechanism, use and adverse encoding, 137 structures of, 122 thalamic connections, 509 trimethoprim effects in, 34 Basal lamina, 48 effects, 563 Beta rhythm (EEG), 508 virulence factors, 133, 141 Basal metabolic rate, 335 naming convention for, 252 β-thalassemia with exotoxins, 130 Basal nucleus of Meynert, 506 serotonin syndrome treatment, 589 zoonotic, 147 Basal plate, 500 sleep effects, 508 allelic heterogeneity, 55 Bacterial exotoxin mechanisms Base excision repair, 37 toxicity treatment, 247 chromosome abnormality, 62 cell membrane lysis, 131 Basement membrane Benzoyl peroxide, 485 types and clinical outcome, 425 increase fluid secretion, 130 blood-brain barrier, 507 Benztropine, 240, 565, 589 β-tubulin, 46 inhibit phagocytic ability, 130 collagen in, 48 Berger disease (IgA nephropathy), 616 Beta waves (EEG), 508 lyse cell membranes, 131 Basic amino acids, 79 Berkson bias, 262 Betaxolol, 244, 570 neurotransmitter release inhibition, Basilar artery Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 417, 432 Bethanechol herniation syndromes, 545 Berry aneurysm, 532 urinary retention treatment, 236 130 stroke effects, 528 Berylliosis, 698 Bevacizumab, 446 protein synthesis inhibition, 130 Basilar membrane (cochlea), 549 Beryllium carcinogenicity, 221 Bias and study errors, 262 superantigens, 131 Basiliximab, 118 β endocrine cells, 331 Bicalutamide, 678 Bacterial genetics, 128–200 Basophilia, 414 ββ21--MbmlHoiccCrkoagIdloaenb, du28lIi9Inand, 98 Bicarbonate transduction, 128 Basophilic stippling, 422 β2-aasgthonmisatstherapy, 708 carbon dioxide transport, 688 transposition, 129 Basophils, 414 naming conventions for, 253 overdose treatment, 231 Bacterial infection IgE binding of, 103 β-adrenergic agonists pancreatic insufficiency, 388 granulomatous inflammation, 213 Batson (vertebral) venous plexus, 674 potassium shifts, 610 salicylate toxicity, 247 myocarditis with, 320 B-cell lymphomas β-adrenergic effects source, action and regulation, 379 Bacterial peritonitis (spontaneous), HIV-positive adults, 174 of T3, 335 tricyclic antidepressant toxicity, 231 risk with hepatitis B and C, 172 β-amyloid protein, 208 Biceps brachii muscle, 452 397 B cells, 415 β-blockers Biceps femoris, 456, 457 Bacterial structures, 122 activation, 101, 103 acute coronary syndromes, 315 Biceps reflex, 525 Bacterial toxins adaptive immunity, 97 adverse effects of, 244 Bicornuate uterus, 642 anergy, 108 angina, 327 Bictegravir, 199 elongation factor effects of, 43 cell surface proteins, 108 antianginal therapy, 324 Bicuspid aortic valve main features of, 129 disorders of, 114, 115 anticholinergic toxicity, 239 aortic dissection and, 307 Bacterial vaginosis functions of, 97, 99 aortic dissection treatment, 307 coarctation of aorta and, 304 characteristics of, 155 infections in immunodeficiency, applications and actions, 244 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 306 Gardnerella vaginalis, 121 dilated cardiomyopathy, 315 Turner syndrome, 304 signs and symptoms, 179 116 for cocaine intoxication, 241 Bifid ureter, 599 Bacteria virulence factors, 127 neoplasms, 435, 437 for pheochromocytomas, 355 Bilateral renal agenesis Escherichia coli, 143 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 434 for thyroid storm, 346 Potter sequence, 598 Bacteroides spp spleen, 96 glaucoma therapy, 244, 570 Bile alcohol use disorder, 176 Bcl-2 protein, 204 heart failure therapy, 243, 316 composition and functions of, 381 clindamycin, 189 BCL gene heart failure treatment, 244 secretin effect on, 378 healthcare-associated infections, 182 associated neoplasm, 220 hyperkalemia, 610 Bile acid resins, 324 lung abscess, 704 mutation in lymphoma, 435 hypertension treatment, 321 Bile acids metronidazole, 192 BCR-ABL gene hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 315 synthesis of, 46 Bacteroides fragilis associated neoplasm, 220 migraine headaches, 534 Bile canaliculus, 374 neonatal microbiota, 175 Bead-like costochondral junctions, 468 naming convention for, 253 Bile ducts “Bag of worms”, 671 Becker muscular dystrophy overdose treatment, 327 gastrointestinal ligaments and, 368 Baker cyst, 457 findings with, 59 pheochromacytoma treatment, 355 in portal triad, 374 BAK protein, 204 inheritance of, 59 phobias, 582 obstruction of, 375 Balanced translocations, 62 Beck triad, 317 selectivity, 244 Biliary atresia, 401 Balancing (quality measurement), Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Starling curves, 290 Biliary cholangitis, primary tTh3yrinotopxeircipohsies,ra3l3t5issues, 335 autoantibody, 113 277 365, 626 toxicity treatment, 247 Biliary cirrhosis, 402 Baloxavir Bed bugs, 158 β cells Biliary colic, 403 Behavioral therapy, 592 insulin secretion by, 338 Biliary structures, 375 mechanism and use, 197 Behavior modulation pancreatic tumors, 357 Biliary tract disease Bamboo spine, 475 Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, 351 Clonorchis sinensis, 157, 158 Band cells, 412 hypothalamus and, 509 β-endorphin, 331 enterococci infections, 135 B and T cells, major functions of, 99 limbic system and, 510 β (Type II) error (statistical testing, 265 gallstones, 375 Barbiturates Behçet syndrome, 478 β-globin gene defects, 62 hyperbilirubinemia with, 401 “Bell clapper” deformity, 671 β-glucan, 196 pathology and epidemiology, 402 intoxication and withdrawal, 590 Bell-shaped distribution, 264 β-glucuronidase, 412 Bilirubin, 382 mechanism, use and adverse Bence Jones proteinuria, 436 β-hemolysis, 131 excretion, 382 Bendazoles, 156 β-hemolytic bacteria, 133 excretion defect, 400 effects, 563 Bends, 468 common colonization sites, 133 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 401 naming convention for, 252 Beneficence (ethics), 267 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group A liver function marker, 397 Bariatric surgery, 381 Benign capillary hemangioma, 486 toxic shock syndrome, 133 Barlow maneuver, 466 Benign neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, strep), 135 Biliverdin, 382 Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Bimatoprost, 570 400 Bimodal distribution, 264 299 Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, strep), 134 Binge-eating disorder, 586, 593 Barr bodies, 32, 657 β-hydroxybutyrate, 88 SSRIs for, 595 Barrett esophagus 550 β-interferon Bioavailability, 229 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 236, Biochemistry dysplasia with, 384 multiple sclerosis treatment, 539 cellular, 44 esophageal cancer and, 385 674 genetics, 53 metaplasia with, 384 urinary symptom treatment, 243 laboratory techniques, 50 progression of, 202 Benign tumors, 216 metabolism, 71 Bartholin cyst/abscess, 663 bones, 470 molecular, 32 Bartonella spp breast, 669 nutrition, 63–92 animal transmission, 147 Benralizumab, 708 bacillary angiomatosis, 486 Benzathine penicillin G, 194 Gram stain for, 123 Benzene HIV positive adults, 174 aplastic anemia with, 249 Bartonella quintana transmission, 158 uploaded by medbooksvn

782 INDEX Biochemistry laboratory techniques Bleomycin Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 439 papillary thyroid carcinoma and, 347 blotting procedures, 51 lung disease with, 696 lytic lesions of, 436 serrated polyps and, 394 CRISPR/Cas9, 51 mechanism, use and adverse osteogenesis imperfecta, 49 BRAF inhibitor enzyme-linked immunosorbent effects, 444 Bone formation naming conventions for, 254 assay, 52 pulmonary fibrosis with, 250 cell biology of, 462 Brain fluorescence in situ hybridization, 53 estrogen effects, 462 bilirubin deposition in, 401 gene expression modifications, 54 Blindness ossification, 461 blood flow autoregulation, 300 karyotyping, 53 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 Bone marrow common lesions and microarrays, 52 giant cell arteritis, 478 cytokine stimulation of, 119 complications, 526–570 molecular cloning, 53 neonatal, 140 immune system organs, 94 copper accumulation in, 402 polymerase chain reaction, 50 Onchocerca volvulus, 155 in osteopetrosis, 468 embryologic derivation, 633 RNA interference, 54 Toxocara canis, 156 myelofibrosis, 438 immune privilege of, 97 RBC inclusions in, 422 ischemia of, 206 Biofilm-producing bacteria Blistering skin disorders, 489 Bone mineral density scan, 467 ischemic disease/stroke, 527 in vivo, 126 Blood Bone morphogenic protein malformations of, 501 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 neural development, 500 metastasis, 514 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 133 carcinogens affecting, 221 Bone pain tumor metastasis, 219 coagulation and kinin pathways, 418 hyperparathyroidism and, 349 Zika virus effects, 168 Biologic agent naming conventions in placenta, 636 Bone tumors Brain abscesses interleukin receptor modulators, 254 oxygen content of, 689 malignant, 471 Staphylococcus aureus, 177 monoclonal antibodies, 254 viscosity of, 686 primary, 470 Toxoplasma gondii, 174 small molecule inhibitors, 254 Blood-brain barrier Bones otitis media, 177 at hypothalamus, 509 collagen in, 48 Viridans streptococci, 177 Biomarkers function and mechanism, 507 lytic/blastic metastases in, 219 Brain cysts, 158 neurons, 503 Blood flow renal osteodystrophy, 623 Brain death, 272, 513 Schwann cell (S100), 504 autoregulation by organ/system, 300 Boot‑shaped heart (chest x-ray), 302 Brain injury exercise response, 690 Borderline personality disorder, 584 arterial supply and stroke effects, 528 Bipolar disorder renal autoregulation mechanisms, Bordet-Gengou agar, 124 central diabetes insipidus with, 342 lithium for, 594 Bordetella pertussis gastritis with, 386 preferred medications for, 592 602 culture requirements, 124 hypopituitarism from, 343 types of, 580 Blood-nerve permeability barrier, 506 findings and treatment, 141 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) Blood pH macrolides, 190 in SIADH, 342 Bipolar I, 580 toxin production, 130 signaling pathways for, 341 Bipolar II, 580 diuretic effects on, 629 vaccines, 141 source and functions, 608 Birbeck granules Blood pressure Borrelia spp Brainstem stains for, 123 dorsal view, 516, 517 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 439 angiotensin II effects, 608 Borrelia burgdorferi in herniation syndromes, 545 Birth, death with preterm, 276 antianginal therapy, 324 animal transmission, 147 ventral view, 516 Bisacodyl, 408 antidiuretic hormone regulation coinfection with, 154 Brainstem/cerebellar syndromes, 539 Bismuth Lyme disease, 144 multiple sclerosis, 539 of, 333 tetracyclines, 189 Brainstem cross sections, 518 mechanism and clinical use, 406 cortisol effect on, 340 Borrelia recurrentis Brain tumors Bisoprolol, 244 renal disorders and, 611 animal transmission, 147 adult primary, 542 Bisphosphonates sympathomimetic effect on, 241 transmission, 158 childhood primary, 544 Blood-testis barrier, 648 Bortezomib, 447 hallucinations with, 578 mechanism, use and adverse Blood transfusions Bosentan, 707 Branched-chain ketoacid effects, 495 components for therapy, 434 Botox injections, 136 dehydrogenase reactions, 112 Bottleneck effect (genetics), 55 vitamin cBle1 fatsn,da,rc6h4es naming convention for, 253 risks of, 434 Botulinum toxin Branchial 639 and pouches, osteogenesis imperfecta treatment, Blood vessels cerebral palsy treatment, 547 collagen in, 48 lysogenic transduction, 128 Branch retinal vein occlusion, 554 49 hereditary hemorrhagic migraine headaches, 534 BRCA1/BRCA2 genes osteoporosis treatment, 467 multiple sclerosis treatment, 539 DNA repair in, 37 “Bite cells”, 77, 420, 429 telangiectasia, 320 symptoms of, 136 gene product and associated Bitemporal hemianopia Blood volume toxin effects, 130 condition, 220 craniopharyngioma, 544 Bouchard nodes, 472 Breast Nelson syndrome, 353 regulation, 608 Boutonniere deformity, 472 carcinogens affecting, 221 optic chiasm compression, 532 Bloody diarrhea Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Breast cancer pituitary adenoma, 542 aromatase inhibitors for, 676 pituitary apoplexy, 343 amebiasis, 152 (BSE), 175 carcinogens for, 221 pituitary lesions, 559 Campylobacter spp, 147 Bowen disease, 671 hormonal contraception Bitot spots, 64 Campylobacter jejuni, 143 Bowenoid papulosis, 671 contraindication, 677 Bitter almond odor (breath), 691 organisms causing, 176 Bow legs (genu varum), 468 hypercalcemia, 224 Bivalirudin, 441 Shigella, 142 Boxer’s fracture, 461, 463 incidence/mortality of, 218 Black lung disease, 698 ulcerative colitis vs Crohn disease, Brachial artery, 458 invasive carcinomas, 670 Bladder Brachial plexus lesions/injury noninvasive carcinomas, 670 BPH and, 674 389 oncogenes and, 220 carcinogens affecting, 221 Yersinia enterocolitica, 142 deficits and presentation, 452 paclitaxel for, 445 development of, 638 Blotting procedures, 51 Pancoast tumor, 706 paraneoplastic cerebellar exstrophy, 643 Blown pupil Brachiocephalic syndrome, 706 degeneration and, 224 field cancerization, 221 CN III damage, 558 Brachiocephalic vein, 706 presentation and characteristics, genitourinary trauma, 647 in herniation syndromes, 545 Brachiofemoral delay, 304 670 squamous cell carcinoma, 626 saccular aneurysms, 532 Brachioradialis reflex, 525 serum tumor marker, 222 urgency in cystitis, 240 Blowout fracture, 557 Bradford Hill criteria, 257 trastuzumab for, 446 urothelial carcinoma, 626 “Blue babies”, 302 Bradycardia Breast diseases Bladder cancer “Blueberry muffin” rash amiodarone and, 328 benign, 669 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 445 cytomegalovirus, 181 atropine for, 240 Breast milk hematuria with, 614 rubella, 166, 181 β-blockers and, 244 prolactin and, 332 hypercalcemia, 224 Toxoplasma gondii, 181 electrolyte disturbances, 611 Breast/ovarian cancer Schistosoma haematobium, 222 Blue-green pigment, 141 in Cushing reflex, 299 BRCA2 mutation, 62 Bladder outlet obstruction Blue sclerae, 49 Bradykinin incomplete penetrance, 54 common causes of, 599 Blue-tinged vision, 250 angiotensin-converting enzyme Breast pathology, 669 “Blast crisis”, 437 Blue toe syndrome, 306 Breathing Blastomyces spp Blumer shelf, 386 inhibitor effects, 630 respiratory muscle weakness, 696 treatment, 195 BMPR2 gene, 700 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 105 work of, 684 Blastomycosis Body compartments, 229 BRAF gene unique signs/symptoms, 149 Body dysmorphic disorder, 582 associated neoplasm, 220 Blebbing, 203 Body louse, 147 melanomas and, 493 Bleeding Body surface area estimation, 492 adenomatous polyps, 394 Boerhaave syndrome, 384 direct factor Xa inhibitors, 441 Bombesin, 354 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 442 Bone crises, 86 thrombolytics, 442 Bone disorders variceal, 378 adult T-cell lymphoma and, 435 Bleeding time, 432 Burkitt lymphoma, 435 lab values in, 469

INDEX  783 Breath odor Bullous impetigo, 487 low vs high serum concentration in immunodeficiencies, 114 bitter almond, 691 Bullous pemphigoid, 483 effects, 611 osteomyelitis, 177 fruity, 351 treatment, 195 autoantibodies in, 113, 482 Calcium carbonate, 406 vulvovaginitis, 179 Breath sounds pathophysiology and morphology, Calcium channel blockers Candida albicans bronchial, 700 HIV-positive adults, 174 diminished, 702 489 angina, 323 opportunistic infections, 150 physical findings, 700 Bulls-eye erythema, 144 antiarrhythmic drugs, 328 skin infections, 114 “Bull’s neck” appearance, 137 contractility in, 289 Candidate identification number Brenner tumor, 666 Bumetanide, 628 gingival hyperplasia with, 249 Breslow thickness, 493 BUN (blood urea nitrogen) hypertension, 323 (CIN), 5 Brief psychotic disorder, 579 hypertension treatment, 321 Candidiasis Brimonidine, 570 ornithine transcarbamylase hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 315 Brittle bone disease deficiency, 81 mechanism, use and adverse Candida albicans, 150 cortisol and, 340 gene defects in, 49 Bundle branch block, 313 effects, 323 nystatin, 195 Broad ligament, 645 Bundled payment, 276 Raynaud phenomenon, 480 Cannabis/cannabinoids Broad spectrum anticonvulsants, 561 Bundle of His, 298 Calcium channels intoxication and withdrawal, 591 Broca area, 531 Bunyaviruses Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Cannibalism, 175 “Cannonball” metastases, 662 MCA stroke, 528 structure and medical importance, syndrome, 224 Capacity-limited elimination, 230 Broca (expressive) aphasia, 531 164 myocardial action potential, 297 Capecitabine Bromocriptine, 334, 542, 565 pacemaker action potential, 297 5-F-dUMP, 34 Bronchi, 682 Bupivacaine, 567 Calcium homeostasis, 337 Capillary fluid exchange, 301 Bronchial carcinoid tumor, 705 Buprenorphine lab values with hypocalcemic Capitate bone, 453 Bronchiectasis Capitation, 276 analgesic effects, 569 disorders, 348 Caplan syndrome, 472, 698 Aspergillus fumigatus, 150 morphine and, 233 Calcium pyrophosphate deposition Capping (of RNA), 40 Kartagener syndrome, 47 opioid relapse prevention, 596 Capsaicin, 570 presentation and pathology, 695 Bupropion disease, 473 Capsular polysaccharide Bronchioles depressive disorders, 580 Calcium saponification, 205 bacterial virulence factors, 127 adrenergic receptors in, 236 mechanism, use and toxicity, 596 Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), Capsule (bacterial), 122 Bronchiolitis obliterans, 117, 703 seizures with, 250 Captain’s wheel formation Bronchitis Burkholderia cepacia 361 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 149 Haemophilus influenzae, 140 cystic fibrosis, 176 Calculous cholecystitis, 403 Captopril, 630 Bronchoconstriction, 708 Burkholderia cepacia complex, 140 Caliciviruses Caput medusae, 372 Bronchodilation Burkitt lymphoma Carbachol, 239, 570 methylxanthines, 708 chromosomal translocations and, structure and medical importance, Carbamazepine sympathetic receptors and, 237 164 agranulocytosis, 249 Bronchogenic carcinomas 439 aplastic anemia with, 249 asbestosis and, 698 EBV, 162 California encephalitis, 164 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 carcinogens for, 221 occurrence and genetics, 435 Calluses (dermatology), 483 eosinophilia and systemic Bronchogenic cysts, 681 oncogenes, 220 Calor, 209 Bronchopneumonia, 703 oncogenic microbes, 222 Calretinin, 697 symptoms with, 249 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Burn classification, 492 Calymmatobacterium, 180 for bipolar disorder, 580 free radical injury, 206 Burning feet syndrome, 65 cAMP (cyclic adenosine mechanism and adverse effects, Bronchospasm “Burr cells”, 420 scombroid poisoning, 246 Bursitis monophosphate) 561 “Bronze diabetes”, 402, 431 prepatellar, 464 endocrine hormone messenger, SIADH with, 342 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 547 Burton line, 425 Carbaminohemoglobin, 688 Horner syndrome, 547 Buspirone 341 Carbamoyl phosphate, 81 “brown tumor” (bone), 349 mechanism and clinical use, 594 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 74 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, 71 “Brown tumors”, 469 Busulfan heat-labile/heat-stable toxin effects, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Brucella spp lung disease with, 696 urea cycle, 71 culture requirements, 124 mechanism, use and adverse 130 Carbapenems transmission and treatment, 141 hyperparathyroidism, 349 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 zoonotic infections, 147 effects, 445 Vibrio cholerae, 144 mechanism and use, 187 Brucellosis, 147 Butorphanol, 569 CAMP factor, 135 Carbidopa/levodopa Brugada syndrome, 308, 312 “Butterfly glioma”, 542 Campylobacter spp mechanism, use and adverse Brugia malayi bloody diarrhea, 176 disease, transmission and C reactive arthritis, 475 effects, 566 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 105 transmission, 147 Carbohydrate absorption, 380 treatment, 156 CA 15-3/CA27-29 (tumor markers), Campylobacter jejuni Carbohydrate breath test, 393 Bruising clinical significance, 143 Carbol fuchsin, 123 222 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 143 Carrebtoenntdioionx, i6d9e9(CO2) scurvy, 67 CA 19-9 (tumor marker), 222, 405 Canagliflozin, 359 Brunner glands CA 125 (tumor marker), 222 Cancer transport, 688 CAAT box, 39 carcinogens, 221 Carbon monoxide bicarbonate production, 379 Cabergoline, 343 common metastases, 219 duodenum, 369 deaths from, 276 blood oxygen in poisoning, 689 Bruton agammaglobulinemia clinical use of, 542 ESR with, 210 poisoning vs cyanide toxicity, 691 inheritance mode, 59 effects of, 334 GI bleeding, 387 toxicity treatment, 247 Bruxism, 508, 591, 593 Cachexia, 223 hallmarks and mechanism, 217 Carbon tetrachloride B-type (brain) natriuretic peptide, 299 TNF-α, 106 hypertrophy progression, 202 free radical injury, 206 BTK gene, 114 Café-au-lait spots immune evasion in, 217 Carboplatin Buboes, 146, 180 McCune-Albright syndrome, 55 incidence and mortality of, 218 mechanism, use and adverse Budd-Chiari syndrome neurofibromatosis, 541 mortality, 218 findings and etiology, 399 Caffeine intoxication and withdrawal, oncogenic microbes, 222 effects, 445 portal hypertension with, 396 pneumoconioses, 698 Carboxylases, 71 Budesonide, 708 591 Cancer therapy Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Buerger disease, 478 Calcification alkylating agents, 445 Bulbar palsy, 546 antibody-drug conjugates, 443 (tumor marker), 222 Bulbus cordis, 286 intracranial, 181 anticancer monoclonal antibodies, Carcinogens Bulimia nervosa, 586 types of, 207 Mallory-Weiss syndrome in, 384 Calcineurin, 118 446 griseofulvin, 196 preferred medications for, 592 Calcinosis cutis, 481 antimetabolites, 444 toxins, organs, and impacts, 221 SSRIs for, 595 Calcitonin antitumor antibiotics, 444 Carcinoid syndrome Bulk-forming laxatives, 408 amyloidosis, 208 cell cycle, 443, 444 bronchial carcinoid tumors, 705 Bullae source, function, and regulation, microtubule inhibitors, 445 drugs used for, 360 characteristics/examples, 483 platinum compounds, 445 somatostatin in treatment, 378 dermatitis herpetiformis, 490 337 targets, 443 Carcinoid tumors impetigo, 487 tumor marker, 222 topoisomerase inhibitors, 445 biomarkers for, 222 Bull neck lymphadenopathy, 130 Calcitonin gene-related peptide, 534 Candesartan, 630 histology and treatment, 357 Calcitriol, 609 Candida spp Calcium echinocandins, 196 in bone disorders, 469 esophagitis, 384 in cardiac muscle, 297 infections in immunodeficiency, in osteomalacia/rickets, 468 kidney stones and, 67, 619 116 uploaded by medbooksvn

784 INDEX Carcinoid tumors (continued) Carfilzomib, 447 prophylaxis for protozoal infection, Cellulitis, Pasteurella multocida, 147 immunohistochemical stains for, Carina (trachea), 683 153 Cell wall (bacteria), 122 223 Carmustine Cemiplimab, 218, 446 octreotide for, 407 prophylaxis initiation, 151 Central clearing serum tumor marker, 222 mechanism, use and adverse CD4+ T cells stomach, 386 effects, 445 nuclei, 347 functions, 99 rash, 488 Carcinoma in situ pulmonary fibrosis, 250 CD4+ Th Central diabetes insipidus ductal, 670 Carnitine acyltransferase, fatty acid nephrogenic diabetes comparison, dysplasia, 664 acute inflammation, 210 dysplasia and, 202 oxidation, 71 CD4 protein, 97, 98 342 neoplastic progression, 215 Carnitine deficiency, systemic Central/downward transtentorial penis, 671 viral receptor, 163 primary, 87 CD5 protein in CLL, 437 herniation, 545 Carcinomas Carotid artery CD8+ T cells Central nervous system (CNS) invasive, 215 metastasis, 215, 219 atherosclerosis in, 305 functions, 99 antiarrhythmic adverse effects, 327 nomenclature of, 216 embryonic development, 285 CD8 protein, 98 antiarrhythmic effects on, 326 thyroid, 347 Carotid-cavernous fistula, 559 CD16 protein, 99 anticholinesterase poisoning, 239 vulvar, 663 Carotid massage, 299 CD20 protein in CLL, 437 brain malformations, 501 Carotid sinus, 299 CD21 protein, viral receptor, 163 cancer epidemiology, 218 Cardiac and vascular function curves, Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, 318 CD23 protein common brain lesions and 290, 291 Carpal bones, 453 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 463 in CLL, 437 complications, 526 Cardiac arrest lunate dislocation, 453 CD25 protein damage in Wernicke-Korsakoff antacid adverse effects, 406 nerve injury, 450 hypermagnesemia, 611 Carteolol, 570 cell surface protein, 108 syndrome, 64 Cartilage CD34 protein, 108 depression, 563 “Cardiac cirrhosis”, 316 collagen in, 48 CD40 protein, 101 drug name conventions for, 252 Cardiac contractility fluoroquinolone damage to, 249 CDKN2A gene muscarinic antagonist effects, 240 Cartilage damage, 200 myelin synthesis in, 504 sodium-potassium pump in, 47 Carvedilol, 244, 327 product and associated condition, nitrosoureas effect on, 445 Cardiac cycle Casal necklace, 65 220 origins of, 500 Caseating granulomas, 213 pathology of infarcts, 205 cardiac and vascular function Caseating granulomas in tuberculosis, CEA tumor marker, 395 posterior fossa malformations, 502 curves, 291 Cefazolin protozoal infections, 153 138 SIADH and head trauma, 342 pressure-volume loops, 292 Case-control study, 256 mechanism and use, 186 Toxocara canis, 156 Cardiac depression, 323 Case fatality rate, 258 prophylactic use, 194 Central nervous system stimulants, Cardiac looping, 284 Caseous necrosis, 205 Cefepime, 186 Cardiac output Case series study, 256 Cefotetan, 186 593 Caspases, 204 Cefoxitin, 186 Central poststroke pain, 531 cardiac and vascular function Caspofungin, 196 Cefpodoxime, 185 Central precocious puberty, 656 curves, 291 Casts in urine, 614 Ceftaroline, 186 Central retinal artery occlusion, 554 Catabolite activator protein (CAP) Ceftazidime Central retinal vein occlusion, 554 equations, 290 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Central sleep apnea, 699 exercise and, 687 transcription, 38 mechanism and use, 186 Central tendency measures, 264 resistance, pressure, flow, 291 Catalase-positive organisms, 126 Ceftriaxone, 177 Central venous pressure Starling curves, 290 Cataplexy, 587 Chlamydia spp, 144 variables, 289 Cataracts for gonococci, 140 in shock, 317 V/Q mismatch and, 687 for Haemophilus influenzae, 140 Central vertigo, 550 Cardiac oxygen demand, 289 diabetes mellitus and, 350 gonococci treatment, 140 Centriacinar emphysema, 694 Cardiac pressures, normal resting, 300 glucocorticoid toxicity, 119 mechanism and use, 186 Centrilobular necrosis, 206 Cardiac syncope, 318 muscular dystrophy, 59 meningococci, 140 Cephalexin, 186 Cardiac tamponade risk factors and disease associations prophylaxis use, 194 Cephalosporins aortic dissection and, 307 Salmonella typhi, 142 jugular venous pulse in, 292 for, 552 Cefuroxime, 186 Coombs-positive hemolytic mechanism and treatment, 317 rubella, 181 Celecoxib anemia, 249 Cardiac tumors, 320 sorbitol, 79 mechanism, use and adverse Cardinal ligament, 645 Catecholamine (hypertensive) crisis, cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis Cardinal veins effects, 495 with, 478 embryological derivatives of, 286 243 sulfa allergies and, 251 Cardiogenic shock, 317 Catecholamines Celiac artery/trunk disulfiram-like reaction with, 250 Cardiomyopathies branches of, 371 hemolytic anemia with, 429 β-blockers, 244 amphetamines and, 241 structures supplied, 371 interstitial nephritis with, 250 Chagas disease, 154 ephedrine and, 241 Celiac disease, 388 mechanism, use and adverse dilated, 315 metabolites of, 354 autoantibody, 113 hypertrophic, 315 pacemaker action potential, 297 dermatitis herpetiformis effects, 186 Pompe disease, 85 pheochromocytoma and, 355 pseudomembranous colitis, 248 restrictive/infiltrative, 315 Catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine association, 490 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 sudden cardiac death association, HLA subtype, 98 resistance mechanism, 186 catabolism IgA deficiency, 113 Ceramide trihexoside, 86 308 alkaptonuria, 82 mechanism and associations, 388 Cerebellar degeneration types, causes and treatment, 315 homocystinuria, 83 Celiac sprue, 388 paraneoplastic, 224 Cardiotoxicity phenylketonuria, 82 Cell cycle phases Cerebellar tonsillar herniation, 545 methylxanthines, 708 Cation exchange resins, 361 regulation of, 44 Cerebellar vermis, lesions of, 526 tricyclic antidepressant adverse Cat scratch disease, 147 Cell death pathways, 204 Cerebellum Cats (disease vectors) Cell envelope (bacteria), 122 agenesis of vermis, 502 effects, 595 Campylobacter jejuni, 143 Cell lysis, potassium shift with, 610 brain abscess, 177 Cardiovascular agents and molecular Cat scratch disease, 147 Cell-mediated immunity, 99 hemispheric lesions in, 526 Pasteurella multocida, 147 Cell membrane, exotoxin lysis of, 131 herniation of, 502 targets, 322 Tinea corporis, 488 Cell surface proteins input/output of, 511 Cardiovascular drugs Toxoplasma gondii, 153, 181 association and functions, 108 lesions of vermis, 526 Cattle/sheep amniotic fluid, 147, 148 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 115 Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, 516 naming conventions for, 253 Cauda equina, 522 Cell trafficking, 45 Cerebral arteries reactions to, 247 Caudate Cell types, 44 cortical distribution, 514 Cardiovascular system basal ganglia, 509 labile, 44 Cerebral cortex aging effects on, 225 Causal relationship, evidence for, 257 stable (quiescent), 44 aphasia, 530 anatomy, 288 Cavernous sinus, 559 Cellular biochemistry, 44 arterial distribution, 514 cardiac output variables, 289 Cavernous sinus syndrome, 559, 692 Cellular injury hemineglect, 528 changes in pregnancy, 653 Cavernous sinus thrombosis, 150, 559 axonal injury, 506, 531, 540 regions of, 513 embryology, 286 CCR5 protein cellular adaptations, 202 visual field defects, 528 pathology, 302 viral receptor, 163 free radical injury, 206 Cerebral edema, 527 pharmacology, 321 CD1a protein, 439 hypoxia (brain), 527 therapeutic hyperventilation, 513 physiology, 289 CD4+ cell count infarcts, 206 Cerebral palsy systemic sclerosis and, 481 disease associations by levels, 174, types of, 203 etiology and presentation, 547 Carditis Cellulitis, 487 Cerebral perfusion, 513 Lyme disease, 144 196 rheumatic fever, 319

INDEX  785 Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), Chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, infection-associated rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis, 513 299 glomerulonephritis, 616 71 “Cerebriform” nuclei, 435 Chemoreceptor trigger zone, 407, intussusception in, 392 synthesis of, 72 Cerebroside sulfate, 86 507 leukocoria in, 555 Cholesteryl ester transfer protein, 91 Cerebrospinal fluid neuroblastomas in, 354 Cholestyramine, 324 Chemotactic factors, 211 paramyxoviruses in, 166 Cholinergic agonists albuminocytologic dissociation, Chemotherapy red rashes and clinical 540 naming conventions for, 253 cell types affected by, 44 presentation, 178 Cholinergic effects blood-brain barrier and, 507 MDR1 and responsiveness to, 223 sleep terror disorder, 587 circulation of, 507, 515, 516 neutropenia with, 429 volvulus in, 392 cardiac glycosides, 326 findings in meningitis, 177 toxicity amelioration, 447 Chimeric human-mouse monoclonal Cholinergic receptors hydrocephalus, 538 Chemotherapy-induced vomiting lumbar puncture for, 522 antibody naming, 254 second messenger functions, 237 multiple sclerosis, 539 treatment, 507 Chi-square (χ²) test, 266 Cholinesterase inhibitors production and absorption, 503 Chemotoxicity Chlamydia spp Cereulide, 136 diarrhea with, 248 Certolizumab, 497 amelioration of, 447 clinical significance, 146 neuromuscular blockade reversal, Cervical cancer key toxicities, 448 macrolides, 190 epidemiology of, 663 “Cherry red” epiglottis, 140 reactive arthritis, 475 568 hydronephrosis with, 620 Cherry-red skin, 691 sexually transmitted infection, 180 Cholinomimetic agents oncogenic microbes, 222 Cherry-red spot (macula/fovea), 86, stains for, 123 Cervical pathology tetracyclines, 189 action and applications, 239 dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, 554 Chlamydia trachomatis glaucoma therapy, 570 Chest pain eosinophilia, 146 Chondrocalcinosis, 473 664 pelvic inflammatory disease, 146, Chondrocytes invasive carcinoma, 664 exertional, 308 achondroplasia, 467 Cervical rib, 452 pneumothorax, 702 182 bone formation, 461 Cervical subluxation, 472 Chest wall, 50 pneumonia, 176 Chondroma, 470 Cervicitis deformities of, 50 prostatitis, 673 Chondrosarcoma Chlamydia spp, 180 elastic properties, 685 prostatitis with, 674 epidemiology and characteristics, Cervix expansion with pneumothorax, 702 urinary tract infections, 621 carcinogens affecting, 221 in restrictive lungs disease, 696 Chlamydophila pneumoniae 471 epithelial histology, 646 Chest x-rays atypical pneumonia, 146, 703 Chorea lymphatic drainage of, 644 aortic dissections on, 307 pneumonia, 176 pathology of, 664 balloon heart on, 315 Chlamydophila psittaci presentation, 535 punctate hemorrhages, 155 boot‑shaped heart, 302 atypical pneumonia, 146, 703 Choriocarcinoma, 662 Cestode infections “egg on a string”, 302 transmission, 147 diseases and treatment, 157 eggshell calcification, 698 Chloramphenicol hormone levels with, 673 Cetirizine, 706 gasless abdomen on, 366 aplastic anemia with, 249 metastasis, 219 Cetuximab, 446 in cystic fibrosis, 58 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 methotrexate, 662 CF-related diabetes, 58 notched ribs on, 304 gray baby syndrome, 249 methotrexate for, 444 CFTR gene widened mediastinum on, 135 mechanism, clinical use and testicular, 673 cystic fibrosis, 58 Cheyne-Stokes respirations Choriocarcinomas CFTR modulator sleep apnea, 699 adverse effects, 189 serum tumor marker, 222 naming conventions for, 253 Chiari malformation, 502 pregnancy contraindication, 200 Chorionic villi cGMP (cyclic guanosine Chickenpox protein synthesis inhibition, 188 hydatidiform moles, 661 rash, 178 Chlordiazepoxide, 563 placenta, 636 monophosphate) VZV, 162 Chlorhexidine for sterilization/ Chorioretinitis endocrine hormone messenger, “Chicken-wire” capillary pattern, 542 congenital toxoplasmosis, 181 Chief cells (parathyroid), 336 disinfection, 200 TORCH infections, 181 341 Chief cells (stomach), 379 Chloroprocaine, 567 Toxoplasma gondii, 153 male sexual response, 647 Chikungunya virus, 128, 164 Chloroquine Choristomas, 216 CH50 test, 104 diagnosis and therapy, 168 Choroid layer (eye) Chagas disease, 154 Child abuse for prophylaxis, 194 inflammation, 551 achalasia in, 383 osteogenesis imperfecta and, 49 mechanism, use and adverse neovascularization of, 554 Trypanosoma cruzi, 155 types, signs and epidemiology, 575 Choroid plexus, 503, 516 Chalk-stick fractures, 468 Childbirth effects, 196 Christmas tree distribution, 491 Chancre, painless, 180 brachial plexus injury in, 452 Plasmodium, 154 Chromaffin cells Chancroid clavicle fractures with, 463 Chlorpheniramine, 706 pheochromocytomas, 355 clinical features and organisms, 180 death with preterm, 276 Chlorpromazine, 593 Chromatin Chaperone protein, 43 Graves disease and, 346 Chlorpropamide, 359 cell injury changes, 203 Charcoal yeast extract agar, 124 oxytocin and uterine contractions, Chlorthalidone, 629 Chromatin structure, 32 Charcoal yeast extract culture Choanal atresia, 680 Chromatolysis, 506 Legionella pneumophila, 141 332, 655 Chocolate agar Chromium carcinogenicity, 221 Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm, peripartum mood disturbances, 581 Haemophilus influenzae, 124, 140 Chromogranin, 222, 705 prematurity and cryptorchidism Cholangiocarcinomas tumor identification, 223 530, 532 Clonorchis sinensis, 157, 158 Chromones for asthma, 708 Charcot joints risk, 671 location and risk factors, 404 Chromosomal abnormalities progesterone levels after, 650 oncogenic microbes, 222 Robertsonian translocation, 62 cutaneous ulcer association, 490 Childhood diseases/disorders Cholangitis, 375, 389, 403 Chromosomal anomalies in tabes dorsalis, 546 hip dysplasia, 466 Cholecystectomy, 403 visualization of, 53 syphilis, 145 leukocoria, 555 Cholecystitis, 403 Chromosomal instability pathway, 395 Charcot-Leyden crystals, 695 musculoskeletal conditions, 466 Cholecystokinin Chromosomal translocations Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 540 pathogens and findings in source, action and regulation, 378 associated disorders, 439 Charcot triad, 403 Choledocholithiasis, 403 Chromosome 6 Charging tRNA, 42 unvaccinated, 183 Cholelithiasis hemochromatosis, 402 Checkpoints (cell cycle) primary brain tumors, 544 Crohn disease, 403 Chromosome 7 Cell cycle phases, 44 Childhood/early-onset behavior octreotide and, 407 ΔF508 deletion, 58 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome stone types and related pathologies, Chromosome 11 immunodeficiencies, 115 disorders, 576 mutation with β-thalassemia, 424 Cheilosis, 65, 424 Child neglect, 575 403 Chromosome 13 Chelation Children Cholera toxin Wilson disease, 402 hemochromatosis, 402 Chromosome 15 lead poisoning, 425 aspirin use in, 397 lysogenic phage infection, 128 Prader-Willi and Angelman Chemical pneumonitis, 703 cancer epidemiology, 218 mechanism, 130 Chemical tracheobronchitis, 697 causes of death, 276 Cholescintigraphy (HIDA scan), 403 syndromes, 56 Chemokines clavicle fractures, 463 Cholestasis serum markers, 397 Chromosome 16 late hypersensitivity, 110 common cause of blindness, 554 Cholesteatoma, 550 secretion of, 106 common fractures, 467 Cholesterol mutations with α-thalassemia, 424 Chemoreceptors, 299 common meningitis causes, 177 atherosclerosis, 305 Chromosome abnormalities common pneumonia causes, 176 cholelithiasis and, 403 diseases of unvaccinated, 183 in bile, 381 Angelman syndrome, 56 growth hormone excess, 333 lipid-lowering agents, 324 by chromosome number, 62 hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 432 familial adenomatous polyposis, 62 indirect inguinal hernia in, 377 gene associations with, 62 hemochromatosis, 402 uploaded by medbooksvn

786 INDEX Chromosome abnormalities (continued) Cingulate gyrus mechanism, use and adverse tests for, 431 hydatidiform mole, 661 limbic system, 510 effects, 189 vitamin K and, 431 karyotyping for, 53 Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation, Coagulation pathway and kinin nephroblastoma, 626 545 metronidazole vs, 189 pathways, 418 nondisjunction (meiosis), 61 Ciprofloxacin pseudomembranous colitis with, Coagulative necrosis, 205 omphaloceles, 365 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 with MI, 309 polyposis syndrome, 394 fluoroquinolones, 192 248 Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, 698 Prader-Willi syndrome, 56 for Crohn disease, 389 vaginal infections, 179 Coarctation of aorta, 304 renal cell carcinoma, 625 meningococci, 140 Clinical reflexes, 525 Cocaine, 241 sex chromosomes, 657 prophylaxis, 194 Clinical trial, 257 effects on pupil size, 251 Chronic bronchitis Circadian rhythm Clinical vignette strategies, 21 local anesthetic action, 567 presentation and pathology, 695 hypothalamic control, 509 Clinical vs statistical significance, 265 overdose/intoxication treatment, Chronic disease, anemia of sleep physiology, 508 Clitoris 591 iron study interpretation, 423 Circle of Willis, 515 lymphatic drainage of, 644 teratogenicity of, 634 Chronic gastritis saccular aneurysms, 532 “Clock-face” chromatin, 415, 436 Coccidioides spp causes of, 386 Circulatory (blood) Clofazimine stain for, 123 Chronic gout drugs (preventive), 496 fetal circulation, 287 lepromatous leprosy, 139 treatment, 195 Chronic granulomatous disease Circumoral pallor Clomiphene Coccidioidomycosis immunodeficiencies, 115 group A streptococcal pharyngitis, estrogen receptor modulators, 676 erythema nodosum and, 491 recombinant cytokines for, 119 134 hot flashes with, 248 unique signs/symptoms, 149 respiratory burst in, 107 Cirrhosis polycystic ovarian syndrome, 665 Cochlea Chronic inflammation processes, cardiac, 316 Clomipramine, 582, 595 collagen in, 48 212, 213 esophageal varices, 384 Clonidine, 243, 576 inner ear, 549 Chronic iron poisoning, 431 gynecomastia, 669 Clonorchis sinensis presbycusis, 550 Chronic ischemic heart disease, 308 high-output heart failure with, 317 cholangiocarcinoma, 158, 222 Codeine, 569 Chronic kidney disease hyperbilirubinemia in, 400 diseases, transmission and Codominance, 54 erythropoietin in, 609 portal hypertension and, 396 Codons Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 437 systemic changes with, 396 treatment, 157 amino acid specification by, 35 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small Cisatracurium, 568 Clopidogrel genetic code features, 35 lymphocytic lymphoma, Cisplatin start and stop, 42 437 Fanconi syndrome with, 250 for ischemic stroke, 527 Coenzyme A (CoA) Chronic mesenteric ischemia, 393 mechanism, use and adverse mechanism and clinical use, 442 activated carrier, 73 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, effects, 445 thrombogenesis and, 417 production, 72 114 nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity, 250 Closed-angle glaucoma, 239 vitamin B5 and, 65 Chronic myelogenous leukemia targets of, 445 Clostridia, 136 Cofactors basophilia in, 414 Citalopram, 595 Clostridioides difficile biotin, 66, 67 chromosomal translocations, 439 c-KIT gene antibiotic use, 248 copper, 49 leukemoid reaction comparison, associated neoplasm, 220 healthcare-associated infections, Menkes disease, 49 438 CK-MB pantothenic acid, 65 oncogenes, 220 cardiac biomarker, 308 182 pyridoxine, 65 risks for, incidence and chronic ischemic heart disease, 308 infection risk with proton pump pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, presentation, 437 MI diagnosis, 310 74 Chronic myeloproliferative disorders CClla–/dHriCbiOne3–, antiporter, 413 inhibitors, 406 thiamine, 64 RBCs/WBCs/platelets in, 438 444 metronidazole, 192 vitamin K, 67 Chronic pancreatitis for hairy cell leukemia, 437 PPI association, 136 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) pancreatic insufficiency from, 388 mechanism, use and adverse toxins and effects of, 136 anxiety disorders, 582 risk factors and complications, 404 effects, 444 vancomycin, 187 body dysmorphic disorder, 582 Chronic prostatitis, 674 Clarithromycin, 190 watery diarrhea, 176 for anxiety disorders, 582 Chronic pyelonephritis, 621 Helicobacter pylori, 144 Clostridium spp for conduct disorder, 576 Chronic renal failure, 623 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 exotoxins, 136 goals of, 592 Chronic respiratory diseases pregnancy contraindication, 200 Clostridium botulinum, 136 major depressive disorder, 580 death in children, 276 Clasp knife spasticity, 545 food poisoning, 175 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 582 pneumoconioses, 696 Classical conditioning, 572 therapeutic uses, 136 postpartum depression, 580 with chronic inflammatory Class IC antiarrhythmics, 327 toxin production, 130 Cogwheel rigidity, 250 diseases, 703 Classic galactosemia, 78 Clostridium difficile, 136 Cohort study, 256 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary Class III antiarrhythmics, 328 Clostridium perfringens, 136 Coin lesion (X-ray), 705 hypertension, 700 Class IV antiarrhythmics, 328 clindamycin, 189 Colchicine Chronic transplant rejection, 117, 118 Class switching exotoxin production, 131 agranulocytosis, 249 Chvostek sign, 611 B cells, 101 food poisoning, 175 calcium pyrophosphate deposition hypocalcemia, 611 thymus-dependent antigens, 103 toxins produced, 136 disease, 473 hypoparathyroidism, 348 Clathrin, 45 watery diarrhea, 176 diarrhea with, 248 Chylomicrons, 92 Claudication Clostridium tetani, 136 gout, 496 lipoprotein lipase in, 91 Buerger disease, 478 toxin production, 130 in karyotyping, 53 Chylothorax, 701 giant cell arteritis, 478 unvaccinated children, 183 microtubules and, 46 Chymotrypsin, 380 jaw, 478 Clotrimazole, 196 myopathy with, 249 Cidofovir with atherosclerosis, 305 Clotting factors Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, mechanism, use and adverse Clavulanate maturation of, 69 429 effects, 198 Haemophilus influenzae, 140 Clozapine, 249, 593 “Cold enrichment”, 137 Ciguatoxin, 246 Clavulanic acid, 186 Clubbing (digital) Cold staphylococcal abscesses, 114 Cilastatin Clawing (hand), 454 bronchiectasis, 695 Colectomy imipenem and, 187 Klumpke palsy, 452 Eisenmenger syndrome, 303 adenomatous polyposis, 394 seizures with, 250 Claw toes, 490 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 inflammatory bowel disease, 389 Ciliary ganglia, 556 Clearance (CL) of drugs, 229 pathophysiology, 700 Colesevelam, 324 Cilia structure, 47 Clear cell adenocarcinoma, 664 pulmonary fibrosis, 696 Colestipol, 324 ciliospinal center of budge, 556 DES and, 676 Club cells, 681 Colistin, 190 Cilostazol, 245, 442 Cleavage (collagen synthesis), 48 Clue cells Neisseria spp, 124 Cimetidine Cleft lip and palate bacterial vaginosis, 147, 179 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 190 cytochrome P-450 and, 251 Patau syndrome, 61 Cluster A personality disorders, 584 Colitis histamine blockers, 406 Pierre Robin sequence, 640 Cluster B personality disorders, 584 Clostridioides difficile, 136 inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, 406 Clevidipine, 323 Cluster C personality disorders, 584 oral vancomycin, 187 Cimex lectularius, 158 for hypertensive emergency, 323 Cluster headaches pseudomembranous, 176, 185 Cinacalcet, 361 Cimex hemipterus, 158 characteristics and treatment, 534 Collagen Cinchonism Clindamycin triptans, 564 decreased/faulty production, 48 antiarrhythmic causing, 326 bacterial vaginosis, 147 CNS lymphomas epithelial cell junctions and, 482 neurologic drug reaction, 250 Clostridioides difficile and, 136 HIV-positive adults, 174 osteoblast secretion of, 462 oncogenic microbes, 222 Coagulation disorders defect in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 115 hemophilia, 431 mixed platelet/coagulation, 433

INDEX  787 polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and, 55 Complex renal cysts vs simple cysts, Conjugated (direct) collagen in, 48 scar formation, 214 624 hyperbilirubinemia, 400 in Wilson disease, 402 synthesis and structure, 48 Corneal arcus types of, 48 Compliance (lung and chest wall), Conjugate horizontal gaze palsy, 560 familial hypercholesterolemia, 92 vitamin C in synthesis, 67 685 Conjugate vaccines, 109 hyperlipidemia, 305 wound healing, 212 Conjugation (bacterial genetics), 128 Corneal reflex, 521 Collarette scale, 491 Comprehensive Basic Science Conjunctival suffusion/injection Corneal vascularization, 65 Collecting tubules Examination (CBSE), 9 Coronary arteries potassium-sparing diuretics and, eye disorders, 145 atherosclerosis in, 305 Comprehensive Basic Science Self- Conjunctivitis Coronary artery disease 629 Assessment (CBSSA), 10 hormonal contraception with, 677 vasopressin effects, 237 bilateral nonexudative bulbar, 478 sudden cardiac death, 308 Colles fracture, 467 Compressive atelectasis, 701 causes of, 551 Coronary blood supply, 288 Colon Computer-Based Test (CBT) Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 Coronary sinus histology of, 369 chlamydia, 180 anomalous pulmonary return, 302 ischemia of, 206 environment of, 3–4 gonococcal prophylaxis, 194 deoxygenated blood in, 289 Colon cancer, 395 exam schedule for, 7–8 Haemophilus influenzae, 140 Coronary steal syndrome, 308 adenomatous polyposis and, 394 structure of, 3 Loa loa, 156 Coronary vasospasm 5-Fluorouracil for, 444 COMT inhibitors, 252, 566 measles (rubeola) virus, 167, 178 causal agents, 247 incidence/mortality in, 218 Conditional expression, 54 reactive arthritis, 475 triptans and, 564 Lynch syndrome, 37 Conduct disorder, 576 Zika virus, 168 Coronaviruses S bovis endocarditis, 135 Conducting zone (respiratory tree), Connective tissue structure and medical importance, serrated polyps and, 394 drug reactions, 249 tumor suppressor genes, 220 682 tumor nomenclature, 216 164 Colonic ischemia, 370, 393 Conduction aphasia, 531 Connective tissue diseases Cor pulmonale Colonic polyps, 394 Conduction blocks, description and aortic dissection and, 306 histologic types and characteristics, aortic dissection, 307 heart failure, 316 treatment, 313, 314 pulmonary arterial hypertension, 700 pneumoconioses, 698 394 Conductive hearing loss, 49, 550 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 306 pulmonary hypertension, 699 potentially malignant, 394 Condylomata acuminata Conn syndrome, 354 Corpus cavernosum Colony stimulating factors, 119 Conotruncal abnormalities, 285 lymphatic drainage of, 644 Color blindness, red-green, 193 HPV and, 485 Consensual light reflex, 556 Corpus luteal cyst, 665 Colorectal cancer sexual transmission, 180 Consensus sequence, 36 Corpus luteum adenomatous polyposis progression, Condylomata lata Consent hCG and, 654 syphilis, 145, 180 for minors, 268 progesterone production, 650 394 Confabulation, 577 healthcare proxy, 273 Corrected reticulocyte count, 423 molecular pathogenesis of, 395 Confidence intervals, 266 Consolidation (lung) Correct result (hypothesis testing), oncogenes, 220 Confidentiality, 267 physical findings, 700 tumor marker for, 222 exceptions to, 269 Constipation 265 Colovesical fistulas, 390 Confluence of the sinuses, 516 anal fissures with, 373 Correlation coefficient (r), 267 Coma Confounding vs effect modification, drugs causing, 248 Corrosive esophagitis, 384 electrolyte disturbances, 611 from loperamide, 407 Cortical signs, 528 hepatic encephalopathy, 397 263 Hirschsprung disease, 391 Corticopapillary osmotic gradient, herniation syndromes, 545 Congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 339 irritable bowel syndrome, 391 rabies, 169 Congenital cardiac anomaly ranolazine, 324 608 thyroid storm, 346 vincristine, 445 Corticospinal tracts, 524 Trypanosoma brucei, 153 ventricular septal defect, 285 Constitutive expression, 54 Combined contraception, 677 Congenital cardiac diseases Constrictive pericarditis, 319 functions of, 524 Comedones, 485 jugular venous pulse in, 292 in subacute combined Commaless genetic code, 35 atrial septal defect, 303 Contact dermatitis Comma-shaped rods, 143 coarctation of the aorta, 304 Type IV hypersensitivity, 111 degeneration, 546 Common bile duct diabetes during pregnancy, 304 Continuous heart murmurs, 296 Corticotropin-releasing hormone development of, 364 disease associations of, 304 Contraception in gastrointestinal ligaments, 368 D-transposition of great arteries, methods for, 677 (CRH) obstruction of, 375 parental consent for minors and, 268 cortisol regulation, 340 Common cold, 164 302 progestins for, 677 function and clinical notes, 332 Common (fibular) peroneal, 457 Ebstein anomaly, 302 Contractility (heart) signaling pathways of, 341 Common peroneal nerve, 456 Eisenmenger syndrome, 303 factors affecting, 289 Cortisol Common variable immunodeficiency patent ductus arteriosus, 303 in antianginal therapy, 324 in Cushing syndrome, 352 persistent truncus arteriosus, 302 Contraction alkalosis, 629 signaling pathways for, 341 (CVID), 114 pulmonary arterial hypertension, Contraction (cicatrization) atelectasis, source, function, and regulation, Communicating hydrocephalus, 538 Communicating with patients with 700 701 340 rubella, 181 Convergence-retraction nystagmus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 137 disabilities, 274 Tetralogy of Fallot, 302 Communication with patient, 268 total anomalous pulmonary venous 544 culture requirements, 124 Compartment syndrome, 465 Conversion disorder, 585 exotoxin effects, 137 Competitive antagonist, 233 return, 302 Coombs test, 429 exotoxin production, 130 Competitive inhibitors, 228 tricuspid atresia, 302 Cooperative kinetics, 228 unvaccinated children, 183 Complement ventricular septal defect, 303 COPD (chronic obstructive Costochondritis, 465 Congenital GI tract anomalies, 391 Costovertebral angle tenderness, 621 activation pathways and functions, Congenital heart diseases, 302 pulmonary disease) acute interstitial nephritis, 622 104 right-to-left shunts, 302 organisms causing pneumonia, 176 kidney stones, 619 Congenital hydrocele, 672 COPI/COPII proteins, 45 urinary catheterization, 182 disorders of, 105 Congenital hypothyroidism, 345 Copper urinary tract infections, 179 eculizumab, 120 Congenital lactase deficiency, 79 deficiency, 212, 425 Cotton-wool spots/exudates, 162, 554 endotoxin activation, 131 Congenital long QT syndrome, 312 impaired absorption, 49 Cough immunodeficiency infections, 116 Congenital lung malformations, 681 toxicity treatment, 247 ACE inhibitors, 250 infections in immunodeficiency, Congenital malformation mortality, Copper intrauterine device, 677 chronic bronchitis, 695 Copper metabolism from ACE inhibitors, 630 116 276 Wilson disease, 402 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 384 innate immunity, 97 Congenital megacolon, 391 Coprolalia, 576 hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 696 transplant rejection, 118 Congenital microdeletion, 62 Copy number variants (CNVs), 52 lung cancer, 705 Complementary DNA (cDNA), 53 Congenital penile abnormalities, 643 Cord factor, 138 nonproductive, 138 Complementation (viral genetics), Congenital rubella Cori disease, 85 seal-like barking, 167 “Corkscrew” esophagus, 384 staccato, 146 159 cardiac defect associations, 304 Corkscrew fibers, 544 whooping, 130, 141 Complement protein C5 findings, 166 “Corkscrew” hair, 67 Cough reflex, 521 Congenital solitary functioning Cornea Councilman bodies immunotherapy target, 120 astigmatism, 551 yellow fever, 168 Complement protein deficiencies, kidney, 599 clouding of, 45 Countertransference, 572 Congenital syphilis, 145 Courvoisier sign, 375, 405 105 Congenital umbilical hernia, 365 Covalent alterations (protein Complement regulatory protein Congenital Zika syndrome, 168 Congestion synthesis), 43 deficiencies, 105 with lobar pneumonia, 704 Congo red stain amyloidosis, 618 medullary carcinoma, thyroid, 347 Conivaptan SIADH, 360 SIADH treatment, 342 uploaded by medbooksvn

788 INDEX Cowpox, 161 spondyloarthritis association with, Cyclin-CDK complexes, 44 Cytoplasm COX-2 gene 475 Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor cell cycle phase, 44 cytoskeletal elements, 46 colorectal cancer and, 395 sulfasalazine for, 407 naming conventions for, 254 glycolysis, 74 COX-2 inhibitor therapeutic antibodies for, 120 Cyclin-dependent kinases, 44 metabolism in, 72 Crvoimtaomlyinn,B41124d,e7f0ic8iency, 67 Cyclobenzaprine, 569 naming conventions for, 254 Cross-linking (collagen synthesis), 48 Cyclooxygenase inhibition Cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA) Coxiella burnetii Crossover studies, 263 autoantibody, 113 Cross-sectional study, 256 aspirin effect on, 417 pneumonia with, 703 Croup, 166 irreversible, 495 Cytoplasmic membrane (bacteria), Q fever, 147, 148 acute laryngotracheobronchitis, reversible, 494 122 Coxsackievirus selective, 495 rashes of childhood, 178 167 Cyclophosphamide Cytoplasmic processing bodies RNA translation in, 165 paramyxoviruses, 164 hemorrhagic cystitis with, 250 (P-bodies), 40 Coxsackievirus A infection, 148 pulsus paradoxus in, 317 mechanism, use and adverse C-peptide Crust (skin) Cytosine endogenous insulin secretion, 338 basal cell carcinoma, 493 effects, 445 in nucleotides, 33 insulin and, 338 characteristics/examples, 483 polyarteritis nodosa treatment, 478 with insulinomas, 357 impetigo, 487 SIADH with, 248, 342 Cytoskeletal elements CpG island methylator phenotype varicella zoster virus, 487 transitional cell carcinoma and, filaments, 46 Cryoprecipitate (CIMP), 394 transfusion of, 434 626 Cytoskeleton CPS (carbamoyl phosphate Cryptococcosis, 150 Cycloplegia in atrophy, 202 Cryptococcus spp synthetase) amphotericin B for meningitis, 195 atropine, 240 Cytotoxic edema (cerebral), 527 location and function of, 34 in immunodeficiency, 116 Cyclosporine Cytotoxic T cells, 100 Crackles (physical findings), 700 meningitis in HIV, 177 Cranial dysraphism, 501 Cryptococcus neoformans gingival hyperplasia with, 249 cell surface proteins, 108 Cranial nerve nuclei HIV-positive adults, 174 gout, 249 MHC I and II, 98 location of, 517 opportunistic infections, 150 immunosuppression, 118 Cytotrophoblast, 636 Cranial nerve palsies stains for, 123 Cyclothymic disorder, 580 CN III, 558 Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, Cyproheptadine, 589 D CN III, IV, VI, 558 CysLT1 receptor blocker Dabigatran, 441 CN IV, 558 703 naming conventions for, 253 CN VI, 558 Cryptosporidium spp Cystathionine reversal of, 442 osteopetrosis and, 468 CyvsittaatmhiionnBin6easnydn,th6a5se deficiency, 83 toxicity treatment, 247 with Schwannoma, 542 in HIV positive adults, 174 Cysticercosis, 157 Dabrafenib, 447 Cranial nerves stain for identification, 123 Cystic fibrosis Dacrocytes (‘teardrop cells”), 420 acute inflammatory demyelinating transmission, diagnosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Dactinomycin RNA polymerase effects, 40 polyradiculopathy effects, treatment, 152 pneumonia, 141 Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) 540 watery diarrhea, 176 bronchiectasis, 695 mechanism, use and adverse common lesions of, 548 Crypts of Lieberkühn, 369 chromosomal abnormalities, 62 function and type, 521 C-section deliveries clinical findings with, 58 effects, 444 pharyngeal arch derivation, 639 neonatal microbiota, 175 intestinal atresia association, 366 Dactylitis reflexes of, 521 Culture requirements, 124 meconium ileus and, 393 ventral brain stem view, 516 Curling ulcer, 386 organisms causing pneumonia in, seronegative spondyloarthritis, 475 Cranial nerves and arteries, 520 “Currant jelly” stools, 393 sickle cell anemia, 428 Cranial nerves and vessel pathways, “Currant jelly” sputum, 143 176 Dalteparin, 440 520 Curschmann spirals, 695 pancreatic insufficiency, 388 Danazol Craniofacial dysmorphia Cushing disease, 352 vitamin deficiencies and, 63 pseudotumor cerebri, 538 Zellweger syndrome, 46 hyperpigmentation in, 332 Cystine “Dancing eyes dancing feet”, 224 Craniopharyngioma, 633 Cushing-like symptoms, 197 kidney stones, 619 “Dancing eyes-dancing feet”, 354 description and histology, 544 Cushing reflex, 513 Cystine-tellurite agar, 137 Dandy-Walker malformation, 502 hypopituitarism with, 343 components of, 299 Cystinuria Dantrolene Craniotabes, 468 Cushing syndrome, 224 causes and treatment, 83 mechanism and use, 569 C-reactive protein (CRP) anovulation with, 665 Cystitis, acute, 621 neuroleptic malignant syndrome with inflammation, 209 eosinopenia, 429 Cystocele, 645 Creatine kinase, 199 etiology, findings and diagnosis, Cytarabine, 444 treatment, 589 Creatinine clearance mechanism, use and adverse Dapagliflozin, 359 glomerular filtration rate and, 602 352 Dapsone Cremasteric reflex, 456, 525, 671 Cutaneous flushing effects, 444 Crepitus Cytochrome C, 204 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 151 esophageal perforation, 384 drugs causing, 196, 247 Cytochrome P-450 agranulocytosis, 249 necrotizing fasciitis, 487 Cutaneous larva migrans, 155 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 soft tissue, 136 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 155 azoles, 196 Leprosy treatment, 139 Crescentic glomerulonephritis, 616 Cutaneous mycoses, 488 drug interactions with, 251 mechanism, use and adverse CREST syndrome Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes, griseofulvin, 196 autoantibody, 113 macrolides, 190 effects, 191 calcification in, 207 224 universal electron acceptors, 73 Daptomycin Raynaud syndrome and, 480 Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis, 478 Cytokeratin, 697 scleroderma, 481 Cutaneous ulcers, 490 tumor identification, 223 mechanism, use and adverse sclerodermal esophageal Cutibacterium acnes colonization, cytokines effects, 192 dysmotility, 384 regulatory T cell production, 100 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 485 Cytokines “dark curtain” vision loss, 554 prion disease, 175 Cutis aplasia Graves disease and, 346 Darkfield microscopy, Treponema symptoms and histologic findings, important, 106 537 Patau syndrome, 61 rejection reactions, 117, 118 spp, 144 “Crew cut” (skull X-ray), 428 CXCR4/CCR5 protein Type IV hypersensitivity, 111 Darunavir, 199 Cricothyroid muscle, 640 Cytokinesis, 44 Dasatinib, 447 Cri-du-chat syndrome, 62 presence on cells, 108 Cytomegalovirus Datura, 240 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 400, 401 viral receptor, 163 AIDS retinitis, 162 Daunorubicin, 247, 444 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Cyanide toxicity cholecystitis and, 403 DCC gene 164 blood oxygen in, 689 HIV positive adults, 174 CRISPR/Cas9, 51 nitroprusside, 323 immunodeficient patients, 115, 116 product and associated condition, Crizotinib, 447 treatment for, 247 pneumonia, 703 220 Crohn disease vs carbon monoxide poisoning, 691 receptors, 163 azathioprine, 119 Cyanosis TORCH infection, 181 D cells granulomatous inflammation, 213 “blue babies”, 302 transmission and clinical somatostatin production, 378 manifestations of, 389 Eisenmenger syndrome, 303 natalizumab, 120 esophageal atresia, 366 significance, 162 d-dimer test, 692 methemoglobinemia presentation, treatment, 198 Deacetylation, histones, 32 Cytopenias Deafness, 312 690 autoimmune lymphoproliferative Deamination, 37 patent ductus arteriosus, 303 Deamination reaction tetralogy of Fallot, 302 syndrome, 204 of nucleotides, 33 Death common causes by age, 276 common causes with SLE, 476 explaining to children, 273 sudden cardiac death, 308 thyroid storm, 346 Death cap mushrooms, 40 Debranching enzyme glycogen metabolism, 85

INDEX  789 Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), Dengue virus, 159, 164 Desmopressin Diarrhea, 152, 388 104, 105 diagnosis and therapy, 168 central diabetes insipidus, 333 B-complex deficiency, 63 Deceleration injury, 307 clinical use of, 333 bismuth/sucralfate for, 406 Decerebrate (extensor) posturing, 526 Denial, 572 diabetes insipidus treatment, 342 Campylobacter jejuni, 143 Decidua basalis, 636 Denosumab enuresis treatment, 587 cholera toxin, 130 Decision-making capacity, 268 for hemophilia, 431 clindamycin, 189 of patients, 267 for osteoporosis, 467 release of vWF and factor VIII, 417 Clostridioides difficile, 136 surrogate for, 269 target and clinical use, 120 SIADH with, 342 Cryptosporidium, 152 Decorticate (flexor) posturing, 526 De novo mutations, 59 drugs causing, 248 Decubitus ulcers, 182 De novo pyrimidine/purine synthesis Desmosome, 482 graft-versus-host disease, 117 Deep brachial artery, 458 rate-limiting enzymes and Desquamation healthcare-associated infections, Deeper injury burn, 492 182 Deep inguinal lymph nodes, 644 regulators, 71 staphylococcal toxic shock HIV-positive adults, 174 Deep partial-thickness burn, 492 De novo synthesis syndrome, 133 inflammatory bowel diseases, 389 Deep peroneal nerve, 457 irritable bowel syndrome, 390 Deep venous thrombosis pyrimidine and purine, 34 Desvenlafaxine, 595 lactase deficiency, 79 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 441 Dense deposit disease, 617 Developmental delay lactose intolerance, 388 effects and treatment, 692 Dental infection, brain abscess from, leflunomide, 495 glucagonomas and, 357 renal failure and, 623 loperamide for, 407 tamoxifen and, 446 177 Dexamethasone malabsorption syndromes, 388 Defense mechanisms Dental plaque opioids for, 569 mature, 573 Cushing syndrome diagnosis, 352 organisms causing, 176 Defensins, 97 normal microbiota, 175 Dexlansoprazole, 406 organisms causing watery, 176 Deferasirox, 247 viridans streptococci, 126 Dexrazoxane, 444, 447 rice-water, 130 Deferiprone, 247 Dentate nucleus, 511 Dextroamphetamine, 593 rotavirus, 164, 165 Deferoxamine, 247 Dentin Dextrocardia, 284 Salmonella, 142 Deformation (morphogenesis), 635 collagen in, 48 Dextromethorphan, 589, 706 Shigella, 142 Degarelix, 676 osteogenesis imperfecta, 49 Diabetes insipidus thyroid storm and, 344 Degenerate/redundant genetic code, Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 49 Vibrio cholerae, 144 35 Denys-Drash syndrome, 626 causal agents, 248 VIPomas, 378 Degludec, 358 Deoxythymidine monophosphate lithium, 594 viruses causing, 176 Degmacytes (“bite” cells), 420 lithium toxicity, 589 vitamin C toxicity, 67 Dehydration (dTMP) polydipsia, central and nephrogenic watery, 130 gout exacerbation, 473 inhibition of, 34 with antacid use, 406 loop diuretics and, 628 Dependent personality disorder, 584 comparison, 342 with misoprostol, 406 Dehydrogenases, 71 Depersonalization/derealization potassium-sparing diuretics for, 629 Delayed hemolytic transfusion primary polydipsia comparison, Diastole reaction, 112 disorder, 577, 582 cardiac cycle, 292 Delayed hypersensitivity reaction Depolarizing neuromuscular 342 heart sounds of, 292 drug reaction with eosinophilia and thiazides for, 629 systemic symptoms, 249 blocking drugs, 568 treatment of, 333 Diastolic dysfunction Delayed puberty, 656 Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate Diabetes mellitus heart failure with preserved Deletions atherosclerosis and, 305 ejection fraction, 316 with muscular dystrophies, 59 osteoporosis with, 249 hypertension treatment with, 321 Delirium, 577 Depressant intoxication and hypoglycemia in, 352 Diastolic heart murmurs, 296 barbiturate withdrawal, 590 manifestations, complications and Diazepam, 563 phencyclidine, 591 withdrawal Diclofenac, 495 thyroid storm, 346 alcohol, 590 diagnosis, 350 Dicloxacillin Delirium tremens barbiturates, 590 restless leg syndrome, 535 alcohol withdrawal, 589 benzodiazepines, 590 risk for hypertension, 304 mechanism and use, 185 Delivering bad news, 270 opioids, 590 Risk with hepatitis B and C, 172 Dicyclomine, 240 δ endocrine, 331 Depression Type 1 vs Type 2, 351 Diencephalon, 500 δ cells atypical features in, 580 Diabetes mellitus therapy Diethylcarbamazine, 197 pancreatic tumors, 357 benzodiazepine withdrawal, 590 decrease glucose absorption, 359 Deltavirus drug therapy, 591 drug mechanisms and adverse Loa loa, 156 hepatitis D, 171 electroconvulsive therapy, 580 Diethylstilbestrol structure and medical importance, neurotransmitter changes with, 506 effects, 358 164 peripartum mood disturbances, increase glucose-induced insulin teratogenicity of, 634 Delta waves (EEG), 508 Differentiation of T cells, 100 Deltoid muscle 581 secretion, 359 Diffuse axonal injury, 531 Erb palsy, 452 preferred medications for, 592 increase insulin secretion, 359 Diffuse cortical necrosis, 623 Delusional disorder, 579 seasonal pattern with, 580 increase insulin sensitivity, 359 Diffuse gastric cancer, 386 Delusions serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake insulin preparations, 358 Diffuse glomerular disorders, 614 types of, 578 thionamides, 360 Diffuse proliferative Demeclocycline inhibitors (SNRIs) for, 595 Diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes insipidus and, 248 SSNRIs for, 595 autoantibody, 113 glomerulonephritis SIADH treatment, 342 SSRIs for, 595 HLA subtype, 98 (DPGN), 617 Dementia De Quervain tenosynovitis, 465 localized amyloidosis in, 208 Diffuse scleroderma, 481 HIV-positive adults, 174 Dermacentor, 147 Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, 618 Diffusion limited gas exchange, 686 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 86 dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis, Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Diffusion-limited gas exchange, 686 prion disease, 175 ketone bodies, 88 DiGeorge syndrome, 348 types and findings, 536 166 pathogenesis, signs/symptoms, and lymph node paracortex in, 94 DevmitaomgrianphBi3cdterafincsiietniocny,, 65 Dermatan sulfate, 86 lymphopenia with, 429 259 Dermatitis treatment, 351 thymic aplasia, 114 Demyelinating/dysmyelinating Diabetic nephropathy thymic shadow in, 96 disorders B-complex deficiency, 63 Digestion lead poisoning (adult), 430 Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, ACE inhibitors for, 630 bile functions in, 381 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 86 Diabetic neuropathy carbohydrate absorption, 380 multiple sclerosis, 539 111 malabsorption syndromes, 388 osmotic demyelination syndrome, DevvriimttaaammtiiitnnisBBh75erddpeeeffiitccifiioeernnmccyyis,,,6635588 SSNRIs for, 595 vitamin and mineral absorption, 540 Dermatologic terms Diabetic retinopathy, 554 381 Dendritic cells, 414 Diagnostic criteria, by symptom Digestive tract IL-10, 106 macroscopic, 483–498 anatomy, 369 innate immunity, 97 microscopic, 483 duration, 583 basal electric rhythm, 369 T- and B-cell activation, 97, 101 Dermatomes, landmark, 525 Diagnostic errors, 278 histology, 369 Dermatomyositis/polymyositis, 477 Diagnostic test evaluation Digital clubbing, 700 autoantibody, 113 Digoxin paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 terminology and computations, arrhythmias induced by, 326 Dermatophytes, 488 260 contractility effects of, 290 Dermatophytoses treatment, 196 mechanism and clinical use, 326 Dermis, 481 Dialectical behavioral therapy, 592 toxicity treatment, 247, 328 Descending colon, 367 Dialysis-related amyloidosis, 208 visual disturbances with, 250 Descent of testes and ovaries, 644 Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 426 Desert bumps, 149 Diapedesis (transmigration), 211 Desert rheumatism, 149 Diaper rash Desflurane, 567 Desipramine, 595 Candida albicans, 150 Desloratadine, 706 nystatin, 195 Desmin, 46, 223 Diaphoresis, 343 tumor identification, 223 in MI, 309 Diaphragm structures penetrating, 683 Diaphragmatic hernia, 377 uploaded by medbooksvn

790 INDEX Dihydroergotamine, 534 Discounted fee-for-service, 276 sacubitril, 324 annular pancreas association, 367 Dihydrofolate reductase inhibition, Disease prevention, 275 vertigo and, 550 cardiac defect association, 303 34 Disease vectors DMD gene, 59 chromosome association, 62 Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase DMPK gene, 59 hCG with, 654 leflunomide effects, 34 Aedes mosquitoes, 163, 168 DNA Hirschsprung disease and, 391 Dihydropyridine calcium channel Anopheles mosquito, 154 cloning methods, 53 Doxazosin, 243 blockers, 253 armadillos, 147 free radical injury, 206 Doxepin, 595 Dihydropyridine receptor, 459 birds, 147 laddering in apoptosis, 204 Doxorubicin, 247 Dihydropyridines, 323 cattle/sheep amniotic fluid, 147 methylation in, 32 mechanism, use and adverse Dihydrorhodamine (flow cytometry) Dermacentor (dog tick), 147 mutations in, 38 test, 115 dogs, 143, 147 plasmid transfer, 128 effects, 444 Dihydrotestosterone Ebola virus, 169 DNA ligase, 36, 37 toxicities, 315 sexual differentiation, 642 fleas, 148 DNA polymerase I, 36 Doxycycline source and function, 655 flies, 142, 147, 156 DNA polymerase III, 36 Lyme disease, 144 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for zoonotic bacteria, 147 DNA repair, 37 lymphogranuloma venereum, 146 source and function, 655 Ixodes ticks, 144 double strand, 37 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 148 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 315 kissing bug, 155 single strand, 37 Plasmodium spp, 154 balloon heart in, 315 mosquito, 156 DNA replication, 36 prophylactic use, 194 carnitine deficiency, 87 pigs, 143 DNA topoisomerases, 36 rickettsial/vector-borne disease, 148 doxorubicin, 444 rodents, 164 DNA viruses, 160 tetracyclines, 189 drugs causing, 247 sandfly, 155 Herpesviruses, 161 Doxylamine, 706 heart failure with, 316 tick, 148 viral family, 161 DPP-4 inhibitor hemochromatosis, 402 ticks, 144, 148 Dobutamine, 241 naming conventions for, 253 muscular dystrophy, 59 triatomine insect (kissing bug), 155 Docetaxel DPP-4 inhibitors, 359 systolic dysfunction, 315 Tsetse fly, 153 mechanism, use and adverse DRESS syndrome, 187 thyrotoxicosis, 315 Yersinia enterocolitica, 142 with anticonvulsants, 561 Diltiazem, 323, 328 Disinfection and sterilization effects, 445 Drooling treatment, 240 Dimenhydrinate, 706 Docusate, 408 “Drop metastases”, 544 Dimercaprol methods, 200 Dofetilide, 328 “Drop” seizures, 533 for arsenic toxicity, 247 Disopyramide, 326 Döhle bodies, 412 Drug dosages, 229 for lead poisoning, 247 Disorganized thought, 578 Dolor, 209 calculations, 229 for mercury poisoning, 247 Dispersion measures, 264 Dolutegravir, 199 lethal median, 233 Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Displacement, 572 Dominant negative mutations, 55 median effective, 233 (DPPC), 681 Disruption (morphogenesis), 635 Donepezil, 239, 566 toxic dose, 233 Diphenhydramine, 589, 706 Disruptive mood dysregulation Do not resuscitate (DNR) order, 268 Drug effect modifications, 234 Diphenoxylate, 407, 569 Donovan bodies, 180 Drug-induced hemolytic anemia, 429 Diphtheria disorder, 576 Dopamine, 595 Drug-induced lupus, 249, 323 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 137 Disseminated candidiasis, 150 autoantibody, 113 exotoxins, 130 Disseminated gonococcal infection, function and clinical notes, 332 Drug interactions vaccine for, 137 kidney functions and, 609 additive type, 234 Diphtheria toxin, 128 474 L-DOPA, 565 antagonistic type, 234 Diphyllobothrium latum Disseminated intravascular pheochromocytoma secretion, 355 permissive type, 234 disease and treatment, 157 second messenger functions, 237 potentiation type, 234 vitamin B12 deficiency, 67, 158, 426 coagulation sympathomimetic effects, 241 synergistic type, 234 Diplopia acute myelogenous leukemia, 437 synthesis and change with diseases, Drug metabolism, 230 brain stem/cerebellar syndromes, causes, treatment, and labs, 433 Drug name conventions, 252 539 Ebola, 169 506 second generation histamine central vertigo, 550 endotoxins, 129 DovpitaammiinneBa6goannids,ts65 drug-related, 250 microangiopathic anemia, 429 blockers, 706 intracranial hypertension, 538 Dissociative amnesia, 577 acromegaly treatment, 343 α1 selective blockers, 243 myasthenia gravis, 480 Dissociative disorders, 572, 577 in prolactinoma treatment, 334 Drug overdoses osmotic demyelination syndrome, Dissociative identity disorder, 577 Parkinson disease therapy, 565 of weak acids, 231 540 Distal esophageal spasm, 384 pituitary adenoma, 542 of weak bases, 231 with pituitary apoplexy, 343 Distal humerus, 458 Dopamine antagonists Drug reactions Dipyridamole Distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA prolactin secretion and, 334 cardiovascular, 247 platelet inhibition, 245 Dopamine receptors (D2) endocrine/reproductive, 248 Dipyridamole type 1), 613 vomiting center input, 507 gastrointestinal, 248 for coronary steal syndrome, 308 Distortions of the hand, 454 Dopaminergic pathways hematologic, 249 mechanism, use and adverse Distributive shock, 317 nigrostriatal pathway, 512 multiorgan, 250 effects, 442 Disulfiram Parkinson disease therapy strategies, musculoskeletal, 249 Direct bilirubin, 382 neurologic, 250 Direct cell cytotoxicity alcohol use disorder treatment, 592 565 pulmonary fibrosis, 250 hypersensitivity, 111 Disulfiram-like reaction projection, function, and altered renal/genitourinary, 250 Direct cholinomimetic agonists, 253 respiratory, 250 Direct coagulation factor inhibitors drugs causing, 250, 359 activity, 510 Drug reaction with eosinophilia mechanism, clinical use and griseofulvin, 196 Dopamine β-hydroxylase adverse effects, 441 metronidazole, 192 and systemic symptoms Direct (conjugated) procarbazine, 445 vitamin C and, 67 (DRESS), 249 hyperbilirubinemia, 400 Disulfiram Doravirine, 199 Drug-related myocarditis, 320 Direct Coombs-positive hemolytic ethanol metabolism, 70 Dorsal columns Drug resistance anemia Diuresis plasmids in, 129 drug reactions, 249 atrial natriuretic peptide, 299 function, 524 Drugs, 229 Direct Coombs test Diuretics in subacute combined cholinomimetic agents, 239 Type II hypersensitivity, 110 dilated cardiomyopathy, 315 dilated cardiomyopathies and, 315 Direct (excitatory) pathway, 512 electrolyte changes with, 629 degeneration, 546 efficacy vs potency, 232 Direct factor Xa inhibitors for SIADH, 342 in tabes dorsalis, 546 patient difficulty with, 272 naming conventions for, 253 glaucoma therapy, 570 thalamic relay for, 509 therapeutic index, 233 reversal of, 442 hypertension treatment, 321 tracts in, 524 toxicities and treatments, 247 toxicity treatment, 247 interstitial nephritis with, 250 Dorsal interossei muscle, 454 urine pH and elimination, 231 Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) pancreatitis, 248 Dorsal midbrain lesions, 526 Drug safety microscopy, 144 pancreatitis with, 248 Dorsal motor nucleus therapeutic index measurement, 233 Direct inguinal hernia, 377 sites of action, 627 function and cranial nerves, 517 Drugs elimination, 230 Direct light reflex, 556 Diverticula (GI tract), 390 Dorsal optic radiation, 559 “Drunken sailor” gait, 526 Direct sympathomimetics, 241 Diverticulitis, 390 Dorsiflexion (foot), 457 Drusen, 554 Discolored teeth, 200 Diverticulosis, 390 Dorsocervical fat pad, 352 Dry beriberi, 64 GI bleeding association, 387 Double duct sign, 375 Dry mouth Diverticulum, 390 Double Y males, 657 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Dizygotic (“fraternal”) twins, 637 “Down-and-out” eye, 558 syndrome, 480 Dizziness “Down-and-out” eye”, 532 calcium channel blockers, 323 Down syndrome in subclavian steal syndrome, 307 α-fetoprotein association, 222 nitrates, 323 ALL and AML in, 437 ranolazine, 324 aneuploidy in, 54

INDEX  791 Dry skin, 64 Dyspnea phenylketonuria, 82 STEMI-NSTEMI comparison, 308 Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 400, 401 heart failure, 316 skin scales in, 483 with angina, 308 Duchenne muscular dystrophy lienftαh1-eaanrttiftaryilpusrien, deficiency, 400 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 115 Electroconvulsive therapy 316 Edema MDD with psychotic features, 580 findings with, 59 pneumomediastinum, 693 Arthus reaction, 111 postpartum psychosis, 580, 581 inheritance, 59 pneumothorax, 702 calcium channel blockers, 323 use and adverse effects, 581 Ductal adenocarcinoma, 375 Dystonia capillary fluid exchange and, 301 Electroencephalogram (EEG) Ductal carcinoma in situ, 670 antipsychotics/antiepileptics, 589 danazol, 678 waveforms and sleep stages, 508 Ductal carcinomas (invasive), 670 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 immunosuppressants, 118 Electrolytes Ductus arteriosus, 285, 287 presentation, 535 Kawasaki disease and, 478 diuretic effects on, 629 Ductus deferens, 641 treatment of, 240 kwashiorkor, 69 high/low serum concentrations Ductus venosus, 287 treatment of focal, 136 loop diuretics for, 628 Duloxetine, 595 Dystrophic calcification periorbital, 156 of, 611 Duodenal atresia, 366 psammoma bodies, 207 peripheral, 316 Electron acceptors (universal), 73 Duodenal ulcer vs metastatic, 207 pitting, 316 Electron transport chain causes of, 387 Dystrophin (DMD) gene, 59 pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine, hemorrhage, 387 Dysuria oxidative phosphorylation, 76 Duodenum cystitis, 179 707 Electrophoresis embryology of, 364 prostatitis, 674 vasogenic, 507 histology, 369 urinary catheterization, 182 with fludrocortisone, 360 hemoglobin, 416 Duplex collecting system, 599 urinary tract infections, 621 with hyperaldosteronism, 354 Elek test, 137 Duplication Edinger-Westphal nuclei, 556 Elementary bodies (chlamydiae), 146 fluorescence in situ hybridization, E Edoxaban, 441 Elephantiasis, 156 Early complement deficiencies (C1- Edwards syndrome Elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis), 53 chromosome association, 62 Dupuytren contracture, 465 C4), 105 Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18), 61 156 Dural venous sinuses, 515 Early embryonic development, 632 Efavirenz, 199 11β-hydroxylase, 339 Dura mater, 507 Ears Effective refractory period 11-deoxycorticosterone, 339 Duret hemorrhages, 545 Class I antiarrhythmic effect, 326 Elfin facies, 62 Durvalumab, 218, 446 low-set, 61 Effective renal plasma flow, 602 Elliptocytes, 420 Duty to protect, 269 pharyngeal pouch derivation, 639 Efficacy vs potency of drugs, 232 Elongation (protein synthesis), 43 Dwarfism Eastern equine encephalitis EGFR (ERBB1) gene Emancipated minors, 268 medical importance, 164 associated neoplasm, 220 EMB agar achondroplasia, 467 Eating disorders EGFR gene, 705 d-xylose test, 380, 388 anovulation and, 665 “Egg on a string” (chest x-ray), 302 lactose-fermenting enterics, 142 Dynein body dysmorphic disorder and, 582 Eggshell calcification, 157, 477, 698 Emboli characteristics and types of, 586 Ego defenses defect in left-right, 284–328 functional hypothalamic immature defenses, 572–596 atrial septal defect, 303 movement of, 46 mature, 573 in infective endocarditis, 318 Dynein motors, 169 amenorrhea, 665 Egophony, 700 paradoxical, 303 Dysarthria Eaton agar, 124 Egosyntonic, 584 types of, 693 brain lesions, 526, 531 Ebola virus Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Embolic stroke, 527 osmotic demyelination syndrome, aneurysm association with, 532 Emboliform nucleus, 511 characteristics, 159, 168 collagen deficiency in, 48 Embryogenesis 540 medical importance, 169 findings in, 49 gene location and function, 632 Dysbetalipoproteinemia structure and medical importance, Ehrlichia spp intrinsic pathway, 204 Gram stain for, 123 Embryologic derivatives, 633 familial dyslipidemias, 92 164 rickettsial/vector-borne, 148 Embryology Dyschezia, 663 Ebstein anomaly, 285, 302 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 147 early fetal development timeline, Dysentery E-cadherin, 215 Ehrlichiosis, 147 transmission, 148 632 α-amanitin, 40 mutation in gastric cancer, 386 Eisenmenger syndrome, 303 embryologic derivatives, 633 Entamoeba histolytica, 176 tissue invasion in cancer, 217 Ejaculation erythropoiesis, 410 Escherichia coli, 143 Echinocandins innervation of, 647 hematology/oncology, 410 Shigella spp, 130, 142, 176 Aspergillus fumigatus, 150 sperm pathway, 646 morphogenesis errors, 635 Dysesthesia, 531 mechanism, use and adverse Ejaculatory ducts neurological, 499, 500 Dysgerminoma, 666, 667 embryology of, 641 pancreas and spleen, 367 Dysgeusia effects, 196 Ejection fraction renal, 598 SARS-CoV-2, 170 opportunistic fungal infections, 150 equation for, 290 reproductive, 632 zinc deficiency, 69 Echinococcus granulosus in heart failure, 316 respiratory, 680 Dyskeratosis disease association and treatment, Ejection time Embryonal carcinoma, 673 characteristics/examples, 483 in antianginal therapy, 324 hormone levels with, 673 Dyskinesias 158 Elastase Embryonic/developmental age, 653 drugs causing, 250 disease, transmission and activity in emphysema, 694 Emicizumab type and presentation, 535 secretion of, 380 target and clinical use, 120 Dyslipidemia treatment, 157 Elastic recoil, 685 Emission DyvsiltiapmidienmBia3seffects, 65 Echinocytes (“burr cells”), 420 Elastin innervation of, 647 familial, 92 Echothiophate, 570 characteristics and functions of, 50 Emollient laxatives, 408 Dysmenorrhea Echovirus Elbow injuries Emotion copper IUD, 677 childhood, 466 neural structures and, 510 primary, 665 RNA translation in, 165 overuse, 462 Emotional abuse (child), 575 Dysmetria Eclampsia, 304, 662 Electrical alternans, 317 Emotional/social development central vertigo, 550 Ecological study, 256 Electrocardiogram neglect and deprivation effects, 575 with strokes, 528 Ecthyma gangrenosum abnormality with pulmonary Empagliflozin, 359 Dysphagia Emphysema achalasia, 383 Pseudomonas spp, 141 embolus, 693 diffusion-limited gas exchange, 686 esophageal pathologies and, 384 Ectocervix acute pericarditis on, 319 panacinar, 400 osmotic demyelination syndrome, components of, 298 presentation and pathology, 694 epithelial histology, 646 electrical alternans on, 317 Emαp1-tayn/ftuitlrlycpasnintedset,fi4c5ie1ncy, 694 540 Ectoderm electrolyte disturbances, 611 Empty sella syndrome, 343 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, findings with conduction blocks, Emtricitabine, 199 derivatives, 633 Enalapril, 630 424 pharyngeal (branchial) clefts, 639 313 Encapsulated bacteria stroke effects, 529 Ectoparasite infestations, 158 low-voltage, 315 examples list, 125 thyroid cancer, 347 Ectopia lentis, 552 MI diagnosis with, 310 infections with immunodeficiency, types of, 384 Ectopic beats, 313 premature beats on, 313 with LA enlargement, 288 Ectopic pregnancy, 660 sick sinus syndrome, 312 116 Zenker diverticulum, 391 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 STEMI localization, 310 Encephalitis Dysplasia hCG in, 653 bronchopulmonary, 206 methotrexate for, 444 Cryptococcus neoformans, 150 cervical, 664 primary ciliary dyskinesia, 47 anti-NMDA receptor, 224 changes with, 202 salpingitis, 182 guanosine analogs, 198 Dysplasia of hip, 466 Eculizumab herpesviruses, 162, 177 for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 428 target and clinical use, 120 Eczema eczematous dermatitis, 483 uploaded by medbooksvn

792 INDEX Encephalitis (continued) Entacapone, 565 Epicanthal folds Erectile dysfunction, 586 HSV identification, 163 Entamoeba histolytica cri-du-chat syndrome, 62 β-blockers, 244 Lassa fever, 164 Down syndrome, 61 measles (rubeola) virus, 167 bloody diarrhea, 176 Epidemic typhus, 147 Erection metronidazole, 192 Epidemiology autonomic innervation, 647 Encephalomyelitis transmission, diagnosis and biliary tract disease, 402 ischemic priapism, 671 paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 cancer incidence and mortality, treatment, 152 218 Ergocalciferol, 68 Encephalopathy Enteritis child abuse/neglect, 575 Ergosterol synthesis inhibitors hepatic, 372, 397 EnvvvtiiietttraaaommmbaiiinnnctBBBer7512addedeereoffiifgcciceiieeinennenscc,cyyy1,,,86666557 colorectal cancer, 395 hypertensive emergency, 304 Enterobius spp gynecologic tumors, 663 naming conventions for, 252 lead poisoning, 425 peripartum mood disturbances, 581 Ergot alkaloids, 247 Lyme disease, 144 diseases association, 158 Epidemiology and biostatistics, Erlotinib, 447 prion disease, 175 infection type and routes, 155 256–278 Erosions (gastrointestinal), 369, 386 Enterobius vermicularis Epidermal growth factor (EGF) Errors (medical), 278 Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, disease, transmission and in wound healing, 212 Erysipelas, 487 541 Epidermis, 481 treatment, 156 embryologic derivatives, 633 Streptococcus pyogenes, 134, 487 Encorafenib, 447 Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, 380 hyperplasia, 485 Erythema End-diastolic volume Enterococci, 135 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, 489 Enterococcus spp, 135 Epidermophyton, 488 complicated hernias, 376 in antianginal therapy, 324 Epididymitis, 180, 673 in Lyme disease, 144 Endemic typhus, 147 penicillins for, 185 causes, 673 Kawasaki disease, 478 Endocannabinoids urinary tract infections, 179 embryology of, 641 Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), vancomycin, 187 Epidural hematomas, 530 appetite regulation, 340 vancomycin-resistant (VRE), 135 Epidural space, 507 178 Endocardial cushion, 284, 286 Enterococcus faecalis, 135 Epigastric pain Erythema marginatum, 319 Endocardial fibroelastosis, 315 cephalosporins, 186 chronic mesenteric ischemia, 393 Erythema migrans Endocervix Enterococcus faecium, 135 Ménétrier disease, 386 Enterocolitis pancreatitis, 404 in Lyme disease, 144 epithelial histology, 646 necrotizing, 393 Epigastric veins, 372 Erythema multiforme Endochondral ossification, 461 vitamin E excess, 68 Epigenetics, 39 Endocrine pancreas cell types, 331 Enterohemorrhagic E coli, 143 Epiglottitis causes of, 490 Endocrine/reproductive drug Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, 140 coccidioidomycosis, 149 unvaccinated children, 183 Erythema nodosum reactions, 248 130, 176 Epilepsy disease associations of, 491 Endocrine system Enteroinvasive E coli, 143 gustatory hallucinations in, 578 histoplasmosis, 149 Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli seizures, 533 inflammatory bowel disease, 389 anatomy, 331 Epinephrine, 241 Erythrocytes, 413 changes in pregnancy, 653 diarrhea with, 176 glaucoma treatment, 570 blood types, 411 embryology, 330 Enterokinase/enteropeptidase, 380 glycogen regulation by, 84 hereditary spherocytosis, 428 extrahepatic manifestations of Enteropathogenic E coli, 143 pheochromocytoma secretion, 355 transfusion of, 434 Enterotoxigenic E coli, 143 unopposed secretion of, 350 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) hepatitis, 172 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 130 EpviintaemuriinumB6, and, 65 fibrinogen and, 209 hormones acting on kidney, 610 506 inflammation, 210 hormone signaling pathways, 341 diarrhea, 176 Epiphysis subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 Enterotoxins, 129 slipped capital femoral, 466, 468 pathology, 342 testosterone effects on, 678 345 pharmacology, 358 Shigella spp, 142 widening of, 468 Erythrocytosis, 413 physiology, 332 Vibrio cholerae, 144 Episcleritis Erythrogenic exotoxin A, 131 steroid hormone signaling Enterovesical fistulae, 389 inflammatory bowel disease, 389 Erythrogenic toxin, 134 Enterovirus meningitis, 177 Epispadias, 643 Erythromelalgia, 438 pathways, 341 Enthesitis, 475 Epistasis, 54 Erythromycin, 190 Endoderm Entorhinal cortex, 510 Epistaxis, 320, 433, 692 Entry inhibitors, HIV therapy, 199 Epithelial cell junctions, 482 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 derivatives, 633, 639 Enuresis Epithelial cells prophylaxis, 194 pharyngeal (branchial) pouch characteristics/treatment, 587 female reproductive system, 646 protein synthesis inhibition, 188 sleep stages and, 508 immunohistochemical stains, 223 reactions to, 248 derivation, 639 tricyclic antidepressant use for, 595 metaplasia, 202 Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 671 Endodermal sinus tumor, 667 Envelopes (viral), 160 tumor nomenclature, 216 Erythropoiesis Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor Enzyme kinetics, 228 Epithelial hyperplasia, 670 fetal, 410 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Epithelial tumors Erythropoietin, 699 serum tumor marker, 222 ovarian, 666 anemia of chronic disease, 427 Endolymphatic hydrops, 550 assay, 52 Eplerenone, 629 aplastic anemia, 427 Endometrial carcinoma, 668 Enzymes Epoetin alfa, 119, 447 clinical use, 119 thrombotic complications with, 249 high altitude response, 690 epidemiology of, 663 lipid transport and, 90, 91 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in renal failure, 623 estrogens and, 676 rate-determining and regulators, 71 aplastic anemia, 427 polycythemia and, 224 in Lynch syndrome, 395 terminology for, 71 Burkitt lymphoma, 435 release and function, 609 Endometrial conditions, Eosin–methylene blue (EMB) agar, hairy leukoplakia and, 487 signaling pathways for, 341 Endometrial hyperplasia, 668 head and neck cancer, 692 with pheochromocytoma, 355 follicular cysts, 665 124 Hodgkin lymphoma, 434 Eschar, 130 Endometrioid carcinoma, 668 Eosinopenia in HIV positive adults, 174 in cutaneous anthrax, 135 Endometriosis in immunodeficient patients, 116 with mucormycosis, 150 characteristics and treatment, 668 cell counts and causes, 429 nasopharyngeal carcinomas, 162 Escherichia coli danazol for, 678 Eosinophilia oncogenicity, 222 healthcare-associated infection, 182 Endometritis, 668 paracortical hyperplasia in, 94 Escherichia coli pelvic inflammatory disease, 182 causes of, 414 receptors, 163 cephalosporins, 186 Endoneurium, 506 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) culture requirements, 124 Endoplasmic reticulum drugs causing, 249 transmission and clinical lac operon, 38 rough, 45 in immunocompromised patients, significance, 162 neonatal microbiome, 175 smooth, 45 Eptifibatide, 442 O157-H7, 175 Endosomes, 45 434 thrombogenesis and, 417 penicillins for, 185 Endothelial cells macrolides, 190 Erb palsy polymyxins, 190 immunohistochemical stains, 223 Eosinophilic apoptotic globules, 168 injury and deficits, 452 prostatitis, 674 in wound healing, 211 Eosinophilic esophagitis, 384 reactive arthritis, 475 leukocyte extravasation and, 210 Eosinophilic granuloma, 696 strains of, 143 Endothelin receptor antagonist Eosinophilic granulomatosis with urinary tract infections, 179, 621 naming conventions for, 253 Escherichia coli serotype O157-H7 pulmonary hypertension treatment, polyangiitis, 113, 479 food poisoning, 175 Eosinophils Shiga-like toxin production, 176 707 thrombotic microangiopathies Endotoxins immunity to parasites, 103 Eosinophils, 414 and, 432 effects of, 131 Ependymal cells, 503 toxin production, 143 features of, 129 Ependymoma Escitalopram, 595 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Salmonella typhi, 142 description and histology, 544 Endotracheal intubation, 182 Ephedrine, 241 Enfuvirtide, 199 Ephelis, 483 Enhancer (gene expression), 39 Enoxaparin, 440

INDEX  793 E-selectin, 211 Ethylene oxide sterilization/ Eye movements Fanconi syndrome, drug-related, 250, Esmolol, 244, 327 disinfection, 200 cranial nerve palsies, 558 606 Esomeprazole, 406 medial longitudinal fasciculus, 560 Farsightedness, 551 Esophageal adenocarcinoma, 385 Etomidate, 567 with stroke, 528 Fascia, collagen in, 48 Esophageal atresia, 366 Etonogestrel, 677 Fasciculations, 545 Esophageal cancer Etoposide, 445 Eyes Fas-FasL interaction, 204 Etoposide/teniposide, 36 aqueous humor pathway, 552 Fasted vs fed state, 88 achalasia and, 383 Euchromatin, 32 drugs affecting pupil size, 251 Fastigial nucleus, 511 location and risk factors, 385 Eukaryotes immune privilege of, 97 Fasting and starvation, 89 Esophageal pathologies, 384, 481 lens disorders, 552 Fasting plasma glucose test Esophageal perforation DNA replication, 36 misalignment of, 557 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, 350 perforation, 384 DNA replication in, 36 muscarinic antagonist effects, 240 Fasting state, 74, 89 Esophageal reflux mRNA start codons, 42 normal anatomy of, 551 fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in, 74 Hpr2otbolnocpkuemrspfoirn,h4i0b6itors for, 406 ribosomes in, 43 ocular anomalies, 168 migrating motor complexes Esophageal rings, 384 RNA polymerase in, 40 production in, 378 Esophageal varices, 384 RNA processing, 40 Ezetimibe, 248, 324 Fat emboli, 693 drug treatment of, 360 Eukaryotic gene, functional F Fatigue portosystemic anastomoses and, F+ × F– plasmid, 128 heart failure and, 316 organization, 39 Fabry disease, 59 MI signs, 309 372 Eukaryotic initiation factors, 43 Facial flushing Fat necrosis, 205, 669 Esophageal webs, 384 Eukaryotic release factors (eRFs), 43 Fat redistribution, 249 Esophagitis, 384 Eustachian tube excess niacin, 65 Fat-soluble vitamins, 63 Facial nerve (CN VII), 548 absorption with orlistat, 407 herpes simplex virus, 162 embryonic derivation, 639 Fatty acid oxidation HIV-positive adults, 174 Euthyroid sick syndrome, 345 function and type, 521 carnitine acyltransferase in, 71 medication-induced, 248 Evasion of apoptosis, 217 lesions and causes of, 548 rate-limiting enzyme for, 71 with bisphosphonates, 495 Eversion (foot), 457 palsy with, 144 Fatty acids Esophagus Evolocumab, 325 pharyngeal arch derivation, 640 metabolism of, 72, 87 blood supply and innervation, 371 Ewing sarcoma Facial wrinkle reduction, 136 oxidation of, 70, 72 carcinogens affecting, 221 Facies synthesis, 70 diaphragm, 683 dactinomycin for, 444 coarse, 45, 114 Fatty acid synthase histology, 369 epidemiology and characteristics, congenital syphilis, 145 vitamin sByn5 tahnedsi,s65 pathologies of, 384 elfin, 62 Fatty acid portosystemic anastomosis, 372 471 epicanthal folds, 61 rate-determining enzyme, 71 Esotropia, 557 Exanthem subitum “facial plethora”, 706 Fatty casts, 614 Essential amino acids, 79 flat, 61 Fatty liver disease Essential fatty acids HHV-6/7, 162, 178 in fetal alcohol syndrome, 635 nonalcoholic, 397 characteristics and sources, 63 “Excision” event, 128 leonine (lion-like), 139 Fava beans, 77, 428 Essential fructosuria, 78 Exclusive provider organization, 275 moon facies, 352 FBN1 gene mutation Essential hypertension risk, 304 Exemestane, 676 Potter sequence, 598 dominant negative mutation, 50 Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, Exenatide, 359 risus sardonicus, 136 Fear Exercise TORCH infection abnormalities, inappropriate experiences of, 581 172 panic disorder and, 582 Essential (primary) hypertension, 321 blood flow autoregulation, 300 181 phobias and, 582 Essential thrombocythemia, 438 peripheral resistance, 291 twisted face, 598 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion Essential tremor, 535 respiratory response, 690 with syphilis, 181 reaction, 112 Establishing rapport, 270 syncope during, 315 Facilitated diffusion Febrile pharyngitis, 161 Estradiol, 650 Tetralogy of Fallot, 302 FacTi3li/tTa4te, d33d5iffusion countertransport, Febrile seizures, 532 Estriol, 650, 654 Exercise-induced amenorrhea, 665 Febuxostat, 496 Estrogen, 651, 658 Exocrine glands, 235, 482 688 for gout, 473 Exocytosis, 48 Factitious disorder, 585 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 androgen conversion to, 655 Exons Factor IXa and X immunotherapy, Fecal antigen test bone formation, 462 deletions in muscular dystrophies, Helicobacter pylori diagnosis, 144 epiphyseal plate closure, 655 120 Fecal calprotectin, 389 gynecomastia (males), 669 59 Factor VIII concentrate, 431 Fecal elastase, 388 in ovulation, 651 vs introns, 41 Factor V Leiden, 419 Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), menopause, 655 Exotoxin A, 130, 141 395 prolactin suppression of, 332 Exotoxin and endotoxin features, 129 description of, 433 Fecalith obstruction, 390 signaling pathways for, 341 Exotoxins venous sinus thrombosis and, 515 Fecal microbiota transplant, 136 source and function of, 650 features of, 129 Factor Xa Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), 395 Turner syndrome, 657 organisms with, 130 inhibitors of, 419 Fecal retention, 577 Estrogen receptor modulators Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 130 Factor XI concentrate, 431 Feces, explosive expulsion of, 391 Streptococcus pyogenes, 131 Facultative anaerobes, 125 Federation of State Medical Boards (selective), 676 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 684 Facultative intracellular bacteria, 125 (FSMB), 2 Estrone, 650 Expressive (Broca) aphasia, 531 FADH (flavin adenine dinucleotide) Fed state, 74, 89 Eszopiclone, 564 Extension, hip, 455 activated carrier, 73 fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in, 74 Etanercept, 497 External hemorrhoids, 373 Failure mode and effects analysis, 278 Fee-for-service, 276 Ethacrynic acid, 628 External rotation, hip, 455 Failure to thrive “Female athlete triad”, 665 Ethambutol, 194 Extinction (conditioning), 572 SCID, 115 Female genital embryology, 641 Extracellular volume measurement, with neglect, 575 Female reproductive anatomy mechanism and adverse effects, Falciform ligament, 368 epithelial histology, 646 193 601 Fallopian tubes ligaments and structure, 645 Extragonadal germ cell tumors, 672 adnexal torsion, 645 Femoral epiphysis, slipped, 466 visual disturbance with, 250 Extrahepatic manifestations of epithelial histology, 646 Femoral head Ethanol in primary ciliary dyskinesia, 47 avascular necrosis of, 468 hepatitis B and C, 172 “False” diverticulum, 390 Femoral hernia, 377 carcinogenicity of, 221 Extramammary Paget disease, 663 False-negative rate, 260 Femoral neck fracture, 467 catabolism of, 46 Extraocular movements Famciclovir Femoral nerve, 456 lactic acidosis and, 70 herpes zoster, 198 Femoral region, 375 metabolism, 70 paramedian pontine reticular mechanism and use, 198 Femoral sheath, 375 metabolism of, 70 formation, 508 Familial adenomatous polyposis, 394 Femoral triangle, 375 Ethical and patient scenarios, 272 chromosome association, 62 Fenestrated capillaries, 507 Ethics with REM sleep, 508 Familial dyslipidemias, 92 Fenofibrate, 325 advanced directives, 268 Extravascular hemolysis Familial hypercholesterolemia, 58, 92 Fenoldopam, 241, 323 consent, 268 Familial hypocalciuric Fentanyl, 569 core principles of, 267 causes and findings with, 427 religious beliefs and, 273 HbC disease, 428 hypercalcemia, 349 Ethinyl estradiol, 677 hereditary spherocytosis, 428 Famotidine, 406 Ethosuximide, 561 pyruvate kinase deficiency, 428 Fanconi anemia, 427 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) Extrinsic (death receptor) pathway metal toxicity treatment, 247 mechanism and regulation, 204 nonhomologous end joining and, Ethylene glycol toxicity treatment, Extrinsic hemolytic anemia 37 causes and findings, 429 70, 247 Extrinsic pathway warfarin and, 441 Exudate “anchovy paste “, 152 pleural effusion, 701 Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, 538 uploaded by medbooksvn

794 INDEX Ferritin, 427 Fibrosarcomas, 216 Floppy baby syndrome toxic shock syndrome toxin, 131 acute phase reactants, 209 Fibrosis Clostridium botulinum, 136 Vibrio cholerae, 144 iron deficiency anemia, 424 splicing of pre-mRNA in, 41 Foot drop, 425, 457, 479 iron study interpretation, 423 silicosis, 698 Foot movements lab values in anemia, 425 Fibrous plaque in atherosclerosis, 305 Flow cytometry, 52 dorsiflexion, 457 Fibular neck fracture, 457 Flow volume loops, 694 eversion, 457 Ferrochelatase, 425, 430 Fick principle, 290 Fluconazole flexion, 457 Fertility Fidaxomicin inversion, 457 Cryptococcus neoformans, 150 Foramen cecum, 330 double Y males, 657 Clostridioides difficile, 136 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 Foramen of Magendie, 516 Fertilization, 651, 653 Field cancerization, 221, 692 mechanism and use, 196 Foramen of Monro, 516 Fetal alcohol syndrome Field defect (morphogenesis), 635 opportunistic fungal infections, 150 Foramen ovale, 287 Fifth disease rash, 178 systemic mycoses, 149 embryology, 284 developmental effects in, 635 50S inhibitors, 188 Flucytosine retained patency of, 302 heart defects in, 304 Filgrastim, 447 Cryptococcus neoformans, 150 Foramina of Luschka, 516 Fetal circulation, 287 Filgrastim (G-CSF), 119 mechanism and clinical use, 195 Forced expiratory volume (FEV) umbilical cord, 638 Filoviruses Fludrocortisone, 360 obstructive lung disease, 694 Fetal erythropoiesis, 410 Fluid compartments, 601 restrictive lung disease, 696 Fetal lung maturity, 677 characteristics and medical Flukes, 157 Foregut Fetal-postnatal derivatives, 287 importance, 164 Flumazenil blood supply/innervation of, 371 Fetal tissue benzodiazepine overdose, 247, development of, 364 collagen in, 48 Filtration (renal), 603 Foreign body inhalation, 683 fever Fimbria, 122 563, 590 Formoterol, 708 measles (rubeola) virus, 167 Financial considerations in treatment, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 53 46,XX DSD, 657 Fever Fluorescent antibody stain, 123 46XX/46 XY DSD, 657 amphotericin B, 195 273 Fluoroquinolones Fosamprenavir Bordetella pertussis, 183 Finasteride, 655, 674, 678 HIV-positive adults, 198 clindamycin, 189 Finger drop, 450 mechanism, use and adverse Fosaprepitant, 407, 447 complicated hernias, 376 Finger movements effects, 192 Foscarnet Ebola virus, 169 mechanism, use and adverse endotoxins, 129 adduction, 450 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 148 epiglottitis, 183 extension, 450 naming conventions for, 252 effects, 198 exotoxins, 131 finger drop, 450 pregnancy contraindication, 200 retinitis in immunosuppressed genital herpes, 180 Finkelstein test, 465 pseudomembranous colitis, 248 high fever, 168 First-degree AV block, 313 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 patients, 198 human herpesvirus 6, 178 First-order elimination, 229, 230 Salmonella typhi, 142 Fossa ovalis, 287 human herpesviruses, 162 First-order kinetics, 229 tendon/cartilage damage with, 249 Founder effect (genetics), 55 Legionnaires’ disease, 141 Fisher’s exact test, 266 teratogenicity of, 634 FOXP3 protein, 100 low-grade, 141, 168 Fish oil/marine omega-3 fatty acids, TOP II (DNA gyrase) and TOP IV Fractures mononucleosis, 162 neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 325 inhibition in prokaryotes, chalk-stick, 468 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 140, 36 Colles, 467 589 Fluoxetine, 595 common pediatric, 467 pathophysiology and management, 182 Fluphenazine, 593 femoral neck, 467 5α-reductase inhibitors Flutamide, 678 in child abuse, 575 532 polycystic ovarian syndrome, 665 pathologic, 471 pulmonary anthrax, 135 inhibitors for BPH, 674 Fluticasone, 708 scaphoid, 453 recurring, 153 5α-reductase, 655 Fluvoxamine, 595 vertebral compression, 467 Rickettsia rickettsii, 147 FMR1 gene, 60 Fragile X syndrome, 60 Salmonella spp, 147 hypospadias, 643 Foam cell chromosome association, 60 spiking, 155 5α-reductase deficiency, 658 in atherosclerosis, 305 diagnostic test, 51 Tetralogy of Fallot, 302 Foam cells DNA methylation in, 32 thyroid storm causing, 346 sexual differentiation, 642 Niemann-Pick disease, 86 Frameshift mutation, 38 toxic shock syndrome, 133 5α-reductase inhibitor Focal glomerular disorders, 614 accidental “knock-out”, 51 undulant, 141 Focal hepatic necrosis muscular dystrophy and, 59 vasculitides, 478 naming conventions for, 253 drug reactions, 248 Francisella spp vs heat stroke, 532 5-aminosalicylic drugs, 407 Focal nodular hyperplasia, 399 culture requirements, 124 Weil disease, 145 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Francisella tularensis with inflammation, 209 618 transmission, 147 with meningococci, 140 mechanism, use and adverse Folate Frataxin, 547 Fexofenadine, 706 effects, 444 anemia with deficiency, 426 Free fatty acids Fibrates, 324, 325 FoVlaitteamanitnagBo9n(ifsotlate), 66 fast/starvation states, 89 hepatitis and, 248 photosensitivity with, 249 teratogenicity of, 634 Free nerve endings, 505 myopathy with, 249 pyrimidine synthesis and, 34 Folate synthesis Free radical injury Fibril protein (amyloidosis), 208 5-HT inhibition/block, 191 mechanisms, 206 Fibrinogen, 210, 413 MAO inhibitor effect on, 595 Follicles (lymph node), 94 reperfusion, 206 ESR and, 209 trazodone effects, 596 Follicles (spleen), 96 Fremitus (tactile), 700 in cryoprecipitate, 433 vilazodone effects, 596 Follicle-stimulating hormone Fresh frozen plasma, 434 Fibrinoid necrosis, 205, 304, 478 vortioxetine effects, 596 clomiphene effect, 676 Fresh frozen plasma/prothrombin Fibrinous pericarditis, 309 55--HHTT31Bb/1lDocakgeornists, 252 hCG and, 654 Fibroadenoma, 669 naming conventions for, 253 PCOS, 665 complex Fibroblast growth factor 5-methylcytosine Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) transfusion of, 434 in wound healing, 212 in nucleotides, 33 in menstrual cycle, 652 “Fried egg” cells, 504, 542, 667 signaling pathways for, 341 Fixation, 573 secretion of, 331 Friedreich ataxia, 547 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 632 Fixed splitting, 294 Follicular cysts (ovary), 665 chromosome association, 62 Fibroblast growth factor receptor Flaccid paralysis Follicular lymphoma hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 315 acute asymmetric, 164 chromosomal translocations, 439 trinucleotide repeat in, 60 (FGFR3), 467 botulinum toxin, 136 occurrence and genetics, 435 Frontal bossing, 343 Fibroblasts motor neuron signs, 545 Follicular thyroid carcinoma Frontal eye fields, 526 Flagellin, 97 causes and findings, 347 Frontal lobe cortisol and, 340 Flagellum, 122 Fomepizole, 247 abscess, 150 in wound healing, 212 Flask-shaped ulcers, 152 methanol or ethylene glycol lesions in, 525 Fibrocystic breast changes, 669 Flavin nucleotides, 73 overdose, 70 stroke effects, 528 “Fibro fog”, 477 Flaviviruses Fondaparinux, 440 Frontal lobe syndrome, 526 Fibroid (leiomyoma) hepatitis C, 171 Food-borne illness, 136 Frontotemporal dementia leuprolide for, 676 structure and medical importance, Bacillus cereus, 136 symptoms and histologic findings, Fibromas, 216, 667 Campylobacter jejuni, 143 Fibromuscular dysplasia, 304 164 Clostridium perfringens, 136 536 Fibromyalgia, 477, 595 Flavoxate, 240 organisms causing, 175 Fructose Fibronectin Fleas (disease vectors), 147 Staphylococcus aureus, 133, 175 in cryoprecipitate, 434 Flecainide, 327 absorption of, 380 thrombocytes, 413 Flexion foot, 457 hip, 455 Flexor digiti minimi muscle, 454 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle, 454 Flies (disease vectors) Shigella spp, 142

INDEX  795 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase Galactose metabolism esophageal cancer, 385 Genitourinary/renal drug reactions, gluconeogenesis, 76 absorption of, 380 presentation, 384 250 rate-determining enzyme, 71 disorders of, 78 Gastrohepatic ligament, 368 Gastrointestinal bleeding Genitourinary system Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 Galantamine, 239, 566 acute, 387 drug reactions, 250 gluconeogenesis regulation, 71 Galant reflex, 525 Gastrointestinal drug reactions, 248 muscarinic antagonist effects, 240 Gallbladder Gastrointestinal infections trauma, 647 Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, 71 protozoa, 152 glycolysis regulation, 74 biliary structures, 375 Gastrointestinal secretory products Gentamicin, 188 blood supply and innervation of, cell locations, 380 Genu varum Fructose metabolism regulatory substances, 378 disorders of, 78 371 source and action, 379 vitamin D and, 68 Salmonella typhi colonization, 142 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors Geriatric patients Fruity breath odor, 351 with bile duct obstruction, 375 gene association, 220 FTA-ABS, 145 Gallbladder cancer Gastrointestinal system aging-related hearing loss, 550 Full-thickness burn, 492 porcelain gallbladder, 403 aging effects on, 225 aneurysm risk, 532 Fumarate, 82 sclerosing cholangitis, 402 biliary structures, 375 atropine effects in, 240 Functio laesa, 209 Gallstone ileus, 403 blood supply and innervation, 371 carotid massage, 299 Functional hyposplenia, 422 Gambling disorder, 587 changes in pregnancy, 653 causes of seizures, 533 Functional hypothalamic γ-glutamyl transpeptidase embryology, 364 cholelithiasis, 403 in liver damage, 397 innervation of, 373 colorectal cancer, 395 amenorrhea, 665 Ganciclovir ligaments, 368 common causes of death, 276 Functional liver markers, 397 agranulocytosis, 249 muscarinic antagonist effects, 240 common meningitis causes, 177 Functional neurologic symptom mechanism, use and adverse pathology, 383 drug dosages, 230 pharmacology, 405 elder abuse and, 585 disorder, 585 effects, 198 physiology, 378 healthcare-associated infections, 182 Functional organization of a thrombocytopenia with, 249 regulatory substances, 378 impaired accommodation in, 552 Ganglion cyst, 465 retroperitoneal structures, 367 myeloid neoplasms in, 437 eukaryotic gene, 39 Ganglioneuromatosis, oral/intestinal, Gastrointestinal tract osteoporosis screening, 467 Functional residual capacity (FRC), diverticula of, 390 prostatitis, 674 356 intestinal disorders, 393 recurrent lobar hemorrhagic stroke, 684 Gangrene Gastroschisis vs omphalocele, 365 Funduscopic examination Gastrosplenic ligament, 368 530 Buerger disease, 478 Gaucher cells, 86 suicidal/homicidal ideation in, 269 sausage link appearance on, 436 of toes, 140 Gaucher disease, 86, 468 testicular tumors, 673 with glaucoma, 553 Gap junctions, 482 Gaussian distribution, 264 volvulus in, 392 with retinal disorders, 554 ciliary movement, 47 Gaze palsy, upward/vertical, 544 Germ cell tumors Fungal infections Gardener’s pupil, 240 G cells, 378 cryptorchidism risk for, 671 dermatophytes, 488 Gardner syndrome, 394 Gefitinib, 447 extragonadal, 672 granulomatous inflammation, 213 Gardnerella vaginalis, 147, 192 Gemfibrozil, 325 hormone levels with, 672, 673 infections with Gartner duct, 641 Gender- and sexuality-inclusive ovarian, 666, 667 Gas gangrene testicular, 673 immunodeficiencies, 116 alpha toxin, 131 history taking, 271 Germinal center (spleen), 94 opportunistic, 150 Clostridium perfringens, 136, 176 Gender dysphoria, 586 Germline (gonadal) mosaicism, 55 treatment of systemic, 195 Gastrectomy, 426 Gene expression Gerstmann syndrome, 526 Fungi, 176 Gastric acid Gestational age, 653 culture requirements, 124 histamine receptors and, 237 histone deacetylation in, 32 Gestational diabetes immunocompromised patients, 176 secretion, action and regulation, 379 modifications, 54 glucokinase in, 73 topical infections, 195 Gastric bypass surgery regulation, 39 human placental lactogen, 654 “Funny” current/channels, 297, 328 ghrelin and, 378 Generalized anxiety disorder, 582 Gestational hypertension, 662 Furosemide superior mesenteric artery buspirone, 594 Gestational trophoblastic disease hyperuricemia, 249 preferred medications for, 592 serum tumor marker, 222 mechanism, use and adverse syndrome with, 370 SSNRIs for, 595 theca lutein cyst, 665 GavsittraicmcinanBc1e2rdeficiency, 67 SSRIs for, 595 Ghrelin effects, 628 Generalized seizures appetite regulation, 340 pancreatitis, 248 carcinogens for, 221 anticonvulsants for, 561 hypothalamus effects of, 509 pancreatitis with, 248 Helicobacter pylori, 144 types of, 533 source, action and regulation of, sulfa allergies and, 251 oncogenes, 220 Generalized transduction, 128 Fusion protein EWS-FLI1, 471 oncogenic microbes, 222 General paresis, 145, 180 378 Fusobacterium spp sign of Leser-Trélat and, 224 Genetic/antigenic shift/drift, 166 Giant cell pneumonia, 167 alcohol use disorder, 176 types of, 386 Genetic drift, 55 Giant cell (temporal) arteritis healthcare-associated infections, 182 Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), 357 Genetics lung abscesses, 704 Gastric outlet obstruction, 366 anticipation, 60 epidemiology/presentation, 478 Gastric ulcers autosomal trisomies, 61 ESR with, 210 G causes of, 387 chromosome disorders, 62 polymyalgia rheumatica G1-S progression inhibition, 44 hemorrhage, 387 code features, 35 G20210A gene mutation, 433 NSAID toxicity, 495 embryogenesis genes, 632 association, 477 G6PD deficiency Gastric vessels, 368 gain of function mutation, 220 Giant cell tumor, 470 Gastrin gene editing techniques, 51 Giant roundworm, 156 drugs causing hemolysis with, 249 effects on acid secretion, 380 inheritance modes, 57 Giardia spp GABAA action signaling pathways for, 341 introns vs exons, 41 somatostatinomas and, 357 loss of function mutation, 220 metronidazole, 192 barbiturates, 563 source, action, and regulation of, muscular dystrophies, 59 stain for identification, 123 benzodiazepine effects, 563 mutations in cancer, 217 watery diarrhea, 176 Gabapentin 378 population concepts, 55 Giardia lamblia mechanism and adverse effects, Gastrinomas, 378 terms, 54–92 transmission, diagnosis, and trinucleotide repeat expansion 561 drug treatment for, 360 treatment, 152 Gabapentinoids, mechanism and Gastrin-releasing peptide, 378 diseases, 59 Giardiasis Gastritis viral, 159 adverse effects, 561 Genitalia, 658 gastrointestinal infections, 152 GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) gastrin in, 378 atypical, 642 in immunodeficiency, 116 HHe2lbicloobcakcetresrfopry,lo4r0i,6144 embryology, 641 Giemsa stain, 123 basal ganglia and, 512 proton pump inhibitors for, 406 male/female homologs, 643 spirochetes, 144 multiple sclerosis treatment, 539 stomach cancer and, 386 Genital ulcers, 180 Gifts from patients, accepting, 269 synthesis and change with diseases, Gastrocolic ligament, 368 Genital warts, 180 Gigantism, 333 Gastroenteritis Genitofemoral nerve, 456 Gilbert syndrome, 400, 401 506 caliciviruses, 164 Gingival hyperplasia Gavgitraemflienx,B562a1nd, 65 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 cyclosporine, 118 Gait disturbance rotavirus, 165 drug reaction and, 323 Gastroepiploic arteries, 368 drugs causing, 249 Friedreich ataxia, 547 Gastroesophageal reflux disease inclusion cell disease, 45 hydrocephalus, 538 Barrett esophagus, 385 Gingivostomatitis, 162 steppage, 457 cause and presentation, 384 Gitelman syndrome Trendelenburg sign/gait, 457 renal disorder features, 611 waddling, 59 renal tubular defects, 606 Galactitol, 78, 79 Galactocerebrosidase, 86 Galactocerebroside, 86 Galactokinase deficiency, 78 Galactorrhea antipsychotic drugs and, 332 uploaded by medbooksvn

796 INDEX Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 432 psychosis, 119 Glycopyrrolate, 240 Granulocytopenia Glargine, 358 rheumatoid arthritis, 472 Glycosylase, base-specific, 37 trimethoprim, 191 Glatiramer, 539 T3 in peripheral tissues, 335 Glycosylation Glaucoma, 241 Glucogenic amino acids, 79 Granuloma inguinale, 180 Glucogenic/ketogenic amino acids, 79 collagen synthesis, 48 Granulomas atropine, 240 Glucokinase protein synthesis, 43 β-blocker use, 244 hexokinase vs, 74 Glycyrrhetinic acid, 606 in systemic mycoses, 149 therapy, 570 Glucokinase vs hexokinase, 73 GNAQ gene mutation, 541 in tuberculosis, 138 types and treatment, 553 Gluconeogenesis GNAS gene mutation, 348 macrophages and, 413 Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) cortisol and, 340 GnRH agonists syphilis, 145 cytoskeletal elements, 46 ethanol metabolism and, 70 osteoporosis with, 249 Granulomatosis infantiseptica tumor identification, 223 irreversible enzymes, 76 Goblet cells, 369, 682 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 Glioblastoma metabolic site, 72 Goiter Granulomatosis with polyangiitis description and histology, 542 organic acidemias, 83 causes of, 346 autoantibody, 113 treatment of multiforme, 445 rate-determining enzyme for, 71 maternal hypothyroidism from, 345 lung disease with, 696 Gliosis, reactive, 503 smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 45 Golgi apparatus presentation, 479 Glipizide, 359 thyroid hormone and, 335 cell trafficking, 45 Granulomatous disease Global cognitive deficits, 576 Glucose Golgi tendon organ, 461 calcification with, 207 Global payment, 276 absorption of, 380 Golimumab, 497 excess vitamin D in, 68 Globoid cells, 86 blood-brain barrier and, 507 Gonadal (germline) mosaicism, 55 hypervitaminosis D with, 469 Globose nucleus, 511 clearance of, 604 Gonadal venous/lymphatic drainage, infectious vs noninfectious etiology, Globotriaosylceramide, 86 glycogen metabolism, 85 Globus pallidus externus, 512 metabolism of, 38 644 213 Glomerular anatomy phosphorylation of, 73 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Granulomatous inflammation diagram of, 600 Glucose-6-phosphatase Glomerular disorders/disease gluconeogenesis, 76 analogs histology, mechanism and nomenclature, 614 Von Gierke disease, 85 mechanism, use and adverse etiologies, 213 types of, 615 Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase Glomerular filtration effects, 676 Granulosa cell tumor, 667 barrier and components, 601 deficiency, 77 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Granzymes, 99, 100 changes in dynamics, 603 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Grapefruit juice rate, 602 (GnRH) Glomerulonephritis (G6PD) function and notes, 332 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 azathioprine for, 119 HMP shunt and, 71 neurons producing, 509 Graves disease granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 479 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase prolactin and, 332 infection-associated, 616 signaling pathways for, 341 autoantibody, 113 RBC casts in, 614 (G6PD) deficiency Gonads causes and findings, 346 Streptococcus pyogenes, 134 causes and findings, 428 dysgenesis of, 626 HLA subtype, 98 Glomus tumor, 486 RBC inclusions, 422 smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 45 ophthalmopathy, 344 Glossitis RBCs in, 420 venous and lymphatic drainage, thyroid cellular action in, 335 B-complex deficiency, 63 X-linked recessive disease, 59 type II hypersensitivity, 110 iron deficiency, 424 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic 644 Gravidity (“gravida”), 653 Plummer-Vinson syndrome Gonococci vs meningococci, 140 Gray baby syndrome, 189, 200, 249 polypeptide (GIP), 338 Gonorrhea Gray hepatization, 704 association, 384 source, action and regulation, 378 Grazoprevir, 200 GlvvoiisttsaaommphiinnarBBy93ngddeeeaffiilccniieeennrvcceyy,,(66C56N IX) Glucosuria, threshold for, 604 ceftriaxone, 186 Greenstick fracture, 467 Glutamic acid Neisseria, 140 Grief, 574 function and type, 521 classification of, 79 sexually transmitted infection, 180 Griffith point, 206 pharyngeal arch derivative, 640 Glutamine Good syndrome Griseofulvin “Glove and stocking” sensation loss, in nucleotides, 33 paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 Glutathione thymoma and, 96 disulfiram-like reaction, 250 139, 350 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Goodpasture syndrome mechanism, use and adverse GLP-1 analogs autoantibody, 113 deficiency, 77 collagen defect in, 48 effects, 196 diabetes therapy, 359 GlVutiatathmioinneB6peinrosxyindtahsee,si2s,0665 hematuria/hemoptysis, 616 microtubules and, 46 naming conventions for, 253 Gluteus maximus, 455 Goserelin, 676 pregnancy contraindication, 200 Glucagon Gluteus maximus/minimus muscles, Gottron papules, 224, 477 “Ground glass” appearance β-blocker overdose treatment, 327 Gout liver biopsy, 171 fructose bisphosphatase-2, 74 457 acute treatment drugs, 496 x-ray, 681 glycogen regulation, 84 Gluteus medius, 455 drugs causing, 249 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 151, 174 somatostatinoma, 357 Gluteus minimus, 455 kidney stones and, 619 Group A streptococci, 134 source, function and regulation, 337 GLUT transporters, 338 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 clindamycin for invasive infection, glucagonoma Glyburide, 359 loop diuretics and, 628 treatment for, 360 Glycerol preventive therapy, 496 189 Glucagonomas Von Gierke disease, 85 Group B streptococci, 135 occurrence, 354 starvation, 89 Gower maneuver/sign, 59 Growth factors presentation and treatment, 357 Glycine G-protein-linked 2nd messengers, 237 with MEN1, 356 Gracilis muscle, 456 tumor suppressor gene mutations Glucocerebrosidase, 86 in nucleotides, 33 Graft-versus-host disease, 111, 117 and, 44 Glucocerebroside, 86 Glycogen Graft-versus-tumor effect Glucocorticoid-binding globulin, 340 organ transplant rejection, 117 Growth hormone (GH), 333 Glucocorticoids metabolism and storage, 71 Gram ⊝ bacteria for hypopituitarism, 343 apoptosis, 429 regulation, 84 membrane attack complex, 104 function and secretion of, 333 asthma therapy, 708 stain for, 123 Gram-negative organisms idiopathic intracranial hypertension avascular necrosis of bone, 468 storage, 85 cephalosporins, 186 with, 250 calcium pyrophosphate deposition tissue metabolism, 84 lab algorithm, 139 secretion and diabetes mellitus, 350 Glycogenesis, 71 Gram-positive organisms secretion of, 331 disease, 473 Glycogenolysis cephalosporins, 186 Cushing syndrome, 119 rate-determining enzyme for, 71 lab algorithm, 132 Growth hormone inhibiting hormone cytokines, 119 smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 45 vancomycin, 187 (GHIH), 332 eosinophil count with, 429 thyroid hormone and, 335 Gram stain, 123 fat redistribution with, 249 Glycogen storage diseases Granisetron, 407, 447 Growth hormone releasing hormone gout, 496 findings and deficient enzymes, 85 Granular casts (GHRH) hyperglycemia with, 248 Glycogen synthase acute tubular necrosis, 623 immunosuppression, 119 rate-limiting enzyme, 71 in urine, 614 effects of, 333 myopathy with, 249 Glycolysis “muddy brown” in urine, 614 function and notes, 332 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 119 rate-determining enzyme, 71 Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor Growth restriction (fetal) Osteoporosis, 119 Glycolysis regulation with phenylketonuria, 82 osteoporosis with, 249 hexokinase/glucokinase in, 74 (G-CSF), 341 Growth retardation key enzymes in, 74 Granulocytes with renal failure, 623 metabolic site, 72 Growth signal self-sufficiency, 217 pyruvate dehydrogenase, 74 infections in immunodeficiency, GTPase, 220 rate-determining enzyme for, 71 116 GTP (guanosine triphosphate), 75 Guanfacine, 243, 576 morulae, 148 Guanine in nucleotides, 33 Guanosine analogs mechanism and use, 198 Guanylate cyclase-C agonists, 408

INDEX  797 Gubernaculum, 644 Hand-foot-mouth disease, 148, 178 Fabry disease, 86 with angiodysplasia, 393 Guessing during USMLE Step 1 Hand grip, 295 ischemic, 308 with GI bleeding, 387 Hand movements wViitthamWinhiBp1pldeefdiicsieeanscey, ,36848 Hematologic abnormalities exam, 20 Heart failure laboratory techniques for, 52 Guide RNA (gRNA), 51 lesions and distortions of, 454 ACE inhibitors for, 630 Hematologic disorders Guillain-Barré syndrome muscles of, 454 β-blocker use, 244 hepatic B and C manifestations, “Hand of benediction”, 454 findings and treatment, 316 Campylobacter jejuni, 143 Hand-wringing (stereotyped), 60 hypertension treatment, 321 172 peripheral nerves in, 506 Hantavirus left heart failure, 316 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 Schwann cell injury, 504 hemorrhagic fever, 164 right heart, 316 Hematologic drug reactions, 249 Zika virus, 168 Haptens Heart failure with reduced ejection Hematologic infections Gummas, 145, 180 acute interstitial nephritis, 622 fraction (HFrEF), 316, Plasmodium spp, 154 Guselkumab amiodarone as, 328 324, 328 protozoal, 154 target and clinical use, 120 Haptoglobin, 209, 427 Heart morphogenesis, 284 Hematology/oncology Gustatory hallucinations, 578 Hartnup disease, 65 aortic arch derivatives, 285 anatomy, 412 Gustatory pathway, 509 HavsihtaimmointoBt3hydreofiidciiteins,c3y,4655 atria, 284 changes in pregnancy, 653 Guyon canal syndrome, 463 autoantibody, 113 fetal-postnatal derivatives, 287 pathology, 420 Gynecologic tumor epidemiology, 663 HLA subtype, 98 outflow tract formation, 285 pharmacology, 440 Gynecomastia, 669 Hassall corpuscles, 96 valve development, 285 physiology, 416 azoles, 196 HHbbAC1cditseesat,se3,54028 Heart murmurs, 296 Hematopoiesis, 412 causal agents, 248 target cells in, 421 continuous, 296 extramedullary, 468 ketoconazole, 678 HBV diastolic, 296 with myelodysplastic syndromes, 436 sex hormone–binding globulin oncogenicity, 222 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 315 Hematopoietic stem cells HCV systolic, 296 cell surface proteins, 108 and, 341 oncogenicity, 222 with dilated cardiomyopathy, 315 Hematopoietic system spironolactone, 678 HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 92 Heart rate aging effects on, 225 testicular choriocarcinoma, 673 Headaches in antianginal therapy, 324 Hematuria, 624 with cimetidine, 406 adverse drug effects, 196 sympathomimetic effects, 242 bladder cancer, 626 classification and treatment, 534 Heart sounds complication of sickle cell, 428 H pituitary apoplexy, 343 cardiac cycle, 292 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, H1abnltoimckuesrcsarinic reactions to, 250 “suicide”, 534 in heart failure, 316 “thunderclap headache”, 532 splitting of S2, 294 479 mechanism, use and adverse with intracranial hypertension, 538 Heat-labile toxin gross, 370 effects, 706 “worst headache of my life”, 532 Clostridium botulinum, 136 hereditary hemorrhagic Head and neck cancer, 692 Heat shock proteins, 43 naming conventions for, 253 field cancerization, 221 Heat-stable toxin (ST) telangiectasia, 320 H2c-aimnteatgidoinniest, 406 Healthcare resorption of NaCl and H20 in IgA nephropathy, 616 medical insurance plans, 275 gut, 130 kidney stones, 619 naming conventions for, 253 payment models, 276 Heat stroke painless, 626 H2mbelocchkaenrissm, clinical use and Healthcare-associated infections pathophysiology and management, renal papillary necrosis, 623 Clostridioides difficile, 182 532 transitional cell carcinoma, 626 adverse effects, 406 common pneumonia causes, 176 vs fever, 532 urinary tract infections, 179 Haemophilus ducreyi, sexual Ebola, 169 Heberden nodes, 472 Heme enterococci, 135 Heel pain, 465 chloroquine, 196 transmission of, 180 legionella, 182 Heinz bodies, 77, 422 metabolism of, 382 Haemophilus influenzae Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Helicase, 36 porphyria and, 430 risk factors, pathogens and Helicobacter pylori synthesis of, 430 cephalosporins, 186 as oncogenic microbe, 222 HevmitaemsyinntBhe6saisnd, 65 chloramphenicol, 189 symptoms, 182 clinical significance, 144 iron deficiency, 424 lab algorithm, 140 Healthcare delivery, 275 disease association, 386 lead poisoning, 425 meningitis, 177 metronidazole, 192 metabolic site, 72 otitis media, 549 quality and safety assessment, 277 oncogenicity, 222 porphyrias and, 430 pneumonia, 176 Healthcare payment models, 276 penicillins for, 185 Hemianopia, 528, 559 pneumonia with, 703 Health maintenance organization, silver stain, 123 Hemiballismus, 526, 535 vaccine, 176 stains for, 123 Hemidesmosome, 489 Hair 275 urease-positive, 126 Hemineglect, 528 frontal balding, 59 Hearing loss Heliotrope rash, 224, 477 Hemiparesis “kinky”, 49 HELLP syndrome, 662 saccular aneurysms, 532 vitamin C deficiency, 67 aging-related, 550 “Helmet cells”, 420, 429 Hemispatial neglect syndrome, 526 Hairy cell leukemia, 437 Alport syndrome, 617 Helminthic infections Hemochromatosis cladribine for, 444 CN VIII, 181 eosinophils and, 414 calcium pyrophosphate deposition immunohistochemical stains, 223 congenital syphilis, 145 Helper T cells oncogene, 220 cytomegalovirus, 181 cell surface proteins, 108 disease, 473 Hairy leukoplakia diagnosis of, 550 cytokine secretion, 106 cardiomyopathy with, 315 HIV-positive adults, 174 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Hemagglutinin chromosome association, 62 skin infection, 487 influenza viruses, 166 findings and presentation, 402 Haldane effect, 688 syndrome, 312 parainfluenza viruses, 167 free radical injury, 206 Half-life (t1/2), 229 osteitis deformans, 468 Hemangioblastoma iron study interpretation, 423 Halitosis, 391 osteogenesis imperfecta, 49 characteristics and histology, 542 restrictive/infiltrative Hallmarks of cancer, 217 rubella, 181 Hemangiomas, 216 Hallucinations sensorineural deafness, 617 pyogenic granuloma, 486 cardiomyopathy, 315 alcohol withdrawal, 578 types and common causes, 550 strawberry, 486 Hemoglobin brain tumors, 578 Heart Hemarthroses cocaine, 591 adrenergic receptors in, 236 hemophilias, 431 development, 410 delirium, 577 anatomy of, 288 Hematemesis electrophoresis, 416 postpartum psychosis, 581 auscultation of, 295 esophageal varices, 384 kinetics of, 228 schizophrenia, 578 blood flow autoregulation by, 300 GI bleeding, 387 structure and oxygen affinity, 689 tricyclic antidepressants, 595 blood supply, 288 with Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 384 Hemoglobin Barts disease, 424 types of, 578 electrocardiograms, 298 Hematin, 140 Hemoglobin H disease (HbH), 424 Hallucinogen intoxication and embryology, 284 Hematochezia Hemoglobinuria ischemia of, 206 colorectal cancer, 395 acute tubular necrosis and, 623 withdrawal, 590 myocardial action potential, 297 intestinal disorders, 393 G6PD deficiency, 428 Haloperidol, 577, 593 normal pressures in, 299 Meckel diverticulum, 391 intravascular hemolysis, 428 Hamartin protein, 220, 541 pacemaker action potential, 297 painless, 390 paroxysmal nocturnal, 120 Hamartomas, 216 septation of changers, 284 Hemolysis Hamartomatous colonic polyps, 394 Heartburn, 384 alpha toxin, 131 Hamate, 450, 453, 463 Heart disease Clostridium perfringens, 136 Hamman sign crepitus, 693 congenital, 61, 302 HELLP syndrome, 662 Hand death causes by age, 276 in G6PD deficiency, 249 sulfonamides, 191 claw deformity, 45 injuries to, 463 squamous cell carcinoma, 493 uploaded by medbooksvn

798 INDEX Hemolytic anemia Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Hepatomegaly Heterogeneous nuclear RNA autoimmune, 186 (HIT), 440 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 399 (hnRNA), 40 babesiosis, 154 congestive, 316 Heteroplasmy, 55 direct Coombs-positive, 249 Hepatic adenoma, 399 glycogen storage diseases, 85 Heterotopic ossification, 477 due to infections, 429 Hepatic angiosarcoma, 399 Zellweger syndrome, 46 Heterozygosity loss, 54 extrinsic, 429 Hexokinase vs glucokinase, 73 folate deficiency and, 426 carcinogens for, 221 Hepatosplenomegaly “HF” cells (in lungs), 316 G6PD deficiency, 77 Hepatic arteries, 368 autoimmune lymphoproliferative HFE gene intravascular and extravascular Hepatic ascites, 629 syndrome, 204 hemochromatosis and, 402 findings, 427 Hepatic encephalopathy, 398 Gaucher disease, 86 Hfr × F– plasmid, 128 intrinsic, 427, 428 organ transplant rejection, 117 HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine penicillin G/V, 184 Reye syndrome, 397 phosphoribosyltransferase) spherocytes in, 421 Hepatic fibrosis, 374 Hepatosteatosis in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 Wilson disease, 402 Hepatic hemangioma, 399 ethanol metabolism and, 70 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 Hepatic lipase purine salvage deficiencies, 35 Hemolytic bacteria, 133 Hepatotoxicity Hiatal hernia, 377 Hemolytic disease of fetus/newborn, IDL modification by, 92 α-amanitin, 40 High altitude respiratory response, 690 in lipid transport, 91 amiodarone, 328 High-frequency recombination (Hfr) 411 Hepatic necrosis, 494 bosentan, 707 cells, 128 mechanism, presentation and causal agents for, 248 danazol, 678 High-output heart failure, 317 Hepatic steatosis, 398 isoniazid, 193 Hilar lymph node calcification, 698 treatment, 411 Hepatic stellate (Ito) cells, 374 leflunomide, 495 Hilar mass (lung), 705 Type II hypersensitivity, 110 Hepatic subcapsular hematomas, methotrexate, 444 Hindgut Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) pericentral (centrilobular) zone blood supply and innervation, 371 epidemiology, presentation and 662 and, 374 embryology of, 364 Hepatic toxicity pyrazinamide, 193 Hip labs, 432 terbinafine, 196 developmental dysplasia, 466 Escherichia coli, 143 Vitamin A, 64 thionamides, 360 nerve injury with dislocation, 456 exotoxins, 130 Hepatitis with anticonvulsants, 561 Hip movements Hemophilia, 431 zileuton, 678, 708 muscles and actions of, 455 therapeutic antibodies for, 120 alcoholic, 398 Hippocampus X-linked recessive disorder, 59 autoimmune, 398 Hepcidin, 209 ischemia effects, 206 Haemophilus influenzae drugs causing, 248 in anemia of chronic disease, 427 lesions of, 526 culture requirements, 124 extrahepatic manifestation of B and limbic system, 510 unvaccinated children, 183 Hepevirus Hippurate test for Streptococcus Hemoptysis C, 172 hepatitis E, 171 agalactiae, 135 bronchiectasis, 695 healthcare-associated infections, structure and medical importance, Hirschsprung disease, 391 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 479 164 Hirsutism lung cancer, 705 182 cyclosporine, 118 tuberculosis, 138 hyperbilirubinemia in, 400 HER2 (ERBB2) gene danazol, 678 Hemorrhage liver zones and, 374 associated neoplasms, 220 menopause, 655 acute pancreatitis, 404 Hepatitis A (HAV) mucopolysaccharidoses, 86 AIDS retinitis, 162 Anti-HAV (IgG), 172 “Herald patch” (pityriasis rosea), 491 polycystic ovarian syndrome, 665 baroreceptors in, 299 Anti-HAV (IgM), 172 Hereditary angioedema, 678 sex hormone–binding globulin, delirium caused by, 577 characteristics, 171 341 Ebola virus, 169 picornavirus, 164 complement disorder and, 105 Histaminase intracranial, 530 RNA translation in, 165 Hereditary elliptocytosis, 420 production of, 414 intraventricular (neonates), 529 serologic markers, 172 Hereditary hemorrhagic Histamine petechial, 140 Hepatitis antigens, 172 cortisol effect on, 340 pulmonary, 135 Hepatitis B (HBV) telangiectasia, 320 scombroid poisoning, 246 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 532 Anti-HBe, 172 autosomal dominance of, 58 signaling pathways for, 341 ulcer disease, 387 Anti-HBs, 172 Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 401 vitamin Bb6loacnkde,rs6,5406 ulcers, 387 characteristics, 171 Hereditary (ion) channelopathies, Histamine Weil disease, 145 extrahepatic manifestations, 172 Histamine receptors, 239 Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn* HBcAg, 172 308, 312 second messenger functions, 237 vitamin K administration, 69 HBeAg, 172 Hereditary motor and sensory Histamine receptors (H1), 341 Hemorrhagic cystitis HBsAg (hepatitis B surface vomiting center input, 507 adenovirus, 161 neuropathy, 540 Histamine (scombroid poisoning), 246 drugs causing, 250 antigen), 172 Hereditary spherocytosis Histidine, 79 Hemorrhagic fever medical importance, 161 Histiocytosis (Langerhans cell), 439 bunyaviruses, 164 passive antibodies for, 108 causes and findings, 428 Histology filovirus, 164 polyarteritis nodosa and, 478 RBCs in, 421 adrenal cortex and medulla, 331 hantavirus, 164 serologic marker phases, 172 Hereditary thrombophilias, 433 adult primary brain tumors, 542 Hemorrhoids sexually transmitted infection, 180 Hereditary fructose intolerance, 78 basal cell carcinoma, 493 external, 373 Hepatitis C (HCV) Hernias carcinoid tumors, 357 GI bleeding association, 387 Anti-HBc, 172 diaphragmatic, 681 childhood primary brain tumors, internal, 373 characteristics, 171 gastrointestinal, 376 544 Hemosiderin-laden macrophages cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis Herniation syndromes, 538, 545 colonic polyps, 394 Herniation syndromes (brain), 545 Crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis, (HG cells), 316 with, 478 Herpes genitalis, 162, 180, 487 389 Hemosiderinuria, 427 extrahepatic manifestations, 172 Herpes labialis, 162, 487 diabetes type 1 vs type 2, 351 Hemostasis lichen planus, 491 Herpes simplex virus digestive tract, 369 mixed cryoglobulinemia with, 479 CN VII lesions with, 548 endometrial carcinoma, 668 platelet plug formation, 417 therapy for, 200 envelope, 161 female reproductive epithelial, 646 thrombocytes (platelets), 413 Hepatitis D (HDV) foscarnet, 198 glioblastoma, 542 Hepadnavirus characteristics, 171 HSV-1/HSV-2, 162, 487 granulomatous inflammation, 213 genome, 160 Hepatitis E (HEV) identification, 163 Graves disease, 346 hepatitis B, 171 characteristics, 171 meningitis caused by, 177 hydatidiform mole, 661 structure and medical importance, hepevirus, 164 TORCH infection, 181 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 696 Hepatitis serologic markers, 172 transport of, 46 ischemic brain disease/stroke, 527 161 Hepatitis viruses Herpesviruses liver tissue architecture, 374 Heparan sulfate, 86 presentation and characteristics, cytomegalovirus, 162 Löffler endocarditis, 315 Heparin Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4), 162 lung cancer, 705 171 human herpesviruses, 162 mesothelioma, 697 deep venous thrombosis, 440 serologic markers for, 172 structure and medical importance, microscopic colitis, 389 in coagulation cascade, 419 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mechanism, use and adverse Aspergillus fumigatus, 150 161 carcinogens causing, 221 transmission and clinical effects, 440 characteristics of, 399 osteoporosis with, 249 chronic inflammation, 212 significance, 162 reversal of, 442 oncogenic microbes, 222 varicella-zoster virus (HHV-3), 162 thrombocytopenia with, 249 risk with hepatitis, 171 Herpes zoster toxicity treatment, 247 serum tumor marker, 222 dorsal root latency, 162 warfarin comparison, 441 Hepatocytes Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 162 glycogen in, 84 Herpetic whitlow, 162, 487 smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 45 Heterochromatin, 32 Hepatoduodenal ligament, 368 Heterodimer, 46 Heterodisomy, 55

INDEX  799 myocardial infarction evolution, 309 Hoarseness Human herpesvirus (HHV-8) Hydrops fetalis myositis ossificans, 477 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 384 in HIV-positive adults, 174 parvovirus B19, 181 myxomas, 320 lung cancer, 705 oncogenicity of, 222 syphilis, 181 necrosis appearance, 205 Ortner syndrome, 288 nephritic syndrome, 616 Pancoast tumor, 705 Humanized monoclonal antibodies Hydrosalpinx nephrotic syndrome, 597 thyroid cancer, 347 active vs passive immunity, 108 pelvic inflammatory disease, 182 papillary carcinoma, 347 naming conventions for, 254 rhabdomyosarcoma, 320 Hodgkin lymphoma Hydroxocobalamin, 247, 691 Histones bleomycin for, 444 Human metapneumovirus, 166 Hydroxychloroquine acetylation, 32 paraneoplastic cerebellar Human monoclonal antibody amino acids in, 79 degeneration, 224 myopathy with, 249 deacetylation, 32 subtypes of, 434 naming conventions for, 254 visual disturbance with, 250 methylation, 32 vinca alkaloids for, 445 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Hydroxylases, 71 Histoplasma spp Hydroxylation treatment, 195 Hodgkin lymphoma vs non-Hodgkin cervical pathology, 664 in protein synthesis, 43 Histoplasma capsulatum comparison, 434 HIV-positive adults, 174 Vitamin C and, 48 HIV-positive adults, 174 HPV-6, 180 Hydroxyurea necrosis with, 205 Holistic medical therapy, 273 HPV-11, 180 mechanism, use and adverse Histoplasmosis Holoprosencephaly, 501 HPV-16, 664, 692 erythema nodosum, 491 HPV-18, 664 effects, 444 unique signs/symptoms, 149 Patau syndrome, 61 oncogenicity, 222 megaloblastic anemia, 249 History taking Homatropine, 240 squamous cell carcinoma of penis, polycythemia vera, 438 gender- and sexuality-inclusive, 271 Homeobox (HOX) genes, 632 purine and pyrimidine synthesis, 34 Histrelin, 676 Homeostasis, 337 671 sickle cell anemia, 428 Histrionic personality disorder, 584 tumor epidemiology, 663 Hyoid artery, 285 HIV-associated dementia hypothalamus functions in, 509 verrucae, 485 Hyoscyamine, 240 in HIV-positive adults, 174 Homer-Wright rosettes, 354, 544 warts, 161 Hyperacute transplant rejection, 110 symptoms and histologic findings, Homicide, 276 Human placental lactogen, 654 Type II hypersensitivity, 110 Homocysteine source and function, 654 Hyperaldosteronism 537 HovmitaomcyisnteBin9edmefiectiheynlctrya,n6s6ferase Humerus fractures clinical features, 354 HIV (human immunodeficiency axillary nerve, 450 hypertension with, 304 deficiency in, 83 radial nerve, 450 potassium-sparing diuretics for, 629 virus) Homocystinuria Humor (ego defense), 573 Hyperammonemia aplastic anemia in, 427 Humoral immune response, 99, causes and management, 80 characteristics, 173 causes of, 83 fatty acid metabolism and, 87 cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis Marfan syndrome comparison, 50 415 ketone levels, 88 presentation and characteristics, 50 Hunger/satiety regulation, 509 organic acidemias, 83 with, 478 Homologous recombination repair, 37 Hunter syndrome Hyperbilirubinemia diagnosis, 173 Homology-directed repair (HDR), 51 conjugated (direct), 401 flow cytometry diagnosis, 52 Homunculus, 514 inheritance, 59 jaundice with, 401 Human herpesvirus 8, 162 “Honeycomb” appearance, 696 lysosomal storage disease, 86 unconjugated (indirect), 400 in HIV-positive adults, 174 ‘Honey-crusted” lesions, 134 Huntington disease Hypercalcemia Kaposi sarcoma, 486 Hookworms, 156 chromosomal abnormality, 62 acute pancreatitis and, 404 lymphopenia, 429 Hormone replacement therapy, 677 drug therapy for, 566 adult T-cell lymphoma, 435 NNRTIs, 199 combined contraception, 677 histone deacetylation in, 32 bisphosphonates for, 495 NRTIs, 199 estrogens for, 676 neurotransmitter changes with, calcification with, 207 pulmonary arterial hypertension, for hypopituitarism, 343 calcium carbonate antacid effects, thrombotic complications, 249 506 700 Hormones symptoms and histologic findings, 406 receptors, 163 molecular cloning of, 53 familial hypocalciuric screening for infection, 52 Hormones acting on kidney, 610 536 T cells and, 415 Hormone-sensitive lipase, 91 trinucleotide repeat expansion hypercalcemia, 349 TORCH infections, 181 Horn cysts, 485 hyperparathyroidism, 349 HIV (human immunodeficiency Horner syndrome diseases, 60 lung cancer, 705 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 547 Hurler syndrome metastatic calcification, 207 virus) therapy cavernous sinus, 559 paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 antiretroviral therapy, 199 headache and, 534 lysosomal storage disease, 86 succinylcholine, 568 entry inhibitors, 199 ipsilateral, 528 Hürthle cells, 345 thiazides, 629 protease inhibitors, 199 lung cancer, 705 Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, 350 Williams syndrome, 63 HIV-positive adults, common diseases Pancoast tumor, 705 Hyaline arteriosclerosis, 306 Hypercalciuria sympathetic nervous system and, Hyaline casts in urine, 614 hyperparathyroidism, 349 in, 174 Hydatid cysts, 157, 158 thiazides for, 629 HLA-B8 557 Hydatidiform mole Hypercapnia Horseshoe kidney, 599 oxygen diffusion limitation and, Graves disease and, 346 Hospice care (end-of-life care), 276 complete and partial, 661 HLA B27 Hot flashes hCG in, 654 686 Hydatidiform moles Hypercholesterolemia disease associations, 98 drug reaction and, 248 serum tumor marker, 222 HLA B57 Hot tub folliculitis, 141 Hydralazine corneal arcus with, 305 “Hourglass stomach”, 377 drug-induced lupus, 249 Hypercholesterolemia, familial, 58, disease associations, 98 Howell-Jolly bodies, 422 hypertension treatment, 321 HLA DQ2/DQ8 HPV-related vulvar carcinoma, 663 in heart failure, 316 92 HTLV-1 in pregnancy, 662 Hyperchylomicronemia disease associations, 98 mechanism, use and adverse HLA DR3 oncogenicity, 222 familial dyslipidemias, 92 Hu antigens, 224 effects, 323 Hypercoagulability disease associations, 98 Human chorionic gonadotropin Hydrocele (scrotal) HLA DR4 advanced malignancy, 318 (hCG) congenital, 672 deep venous thrombosis, 692 disease associations, 98 ectopic pregnancy, 660 Hydrocephalus dural venous sinus thrombosis, 515 HLA-DR4, 472 germ cell tumors, 673 nonbacterial thrombotic HLA genes hydatidiform moles, 661 childhood tumors, 544 secretion of, 632, 636 mimics of, 538 endocarditis, 318 disease associations, 346, 475 serum tumor markers, 222 noncommunicating, 502 Hyperemesis gravidarum DM type 1 association, 351 signaling pathways, 341 obstructive, 544 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 475 source and functions of, 654 risk for developing, 530 treatment, 507 HLA subtypes testicular tumors, 673 Toxoplasma gondii, 153, 181 Hyperemia disease associations, 98 theca lutein cyst, 665 types and presentation, 538 HMG-CoA reductase with dysgerminoma, 667 Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), 629 pseudoephedrine/phenylephrine, cholesterol synthesis, 71 Human evolution, 55 hyperglycemia, 248 707 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Human factors design, 277 pancreatitis, 248 naming conventions for, 253 Human herpesvirus pancreatitis with, 248 Hypereosinophilic syndrome, 315 HMG-CoA synthase, 71 HHV-6, 162, 178 Hydrogen peroxide, 127, 200 Hyperglycemia HMP shunt HHV-6 and HHV-7, 162 Hydronephrosis metabolic site, 71 HHV-8, 162, 174, 486 causes and effects of, 620 drugs causing, 248 NADPH production, 72, 76 duplex collecting system, 599 immunosuppressants, 119 rate-determining enzyme, 71, 72 kidney stones, 619 pancreatic cell tumors, 357 vitamin B1 deficiency, 64 prenatal, 598 protease inhibitors, 199 with horseshoe kidney, 599 thiazides, 629 Hydrophobia, 169 HyvpitearmglyinceBm3itcoxeimcietyr,ge6n5cies, 351 uploaded by medbooksvn

800 INDEX Hypergonadotropic (1°) rheumatic fever, 319 thyroidectomy, 347 Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis hypogonadism, 656 sulfonamides, 191 tumor lysis syndrome, 440 GnRH analog effects on, 332 Hypersensitivity types, 110 Hypochlorhydria hypergastrinemia, Hypergranulosis, 491 Hypersomnia, 580 Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones Hypergranulosis, characteristics/ Hypertension 386 adrenal insufficiency, 353 ACE inhibitors for, 630 Hypocomplementemia, 616 functions and clinical notes, 332 examples, 483 aortic dissection risk with, 307 Hypocretin, 587 Hyperhidrosis β-blocker use, 244 Hypodermis, 481 Hypothalamus episodic, 355 Hypofibrinogenemia, 210 endocannabinoid effects, 340 treatment of, 136 intracranial hemorrhage with, 530 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 224 functions and nuclei of, 509 Hyper-IgM syndrome, 115 in upper extremities, 304 Hypogastric nerve, 647 in narcolepsy, 587 Hyperinsulinemia renovascular disease, 625 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) nuclei of, 509 risk factors, features and primary polydipsia and, 342 polycystic ovarian syndrome, 665 function, 521 reproductive hormone control, 676 Hyperkalemia predisposition to, 304 lesion in, 548 secretions from, 331 Hypertension in pregnancy, 662 with stroke, 529 sleep cycle role of, 508 aldosterone in, 608 Hypertension treatment, 321 Hypoglycemia aliskiren, 630 gluconeogenesis and, 76 Hypothenar muscles, 454 angiotensin II receptor blockers, 630 in asthma, 321 hypoketotic, 87 Klumpke palsy, 452 blood transfusion risk, 434 in pregnancy, 321 in diabetes mellitus, 352 cardiac glycosides, 326 with diabetes mellitus, 321 in ethanol metabolism, 70 Hypotheses (statistical) testing, 264 cation exchange resins for, 361 with heart failure, 321 Von Gierke disease, 85 Hypothyroidism potassium shifts and, 610 Hypertensive crisis with insulinoma, 357 potassium-sparing diuretics, 629 as psychiatric emergencies, 589 Hypogonadism, 402 amiodarone and, 328 tumor lysis syndrome, 440 MAO inhibitors, 595 diagnosis of, 658 carpal tunnel syndrome with, 463 Hyperkalemic tubular acidosis (RTA phenoxybenzamine, 243 disorders of imprinting , 56 causes and findings, 345 with pheochromocytoma, 355 estrogens for, 676 drug reaction and, 248 type 4), 613 Hypertensive emergency gynecomastia, 669 hormone replacement for, 360 Hyperkeratosis acute end-organ damage, 304 Kallmann syndrome, 658 iodine deficiency or excess, 345 RBC casts in, 614 pituitary prolactinomas, 332 lithium, 594 characteristics/examples, 483 treatment, 323 testosterone/methyltestosterone, systemic effects of, 344 verrucae, 485 Hypertensive retinopathy, 554 Hypothyroid myopathy, 344 Hyperlipidemia Hypertensive urgency, 304 678 Hypotonia atherosclerosis and, 305 Hyperthermia zinc deficiency, 69 splicing of pre-mRNA in, 41 immunosuppressants, 118 atropine causing, 240 Hypogonadotropic (2°) Zellweger syndrome, 46 signs of, 305 MDMA, 591 Hypoventilation thiazides, 629 Hyperthyroidism hypogonadism, 656 causes of, 688 Hyperopia, 551 amiodarone and, 328 Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, metabolic alkalosis compensatory Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state causal agents, 248 DM type 2, 350 causes and findings, 346 658 response, 612 pathogenesis, signs/symptoms and symptoms with testicular Hypohidrosis, 86 Hypovolemic shock, 317 Hypokalemia Hypoxanthine treatment, 351 choriocarcinoma, 673 Hyperparathyroidism systemic effects of, 344 antacid use and, 406 in nucleotides, 33 thionamides for treatment, 360 loop diuretics, 628 Hypoxanthine guanine calcium pyrophosphate deposition Hyperthyroidism/thyroid storm on ECG, 298 disease, 473 β-blocker use, 244 potassium shifts with, 610 phosphoribosyltransferase Hypertriglyceridemia VIPomas and, 378 (HGPRT) cinacalcet for, 361 acute pancreatitis and, 404 Hypoketosis, 88 adenosine deaminase deficiency, lab values in, 469 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 315 Hypoketotic hypoglycemia, 87 35 metastatic calcification, 207 β-blocker use, 244 Hypomanic episodes, 580 Hypoxia and hypoxemia, 688 types and presentation, 349 with Friedreich ataxia, 547 Hyponatremia erythropoietin production, 609 Hyperphagia, 56 Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 705 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 exercise response, 690 depression with, 580 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 euvolemic, 342 high altitude response, 690 Hyperphosphatemia Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 366 MDMA, 591 lung diseases, 700 calcification with, 207 Hypertrophic scars, 214 thiazides, 629 nocturnal, 699 hypoparathyroidism, 348 Hypertrophy Hypoparathyroidism susceptible regions, 206 renal osteodystrophy and, 624 cellular adaptations, 202 lab values in, 348 vasoconstriction, 700 tumor lysis syndrome, 440 skeletal muscle, 460 types and findings, 348 vasoconstriction/vasodilation and, with chronic kidney disease, 349 Hyperuricemia Hypophosphatemia 300 Hyperpigmentation drugs causing, 249 hyperparathyroidism, 349 with limited oxygen diffusion, 686 bleomycin, 444 gout and, 473 Hypopituitarism Hypoxia inducible factor 1a, 220 busulfan, 445 kidney stones and, 619 causes and treatment, 343 Hypoxic stroke, 527 fludrocortisone, 360 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 Hypoplasia, 635 Hypoxic vasoconstriction hemochromatosis, 402 thiazides, 629 Hypopyon, 555 (pulmonary), 686 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 394 HyvpitearmveinntiBla3titoonxicity, 65 Hyporeflexia high altitude, 690 primary adrenal insufficiency, 353 metabolic acidosis compensatory magnesium hydroxide and, 406 Hysteresis, 685 Hyperplasia Hypospadias, 643 adrenal, 352 response, 612 Hyposplenia I cellular adaptations, 202 therapeutic, 513 Streptococcus pneumoniae Ibandronate, 495 of parathyroid, 349 Hypervitaminosis D, 469 IBD-associated arthritis parathyroid, 356 Hypertriglyceridemia infections, 134 Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis, 306 familial dyslipidemias, 92 Hypotension HLA subtype, 98 Hyperplastic polyps, 394 Hypnagogic hallucinations Ibuprofen, 495 Hyperprolactinemia, 332, 542 narcolepsy, 578, 587 adrenal insufficiency, 353 Ibutilide, 328 anovulation, 665 Hypnopompic hallucinations, 587 aliskiren, 630 ICAM-1 protein causal agents, 248 narcolepsy, 578 angiotensin II receptor blockers, drug reactions, 323 Hypnozoites, 154 in leukocyte extravasation, 211 effects, 332 Hypoaldosteronism, 613 630 viral receptor, 163 Hyperpyrexia, 589, 595 Hypocalcemia, 347 baroreceptors in, 299 I cells Hyperreactio luteinalis, 665 acute pancreatitis and, 404 drugs causing, 195 cholecystokinin secretion, 378 Hyperresonance (chest percussion), cinacalcet causing, 361 endotoxins, 129 Ichthyosis vulgaris, 485, 491 hypoparathyroidism, 348 ephedrine for, 241 Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis, 145 702 lab values with disorders, 348 hypermagnesemia, 611 Idarucizumab, 247 Hypersalivation, 169 magnesium with, 611 in pregnancy, 663 Idealization, 573 Hypersensitivity renal osteodystrophy, 624 magnesium hydroxide and, 406 Identification (ego defense), 573 secondary hyperparathyroidism, midodrine for, 241 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Type IV reaction, 485 norepinephrine for, 241 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 696 349 orthostatic, 353 538 Hypersensitivity reactions phenylephrine for, 241 acetazolamide for, 628 scombroid poisoning, 246 associations and findings, 538 cephalosporins, 186 sympatholytic drugs and, 243 drugs causing, 250 Graves disease, 346 Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs hypopituitarism with, 343 immune complex-mediated, 111 clinical use and adverse effects, 360 with danazol, 678 mast cells and, 414 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 696 organ transplants, 117 penicillins, 184 piperacillin, 185

INDEX  801 Idiopathic thrombocytic purpura Imiquimod Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator Inflammation (ITP) mechanism, use and adverse (ICD), 312 acute-phase reactants, 209 effects, 497 cardinal signs, 209 risk with hepatitis B and C, 172 Imprinting disorders, 56 characteristics of acute, 210 IDL (intermediate-density Immature ego defenses, 572 Prader-Willi and Angelman chronic, 212 Immature teratoma, 667 syndrome comparison, 56 CRP with, 209 lipoprotein), 92 Immune checkpoint interactions ESR with, 210 Iduronate-2, 86 Inactivated (killed) vaccine, 109 granulomatous, 213 IFN-α (Interferon-α), 107, 119 (cancer), 218 Incidence vs prevalence, 261 in atherosclerosis, 305 Immune complex Inclusion bodies, 45 neutrophils in, 412 myopathy with, 249 Inclusion cell disease systemic manifestations (acute- IFN-β(Interferon-β), 119 fibrinoid necrosis, 205 phase reaction), 209 IFN-γ (Interferon-γ), 107, 119 Type III hypersensitivity, 111 cell trafficking, 45 types of, 209 Immune evasion Inclusions wound healing, 212 chronic inflammation, 212 in cancer, 217 Ifosfamide Immune privilege organs, 97 Cowdry A, 163 Inflammatory bowel diseases Immune responses Negri bodies, 169 colorectal cancer and, 394 Fanconi syndrome with, 250 acute-phase reactants, 97 “owl eye”, 162 Crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis, hemorrhagic cystitis with, 250 antigen type and memory, 103 RBCs, 422 389 mechanism, use and adverse Bordetella pertussis vaccine, 141 reticulate bodies, 146 erythema nodosum, 490 cell surface proteins, 108 Incomplete penetrance, 54 methotrexate for, 444 effects, 445 cytokines, 106 Incontinence (fecal/urinary), 457 microscopic colitis, 389 IgA and IgG deamidated gliadin hypersensitivity types, 111 Increased intracranial pressure sclerosing cholangitis and, 402 immunoglobulin isotypes, 103 venous sinus thrombosis, 515 spondyloarthritis with, 475 peptide autoantibody, 113 Immune system vitamin A toxicity, 64 therapeutic antibodies for, 120 IgA antibodies aging effects on, 225 Incus (ossicles), 549 organs, 94 pharyngeal arch derivative, 640 Inflammatory breast disease, 669, 670 anti-endomysial autoantibody, 113 Immune thrombocytopenia, 432 India ink stain, 123 Inflammatory hypersensitivity anti-tissue transglutaminase Type II hypersensitivity, 110 Indirect bilirubin, 382 Immunity Indirect cholinomimetic agonists reaction, 111 autoantibody, 113 adaptive, 415 actions and applications, 239 Infliximab functions of, 103 innate, 415 Indirect inguinal hernia, 377 Peyer patches and, 381 passive vs active, 108 Indirect (inhibitory) pathway, 512 for Crohn disease, 389 IgA deficiency Immunocompromised patients Indirect sympathomimetics mechanism, use and adverse ataxia-telangiectasia, 115 Candida albicans in, 150 actions and applications, 241 IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) common organisms affecting, 176 Indomethacin, 473, 495 effects, 497 immunoglobulin A vasculitis Cryptosporidium, 150 Infant and child development, 574 target and clinical use, 120 invasive aspergillosis, 150 Infant development, 574 Influenza association, 479 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 Infantile gastroenteritis, 165 bacterial superinfections, 166 nephritic syndrome, 616 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 Infarction pneumonia, 703 IgA protease Immunodeficiencies bone and marrow, 468 structure and medical importance, bacterial virulence, 127 flow cytometry diagnosis, 52 hypoxia/ischemia in, 206 IgD antibodies infections in, 116 Infarcts 164, 166 B cells and, 103 Th1 response, 114 atherosclerosis, 305 treatment/prevention, 197 IgE antibodies Th17 cell deficiency, 114 cortical areas, 514 Informed consent, 267 allergen-specific, 110 thymus in, 96 cortical watershed areas, 514 Informed consent requirements, 268 ataxia-telangiectasia, 115 Immunofluorescence pituitary, 343 Infraspinatus muscle atopic dermatitis, 485 pemphigus vulgaris vs bullous types of, 206 Erb palsy, 452 functions of, 103 Infections pitching injury, 451 immunotherapy, 120 pemphigoid, 489 brain abscess with, 177 Infundibulopelvic ligament, 645 type I hypersensitivity, 110 Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, 478, dilated cardiomyopathy and, 315 Inguinal canal, 376 IgE-independent mast cell ESR with, 210 Inguinal hernia, 377 479 fungal, 150 Inguinal ligament, 375 degranulation, 414 epidemiology/presentation, 479 IL-12 receptor deficiency, 114 Inguinal triangle, 377 IgG antibodies Immunoglobulin isotypes, 103 in immunocompromised patients, Inhalational injury/sequelae, 697 Immunoglobulins Inhaled anesthetics as passive immunity, 108 adaptive immunity and, 97 137 mechanism and adverse effects, ataxia-telangiectasia, 115 breast milk and, 655 in immunodeficiency, 116 bullous pemphigoid , 489 for Kawasaki disease, 478 Infectious esophagitis, 384 567 in multiple myeloma, 436 Immunohistochemical stains Infective endocarditis naming conventions for, 252 pemphigus vulgaris, 489 tumor identification, 223 Candida albicans, 150 Inhaled glucocorticoids, 708 response to antigen, 103 Immunologic blood transfusion causes, presentation, 318 Inhaled psychoactive drugs, 590 type III hypersensitivity reactions, coarctation of aorta, 304 Inheritance modes, 57 reactions, 112 Coxiella burnetii, 147 Inhibin B 111 Immunologic memory, 99 culture-negative, 148 Sertoli cell secretion of, 648 IgM antibodies Immunology daptomycin, 192 Initiation (protein synthesis) enterococci, 135 initiation of, 43 antigen response, 103 cellular components, 97 marantic, 224 Injectable drug use hepatitis A (HAV), 172 immune responses, 102 nonbacterial thrombotic, 224 common causes of pneumonia, in biliary cirrhosis, 402 immunosuppressants, 118 prophylaxis, 194 IL-12/IL-23 lymphoid structures, 94 Staphylococcus aureus, 133 176 immunotherapy target, 120 Immunophenotype assessment, 52 Streptococcus bovis, 135 Injury (unintentional), 276 IL-12 receptor deficiency, 114 Immunosuppressants Inferior colliculi, 516 Innate immune system IL-17A mechanism, indications and Inferior gluteal nerve, 457 immunotherapy target, 120 Inferior oblique muscle, 557 components and mechanism, 97, IL-23 toxicity, 118 Inferior rectal artery, 372 415 immunotherapy target, 120 nucleotide synthesis effects of, 34 Inferior rectus muscle, 557 Ileum transplant rejection, 118 Inferior vena cava (IVC) in acute inflammation, 210 histology of, 369 Immunosuppression embryological derivation of, 2 natural killer cells in, 415 Ileus, 393 squamous cell carcinoma and, 493 Innate vs adaptive immunity, 97 bacterial peritonitis (spontaneous), vitamin A deficiency, 64 86 dendritic cell functions, 414 Immunosuppressive drugs Infertility Inner ear, 549 397 nucleotide synthesis effects of, 34 Inotropy, 291 neurogenic, 239 Immunotherapy clomiphene, 676 INR (international normalized ratio), postoperative, 239 recombinant cytokines, 119 Kallmann syndrome, 658 Iliacus, 456 Impaired automobile drivers, leuprolide for, 676 431 Iliohypogastric nerve, 456 mumps, 673 Insomnia therapy Iliopsoas, 455 confidentiality and, 269 salpingitis, 182 Iliotibial band syndrome, 465 Impaired colleague, 273 varicoceles, 671 agents, mechanism and adverse Illness anxiety disorder, 585 Imperforate hymen, 664 with uterine anomalies, 642 effects, 564 Iloperidone, 593 Impetigo, 486, 487 Infiltrative cardiomyopathy, 315 Imatinib Inflammasome, 210 Inspiration, 295 CML, 437 crusts with, 483 Inspiratory capacity (IC), 684 mechanism, use and adverse Streptococcus pyogenes, 134 Inspiratory reserve volume, 684 Inspiratory stridor, 167, 183 effects, 447 Insulin IMG registration timeframe, 6 Imipenem fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 74 glycogen regulation, 84 seizures with, 250 Imipramine, 252 enuresis treatment, 587 uploaded by medbooksvn

802 INDEX Insulin (continued) Internal hemorrhoids, 373 Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway Ischemic priapism, 671 potassium shifts with, 610 Internal jugular vein, 515 regulation factors Islet amyloid polypeptide, 208, 351 synthesis, function, and regulation, Internal oblique muscle, 456 Islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies, 92 338 Internal rotation function and regulation, 204 Islets of Langerhans, 331 Intrinsic pathway Isocarboxazid, 595 Insulin deficiency, 610 hip, 455 Isocitrate dehydrogenase Insulin-dependent glucose International Foundations of coagulation disorders, 431 heparin and, 441 rate-determining enzyme, 71 transporters, 338 Medicine (IFOM), 10 Intrinsic renal failure, 622 Isodisomy, 55 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 526, Introns Isoflurane, 567 splicing out, 40 Isolated atrial amyloidosis, 208 acromegaly, 343 560 vs exons, 41 Isolation of affect, 573 signaling pathways for, 341 Interossei muscles Intussusception, 391, 392, 479 Isoleucine Insulinoma, 357 Inulin pancreatic cell tumor, 354 Klumpke palsy, 452 clearance, 602 classification of, 79 Insulin preparations Interpersonal therapy, 592 glomerular filtration rate and, 601 maple syrup urine disease and, 79 mechanism and adverse effects, Interpreters, use of, 274 in proximal convoluted tubules, Isoniazid Interpreting study results, 262 cytochrome P-450, 251 358 Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia, 703 607 hepatitis with, 248 Insulin resistance Interstitial cells of Cajal, 369 Invariant chain, 98 mechanism and adverse effects, Interstitial fluid, 299 Invasive carcinomas acanthosis nigricans and, 491 Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure, 301 193 cortisol, 340 Interstitial lung disease, 696 cervix, 664 peripheral neuropathy with, 250 GH, 333 Interstitial nephritis Invasive lobular carcinoma (breast), seizures with, 250 with human placental lactogen, 654 visual disturbance, 250 Insurance as drug reaction, 250 670 Vitamin65B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency, financial coverage, 273 NSAID toxicity, 495 Inversion (foot), 457 Isoproterenol types of plans, 275 penicillins, 185 Involuntary treatment, 269 sympathomimetic action, 242 Integrase inhibitors, 199, 252 Interstitial pneumonia, 703 Iodine Isosorbide dinitrate, 323 Integrins Interventricular foramen, 285 Isosorbide mononitrate, 323 epithelial cell junctions, 482 Interventricular septal rupture, 309, infection control, 200 Isotretinoin viral receptor, 163 teratogenic effects of, 634 cystic acne, 64 Intellectual disability 314 Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, 346 teratogenicity of, 634 autism and, 576 Interviewing techniques Iodophors, 200 Isovolumetric contraction, 292 childhood and early-onset Ionizing radiation Isovolumetric relaxation, 292 patient-centered, 270 carcinogenicity of, 221 Itraconazole, 196 disorders, 576 “Intestinal angina”, 393 toxicity, 207 systemic mycoses, 149, 151 cri-du-chat syndrome, 62 Intestinal atresia IP3 Ivabradine fragile X syndrome, 60 endocrine hormone signaling mechanism, use and adverse Patau syndrome, 61 presentation and causes of, 366 phenylketonuria, 82 Intestinal disorders, 393 pathways, 341 effects, 328 Williams syndrome, 63 Intestinal infections IPEX syndrome, 100 visual disturbances with, 250 Intellectualization, 573 Ipilimumab, 446 Ivacaftor Intention tremor, 535 cestodes, 157 Ipratropium, 240, 708 in cystic fibrosis, 58 Interdigital tinea pedis, 488 nematodes, 156 Irinotecan, 445 Ivermectin, 156, 158, 196, 197 Interferons trematodes, 157 Iritis, 555 IVIG therapy, 108 clinical use, 119 Intestinal microbiota Iron “Ivory white” plaques, 698 mechanism, clinical use and Klebsiella spp in, 143 Ixazomib, 447 vitamin K synthesis, 69 absorption and vitamin C, 67 Ixekizumab adverse effects, 107 Intestinal obstruction absorption of, 67, 381 target and clinical use, 120 Interferon-γ intermittent, 370 excess, 65 Ixodes tick, 144, 147, 154 Intimate partner violence, 273 granules in RBCs, 422 functions of, 106 Intoxication (psychoactive drugs), 590 in hemochromatosis, 402 J Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), 138 Intracellular bacteria, 125 interpretation of studies, 423 JAK2 gene Interleukin 1 (IL-1), 106 Intracellular receptors restless legs syndrome and, 535 Interleukin-2 agonist/analog endocrine hormone signaling toxicity of, 67 associated neoplasm, 220 toxicity treatment, 247 in myeloproliferative disorders, 438 naming conventions for, 254 pathways, 341 Iron deficiency anemia Janeway lesions, 318 Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Intracranial calcifications iron study interpretation, 423 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 144 lab findings with, 424 Jaundice clinical use, 119 Toxoplasma gondii, 153 organisms associated with, 158 biliary tract disease, 400 functions of, 106 Intracranial hemorrhage with colorectal cancer, 395 cholangitis, 403 sirolimus and, 118 Iron granules, 422 drugs causing, 248 tacrolimus and, 118 eclampsia, 662 Iron poisoning, acute vs chronic, 431 graft-versus-host disease, 117 Interleukin 3 (IL-3) types and findings, 530 Iron studies, interpretation, 423 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, functions of, 106 Intracranial hypertension Irreversible cellular injury changes, 203 Interleukin-4 (IL-4) idiopathic, 538 Irritable bowel disease (IBD) 401 functions of, 106 vitamin A toxicity, 64 fecal calprotectin and, 389 painless, 375 Interleukin 5 (IL-5) Intracranial pressure GI bleeding with, 387 pancreatic cancer, 405 functions of, 106 ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, 538 Irritable bowel syndrome yellow fever, 168 Interleukin 6 (IL-6), 106 hydrocephalus, 538 antispasmodic drugs, 240 Jaw jerk reflex, 521 in inflammation, 209 in Cushing reflex, 299 criteria and symptoms, 390 JC virus infection (John Cunningham Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in perfusion regulation, 513 Isavuconazole, 196 acute inflammation, 210 superior vena cava syndrome, 706 fungal infections, 150 virus) functions of, 106 Intraductal papilloma, 669 Ischemia in demyelination disorders, 540 Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Intraepithelial adenocarcinoma, 663 acute tubular necrosis, 623 JC virus (John Cunningham virus) acute inflammation, 210 Intraocular pressure (IOP), 553 acute tubular necrosis from, 622 HIV-positive adults, 174 functions of, 106 Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 530 coagulative necrosis, 205 immunocompromised patients, 117 Interleukin 12 (IL-12) Intrauterine adhesions, 668 colonic, 370 polyomaviruses, 161 functions, 106 Intrauterine device, copper, 677 digital, 480 Jejunum Interleukin-13 (IL-13) Intravascular catheters, 182 liver effects of, 374 histology, 369 functions of, 106 Intravascular hemolysis mesenteric and colonic, 393 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Interleukin receptor antagonist causes and findings with, 427 of bowel, 399 naming conventions for, 254 G6PD deficiency, 428 vulnerable organs and 312 Interleukin receptor modulators microangiopathic hemolytic Jimson weed, 240 naming conventions for, 254 mechanisms, 206 “jock itch”, 488 Intermediate acting insulin, 358 anemia, 429 watershed areas, 206 Jod-Basedow phenomenon Intermediate filaments paroxysmal nocturnal Ischemic brain disease/stroke cytoskeletal element, 46 consequences and time course, 527 causes and findings, 346 Intermediate lobe (pituitary) hemoglobinuria, 105 types of, 527 Joint hypermobility, 49 secretions of, 331 Intravenous anesthetics Ischemic heart disease Joints Intermediate zone (Zone II), 374 contraindicated antiarrhythmics, Intermittent explosive disorder, 576 mechanism and adverse effects, angle change sensation, 505 Internal carotid artery 567 327 Chikungunya virus, 168 cavernous sinus, 559 manifestations of, 308 Intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal, 529 Intrinsic factor source, action and regulation, 379 Intrinsic hemolytic anemias types and findings, 428

INDEX  803 hypermobility, 49 changes in glomerular dynamics, Kyphoscoliosis, 547 Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) restricted movements of, 45 603 I-cell disease, 45 injury, 455 Jugular venous distention heart failure, 316 chronic graft nephropathy, 117 Kyphosis Lateral corticospinal tract, 523 right heart failure, 316 collecting system anomalies, 599 in homocystinuria, 83 Lateral elbow tendinopathy, 462 with Budd-Chiari syndrome, 399 congenital solitary, 599 osteoporosis, 467 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, Jugular venous pulse, 292, 320 electrolyte disturbances, 611 Justice (ethics), 267 embryology, 598 L 456 Juvenile polyposis, 394 filtration, 603 “la belle indifférence”, 585 Lateral geniculate nucleus, 509 Juvenile polyposis syndrome, 394 glucose clearance, 604 Labetalol, 244, 323 Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) Juxtaglomerular apparatus hormonal functions of, 609 components and functions, 609 hormones acting on, 610 hypertension treatment, 321 syndrome, 529 Juxtaglomerular cells ischemia, 206 in pregnancy, 662 Lateral meniscal tear, 455 tumors in, 354 reabsorption and secretion rate Labile cells, 44 Lateral nucleus (hypothalamus), 509 Lac operons, 38 Lateral rectus muscle, 557 K calculation, 604 Lacrimation reflex, 521 Lateral thoracic artery, 458 KKaml,a2-a2z8ar, 155 transplant prophylaxis, 118 Lactase deficiency, 388 Lateral ventricles Kallikrein, 105 Kidney stones types, findings and treatment, 79 Kallmann syndrome, 509, 656, 658 cystine stones, 83 Lactase-persistent allele, 79 ventricular system, 516 Kaplan Meier curve, 259 electrolyte disturbances, 611 Lactation, 650, 655 LD50 (lethal median dose), 233 Kaposi sarcoma, 486 hyperparathyroidism, 349 Lactational mastitis, 669 LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 92 presentation, content and findings, Lactic acid dehydrogenase, 75 bacillary angiomatosis vs, 486 Lactic acidosis PCSK9 enzyme, 91 HHV-8, 162 619 ethanol metabolism and, 70 receptor binding, 91 HIV-positive adults, 174 risk factors for, 613 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex serum tumor marker, 222 oncogenic microbes, 222 urinary tract infections, 179 Leaden paralysis, 580 Kartagener syndrome Kiesselbach plexus, 692 deficiency, 75 Lead lines, 425 dextrocardia, 284 Killed (inactivated) vaccine, 109 Lactobacillus spp “Lead pipe” appearance (colon), 389 obstructive lung disease, 695 Killian triangle, 391 Lead poisoning Karyolysis, 203 Kinases, 71 neonatal microbiota, 175 anemia with, 425 Karyorrhexis, 203 Kinesin Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria mechanism and presentation, 430 Karyotyping, 53 movement of, 46 signs/symptoms and treatment, 425 Kawasaki disease, 478 Kinin cascade/pathways, 418 culture requirements, 124 Lead-time bias, 262 Kayser-Fleischer rings, 402 Klebsiella spp types and culture, 142 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, K cells acute cystitis, 621 Lactose hydrogen breath test, 79, 388 GIP production, 378 alcohol use disorder, 176 Lactose intolerance, 388 60 K complexes/sleep spindles, 508 effects of, 143 Lactose metabolism Leber hereditary optic neuropathy Kegel exercises, 620 healthcare-associated infections, genetic response to environmental Keloid scars, 214 (LHON), 57 Keratinocytes, 212 182 change, 38 Lecithinase, 131, 136 Keratin pearls, 493, 705 kidney stones and, 619 Lactulose Lecithin-cholesterol acetyltransferase Keratoconjunctivitis, 162 pneumonia, 703 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 474 pneumonia with, 703 for hepatic encephalopathy, 398 (LCAT) Keratomalacia, 64 Klebsiella pneumoniae gut microbiota effects, 408 activation of, 91 Keratosis cephalosporins, 186 in hyperammonemia, 80 Ledipasvir, 200 hyperkeratosis, 483 polymyxins, 190 Lacunar infarcts, 528 Leflunomide parakeratosis, 483 urinary tract infections, 179 Ladd bands, 392 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase seborrheic, 485 Klinefelter syndrome Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome Keratosis pilaris, 485 characteristics of, 657 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 inhibition, 34 Kernicterus, 200, 401 chromosome association, 62 autoantibody, 113 mechanism, use and adverse Kernohan notch, 545 gynecomastia, 669 pathophysiology, symptoms and Kernohan phenomenon, 545 Klumpke palsy effects, 495 Ketamine, 567, 580 injury and deficits, 452 treatment, 480 Left bundle branch, 298 Ketoacidosis Klüver-Bucy syndrome Lamina propria Left circumflex coronary artery, 309 ethanol metabolism, 70 brain lesions with, 526 Left heart disease in ethanol metabolism, 70 Knee conditions in Whipple disease, 388 Ketoconazole, 678 common, 464 Peyer patches in, 381 pulmonary hypertension, 700 cytochrome P-450, 251 iliotibial band syndrome, 465 Lamins, 46 Left heart failure, 316 mechanism, use and adverse ligament and meniscus, 464 Lamivudine, 199 Left shift, 412 Osgood-Schlatter disease, 466 Lamotrigine Legally incompetent (patient), 268 effects, 196 overuse injury, 466 for bipolar disorder, 580 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 466, 468 Ketogenesis popliteal cyst, 464 mechanism and adverse effects, Legionella spp prepatellar bursitis, 464 ethanol metabolism, 70 test procedure, 455 561 atypical organism, 176 metabolic site, 72 Knockdown, 54 rash caused by, 249 culture requirements, 124 rate-determining enzyme for, 71 Knock-in, 54 Lancet-shaped diplococci, 134 Gram stain for, 123 Ketogenic amino acids, 79 Knock-out, 54 Landmarks (anatomical) macrolides, 190 Ketone bodies Knudson 2-hit hypothesis, 220 for dermatomes, 525 pneumonia, 703 in starvation, 89 KOH preparation, 488 structures penetrating diaphragm, pneumonia with, 703 metabolism of, 88 Koilocytes stain for, 123 Ketorolac, 495 condylomata acuminata, 180 683 Legionella pneumophila Kidney disease Koilocytosis, 485 vertebral, 371 findings and treatment, 141 acute injury, 143, 622 Koilonychia, 424 Langerhans cell, 138 Legionnaires’ disease, 141 acute interstitial nephritis, 622 Koplik spots, 167, 178 Langerhans cell histiocytosis Leiomyoma, 668 acute tubular necrosis, 623 Korsakoff syndrome, 64, 577 presentation, 439 Leiomyoma (fibroid) diffuse cortical necrosis, 623 Kozak sequence, 40 pulmonary, 696 nomenclature, 216 extrahepatic manifestations of Krabbe disease, 86, 540 Langhans giant cell, 138 Leiomyosarcoma, 216 KRAS gene Lansoprazole, 406 Leishmania spp hepatitis, 172 adenomatous colonic polyps and, Laplace law, 289, 681 visceral infections, 155 pyelonephritis, 621 Large cell carcinoma of lung, 705 Length-time bias, 262 renal papillary necrosis, 623 394 Large-vessel vasculitis Lens renal tubular defects, 606 associated neoplasm, 220 epidemiology/presentation, 478 collagen in, 48 vitamin D deficiency and, 68 lung cancer and, 705 Larva migrans, 156 disorders of, 552 Kidneys Krukenberg tumor, 386 Laryngeal papillomatosis, 692 Lens dislocation adrenergic receptors in, 236 Kulchitsky cells, 705 Laryngopharyngeal reflux, 384 causes and disease association, 552 blood flow autoregulation by, 300 Kupffer cells, 374 Laryngospasm in homocystinuria, 83 carcinogens affecting, 221 Kuru, 175 drug-induced, 589 Marfan syndrome and Kussmaul respirations, 351 tracheoesophageal anomalies, 366 Kussmaul sign, 320 Larynx homocystinuria, 50 Kwashiorkor, 69 carcinogens affecting, 221 Lenticulostriate artery intrinsic muscles of, 640 respiratory tree, 682 stroke effects in, 528 Lassa fever encephalitis, 164 Lentiform nucleus, 512 Latanoprost, 570 Leonine facies, 139 Latent errors, 278 Lepromatous leprosy, 139 Leprosy, 139 animal transmission, 147 dapsone, 191 erythema nodosum, 491 uploaded by medbooksvn

804 INDEX Leptin, 340 secretions of, 648 Lipoproteins Long acting insulin, 358 appetite regulation, 340 tumors of, 673 functions of, 92 Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) in hypothalamus, 509 LFA-1 antigens, 211 LFA-1 integrin protein Liposarcomas, 216 metabolism of, 87 Leptospira spp defect in phagocytes, 115 Lipoteichoic acid Long QT syndrome Gram stain for, 123 Libido zoonotic infections, 147 testosterone and, 655 cytoplasmic membrane, 122 sudden cardiac death, 308 Libman-Sacks endocarditis, 318 Liquefactive necrosis, 205, 527 Long thoracic nerve Leptospira interrogans Libman-Sacks Endocarditis (, 476 Liraglutide, 359 clinical significance, 145 Lice Lisch nodules, 541 neurovascular pairing, 458 head/scalp, 158 Lisdexamfetamine, 593 Loop diuretics Leptospirosis, 145, 147 treatment, 196 Lisinopril, 630 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Lichen planus, 172, 483, 491 Lissencephaly, 501 for heart failure, 316 Lichen sclerosus, 663 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 mechanism, use and adverse effects clinical findings, 35 Lichen simplex chronicus, 663 inheritance, 59 Liddle syndrome food poisoning, 175 of, 628 Leser-Trélat sign, 224 renal disorder features, 611 Lithium toxicity of, 250 GI adenocarcinoma, 485 renal tubular defects, 606 Loop of Henle, 628 Lesser omental sac, 368 Lid lag/retraction, 344 bipolar disorder treatment, 580 Bartter syndrome and, 606 Letrozole, 676 Lidocaine diabetes insipidus and, 248 ethacrynic acid effect on, 628 Leucine Class IB sodium channel blockers, mechanism, use and adverse “Loose associations”, 578 classification of, 79 Loperamide Leucine zipper motif, 51 326 effects, 594 for diarrhea, 569 Leucovorin, 247, 444, 447 Lidocaine, 567 prenatal exposure, 304 mechanism, clinical use and Leukemias Life support withdrawal, 273 teratogenicity of, 634 carcinogens for, 221 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 54 thyroid functions with, 248 adverse effects, 407 cyclophosphamide for, 445 toxicity of, 589 Lopinavir, 199 cytarabine for, 444 chromosomal abnormality, 62 Live attenuated vaccines, 109 Loratadine, 706 epidemiology in children, 218 osteosarcomas, 471 Livedo reticularis, 306, 565 Lorazepam, 563 lymphoma comparison, 434 tumor suppressor genes, 44 Liver Losartan, 630 mucormycosis, 150 Ligaments blood supply to, 374 Lovastatin, 324 nomenclature, 216 female reproductive anatomy, carcinogens affecting, 221 Löwenstein-Jensen medium, 124 suppressor genes, 220 functional liver markers, 397 Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) T-cell, 435 645 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 368 types and characteristics, 437 gastrointestinal anatomy, 368 ischemia, 206 achalasia and, 378 vinca alkaloids for, 445 Ligamentum arteriosum, 287 lipid transport and, 92 nitric oxide and, 378 Leukemoid reaction Ligamentum teres hepatis (round sources of metastases, 399 Lower extremity chronic myelogenous leukemia tissue architecture, 374 nerves, injury and presentation, 456 ligament), 287, 368 tumor metastases from, 219 neurovascular pairing in, 458 comparison, 438 Ligamentum venosum, 287 Liver/biliary disease Lower GI bleeding, 387 Leukocoria, 555 Lightheadedness, 550 alcoholic, 398 Lower left quadrant (LLQ) pain, 390 Light-near dissociation, 544 biopsy with hepatitis, 171 Lower motor neuron with retinoblastoma, 555 Likelihood ratio (LR), 259 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 399 CN XII lesion, 548 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Limb ataxia, 526 drug dosages with, 229 deficits with syringomyelia, 502 Limb compartment syndrome, 465 hepatosteatosis, 70 effects of injury, 545 immunodeficiencies, 115 Limbic system hereditary, 401 facial nerve lesion, 548 types, 211 serum markers, 397 facial paralysis, 528 Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase behavior modulation, 509 Wilson disease and, 402 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, structures and function of, 510 Liver disease (LAP), 412 Limited scleroderma enzymes released with, 397 546 Leukocyte esterase, 179, 621 autoantibody, 113, 481 hyperammonemia with, 80 lesion signs in, 545 Leukocyte extravasation Linaclotide, 408 protein-energy malnutrition, 69 pathways for, 524 Linagliptin, 359 RBC morphology with, 420 Low-molecular-weight heparin steps of, 210, 211 Lines of Zahn, 693 “violin string” adhesions, 182 naming conventions for, 253 Leukocytes Lineweaver-Burk plot, 228 vitamin D deficiency with, 68 LPS endotoxin, 129 Linezolid Liver fluke LLTubBi4p(rLosetuoknoet,r4ie0n8e B4), 412, 494 in leukemias, 437 mechanism, use and adverse hyperbilirubinemia with, 400 Lumacaftor in urine (pyuria), 179, 614 Liver function tests in cystic fibrosis, 58 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 172 effects, 190 cholestatic pattern of, 402 Lumbar puncture, 522 Leukocytosis thrombocytopenia with, 249 thyroid storm, 346 idiopathic intracranial healthcare-associated infections, Lingual thyroid, 330 Liver transplants Lingula (lung), 683 graft-versus-host disease, 117 hypertension, 538 182 Linitis plastica, 386 Living wills, 268 in hydrocephalus, 538 inflammation, 209 Linkage disequilibrium, 55 Loa loa, 155 Lumbosacral radiculopathy, 458 Leukodystrophies, 504 Linoleic acid, 63 disease, transmission and Lumbrical muscles Leukoerythroblastic reaction, 412 Linolenic acid, 63 functions, 454 Leukopenias Liothyronine (T3), 360 treatment, 156 Klumpke palsy and, 452 cell types, counts and causes, 429 Lipases Loading dose calculations, 229 Luminous phenomena/visual ganciclovir, 198 in pancreatitis, 404 Lobar pneumonia trimethoprim, 191 pancreatic secretion, 380 brightness, 328 Leukoplakia Lipid-lowering agents natural history of, 704 Lunate bone, 453 hairy, 487 diarrhea with, 248 organisms and characteristics, 703 Lung squamous cell carcinoma of penis, Lipids physical findings with, 700 transport of, 87 Lobular carcinoma in situ, 670 carcinogens affecting, 221 671 Lipid transport Local anesthetics Lung abscess, 704 vulvar carcinoma and, 663 key enzymes in, 90, 91 classes, mechanism, use and Lung adenocarcinoma Leukostasis, 437 Lipoamide Leukotrienes activated carrier, 73 adverse effects, 567 oncogene, 220 cortisol effects, 340 Lipodystrophy naming conventions for, 252 Lung and chest wall properties, 685 Leuprolide, 676 tesamorelin for, 332 Localized amyloidosis, 208 Lung cancer hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal Lipofuscin, 225 Locked-in syndrome Lipoic acid, 74 osmotic demyelination syndrome, carcinogens for, 221 axis effects, 332 Lipolysis cisplatin/carboplatin for, 445 Luteinizing hormone (LH) cortisol and, 340 540 hypercalcemia, 224 sympathetic receptors and, 237 stroke and, 528 incidence/mortality in, 218 clomiphene effects on, 676 thyroid hormone and, 335 Locus ceruleus, 506 metastases from, 219 Levator veli palatini muscle, 640 Lipomas, 216 Locus heterogeneity, 55 non–small cell, 705 Levetiracetam, 561 Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) Löffler endocarditis presentation and complications, Levodopa (l-DOPA)/carbidopa, 565 endotoxin activity, 140 restrictive/infiltrative Levofloxacin, 192 Lipophilic hormones, 335 705 Levomilnacipran, 595 Lipoprotein lipase, 91 cardiomyopathy, 315 small cell, 224, 705 Levonorgestrel, 677 Löffler medium, 124 types, location and characteristics, Levothyroxine (T4)/liothyronine(T3) Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 137 705 mechanism, use and adverse Lomustine, 445 Lung diseases effects, 360 Lone Star tick, 147 obstructive, 694 Lewy body dementia, 536 physical findings in, 700 Leydig cells restrictive, 696 SIADH with, 342 cryptorchidism, 671 endocrine function, 641, 656

INDEX  805 Lungs EBV and, 162 vitamin D excess and, 68 Mammary glands, 633 anatomical relationships, 683 follicular, 435 wound healing, 211 Mammillary bodies anatomy, 683 Hodgkin, 434 Macrosomia, 654 blood flow regulation, 300 hypercalcemia, 224 Macula adherens, 482 lesions in, 526 congenital malformation of, 681 leukemia comparison, 434 Macula densa limbic system, 510 development stages, 680 mantle cell, 435 juxtaglomerular apparatus, 609 Mandibular process, 640 parenchyma of, 682 nomenclature, 216 Macula (eye) Manic episode, 579 physical findings, 700 non-Hodgkin, 435 age-related degeneration of, 554 Mannitol respiratory zones, 687 of stomach, 386 Macular cherry-red spot, 86 blood-brain barrier effects of, 507 sclerosis of, 481 oncogene for, 220 Macular sparing, 528 extracellular volume measurement, structural development, 680 oncogenic microbes, 222 Macule volumes and capacities, 684 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 characteristics/examples, 483 601 primary testicular, 673 Macules Mantle cell lymphomas Lupus Lymphopenias characteristics/examples, 483 drug-induced, 249 ataxia-telangiectasia, 115 junctional nevi, 485 chromosomal translocations, 439 microangiopathic hemolytic cell counts and causes, 429 Maculopapular rash occurrence and genetics, 435 anemia, 429 Lynch syndrome, 54, 395 graft-versus-host disease, 117 MAO-B inhibitor nephritis, 476 colorectal and associated cancers, measles (rubeola) virus, 167 naming conventions for, 252 neutropenia, 429 rubella virus, 166 Maple syrup urine disease, 82 394 syphilis, 145 leucine, 79 Lupus anticoagulant, 113 mismatch repair and, 37 Mad cow disease, 175 Marantic endocarditis, 224 Lurasidone, 593 Lyonization (x-inactivation) Magenta tongue, 65 Marasmus, 69 Luteinizing hormone Barr body formation, 59 Magnesium Maraviroc, 199 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 591 antiarrhythmic treatment, 328 Marburg hemorrhagic fever contraception, 677 Lysine cardiac glycoside overdose, 326 virus structure and medical estrogen/progesterone regulation, classification of, 79 digoxin toxicity, 328 cystinuria, 83 low vs high serum concentration importance, 164 650 for pyruvate dehydrogenase Marfanoid habitus signaling pathways of, 341 effects, 611 Luteinizing hormone (LH) complex deficiency, 75 Magnesium citrate, 408 homocystinuria, 83 in menstrual cycle, 652 kidney stones, 619 Magnesium hydroxide, 406, 408 MEN2B syndrome and, 356 in ovulation, 651 Lysogenic phage infection, 128 Magnesium sulfate Marfan syndrome Lyme disease Lysosomal storage diseases, 86 aortic aneurysm with, 306 animal transmission, 147 inherited, 45 for cerebral palsy, 547 cardiac defect association, 304 ceftriaxone, 186 Lysosomal trafficking regulator gene preeclampsia/eclampsia, 662 chromosome association, 62 findings and treatment, 144 Magnetic gait, 538 elastin and, 50 Lymphadenopathy (LYST), 115 Maintenance drug dose, 229 homocystinuria comparison, 50 autoimmune lymphoproliferative Lysosomal α-1 4-glucosidase, 84, 85 Major apolipoproteins, 91 Marginal zone lymphoma Lysosomes, 45 Major basic protein (MBP), 414 chromosomal translocation, 439 syndrome, 204 LYST gene, 115 Major depressive disorder occurrence and causes, 435 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 130 Lytic bone lesions diagnostic symptoms for, 580 Marginal zone (spleen), 96 hilar, 696 peripartum onset, 581 Marine omega-3 fatty acids, 325 in viral infections, 94 adult T-cell lymphoma and, 435 with psychotic features, 580 Marjolin ulcer, 493 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 180 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 439 with seasonal pattern, 580 Masseter muscle, 521 measles (rubeola) virus, 167 multiple myeloma, 436 Malabsorption syndromes/ Massive RNA (mRNA)), 40 mediastinal, 697 Mast cells mononucleosis, 162 M malnutrition, 388 functions of, 414 postauricular, 166 MacConkey agar, 124, 142 anemias with, 426 Mast cell stabilizers, 414, 708 regional, 180 “Machinelike” murmur, 303 fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, 63 Mastectomy rubella, 181 Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia inflammatory bowel diseases, 389 winged scapula with, 452 serum sickness, 111 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 405 Mastication muscles, 521, 522 syphilis, 180 causes and findings, 429 with Whipple disease, 388 Mastoid air cells, 639 tinea capitis, 488 Macrocytic anemias Malaria Mastoiditis Toxoplasma gondii, 181 Plasmodium, 154 brain abscesses, 177 Trypanosoma brucei, 153 megaloblastic anemia, 426 Malassezia spp granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) wViitthamorinotBic12acdiedfuicriiae,n4c2y,6426 cutaneous mycoses, 488 Wuchereria bancrofti, 156 Macroglobulinemia, Waldenstrom, seborrheic dermatitis, 484 479 Lymph nodes Malathion, 158, 196 Maternal diabetes drainage sites, 95 436 Male genital embryology, 641 gonadal drainage, 644 Macrolides Male reproductive anatomy, 646 fetal insulin effects of, 338 Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, 151 Male sexual response, 647 teratogenicity of, 634 Lymphocyte-depleted lymphoma, 434 Bordetella pertussis, 141 Malformation (morphogenesis), 635 Maternal PKU Lymphocyte rich lymphoma, 434 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Malignant carcinoid syndrome, 65 teratogenicity of, 634 Lymphocytes Malignant hyperthermia Maternal (postpartum) blues, 581 breast milk and, 655 association, 366 with inhaled anesthetics, 568 Matonavirus CLL/small cell lymphocytic Legionella pneumophila, 141 Malignant mesothelioma structure and medical importance, mechanism, use and adverse carcinogens for, 221 lymphoma, 437 Malignant (necrotizing) otitis externa, 164 lichen planus, 491 effects, 190 Mature cystic teratoma, 667 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 435 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 148 549 Mature ego defenses, 573 spleen, 94 naming conventions for, 252 Malignant transformation, 202 Maturity onset diabetes of the young thymus, 94 protein synthesis inhibition, 188 Malignant tumors, 216, 471 types of, 415 Macro-ovalocytes, 421 Malingering (MODY) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Macrophage activation, 106 glucokinase in, 73 Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction, factitious and somatic symptom Maxillary artery, 285 (LCMV) comparison, 585 Maxillary process, 640 arenaviruses, 164 100 Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Lymphocytosis Macrophages, 413 symptoms and motivation for, 585 Bordetella pertussis, 141 Malleus (ossicles), 549, 640 syndrome, 641 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 180 apoptosis, 205 Mallory bodies McArdle disease, 85 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 breast milk and, 655 McBurney point, 390 Lymphoid hyperplasia, 390 caseous necrosis, 205 in alcoholic hepatitis, 398 McMurray test, 455 Lymphoid neoplasms, 435 cell surface proteins, 108 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 384 MDMA intoxication and withdrawal, types of, 437 cytokines secreted by, 106 Malnutrition, 69 Lymphoid structures endotoxin activation, 131 591 Peyer patches, 381 hemosiderin-laden (alveolar), 681 measles mortality in, 167 Mean arterial pressure Lymphomas, 445 in chronic inflammation, 210 Malrotation, 392 Burkitt, 435 in heart failure, 316 “Maltese cross” appearance, 154 equation for, 290 carcinogens for, 221 in MI, 309 MALT lymphoma gradient with intracranial pressure, cytarabine for, 444 innate immunity, 97 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 435 in rheumatic fever, 319 Helicobacter pylori, 144 513 doxorubicin for, 444 in Whipple disease, 388 H pylori and, 386 Mean (statistics), 264 in wound healing, 212 oncogenic microbes, 222 Measles Kupffer cells, 374 Sjögren syndrome, 474 lymphocyte interaction, 94, 100 paramyxovirus, 164 pneumoconioses, 698 vitamin A for, 64 Measles (rubeola) virus, 178 unvaccinated children, 183 Measurement bias, 262 uploaded by medbooksvn

806 INDEX Measures of central tendency, 264 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Meningococci vs gonococci, 140 Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, Measures of dispersion, 264 (MSH) Meningoencephalitis 472 Mebendazole Metachromatic granules, 137 microtubules and, 46 function and notes, 332 herpes simplex virus, 181 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 86, Mechanical ventilation, 182 signaling pathways of, 341 Naegleria fowleri, 153 540 mecA gene Melanocytic nevus, 485 West Nile virus, 164 Metalloproteinases, 212 penicillin resistance and, 133 Melanoma Menkes disease Metal storage diseases, 206 Meckel diverticulum, 391, 638 nomenclature, 216 collagen crosslinking in, 48 Metamorphopsia, 554 MECP2 gene oncogene, 220 mechanism and symptoms, 49 Metanephric diverticulum, 598 Rhett syndrome, 60 recombinant cytokines for Menopause, 655 Metanephric mesenchyme, 598 Medial collateral ligament (MCL) hormone replacement therapy, 677 Metanephrines injury metastatic, 119 Turner syndrome, 657 in pheochromocytoma, 355 in “unhappy triad,” 464 tumor suppressor gene, 220 Menorrhagia Metanephros, 598 Medial elbow tendinopathy, 462 types of, 493 coagulation disorder presentation, Metaphase, 44 Medial femoral circumflex artery, 468 Melanotropin, 331 Metaplasia Medial geniculate nucleus, 509 Melarsoprol, 153, 196 433 esophagus, 385 Medial lemniscus, 529 Melasma (chloasma), 484 Menstrual cycle, phases of, 652 intestinal, 386 Medial longitudinal fasciculus MELAS syndrome, 60 Meperidine, 569 specialized intestinal, 385 lesion effects, 526 Melena Mepivacaine, 567 stress adaptation, 202 ophthalmoplegia and, 560 GI bleeding, 387 Mepolizumab, 708 Metastases, 216 Medial medullary syndrome, 529 Meckel diverticulum, 391 Meralgia paresthetica, 456 common sites, 219 Medial meniscal tear, 455 polyarteritis nodosa, 478 Mercury poisoning, 247 from prostatic adenocarcinomas, Medial tibial stress syndrome, 465 Meloxicam, 495 Merkel discs, 505 674 Medial umbilical ligament, 287 Memantine, 566 Merlin protein, 220 gastric cancer, 386 Membrane attack complex (MAC), MERRF syndrome, 60 heart tumors from, 320 “Median claw,” 454 MERSA lung cancer, 705 Median nerve 104 carpal tunnel syndrome, 463 membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis prophylaxis for, 194 mechanisms, 217 MERS (Middle East respiratory melanoma, 493 injury and presentation, 450 (MIRL/CD59), 105 neoplastic progression, 215 neurovascular pairing, 458 Membranoproliferative syndrome) recurrent branch, 450 structure and medical importance, testicular choriocarcinoma, 673 glomerulonephritis to liver, 399 Median (statistics), 264 hepatitis B and C, 172 164 Metastatic calcification Mediastinal pathology, 693 nephritic syndrome, 617 Mesalamine, 389 lymphadenopathy, 696, 697 Membranous glomerular disorders, Mesangial cells electrolyte disturbances, 611 vs dystrophic, 207 mediastinitis, 135 614 juxtaglomerular apparatus, 609 Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in Mediastinitis, 693 hepatitis B and C, 172 Mesencephalon, 500 Medical abortion Membranous interventricular Mesenchymal tissue gout, 473 Metencephalon, 500 ethical situations, 272 septum, 285 immunohistochemical stains, 223 Metformin methotrexate for, 444 Membranous nephropathy, 618 Mesenchymal tumor nomenclature, Medical errors diarrhea with, 248 primary autoantibody, 113 216 mechanism and adverse effects, analysis of, 278 Membranous ossification, 461 Mesenteric arteries 359 types and causes, 278 Memory Medical insurance plans, 275 jejunal and ileal atresia and, 366 Methacholine, 239 neural structures and, 510 Mesenteric ischemia, 393 Methadone Medical power of attorney, 268 Memory loss Mesna, 447 opioid analgesics, 569 Medicare/Medicaid, 276 Mesocortical pathway, 510 Medication—induced esophagitis, 248 anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, Mesoderm opioid detoxification/maintenance, 224 596 Medication-induced esophagitis, derivatives, 633 opioid withdrawal treatment, 590 384, 495 lead poisoning, 430 microglial origin, 500 Medium-chain acyl-CoA MEN1 pharyngeal (branchial) arches Methamphetamine, 590, 593 Methanol toxicity, 70, 247 dehydrogenase deficiency, characteristics of, 356 derivation, 639 Methemoglobin, 690 87 chromosomal abnormality, 62 Mesolimbic pathway, 510 Medium-vessel vasculitis gastrinoma association, 357 Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct, 641 Methemoglobinemia MEN1 gene, 356 Mesonephros, 598 dapsone, 191 presentation and pathology, 478 product and associated condition, Mesothelioma, 697 local anesthetics and, 567 Medroxyprogesterone, 677 Meta-analysis, 266 Medulla (brain) 220 Metabolic acidosis oxygen content of blood, 689 MEN2A presentation, 690 cranial nerves and nuclei, 516 laboratory findings with, 612 toxicity and treatment, 247, 690 Medulla (lymph nodes), 94 characteristics of, 356 renal failure, 623 Medullary carcinoma (thyroid), 347 thyroid cancer association, 347 Metabolic alkalosis Methenamine silver stain, 151 MEN2A/2B in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Methimazole Medullary cystic kidney disease, 624 oncogenes, 220 agranulocytosis, 249 Medullary thyroid carcinoma MEN2B 366 serum tumor marker, 222 characteristics of, 356 laboratory findings with, 612 aplastic anemia with, 249 thyroid cancer association, 347 renal tubular defects, 606 mechanism, use and adverse Medullary thyroid carcinomas Menaquinone, 69 thiazides, 629 effects, 360 amyloid deposits in, 208 Ménétrier disease, 386 Metabolic disorders multiple endocrine neoplasias, 356 Ménière disease, 550 galactose, 80 teratogenicity of, 634 Menin, 220 glycogen storage, 85 Methionine Medulloblastoma, 354, 544 Meninges, 507 Metabolic drug naming conventions, classification of, 79 “Medusa head” appearance, 135 Meningioma Mefloquine, 154, 194 characteristics and histology, 542 253 genetic coding for, 35 Meningitis Metabolic fuel use, 89 start codons, 42 Megaesophagus chloramphenicol, 189 Metabolic syndrome Methotrexate Trypanosoma cruzi, 154 coccidioidomycosis, 149 Megakaryocytes, 413, 438 common causes by age, 177 in Cushing syndrome, 352 effects in humans, 34 cryptococcal, 150 Metabolism, 71 hydatidiform moles, 661 Megaloblastic anemia CSF findings in, 177 lung disease with, 696 causes and findings, 426 Hemophilus influenzae, 140 disorders of galactose, 78 Diphyllobothrium latum, 157 hemorrhagic, 135 dyslipidemias, 92 mechanism, use and adverse HIV-positive adults, 174 fatty acids, 87 effects, 444 drugs causing, 249 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 fructose disorders, 78 megaloblastic anemia, 249 RBCs and PMNs with, 421 mumps, 167 gluconeogenesis, 76 pulmonary fibrosis with, 250 trimethoprim, 191 picornavirus, 165 lipoprotein functions, 92 rheumatoid arthritis, 472 tropical sprue, 388 Streptococcus agalactiae, 135 pyruvate, 75 toxicity treatment, 247 vitamin B6977deficiency, 66 unvaccinated children, 183 rate-determining enzymes and MevtihtaomtrienxaBte9 deficiency, 66 Megestrol, viral, 162 (MTX) Meglitinides, 253, 359 viruses causing, 177 regulators, 71 purine and pyrimidine synthesis, Meissner corpuscles, 505 with rhinosinusitis, 692 sites for, 72 34 Meissner plexus, 391 Meningocele, 501 summary of pathways, 72 Methylation Melanocytes Meningococcal prophylaxis, 194 TCA cycle, 75 in heterochromatin, 32 destruction of, 484 tyrosine catabolism, 81 protein synthesis, 43 tumor nomenclature, 216 Metacarpal neck fracture, 463 Methylcellulose, 408

INDEX  807 Methyldopa Microsomal transfer protein (MTP), murmurs caused by, 295 Motor cortex Coombs-positive hemolytic 92 pressure-volume loops in, 293 thalamic relay for, 509 anemia, 249 Mitral/tricuspid regurgitation topographic representation, 514 hypertension treatment, 321 Microsporum spp, 488 heart murmur with, 296 Microtubule inhibitors Mitral valve Motor function Methylene blue, 247, 690 in cardiac cycle, 292 abnormal posturing, 526 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mechanism, use and adverse Mitral valve prolapse conversion disorder, 585 effects, 445 heart murmur with, 296 dysarthria, 531 (MTHFR) deficiency, 83 Marfan syndrome, 50 upper and lower motor neuron Methylmalonic acid Microtubules, 46 renal cyst disorders and, 624 signs, 545 MevvtiihttaaymmlmiinnalBBo19n2idcdeeaficfciicideieenmnccyiy,a,,668673, 88 cytoskeletal elements, 46 Mittelschmerz, 651 Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, 67, 83 drugs acting on, 46 Mixed cellularity lymphoma, 434 Motor innervation Methylmercury, 634 dysfunction of, 115 Mixed connective tissue disease derivation of, 640 Methylphenidate, 576, 593 structure and function of, 46 antibodies with, 476 to tongue, 503 Methyltestosterone, 678 anti-U1 RNP antibodies, 476 Methylxanthines, 708 Micturition center, 236 autoantibody, 113 Motor neuron signs Metoclopramide Micturition control, 236 Mixed cryoglobulinemia Brown-Séquard syndrome, 547 Midazolam, 563 epidemiology/presentation, 479 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, drug reactions, 250 Middlebrook medium, 124 Mixed (direct and indirect) 546 extrapyramidal symptoms, 407 Middle cerebral artery in anterior spinal artery occlusion, Parkinson-like syndrome with, 250 hyperbilirubinemia, 400 546 with chemotherapy, 447 saccular aneurysms, 532 Mixed germ cell tumor upper compared to lower lesions, Metolazone, 629 stroke effects, 528 545 Metoprolol, 244, 327 Middle ear, 549 serum tumor marker, 222 Metronidazole Middle meningeal artery Mixed platelet and coagulation Movement disorders bacterial vaginosis, 147 epidural hematoma and, 530 abnormal posturing, 526 clindamycin vs, 189 Middle rectal vein, 372 disorders, 433 neurodegenerative, 536 disulfiram-like reaction, 250 Midgut Mixed venous content for Crohn disease, 389 blood supply and innervation, 371 Moxifloxacin, 192 Helicobacter pylori, 144 Midgut volvulus, 392 shock, 317 M phase, 44 mechanism and clinical use, 192 Midodrine, 241 MLH1 and MSH2 gene mismatch, M protein protozoal GI infections, 152 Mifepristone, 677 vaginal infections, 179 Miglitol, 359 395 bacterial virulence, 127 vaginitis, 155 Migraine headaches MMR vaccine, 167 rheumatic fever and, 134 Mexiletine characteristics and treatment, 534 Mobitz type II block, 313 mRNA Class IB sodium channel blockers, contraception contraindications Mobitz type I (Wenckebach), 313 aminoglycosides, 188 Modafinil, 587 hepatitis viruses, 171 326 with, 677 pre-mRNA splicing, 40 Meyer loop, 559 hormonal contraception cytochrome P-450 interaction, protease inhibitors, 199 MHC 251 splicing error detection, 51 contraindication, 677 start codons, 42 MCH I and II comparison, 98 triptans for, 564 Modes of inheritance, 57 stop codons, 42 Micafungin, 196 Migrating motor complexes (MMC), Mode (statistics), 264 translation of, 40 Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 228 Molecular cloning, 53 mRNA vaccines, 109 Miconazole, 196 378 Molecular mimicry, 127, 540 MRSA (methicillin-resistant Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Migratory polyarthritis, 319 Molecular motor proteins, 46 Milestones, in development, 574 Molluscum contagiosum, 161, 487 Staphylococcus aureus), 133 causes and findings, 429 Milnacipran, 595 “Monday disease”, 323 cephalosporins, 186 hypertensive emergency and, 304 Milrinone, 245 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors daptomycin, 192 intravascular hemolysis in, 427 mineralocorticoids, 353 healthcare-associated infections, 182 Microarrays, 52 Mineralocorticoids atypical depression, 580 Mucicarmine stain Microbiology, 121 mechanism, use and adverse polysaccharide capsule staining, antimicrobial therapy, 184 adrenal steroids and, 340 clinical bacteriology, 132 Mineral oil, 63 effects, 595 123 mycology, 149 Minimal change disease, 618 Parkinson disease, 566 Mucinous carcinoma, 666 oncogenic organisms, 222 Minocycline, 189 Monobactams Mucinous cystadenoma, 666 parasitology, 152 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Mucociliary escalator, 682 systems, 175 drug reaction with eosinophilia and Monoclonal antibodies naming Mucolipidosis type II, 45 virology, 159 systemic symptoms, 249 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 86 Microcephaly, 61 conventions, 254 Mucor spp cri-du-chat syndrome, 62 Minors consent for, 268 Monoclonal gammopathy of maternal phenylketonuria, 82 Minoxidil, 678 opportunistic infection, 150 Zika virus, 168 Minute ventilation, 685 undetermined significance, treatment, 195 Microcytic, hypochromic anemias, Miosis 436 Mucor Monoclonal immunoglobulin, 436 in immunodeficiency, 116 424 cholinomimetic agents, 239 Monocytes Mucormycosis, 150 Ancylostoma, 156 drugs producing, 251 differentiation of, 413 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue iron deficiency, 424 pupillary control pathway, 556 innate immunity, 97 lead poisoning, 425, 430 Mirabegron, 236, 241 morulae in, 148 (MALT), 474 Sideroblastic anemia, 425 Mirizzi syndrome, 373 Monozygotic twinning, 637 Mucosa (digestive tract), 369 thalassemias, 424 Mirtazapine Montelukast, 708 Mucosal cells, 379 Microcytosis, 210 depressive disorders, 580 Mood disorder, 578, 579 Mucosal neuromas, 356 Microdeletion physiologic effects, 243 hypomanic episode, 580 Mucosal polyps, 394 22q11, 114 use and toxicity, 596 manic episode, 579 Mucositis congenital, 62 Mismatch repair, 37 Mood stabilizing drugs, 580 fluorescence in situ hybridization, Misoprostol Moraxella catarrhalis, 549 methotrexate, 444 mechanism and clinical use, 406 Moro reflex, 525 “Muddy brown” casts (urine), 614 53 off-label use, 406 Morphine, 233, 569 Mulberry molars, 145 Microfilaments, 46 Missense mutation, 38, 416 for acute coronary syndromes, 315 Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF) Microfold (M) cells, 381 Mites/louse treatment, 196 Morphogenesis Microglia, 500, 503 Mitochondria errors in, 635 Sertoli cell production, 642 Micrognathia genetic code in, 35 Mortality rate, 259 Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF) high altitude and, 690 Morulae, 148 Edwards syndrome, 61 Mitochondrial diseases, 60 Mosaic bone architecture, 469 secretion, 641 Pierre Robin sequence, 640 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Mosaicism, 55 Müllerian (paramesonephric) duct Microphthalmia, 61 heteroplasmy, 55 Mosquitoes (disease vectors) MicroRNA (miRNA), 40, 54 Mitochondrial inheritance, 57 malaria, 154 agenesis, 641 Microsatellite instability pathway, 395 Mitochondrial myopathies, 60 Zika virus, 168 anomalies of, 642 Microscopic polyangiitis Mitosis, 44, 196 Motilin structures from, 641 autoantibody, 113 Mitral regurgitation source, action, and regulation of, Multicystic dysplastic kidney, 598, epidemiology/presentation, 479 heart murmur with, 296 378 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 315 Motion sickness, 240 599 in myocardial infarction, 309 treatment of, 507 Multidrug resistance (MDR) pressure-volume loops in, 293 Motivational interviewing, 271, 592 Mitral stenosis Motoneuron action potential to Klebsiella, 143 murmur and clinical associations, muscle contraction, 459 Multidrug resistance protein 1 296 (MDR1), 223 Multifactorial pulmonary hypertension, 700 Multifetal gestation, 654 preeclampsia with, 662 uploaded by medbooksvn

808 INDEX Multifocal atrial tachycardia tumor suppressor genes, 44 Myeloid neoplasms, 437 NADPH (reduced nicotinamide description and management, 311 WT1 deletion, 626 Myelomeningocele, 61, 501 adenine dinucleotide Multinucleated giant cells, 503 MUTYH gene associated disorders, 394 Myeloperoxidase, 107 phosphate) Multiple endocrine neoplasias Myalgias subtypes and characteristics of, 356 Ebola virus, 169 iHn2nOe2udtreogprhadilas,ti4o1n2, 126 source of, 77 tumor occurrence, 354 fluoroquinolones, 192 Myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil universal electron acceptors, 73 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 356 Leptospira interrogans, 145 Nafarelin, 676 Multiple myeloma Lyme disease, 144 cytoplasmic antibody Nafcillin, 185 clinical features, 436 meningitis, 183 (MPO-ANCA) Naegleria fowleri plasma cell dyscrasia, 415 polymyalgia rheumatica, 477 autoantibody, 113 CNS infection, 153 Multiple sclerosis trichinosis, 156 Myeloproliferative disorders Nails drug therapy for, 569 vasculitides, 478 hydroxyurea with, 444 glomus body tumors, 486 findings and treatment, 539 Myasthenia gravis Myeloproliferative neoplasms pitting, 485 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 560 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 effects and gene associations, 438 splinter hemorrhages in, 318 oligodendrocytes in, 504 autoantibody, 113 gene association, 220 Tinea unguium, 488 recombinant cytokines for, 119 neostigmine for, 239 Myeloschisis, 501 with psoriatic arthritis, 475 therapeutic antibodies for, 120 pathophysiology, symptoms and Myelosuppression Nalbuphine, 569, 570 Mumps virus alkylating agents, 445 Naloxone acute pancreatitis with, 404 treatment, 480 antimetabolites, 444 dextromethorphan overdose, 706 medical importance, 167 pyridostigmine for, 239 flucytosine, 195 for opioid toxicity, 247, 590 paramyxoviruses, 164 restrictive lung diseases, 696 Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach), opioid detoxification, 596 Munro microabscesses, 485 thymus association with, 96 369 Naltrexone Murphy sign, 403 Type II hypersensitivity, 110 Myocardial action potential, 297 alcohol use disorder, 592 Muscarinic ACh receptors, 235 MYCC (c-myc) gene hereditary channelopathies, 312 opioid toxicity, 569 Muscarinic agonists, 236 associated neoplasm, 220 Myocardial hibernation, 308 relapse prevention, 596 Muscarinic antagonists MYCL1 gene, 220 Myocardial infarction Naming conventions for drugs, 252 atropine, 240 MYCN (N-myc) β-blocker use, 244 Naproxen, 495 for asthma, 708 associated neoplasm, 220 CK-MB in diagnosis, 310 Narcissistic personality disorder, 584 micturition control, 236 Mycobacteria, 138 complication and findings, 314 Narcolepsy multiple sclerosis treatment, 539 Mycobacterial infections diagnosis of, 310 amphetamines for, 241 organ system and applications, 240 Il-12 receptor deficiency, 114 evolution and complications, 309 characteristics and treatment, 587 Muscarinic effects, 239 Mycobacterium spp, 138 NSTEMI vs STEMI, 308 CNS stimulants for, 593 Muscarinic receptors (M1) Gram stain for, 123 MyaoncgainrdaiatrleOat2mceonnts,u3m24ption/demand sleep changes in, 508 vomiting center input, 507 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 123 in antianginal therapy, 324 Narrow complex tachycardias, 311 Muscle Mycobacterium avium complex Myocarditis Narrow spectrum anticonvulsants, 561 immunohistochemical stains, 222 HIV-positive adults, 174 adenovirus, 161 Nasal angiofibromas, 692 Muscle contraction Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare causes and complications, 320 Nasal congestion/decongestion, 241, motoneuron action potential and, HIV positive adults, 174 coxsackievirus, 164 459 prophylaxis and treatment, 194 diphtheria, 137 707 Muscles Mycobacterium leprae Toxocara canis, 156 Nasal nitric oxide (screening test) in starvation, 88 animal transmission, 147 Myoclonic seizures, 533 mastication, 522, 640 diagnosis, 139 Myoclonus, 535 screening test, 47 metabolism in, 85 prophylaxis and treatment, 194 Myofibrils, 460 Nasal septum perforation, 479 motor neuron signs and, 545 Mycobacterium marinum Myofibroblasts, 212 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 692 proprioceptors in, 461 hand infections, 138 in wound healing, 212 muscle spasm treatment Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Myoglobin, 689 EBV and, 162 Muαs2c-alegospnaisstms, 569 cervical lymphadenitis, 138 Myoglobinuria oncogenic microbes, 222 treatment, 136 Mycobacterium tuberculosis McArdle disease, 85 Natalizumab, 120, 539, 540 Muscle spindle, 459 culture requirements, 124 neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Nateglinide, 359 Muscle stretch receptors, 461 prophylaxis and treatment, 194 589 National Board of Medical Examiners Muscular dystrophies, 59 symptoms of, 138 Myonecrosis, 136 frameshift mutation, 59 vertebral osteomyelitis, 177 Myonuclei, 460 (NBME), 2, 9 X-linked recessive disorder, 59 Mycolic acid Myopathy Natural contraception, 332 Muscularis externa, 369 isoniazid, 123 daptomycin, 192 Natural killer (NK) cells, 97, 415 Musculocutaneous nerve, injury and Mycology, 149 drugs causing, 249 presentation, 450 Mycophenolate with hypo- and hyperthyroidism, activation of, 106 Musculoskeletal/skin/connective inosine monophosphate 344 cell surface proteins, 108 tissue Myopectineal orifice, 376 functions, 99 changes in pregnancy, 653 dehydrogenase inhibition, 34 Myopia, 551 Natural selection, 55 dermatology, 481 Mycophenolate mofetil, 119 Myositis ossificans, 477 Nausea pharmacology, 494 Mycoplasma spp Myotonic dystrophy, 60 adverse drug effects, 407 Musculoskeletal system findings with, 59 appendicitis, 390 aging effects on, 225 atypical organisms, 176 Myxedema treatment, 360 biliary colic, 403 common conditions, 465 Gram stain for, 123 Myxomas, 320 migraine headaches, 534 drug reactions, 249 macrolides, 190 myocardial infarction, 309 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 pneumonia caused by, 703 N ranolazine, 324 Mutases, 71 Mycoplasma pneumoniae N-acetylcysteine vitamin A toxicity, 64 Mutations culture requirements, 124 vitamin C toxicity, 67 allelic heterogeneity, 55 presentation and findings, 148 for acetaminophen toxicity, 247 Near miss (medical errors), 278 BRAF, 437 Mycoses N-acetylglucosaminyl-1- Nearsightedness, 551 cancer and genetic linkage cutaneous, 488 Nebivolol, 244 analysis, 52 systemic, 149 phosphotransferase, 45 Necator spp COL3A1, 49 Mycosis fungoides, 435 N-formylmethionine (fMet), 42 disease associations, 158 COL5A1, 49 Mydriasis N-myc oncogene, 354 infection routes, 155 COL5A2, 49 drugs producing, 251 NN2AOA,T5(6n7ucleic acid amplification Necator americanus in cancer, 217 glaucoma treatment and, 570 disease, transmission and in HbS and HbC, 416 muscarinic antagonists for, 240 test), 140 in PBPs, 184 pupillary control pathway, 556 Chlamydiae diagnosis, 146 treatment, 156 JAK2, 438 saccular aneurysm, 532 severe acute respiratory syndrome Neck and head cancer, 692 locus heterogeneity in, 55 Myelencephalon, 500 Necrosis mosaicism, 55 Myelin, 504 coronavirus 2, 170 muscular dystrophies, 59 Myeloblasts (peripheral smear), 437 NADH (reduced nicotinamide acute pancreatitis, 404 myelodysplastic syndromes, 436 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 436 Amanita phalloides, 40 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 435 acute myelogenous leukemia, 437 adenine dinucleotide), Arthus reaction, 111 STAT3, 114 leukemias, 437 75, 76 causes and histology of, 205 lymphoid neoplasms, 437 Nadolol, 244 enterocolitis, 393 sideroblastic anemia, 425 NADPH production femoral head, 119 Myelofibrosis, 420, 438 Pentose phosphate pathway (HMP glioblastoma, 542 shunt), 77 granulomatous inflammation, 213 hepatic, 494 jaw, 495 saponification, 205 transplant reaction, 119

INDEX  809 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 393 vitamin K synthesis in, 69 ubiquitin-proteosome system Neutrophils, 412 Necrotizing fasciitis, 134, 144, 487 Zika virus effects, 168 defects, 46 chemotactic agents, 106, 412, 494 Necrotizing glomerulonephritis, 479 Neoplasia/neoplastic progression, 215 chemotaxic agents, 104 Necrotizing vasculitis, 479 dysplasia, 202 Neuroectoderm, 500 chemotaxis in, 42 Negative predictive value, 260 Neoplasms Neuroendocrine cells in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, Negative reinforcement, 572 mature B cells, 434 115 Negative skew distribution, 264 mature T cells, 435 secretions of, 354, 357 in myocardial infarction, 309 Negri bodies, 169 myelodysplastic syndromes, 437 serum tumor markers for, 222 innate immunity, 97 Neisseria spp Neoplastic transformation tumors of, 354, 357 liquefactive necrosis, 205 chronic inflammation, 212 Neurofibromatosis megaloblastic anemia, 426 bacteremia with complement Neostigmine, 239 chromosome, 62 nonmegaloblastic anemia, 426 deficiency, 105 Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome, 615 types I and II, 541 pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 436 Nephritic syndrome, 615, 616, 617 variable expressivity, 54 stimulation of, 42 cephalosporins, 186 Nephroblastoma, 626 Neurofilament protein, 503 wound healing, 212 gonococci vs. meningococci, 140 Nephrocalcinosis, 207 Neurofilaments transformation, 128 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus cytoskeletal element, 46 Never event (medical error), 278 Neisseria gonorrhoeae central diabetes insupidus tumor identification, 223 Nevi culture requirements, 124 Neurogenic (autonomic) symptoms, cystitis, 621 comparison, 342 dysplastic, 493 epididymitis and orchitis, 673 lithium toxicity, 589 352 intradermal, 485 osteomyelitis, 177 treatment, 629 Neurogenic bladder Nevirapine, 251 pelvic inflammatory disease, 182 Nephrolithiasis cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 prostatitis, 674 calcium oxalate, 67 with multiple sclerosis, 539 Nevus flammeus, 541 septic arthritis, 474 Nephron transport physiology, 605 Neuroglia Nevus/mole, 216 septic arthritis with, 474 Nephropathy NF1 gene sexually transmitted infections, 180 hypertension and, 304 immunohistochemical stains, 223 product and associated condition, Neisseria meningitidis transplant rejection, 118 Neuroglycopenic symptoms, 352 chloramphenicol, 189 Nephrotic syndrome, 615 Neurohypophysis 220 culture requirements, 124 early-onset, 626 NF2 gene meningitis, 177 ESR with, 210 hypothalamus and, 509 Nelson syndrome, 353 fatty casts in, 614 Neurokinin receptors (NK-1) product and associated condition, Nematode infections types and histology, 618 220 infection routes and sites, 155 Nephrotoxicity vomiting center input, 507 intestinal, 156 acute tubular necrosis, 623 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, NF-κB activation, 97 tissue infections, 156 aminoglycosides, 187, 188 NHE3 inhibitor, 408 Nematodes infections amphotericin B, 195, 250 569, 589 Niacin disease, transmission and cidofovir, 198 Neurological deficits drugs causing, 250 hyperuricemia with, 249 treatment, 156 foscarnet, 198 pituitary apoplexy and, 343 lipid lowering agents, 325 Neocortex ganciclovir, 198 Neurologic drug reactions, 250 myopathy caused by, 249 immunosuppressants, 118 Neurologic signs/symptoms Nicardipine, 323 hypoxic-ischemic insults, 206 platinum compounds, 445 Nickel carcinogenicity, 221 Neomycin, 188 polymyxins, 190 neurologic, 388 Niclosamide, 157 Neonatal abstinence syndrome, 569, sulfonamides, 191 unvaccinated children, 183 Nicotinamides, 73 Nephritic syndrome, 616 Neurology and special senses Nicotine intoxication and withdrawal, 635 Neprilysin inhibitor, 324 anatomy and physiology, 503 Neonatal birth weight, 654 Nerve fibers, 506 embryology, 499 591 Neonatal conjunctivitis Nerve injury ophthalmology, 499, 551 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 163 peripheral nerve regeneration, 46 otology, 499, 549 Nicotinic ACh receptors, 235 Chlamydia trachomatis serotype, Nerves pathology, 526 Nicotinic acid, 65 146 lower extremity, 457 pharmacology, 561 Nicotinic effects, 239 upper extremity, 450 Neuromuscular blockade Niemann-Pick disease, 86 Neonatal lupus, 476 Nervous system acetylcholinesterase poisoning, 239 Nifedipine, 323, 662 Neonatal respiratory distress aging effects, 225 Neuromuscular blocking drugs Nifurtimox, 155, 196 Neural crest types and use, 568 Night terrors, treatment, 508 syndrome, 681 immunohistochemical stains, 223 Neuromuscular junction Nigrostriatal pathway, 510 adhesive atelectasis with, 701 Neural crest cells, 500, 633 diseases of, 480 Nikolsky sign Neonates Neural development, 500 in reflex pathways, 524 birth weight of, 654 Neural plate, 500 skeletal muscle, 235 blistering skin disorders, 487, 490 brachial plexus injury in, 452 Neural tube, 500 Neuromuscular paraneoplastic scalded skin syndrome, 487 Candida albicans in, 150 defect prevention, 66 Nilotinib, 447 coagulation cascade in, 419 defects, 501 syndromes, 224 Nimodipine, 323, 530 common meningitis causes, 177 derivatives, 633 Neuron action potential, 504, 505 Nipple conjunctivitis, 140 regionalization of, 500 Neurons intraductal papilloma, 669 Group B streptococcal meningitis, Neural tube defects lactational mastitis, 669 serum tumor marker, 222 functions of, 503 Nissl bodies, 45 177 Neuraminidase inhibitors immunohistochemical stains, 223 Nissl staining (neurons), 503 hemolytic anemia in, 428 naming conventions for, 252 in spinal tracts, 524 Nissl substance, 506 hemolytic disease of, 411 Neuroblastomas primary motor cortex, 509 Nitazoxanide, 152 hepatitis B, 171 incidence and mortality, 218 vitamin E protection of, 68 Nitrates hernias in, 377 oncogenes, 220 Neuron-specific enolase, 222, 354 and hydralazine in heart failure, herpes in, 162 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 Neuropathic pain, 477, 531 hyperbilirubinemia in, 400 presentation, 354 Neurophysins, 331 316 hyperthermia in, 240 serum tumor marker, 222 Neuropsychiatric dysfunction, 402 antianginal therapy, 324 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in, Neurocutaneous disorders electrolyte disturbances and, 611 mechanism, use and adverse genetics and presentation, 541–570 in hepatic encephalopathy, 398 366 Neurocysticercosis, 157, 158 in Wilson disease, 402 effects, 323 intraventricular hemorrhage, 529 Neurodegenerative disease therapy, neurofibromatosis, 541 Nitric oxide source and action, 378 Listeria monocytogenes in, 137 primary central nervous system Nitrites, cyanide poisoning treatment, kernicterus, 191 566 necrotizing enterocolitis and, 393 Neurodegenerative disorders lymphoma, 435 691 normal microbiota, 175 vitamindBef1i2ci(ecnocbya,la4m26in) Nitrite test, 179 obesity risk factors, 655 dementia, 536 with polyarteritis nodosa, 478 Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction persistent jaundice in, 401 drug therapy for, 566 with porphyria, 430 physiologic gynecomastia, 669 movement disorders, 536 Neurosyphilis, 145 test, 115 pneumonia, 146 Niemann-Pick disease, 86 Neurotoxicity Nitrofurantoin pneumonia causes in, 176 Tay-Sachs disease, 86 methylxanthines, 708 primitive reflexes in, 525 polymyxins, 190 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 pulmonary vascular resistance in, Neurotransmitters in glucose-6-phosphate bacterial toxin effects, 130 303 synthesis and changes with disease, dehydrogenase deficiency, Streptococcus agalactiae in, 135 77 TORCH infection manifestations, 506 Nitrogen mustards Neurovascular pairing, 458 mechanism, use and adverse 181 Neutropenia effects, 445 tracheoesophageal anomalies in, Nitroglycerin, 323 cell counts and causes, 429 acute coronary syndromes, 315 366 disseminated candidiasis, 150 angina, 308 ganciclovir, 198 Nitroprusside, 323 uploaded by medbooksvn

810 INDEX Nitrosamines mechanism, use and adverse O Oligohydramnios carcinogenicity of, 221 effects, 495 Obesity, 403 associations with, 636 stomach cancer and, 386 posterior urethral valves and, 599 misoprostol use, 406 amphetamine for, 241 Potter sequence, 598 Nitrosoureas osteoarthritis, 472 anovulation with, 665 mechanism, use and adverse patent ductus arteriosus, 287 DM type 2 and, 351 Oligospermia, 407 effects, 445 peptic ulcer disease and, 387 esophageal cancer and, 385 Olive-shaped mass, 366 naming convention, 252 renal papillary necrosis, 623 hypertension, 304 Omalizumab, 120, 708 respiratory disease exacerbation, 695 hypoventilation syndrome, 699 Omeprazole, 406 Nivolumab, 218, 446 rheumatoid arthritis, 472 lateral femoral cutaneous nerve Nizatidine, 406 Non-ST-segment elevation MI cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 NK1 blocker naming convention, 253 injury, 456 Omphalocele vs gastroschisis, 365 NNRTIs in HIV therapy, 199 (NSTEMI) osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis, Onchocerca volvulus Nocardia spp ECG changes with, 310 findings with, 308 472 disease, transmission and caseous necrosis, 205 STEMI comparison, 310 renal cell carcinoma association, treatment, 156 stain for identification, 123 treatment, 310, 315 sulfonamides, 191 Nonthyroidal illness syndrome, 345 625 Oncogenes Nocardia spp vs Actinomyces spp, 137 Non-α, non-β islet cell pancreatic sleep apnea, 699 gene product and neoplasm, 220 Nocturia, 674 stress incontinence and, 620 Nocturnal enuresis, 333 tumor, 378 Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Oncogenesis Nocturnal perianal pruritus, 158 Norepinephrine aneuploidy, 54 Nodes of Ranvier, 504 699 Nodular goiter, 346 actions and applications, 241 Obligate intracellular bacteria, 125 Oncogenic microbes, 222 Nodular phlebitis, 478 bupropion effect on, 596 Obliterative endarteritis, 306 Ondansetron, 407, 447 Nodular sclerosis, 434 isoproterenol vs, 241 Observational studies, 256 1-2k5id-(nOeHy )e2nDd3ocrine function, 609 Noise-induced hearing loss, 550 MAO inhibitor effects, 595 Observer-expectancy bias, 262 “100-day cough”, 130 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 397 pheochromocytoma secretion, 355 Obsessive-compulsive disorder “Onion skin” periosteal reaction’, 471 Nonbacterial thrombotic synthesis and change with diseases, “Onion skinning” (arteriosclerosis), characteristics, 582 endocarditis, 224, 318 506 preferred medications for, 592 306 Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 564 NovrietathminindrBo6naen, d67, 765 trichotillomania, 582 Onychomycosis Noncaseating granulomas, 213, 696, Normal aging, 225 Obsessive-compulsive personality Normal distribution, 264 terbinafine, 196 697 Normal microbiota disorder, 584 tinea unguium, 488 Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, Obstructive crystalline nephropathy, Oocysts colonic, 135 acid-fast stain, 152 538, 544 female genital tract, 134 198 toxoplasmosis, 153 Noncompetitive agonists, 228 neonates, 175 Obstructive hydrocephalus, 544 Oogenesis, 651 Noncompetitive antagonist, 233 skin, 133 Obstructive jaundice, 405 Opalescent teeth, 49 Noncompetitive inhibitors, 228 Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 538 Obstructive lung disease Open-angle glaucoma, 239, 553 Nondepolarizing neuromuscular Normocytic, normochromic anemias pilocarpine for, 239 causes and findings, 427 flow volume loops in, 694 Operant conditioning, 572 blocking drugs, 252, 568 Norovirus, 164, 176 pulsus paradoxus, 317 Ophthalmoplegia Nondihydropyridines, 323 Northern blot, 51 types, presentation and pathology, internuclear, 560 Non-frameshift mutations, deletions Nortriptyline, 595 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 592 Notched (Hutchinson) teeth, 145 694 Opioid analgesics Becker muscular dystrophy, 59 Notochord, 500 Obstructive shock, 317 intoxication and withdrawal, 590 Nonhemolytic normocytic anemia, Novobiocin Obstructive sleep apnea, 699 mechanism, use and adverse Staphylococcus epidermidis, 134 427 NPH insulin, 358 hypertension risk with, 304 effects, 569 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 435 NRTIs in HIV therapy, 199 pulse pressure in, 290 overdose, 590 NS3/4A inhibitors pulsus paradoxus, 317 pupil size effects of, 251 HIV-positive adults, 174 mechanism and toxicity, 199 Obturator nerve, 456 sleep apnea, 699 oncogenes, 220 naming convention, 252 Obturator sign, 390 toxicity treatment, 247 rituximab for, 445 NS5A inhibitors Occipital lobe, 509, 528 Opisthotonos, 130 types and epidemiology, 435 mechanism and toxicity, 199 Occult bleeding, FOBT for, 395 Opisthotonus, 183 vinca alkaloids for, 445 naming conventions, 252 Ochronosis, 82 Opponens pollicis muscle, 454 Nonhomologous end joining, 37 NS5B inhibitors Octreotide Opportunistic fungal infections, 150 Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), mechanism and toxicity, 200 acromegaly treatment, 343 Oppositional defiant disorder, 576 naming conventions, 252 carcinoid tumor treatment, 357 Opposition (thumb), 450 51 Nuchal translucency, 61 growth hormone excess treatment, Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, Non-HPV vulvar carcinoma, 663 Nucleosome, 32 Nonmaleficence (ethics), 267 Nucleotide excision repair, 37 333 354 Nonmegaloblastic anemia, 426 Nucleotides islet cell tumor treatment, 357 Opsonin, 209 Nonmotile (primary) cilia, 47 composition of, 33 mechanism, clinical use and Opsonins Non-neoplastic malformations, 216 deamination reactions, 33 Nonnormal distributions, 264 ribose for synthesis of, 77 adverse effects, 407 functions of, 104 Nonoverlapping genetic code, 35 synthesis, 72 Ocular motility, 557 Opsonization Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, Nucleus accumbens, 506 Oculomotor nerve (CN III) appetite control, 340 complement activation and, 104 554 Nucleus ambiguus, 517 causes of damage to, 558 Optic nerve (CN II) Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, 341 stroke effects, 529 functions of, 521 Non-REM sleep stage, 508 Nucleus pulposus, collagen in, 48 in herniation syndromes, 545 function and type, 521 Nonrhegmatogenous retinal Nucleus tractus solitarius, 517 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 560 Krabbe disease, 86 Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), 507 ocular motility, 557 Optic neuritis detachment, 554 Null hypothesis, 264 palsy of, 530 drug-related, 250 Nonsecreting pituitary adenoma, 343 Number needed to harm, 258 palsy with pituitary apoplexy, 343 with multiple sclerosis, 539 Nonselective antagonists, 244 Number needed to treat, 258 pharyngeal arch derivation, 640 Optic neuropathy, 553 Nonselective α-blockers, 243 Nursemaid’s elbow, 466 pupillary contraction, 556 ethambutol, 193 Nonsense mutation, 38 Nutcracker syndrome, 370 Odds ratio, 256, 258 Oral advance directives, 268 Nonspecific PDE inhibitor, 245 Nutmeg liver, 316, 399 Odynophagia, 384 Oral contraceptives Nonspecific screening antibody, 113 Nutrition, 63–92 Off-label drug use, 257 OrvailtacmonintraBc6epdteifviecsie(nOcCy,P6s5) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Nyctalopia, 64 Okazaki fragment, 36 SHBG effects on, 341 Nystagmus Olanzapine, 593 Oral glucose tolerance test (NSAIDs) cerebellum, 526 Olaparib, 447 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, 350 acute gout treatment, 473, 496 Friedreich ataxia, 547 Olfaction Oral hairy leukoplakia, 174 acute pericarditis treatment, 319 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 560 hallucinations, 578 Oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis, aplastic anemia, 249 retinoblastoma presentation, 555 limbic system in, 509, 510 calcium pyrophosphate deposition Nystatin, 195 Olfactory nerve (CN I) 356 function and type, 521 Oral mucositis, 478 disease, 473 Oligoclonal bands, 539 Oral pathologies, 383, 389 chemopreventive for CRC, 395 Oligodendrocytes Oral thrush, 174 gastritis with, 386 derivation and functions, 504 Orchiectomy, 672 GFR effects of, 609 in progressive multifocal Orchiopexy, 671 gout, 473, 496 Orchitis, 167, 673 headaches, 534 leukoencephalopathy, 540 Orexigenic effect, 340 hemolytic anemia with, 429 Krabbe disease, 86 interstitial nephritis with, 250 Oligodendroglioma, description and loop diuretics and, 628 histology, 542

INDEX  811 Orexin, 587 Osteomalacia, 611 Ovotesticular DSD, 657 divisum, 367 Organ failure in acute pancreatitis, lab values in, 469 Ovulation endocrine cell types, 331 vitamin D and, 68 tumors arising from, 375 404 anovulation causes, 665 Pancreas and spleen embryology, 367 Organic acidemias, 83 Osteomalacia/rickets process of, 651 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma Organ of Corti, 550 presentation and lab values, 468 progesterone and, 650 carcinogens for, 221 Organogenesis prolactin effect on, 332 location, risk factors and Osteomyelitis “Owl eyes” inclusions, 434 teratogens in, 634 associated infection and risk, 177 Oxacillin presentation, 405 Organophosphates Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 characteristics of, 185 nonbacterial thrombotic Staphylococcus aureus, 133 Oxaliplatin, 445 acetylcholinesterase poisoning, 239 Oxazepam, 563 endocarditis with, 318 pupil size effects of, 251 Osteonecrosis, 495 Oxidative burst, 107 serum tumor marker, 222 toxicity treatment, 247 Osteopenia, 468 Oxidative phosphorylation, 76 Pancreatic cancer Organ transplants Osteopetrosis, 468 electron transport chain, 76 adenocarcinomas, 375 azathioprine for, 444 in mitochondrial diseases, 60 biliary cirrhosis and, 402 Kaposi sarcoma with, 486 lab values in, 469 metabolic site, 72 5-Fluorouracil for, 444 TORCH infections, 181 Osteophytes, 472 skeletal muscle types and, 460 hyperbilirubinemia with, 400 WBC casts, 614 Osteoporosis Oxybutynin, 240 oncogenes, 220 Organum vasculosum of the lamina for micturition control, 236 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 bisphosphonates, 495 Oxygen Pancreatic ducts terminalis (OVLT), 507 causes of, 332 exercise and, 687 development, 367 Orientation (mental status), 577 denosumab, 120 for carbon monoxide poisoning, obstruction of, 375 Origin of replication, 36 diagnosis and complications of, 467 tumors from, 405 Orlistat drugs causing, 249 247 Pancreatic insufficiency Gaucher disease, 86 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation malabsorption with, 388 diarrhea with, 248 homocystinuria, 83 with chronic pancreatitis, 404 mechanism, clinical use and hormone replacement therapy, 677 curve, 689, 691 Pancreatic islet cell tumors, 357 lab values in, 469 Oxygen toxicity, 206 Pancreatic secretions adverse effects, 407 teriparatide for, 496 Oxytocin enzymes and role of, 380 Ornithine Osteosarcoma, 216 lipase, 91 epidemiology and characteristics, function and notes, 332 Pancreatitis cystinuria, 83 hypothalamus production, 509 ARDS and, 699 kidney stones and, 619 471 lactation and, 655 causal agents for, 248 Ornithine transcarbamylase risk with osteitis deformans, 468 secretion of, 331 chronic, 404 deficiency, 81 Ostium primum, 284 signaling pathways for, 341 hyperchylomicronemia, 92 inheritance, 59 Ostium secundum, 284 hyperparathyroidism, 349 Orofacial clefts, lips and palate, 641 Otitis externa, 549 P hypertriglyceridemia, 92 Oropharynx Otitis externa (swimmer’s ear) p21 mumps, 167 carcinogens affecting, 221 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Pancuronium, 568 Orotic acid, 81 Otitis media cell cycle regulation, 44 Pancytopenia, 155, 427 Orotic aciduria, 426 brain abscess from, 177 p53 gene Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 115 “Orphan Annie” eyes, 347 granulomatosis with polyangiitis Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 426 Orthomyxoviruses cell cycle regulation, 44 Gaucher disease, 86 structure and medical importance, and, 479 dominant negative mutation of, 55 hairy cell leukemia, 437 Haemophilus influenzae, 140 Pacemaker action potential, 297 osteopetrosis and, 468 164 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 439 Pacinian corpuscles, 505 Paneth cells, secretions of, 369 Orthopedic conditions presentation and complications, 549 Packed RBCs, transfusion of, 434 Panic disorder Streptococcus pneumoniae, 134 Paclitaxel preferred medications for, 592 common knee conditions, 464 Otology, 549 mechanism, use and adverse SSRIs for, 582, 595 Orthopnea anatomy and physiology, 549 symptoms and treatment, 582 Otorrhea, painless, 550 effects, 445 venlafaxine for, 592 heart failure, 316 Ototoxicity Paclitaxtel Panitumumab, 446 left heart failure, 316 aminoglycosides, 188, 200 Panniculitis, 491 Orthostatic syncope, 318 amphotericin B, 250 peripheral neuropathy with, 250 Pantoprazole, 406 Ortner syndrome, 288 drugs causing, 250 Paget disease Pantothenic acid, 65 Ortolani maneuver, 466 ethacrynic acid, 628 Papillary carcinoma Oseltamivir loop diuretics, 628 breast, 670 causes and findings, 347 mechanism and use, 197 platinum compounds, 445 extramammary, 663 nomenclature, 216 Osgood-Schlatter disease, 466 vancomycin, 187 Paget disease of bone Papillary muscle rupture, 309, 314 Osler nodes, 318 Outcome quality measurement, 277 bisphosphonates, 495 Papillary thyroid carcinoma Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 320 Outer ear, 549 lab values in, 469 oncogenes, 220 Osmoreceptors, 507 Outer membrane (bacteria), 122 osteosarcomas and, 471 Papillary thyroid carcinoma, Osmotic demyelination syndrome, “Oval fat bodies”, 614 serum tumor marker, 222 Ovarian cancer woven bone in, 461 carcinogens for, 221 540 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 445 Pain Papilledema Osmotic diarrhea, 388 epidemiology of, 663 neuropathic, 477, 531 Osmotic laxatives, 408 hypercalcemia, 224 periorbital, 534 cause and funduscopic appearance, Ossicles, 49, 549, 550 microtubule inhibitors, 445 post-stroke, 531 554 Ossification, 461 serum tumor marker, 222 sensory receptors for, 505 Osteitis deformans, 468 with Lynch syndrome, 395 thalamic nuclei and, 509 hydrocephalus, 538 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 349 Ovarian cycle, 652 treatment in multiple sclerosis, 539 hypertensive emergency and, 304 Ovarian cysts Painless chancre, 145 idiopathic intracranial lab values, 469 types and characteristics, 665 Palbociclib, 447 Osteoarthritis Ovarian dysgerminoma Pale infarct, 206 hypertension, 538 serum tumor marker, 222 Paliperidone, 593 medulloblastoma , 544 celecoxib for, 495 Ovarian ligament, 645 “Palisading” nuclei, 493 Papillomas, 216 pathogenesis, findings and adnexal torsion, 645 Palivizumab Papillomaviruses male/female homologs, 644 pneumonia prophylaxis, 166 genome, 160 treatment, 472 Ovarian teratomas target and clinical use, 120 structure and medical importance, Osteoarthropathy, hypertrophic, 224 paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 Palliative care, 276 Osteoblastoma, 470 Ovarian tumors, 666 Pallor in aplastic anemia, 427 161 Osteoblasts Ovaries Palmar interossei, 454 Pappenheimer bodies, 422 descent of, 644 Palmar reflex, 525 Papules bone formation, 461, 462 estrogen production, 650 PALM-COEIN, 653 cortisol effect on, 340 lymphatic drainage, 644 Panacinar emphysema, 400, 694 actinic keratosis, 493 Osteochondroma, 470 Overflow incontinence, 620 Pancoast tumor, 706 capillary, 486 Osteoclast-activating factor, 106 Overuse injury lung cancer, 705 characteristics/examples, 483 Osteoclasts carpal tunnel syndrome, 463 superior vena cava syndrome, 706 dermatitis herpetiformis, 490 bisphosphonate effects, 495 elbow, 462 thoracic outlet syndrome, 452 molluscum contagiosum, 161, 487 bone formation, 461 knee, 465, 466 Pancreas rosacea, 485 dysfunction in osteopetrosis, 468 radial nerve, 450 adrenergic receptors in, 236 Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), 602 mechanism, 462 annular, 367 Para-aortic lymph nodes, 644 Osteodystrophy, renal, 624 carcinogens affecting, 221 Osteogenesis imperfecta bisphosphonates, 495 collagen synthesis in, 48 findings in, 49 Osteoid osteoma, 470 Osteoma, 216, 470 uploaded by medbooksvn

812 INDEX Paracoccidioidomycosis lumbosacral radiculopathy, 458 endocrine, 342 intraventricular hemorrhage, 529 unique signs/symptoms, 149 Parviietataml icnelBl 1(2stdoemfiacciehn) csye,c6re7tions, 379 gastrointestinal, 383 juvenile polyposis syndrome, 394 Parietal cortex/lobe hematology/oncology, 420 juvenile polyposis syndrome in, 394 Paracortex (lymph node), 94 inflammation, 209–225 lead poisoning treatment, 247 Paradoxical emboli lesions in, 526 musculoskeletal/skin/connective leukocoria in, 555 projections to, 509 neglect in, 575 with patent foramen ovale, 284 Parinaud syndrome, 526 tissue, 462 neuroblastomas in, 354 Paradoxical splitting, 294 Parity (“para”), 653 neoplasia, 215 pathogens affecting, 183 Paraesophageal hiatal hernia, 377 Parkinson disease oral, 383 precocious puberty, 55 Parafollicular cells, 330 benztropine for, 240 renal, 614 primary brain tumors, 544 Parainfluenza MAO inhibitor use, 595 reproductive, 657 rhabdomyomas in, 320 neurotransmitter changes with, 506 respiratory, 692 scalded skin syndrome in, 487 croup, 167 seborrheic dermatitis association, Patient and ethical scenarios sleep terror disorder in, 587 paramyxovirus, 166 alternative/holistic medicine trial, strawberry hemangiomas in, 486 Parakeratosis 484 tetracycline adverse effects, 189 characteristics/examples, 483 symptoms and histologic findings, 273 volvulus in, 392 psoriasis, 485 angry about waiting, 272 Wilms tumors in, 626 Paralysis 536 assisted suicide request, 272 Pediculus humanus face, 528 therapy, 566 attraction to physician, 272 disease and treatment, 158 inflammatory demyelinating therapy strategy for, 565 continued life support after brain Pegloticase, 496 trihexyphenidyl, 240 Pegvisomant, 343 disorders, 540 Parkinson-like syndrome death, 273 Pellagra, 65 inflammatory demyelinating drugs causing, 250 feels guilt for sibling death, 273 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Paromomycin, 152 feels ugly, 272 copper IUD, 677 polyneuropathy, 540 Parotid gland impaired colleague, 273 Neisseria spp, 140 limb compartment syndrome, 465 embryologic derivation, 633 intimate partner violence, 273 Pelvic organ prolapse, 645 osmotic demyelination syndrome, enlargement of, 474 invasive test on wrong patient, 273 Pelvic splanchnic nerves, 235 mumps, 167 pharmaceutical company Pelvis 540 Parotitis, 167 fracture and nerve injury, 456 rabies, 169 Paroxetine, 595 sponsorship, 273 nerve injury with surgery, 456 stroke, 528 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 316 possible abuse, 273 Pembrolizumab, 218, 446 tetanic, 136 Paroxysmal nocturnal religious beliefs and, 273 Pemphigus vulgaris, 113 unvaccinated children, 183 suicidal patient, 272 acantholysis and, 483 Paramedian pontine reticular hemoglobinuria treatment cost discussions, 273 autoantibodies in, 482 causes and findings, 428 treatment from another physician, pathophysiology and morphology, formation, 508 CD55 deficiency, 105 extraocular movements, 508 diagnostic procedures, 52 272 489 lesions in, 526 eculizumab for, 120 vaccination refusal, 273 type II hypersensitivity, 110 Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct, intravascular hemolysis in, 427 Patient-centered interviewing Penicillamine Paroxysmal supraventricular for Wilson disease, 402 641 techniques, 270 myopathy with, 249 Paramyxoviruses tachycardia Patient information disclosure, 272 Penicillin, 249 description and management, 311 Patient prognosis disclosure, 272 Actinomyces treatment, 137 croup, 166 Partial agonist, 233 Patients with disabilities antipseudomonal, 185 medical importance, 166 Partial (focal) seizures, 533 penicillinase-resistant, 185 mumps, 166 anticonvulsants for, 561 communication with, 274 penicillinase-sensitive, 185 structure and medical importance, Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), Patiromer, 361 Penicillinase-resistant penicillins Pattern recognition receptors, 97 mechanism, use and adverse 164 431 Pautrier microabscess, 435 Paranasal sinus infections, 692 Parvoviridae Payment models for healthcare, 276 effects, 185 Paraneoplastic syndromes, 625 P-bodies, 40 Penicillinase-sensitive penicillins DNA viruses, 161 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test manifestation and associated genome, 160 mechanism, use and adverse tumors, 224 structure and medical importance, arbovirus diagnosis, 168 effects, 185 Babesia spp diagnosis, 154 small cell (oat cell) carcinoma, 705 161 Chlamydiae diagnosis, 146 Penicillin G Paranoia, 591 Parvovirus B19 Clostridioides difficile diagnosis, syphilis treatment, 145 Paranoid personality disorder, 584 Parasitic infestations hereditary spherocytosis, 428 136 Penicillin G/V hydrops fetalis, 178 Ebola diagnosis, 169 meningococci treatment, 140 granulomatous inflammation, 213 rash, 181 for protozoa GI infections, 152 prophylactic use, 194 IgE in, 103 receptors, 163 HSV identification, 163 infections with immunodeficiency, Passive aggression, 573 leprosy diagnosis, 139 Penicillins Passive leg raise, 295 Neisseria meningitidis, 140 antipseudomonal, 141 116 Passive vs active immunity, 108 of amniotic fluid, 153 cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis myocarditis with, 320 Pasteurella spp severe acute respiratory syndrome with, 478 sign/symptom and organism hints, culture requirements, 124 interstitial nephritis with, 250 Pasteurella multocida coronavirus diagnosis, 170 158 osteomyelitis, 177 Zika virus diagnosis, 168 Penile cancer, 222 Parasitology, 152 transmission, 147 PCSK9, 91 Penile pathology, 671 Parasympathetic nervous system Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), 61 PCSK9 inhibitors, 325 Penis Patches (skin) PDE-3 inhibitor, 245 cranial nerves supply of, 235 characteristics/examples, 483 PDE-4 inhibitor, 245 carcinoma in situ, 671 gastrointestinal innervation by, 371 Patellar reflex, 525 asthma therapy, 708 congenital abnormalities, 643 male erection, 647 Patellofemoral syndrome, 466 PDE-5 inhibitors, 245 lymphatic drainage of glans, 644 thoracoabdominal viscera Patent ductus arteriosus naming conventions for, 253 pathology of, 671 heart murmur with, 296 visual disturbance with, 250 squamous cell carcinoma, 671 innervation, 521 indomethacin for, 495 PDSA cycle, 277 Pentamidine, 151 vagus nerve and, 517 mechanism and treatment, 303 Pearson correlation coefficient, 267 Pentobarbital, 563 VIP and, 378 neonatal respiratory distress Peau d’orange, 670 Pentose phosphate pathway (HMP Parasympathomimetics PECAM-1/CD-31 pupil size effects of, 251 syndrome and, 681 tumor identification, 223 shunt) Parathyroid adenomas NSAIDs in closure of, 287 Pectinate line, 373 functions, sites and reactions, 77 MEN1/MEN2A syndromes, 356 Patent foramen ovale, 284 Pectineus, 455 NADPH production, 72 Parathyroid glands atrial septal defect vs, 302 Pectoriloquy (whispered), 700 rate-determining enzyme, 71, 72 adenomas of, 349 Patent urachus, 638 Pectus carinatum, 50 PenvittoasmtaitninB, 143d7eficiency, 64 disease diagnosis and causes, 348 Patent vitelline duct, 638 Pectus excavatum, 50 mechanism, use and adverse Parathyroid hormone, 468 Pathogen-associated molecular Pediatric patients bone formation and disorders, 462 abuse, 575 effects, 444 calcium homeostasis, 337 patterns (PAMPs), 97 brachial plexus injury, 452 PEP carboxykinase, 76 Paget disease of bone, 469 Pathologic hyperplasia, 202 causes of seizures in, 533 Pepsin signaling pathways of, 341 Pathology common causes of death, 276 source, function, and regulation, common fractures, 467 source, action and regulation, 379 aging, 225 growth retardation in, 623 Pepsinogen 336 cardiovascular, 302 infant and child development, 574 Paraumbilical veins, 368 cellular injury, 202–225 location of, 379 Paraventricular nucleus secretions of, 331, 509 Parent-of-origin effects (genetics), 56 Paresthesias acetazolamide use, 628 fibromyalgia, 477 in upper extremity, 450

INDEX  813 Peptic ulcer disease Peripheral resistance, 291 Pharyngeal pouch derivatives, 639 Photosensitivity glycopyrrolate for, 240 Peripheral vascular disease Pharyngitis drugs causing, 249 HH2pbylloocrikreirsskffoorr,, 406 sulfa allergies, 251 386 with atherosclerosis, 305 adenovirus, 161 Helicobacter pylori, 144 Peripheral vertigo, 550 mononucleosis, 162 Phototherapy for jaundice, 401 mechanism and presentation, 387 Periplasm prophylaxis (rheumatic fever), 194 Phrenic nerve, 683, 706 misoprostol for, 406 strep prophylaxis, 194 Phthirus pubis proton pump inhibitors for, 406 in bacteria, 122 Streptococcus pyogenes, 134 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 357 Periportal zone (Zone I), 374 unvaccinated children, 183 disease and treatment, 158 Peptidoglycan Peristalsis Pharyngoesophageal false Phyllodes tumor, 669 in gram negative bacteria, 123 Phylloquinone, 69 Peptostreptococcus spp motilin receptor agonists and, 378 diverticulum, 391 Physical abuse (child), 575 alcohol use disorder, 176 visible, 366 Pharynx, 682 lung abscess, 704 Peritoneum Phencyclidine in factitious disorders, 585 Percussion, 700 hernias and, 377 Physician-assisted suicide, 267 Perforation (GI) in gastroschisis vs omphalocele, 365 intoxication and withdrawal, 591 Physiologic dead space inflammatory bowel diseases, 389 “violin string” adhesions, 182 Phenelzine, 595 necrotizing enterocolitis, 393 Peritonitis Phenobarbital, 563 determination, 684 ulcer complications, 387 appendicitis, 390 Physiologic splitting (S2), 294 Perforin, 99, 100 diverticulitis, 390 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 Physiology Performance anxiety, 582 spontaneous bacterial, 397 Phenotypic mixing (viral genetics), 159 Perfusion-limited gas exchange, 686 Periventricular calcifications (brain), Phenoxybenzamine cardiovascular, 289 Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath, 96 endocrine, 332 Pericardial effusion, 314, 317, 319 181 for pheochromocytomas, 355 gastrointestinal, 378 Pericarditis Periventricular plaques, 539 Phentolamine hematology/oncology, 416 acute, 319 Permanent cells, 44 musculoskeletal, skin, and constrictive, 319 Permethrin in hypertensive crisis, 589 fibrinous, 309 reversible block, 243 connective tissue, 450 jugular venous pulse in, 292 anti-mite/louse therapy, 196 Phenylalanine renal, 601 picornaviruses, 164 for scabies, 158 classification of, 79 reproductive, 649 postinfarction, 309 Pernicious anemia, 379 Phenylalanine embryopathy, 82 respiratory, 684 pulsus paradoxus in, 317 autoantibody, 113 Phenylephrine, 241, 707 Physostigmine, 570 referred pain from, 288 PervoitnaemuisnloBn1g2udse,f4ic5i6ency, 67, 426 Phenyl ketones anticholinergic toxicity treatment, Pericardium Peroxisome in urine, 82 anatomy of, 288 functions of, 46 Phenylketonuria (PKU) 247 Pericentral (centrilobular) (Zone Per-protocol analysis, 257 mechanism and findings, 82 anticholinesterase toxicity antidote, III), 374 Persistent depressive disorder, 580 pleiotropy with, 54 Pericytes, 507 Persistent depressive disorder Phenytoin 239 Perihepatitis, 182 Class IB sodium channel blockers, Phytanic acid, 46 Peri-infarction pericarditis, 314 (dysthymia), 580 Phytomenadione, 69 Perinephric abscesses, 621 Persistent metaplasia, 202 326 Phytonadione, 69 Perineurium, 506 Persistent pulmonary hypertension of cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis Pia mater, 507 Perinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA) Pica, 424, 586 autoantibody, 113 the newborn, 304 with, 478 Picornaviruses Periodic acid-Schiff stain, 123 Persistent truncus arteriosus, 285, 302 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 Periodic acid–Schiff stain, 85 Personality disorders classification, 584 drug reaction with eosinophilia and characteristics, 165 Perioral numbness, 246 Pertussis hepatitis A, 171 Periorbital edema systemic symptoms, 249 structure and medical importance, thyroid disease and, 344 unvaccinated children, 183 gingival hyperplasia with, 249 Trichinella spiralis, 156, 158 Pes cavus mechanism and adverse effects, 164 trichinosis, 156 Pierre Robin sequence, 640 Peripartum cardiomyopathy Friedreich ataxia, 547 561 PIGA gene, 105 dilated, 315 Petechiae megaloblastic anemia, 249 Pigmented skin disorders, 484 Peripartum mood disturbances, 581 peripheral neuropathy with, 250 Pigment-producing bacteria, 126 Peripheral blood smear aplastic anemia, 427 PhveiotacmhrionmBo9cdyetofimciaesncy, 66 Pigment stones, 403 basophilic stippling, 425 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 216, 394 etiology, symptoms, findings and Pilocarpine, 239, 570 in plasma cell dyscrasias, 436 PEX genes, 46 Pilocarpine-induced sweat test, 58 RBC inclusions, 422 Peyer patches, 381 treatment, 355 Pilocytic astrocytoma, 544 schistocytes, 429 gene association, 220 Pilus, 122 smudge cells, 437 histology, 369 MEN2A/MEN2B and, 355 Pimozide, 593 spherocytes and agglutinated IgA antibody production, 103, 381 phenoxybenzamine for, 243 Pindolol, 244 RBCs, 429 immune system organ, 94 Philadelphia chromosome Pineal gland with acute myelogenous leukemia, Peyronie disease, 671 in myeloproliferative disorders, 437 PP-GglIy2c, o4p9r4otein, 223 location of, 516 with HbC disease, 428 Phagocyte dysfunction 437, 438 tumor histology, 544 Peripheral edema exotoxin inhibition in, 130 translocations of, 439 Pinworms, 156 calcium channel blockers, 323 immunodeficiencies, 115 Phlebitis Pioglitazone, 359 heart failure, 316 Phagocytosis drugs causing, 195 Piperacillin right heart failure, 316 group A streptococcal inhibition, Phlebotomy mechanism, use and adverse Peripheral facial palsy, 548 for hemochromatosis, 402 Peripheral nervous system, 506 134 Phobias effects, 185 myelin synthesis in, 504 Phalen maneuver, 463 diagnosis of, 582 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with origins of, 500 Phantom limb pain, 531 Phosphatases, 71 Peripheral neuropathy Pharmaceutical company Phosphate tazobactam, 141 alcohol use disorder, 592 low vs high serum concentration Piroxicam, 495 drugs causing, 250 sponsorship, 273 Pisiform bone, 453 eosinophilic granulomatosis, 479 Pharmacokinetics, 229 effects, 611 Pitting edema, 316 Fabry disease, 86 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors Pituitary adenoma, 343 Krabbe disease, 86 age-related changes in, 246 lead poisoning, 430 Pharmacology for pulmonary hypertension, 707 characteristics and histology, 542 linezolid, 190 type, clinical use and adverse growth hormone secretion with, 333 Lyme disease, 144 autonomic drugs, 235, 238 Pituitary apoplexy, 343, 542 sorbitol, 79 cardiovascular, 321 effects, 245 Pituitary gland, 331 vitamin Bpr6edceofcicioieunscpyu, b6e5rty, endocrine, 358 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Pituitary tumors Peripheral 656 gastrointestinal, 405 MEN1 and, 356 hematologic/oncologic, 440 gluconeogenesis, 76 Pityriasis, 488 musculoskeletal/skin/connective Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) Pityriasis rosea, 491 Pityrosporum spp tissue, 494 metabolic pathways, 71 cutaneous mycoses, 488 neurology, 561 Phospholipid bilayer sac pKa, 231 pharmacokinetics/ Placenta in bacteria, 122 estrogen production, 650 pharmacodynamics, 228 Phosphorus fetal component, 636 renal, 627 hormone secretion by, 653 respiratory, 706 values in bone disorders, 469 immune privilege in, 97 toxicities and adverse effects, 246 Phosphorylases, 71 maternal component, 636 Pharyngeal apparatus, 639 Phosphorylation progesterone production, 650 Pharyngeal arch derivatives, 640 twin-twin transfusion syndrome, 637 Pharyngeal (branchial) cleft cyst, 639 posttranslational, 43 Placenta accreta, 659 Pharyngeal cleft derivatives, 639 Photodermatitis, 328 Photophobia/photosensitivity drugs causing, 189, 191 migraine headache, 534 rabies, 169 uploaded by medbooksvn

814 INDEX Placenta accreta spectrum, 659 Pleuroperitoneal membrane defect, Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) Posterior interosseus nerve, 450 Placenta increta, 659 377 hypersegmented, 66, 67 Posterior nucleus (hypothalamus), Placental abruption, 659 Plicae circulares, 369 Polymyalgia rheumatica 509 preeclampsia, 662 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 384, 424 ESR with, 210 Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) pregnancy complications, 659 Pneumatoceles, 151 giant cell arteritis association, 478 Placental alkaline phosphatase, 673 Pneumatosis intestinalis, 393 symptoms, findings and treatment, functions of, 331 with germ cell tumors, 673 Pneumoconioses 477 Posterior urethral valves, 598, 599 Placental disorders Posterior vitreous detachment, 554 chronic placental insufficiency, types, 698 Polymyositis Postinfectious encephalomyelitis, 540 Pneumocystis jirovecii autoantibody, 113 Postpartum hemorrhage, 660 598 mixed connective tissue disease, 476 Postpartum mood disturbances, 580 insufficiency with preeclampsia, asymptomatic infections, 151 Postpartum psychosis, 581 HIV-positive adults, 174 Polymyositis/dermatomyositis, 477 Postpartum thyroiditis, 345 662 opportunistic infections, 151 Polymyxin B, 190 Postrenal azotemia, 622 types of, 659 prophylaxis, 191 Polymyxin E, 190 Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Placenta percreta, 659 stain for identification, 123 Polymyxins Placenta previa, 659 Pneumocytes, Types I and II, 681 Type III hypersensitivity, 111 Plague, 147 Pneumomediastinum, 693 mechanism, use and adverse Posttranslational modification Plantar aponeurosis, 465 Pneumonia effects, 190 Plantar fasciitis, 465 ARDS, 699 (proteins), 43 Plantar flexion, 457 common causes by age, 176 Polyneuropathy, 430 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 583 Plantaris, 457 common causes in adults by age, Polyomaviruses Plantar reflex, 525 diagnostic criteria/treatment, 583 Plaques (skin) 176 structure and medical importance, preferred medications for, 592 actinic keratosis, 493 giant cell, 167 161 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) characteristics/examples, 483 Haemophilus influenzae, 140 prazosin for, 243 hairy leukoplakia, 487 HIV/AIDS prophylaxis, 194 Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 55 SSRIs for, 583 lichen planus, 491 injectable drug use, 176 Polyphagia Posttussive emesis, 130 pityriasis rosea, 491 measles-associated death, 167 Posttussive vomiting, 141 psoriasis, 483 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 151 in diabetes mellitus, 350 Postural hypotension seborrheic dermatitis, 484 PPI adverse effects, 406 Polyposis syndromes, 394 midodrine for, 241 squamous cell carcinoma, 493 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Polyps trazodone, 596 Plasma acute-phase reactants Q fever, 147 Postviral infections Streptococcus agalactiae, 135 adenomatous, 394 pneumonias, 176 (inflammation), 209 type, organisms and characteristics APC gene, 394 Potassium Plasma cells colonic, 394 low vs high serum concentration of, 703 hyperplastic, 394 antibody production, 99, 415 VZV, 162 inflammatory pseudopolyps, 394 effects, 611 dyscrasias of, 436 Pneumoperitoneum, 387, 393 KRAS gene, 394 Potassium channels functions of, 415 Pneumothorax mucosal, 394 Plasmalogens, 46 physical findings, 700 neoplastic transformation of, 394 myocardial action potential, 297 Plasma membrane presentation and types of, 702 serrated, 394 opioid effect, 569 in cell injury, 203 Podagra, 473 submucosal, 394 Potassium chloride, 248 Plasma membrane structure, 47 Podocyte damage, 615, 618 Polysaccharide vaccine, 109 Potassium iodide Plasmapheresis, 616 Poikilocytosis, 413 Polyuria for thyroid storm, 346 Plasma volume, measurement of, 601 point mutation (single nucleotide) hyperparathyroidism, 349 Sporothrix schenckii, 151 Plasmids in diabetes mellitus, 350 Potassium shifts in drug resistance, 129 mutation, 38 lithium, 594 hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, 610 Plasminogen, 442 Point of service plan, 275 Pompe disease, 85 Potassium-sparing diuretics Plasmodium spp Poliovirus/poliomyelitis Pontiac fever, 141 mechanism, use and adverse chloroquine use, 196 Pontine syndrome, 528 hematologic infections, 154 immunodeficient patients, 116 “Pope’s blessing”, 454 effects, 629 stains for, 123 RNA translation in, 165 Popliteal artery, 458 Pott disease, 177 Plasmodium malariae spinal cord effects, 546 atherosclerosis in, 305 Potter sequence, 598 hematologic infection, 154 unvaccinated children, 183 Popliteal cyst, 464 Plasmodium ovale, 154 Polyadenylation signal, 40 Popliteal fossa, 458 ARPKD, 624 Plasmodium vivax, 154 Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase Popliteus, 457 pulmonary hypoplasia, 681 Platelet-activating factor, 412 Population genetics concepts, 55 with oligohydramnios, 636 Platelet-derived growth factor inhibitor Porcelain gallbladder, 403 Poxvirus naming conventions for, 254 Porphobilinogen deaminase, 430 molluscum contagiosum, 487 (PDGF) Polyangiitis microscopic Porphyria cutanea tarda, 430 structure and medical importance, signaling pathways for, 341 autoantibody, 113 with hepatitis B and C, 172 wound healing, 212 Polyarteritis nodosa Porphyrias, 430, 563 161 Platelet disorders, 432 epidemiology and presentation, Portal hypertension PPAR-γ activator naming convention, “Platelet inhibitors”, 245 Schistosoma spp, 157, 158 Platelet plug formation, 417 478 ARPKD, 624 253 Platelet plug formation (primary risk with hepatitis B and C, 172 etiologies of, 396 PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA autoantibody, Type III hypersensitivity, 111 pulmonary arterial hypertension, hemostasis), 417 Polyarthralgias 113 Platelets gonococcal arthritis, 474 700 Practice tests, 19 rubella, 181 serum markers for, 397 Prader-Willi syndrome essential thrombocythemia, 438 Polycystic ovarian syndrome varices and, 372 functional liver markers, 397 anovulation, 665 Portal triad, 368 chromosome association, 62 in wound healing, 212 antiandrogens, 678 Portal vein, 368, 374 ghrelin in, 378 transfusion of, 434 clomiphene, 676 Portal venous gas, 393 imprinting disorder in, 56 Platinum agents diagnosis of, 665 Portosystemic anastomoses, 372 isodisomy in, 55 peripheral neuropathy with, 250 Polycythemia Positive predictive value, 260 Pralidoxime, 239 Platinum compounds blood oxygen in, 689 Positive reinforcement, 572 Pramipexole, 565 mechanism, use and adverse Eisenmenger syndrome, 303 Positive skew distribution, 264 Pramlintide, 248, 359 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 Postauricular lymphadenopathy, 166, Prasugrel, 417, 442 effects, 445 types and lab values for, 439 Pravastatin, 324 naming conventions for, 252 with pheochromocytoma, 355 178 Praziquantel Plecanatide, 408 Polycythemia vera, 438 Postcardiac injury syndrome, 314, 319 antihelminthic therapy, 197 Pleiotropy, 54 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 399 Posterior cerebral artery, stroke trematodes, 157 Pleomorphic adenoma, 383 Polydactyly, 61 Prazosin, 243 Pleomorphism Polydipsia, 350 effects, 528 Precision (reliability), 261 characteristics of, 202 Polyethylene glycol, 408 Posterior circulation strokes, 528 Precision vs accuracy, 265 Pleural effusions Polyhydramnios, 636 Posterior circumflex artery, 458 Precocious puberty asbestosis, 698 esophageal atresia and, 366 Posterior compartment prolapse, 645 adrenal steroids and, 339 mesothelioma, 697 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 50 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) causes, 656 physical findings, 700 Polymerase-β, 37 leuprolide, 676 types and characteristics of, 701 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, injury, 455 Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), 41 Posterior drawer sign, 455 Predictive value, 260 312 Posterior fossa Prednisolone for thyroid storm, 346 Preeclampsia, 662 malformations, 502 hydatidiform moles, 661 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Preferred provider organization, 275 stroke effects, 529

INDEX  815 Prefrontal cortex lesions, 526 Primary adrenal insufficiency, 353 Prolactin-inhibiting factor, 332 Protein metabolism Pregabalin, 561 Primary amyloidosis, 208 Prolactinoma amino acids, 79 Pregnancy, 653 Primary biliary cholangitis, 400, 402 Primary central nervous system treatment, 334 Protein synthesis aliskiren contraindication, 630 Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 554 exotoxin inhibition of, 130 anemia caused by, 424 lymphoma Proliferative glomerular disorders, 614 metabolic site, 72 antimicrobial prophylaxis in, 192 occurrence and associations, 435 Prometaphase, 44 posttranslational modification, 43 carpal tunnel syndrome in, 463 Primary ciliary dyskinesia Promoters (gene expression), 39 RNA polymerases in, 40 contraindicated antimicrobials, 200 clinical findings, 47 Pronephros, 598 sequence of, 43 ESR with, 210 Primary disease prevention, 275 Proopiomelanocortin, 331 estrogen in, 650 Primary dysmenorrhea, 665 Propafenone, 327 Protein synthesis inhibitors folate deficiency caused by, 426 Primary (essential) hypertension, 321 Proper hepatic artery, 368 antimicrobial therapy, 188 folic acid supplementation, 66 Primary glomerular disease, 614 Prophase, 44 naming conventions for, 252 heparin in, 440 Primary hemostasis, 413, 417 Prophylaxis hypertension and treatment in, Primary hyperaldosteronism, 354 Protein transcription hypertension with, 304 calcium pyrophosphate deposition histone deacetylation in, 32 243, 321, 662 renal disorder features, 611 disease, 473 intrapartum prophylaxis, 194 Primary hyperparathyroidism Proteinuria iron study interpretation, 423 lab values in, 469 for migraine headaches, 534 ACE inhibitors for, 630 Listeria monocytogenes in, 137 neuropsychiatric disturbances, 349 for rheumatic fever, 319 glomerular disease and, 615 lithium in, 304 presentation, 349 indications and medication, 194 nephritic-nephrotic syndrome, 615 physiologic changes in, 653 Primary lactase deficiency, 79 infections in HIV/AIDS, 194 nephrotic syndrome, 597, 615 pituitary infarcts with, 343 Primary ovarian insufficiency, 655, Pneumocystis jirovecii, 151 preeclampsia, 662 progesterone in, 650 rabies postexposure, 169 serum sickness, 111 pyelonephritis, 621 664 Trichomonas vaginalis, 155 pyogenic granulomas and, 486 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 400, Propionic acidemia, 83, 88 Proteolysis risks with SLE, 476 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase cortisol and, 340 sex hormone-binding globulin, 341 402 Provpitoafmoli,n5B677 and, 66 Sjögren syndrome and, 474 autoantibody, 113 Propranolol, 244, 327, 346 Proteolytic processing in collagen stillbirth, 181 jaundice with, 400 Proprioception synthesis, 48 Streptococcus agalactiae screening, Primary spontaneous pneumothorax, Friedreich ataxia, 547 muscle receptors for, 461 Proteus spp 135 702 Propylthiouracil struvite stones, 125 syphilis in, 145 Primary syphilis, 145 agranulocytosis, 249 xanthogranulomatous termination of, 677 Primary testicular lymphoma, 673 aplastic anemia, 249 pyelonephritis, 621 thyroxine-binding globulin, 335 Primase for thyroid storm, 346 Turner syndrome and, 657 thionamides, 360 Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infections, 179 replication initiation by, 36 Propylthiouracil (PTU) cephalosporins, 186 uterine rupture, 660 Primitive atrium, 286 ProTs3taicnypcleirnipahnearlaolgtsi,ss7u0e7s, 335 penicillins for, 185 ZviitkaamviinruBs9ind,ef1i6ci8ency, 66 Primitive pulmonary vein, 286 Prostaglandin analogs urinary tract infections, 179, 621 Pregnancy complications Primitive reflexes, 525 naming conventions for, 253 ectopic pregnancy, 660 Primitive ventricle, 286 Prostaglandins Prothrombin hypertension, 662 PR interval, antiarrhythmic effects, 327 aspirin effects, 495 complex concentrate transfusion, placenta accreta spectrum, 659 Prions and prion diseases, 175 cortisol effect on, 340 434 placental abruption, 659 Probenecid ductus arteriosus closure, 287 warfarin effect on, 433 placenta previa, 659 glaucoma therapy, 570 postpartum hemorrhage, 660 gout, 496 kidney effects of, 609 Prothrombin time vasa previa, 659 sulfa allergies and, 251 Prostate, 644 functional liver markers, 397 Prehn sign, 671, 673 Procainamide Prostate cancer Preload antiarrhythmic effects, 326 adenocarcinomas, 674 Proton pump inhibitors approximation of, 289 drug-induced lupus, 249 immunohistochemical stains, 223 for Helicobacter pylori, 188 Premature atrial contraction, 313 Procalcitonin, 209 incidence/mortality of, 218 interstitial nephritis with, 250 Premature beats, 313 Procarbazine leuprolide for, 676 mechanism, use and adverse Premature ejaculation, 595 disulfiram-like reaction with, 250 serum tumor marker, 222 effects, 406 Premature ovarian failure, 655, 664, mechanism, use and adverse Prostate specific antigen (PSA) naming conventions for, 253 serum tumor marker, 222 osteoporosis with, 249 665 effects, 445 stains for, 223 Premature ventricular contraction, 313 Procedure bias, 262 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Protoporphyrin, 430 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 595 Process improvement model serum tumor marker, 222 Protozoa Preoptic nucleus Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), 674 quality measurement, 277 Prostatic adenocarcinoma, 674 CNS infections, 153 GnRH release, 509 Process quality measurement, 277 Prostatitis, 674 gastrointestinal infections, 152 Prepatellar bursitis, 464 Processus vaginalis, 644 Escherichia coli, 674 hematologic infections, 154 Preprocollagen, 48 Prochlorperazine, 407 gonorrhea, 180 pyrimethamine effects in, 34 Preproinsulin, 338 Procoagulation, 419 Prosthetic devices stains for identification, 123 Prerenal azotemia, 622 Procollagen peptidase deficiency, 49 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 126 visceral infections, 155 Presbycusis, 550 Proctitis, 393 Prosthetic heart valves, 429 watery diarrhea, 176 Preschool age development, 574 Progesterone Protamine sulfate, 247 Proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA Pressure sensation Protease inhibitors lactation and, 655 fat redistribution with, 249 type 2), 613 receptors for, 505 signaling pathways for, 341 HIV therapy, 199 Proximal renal tubule thalamic relay for, 509 source and function of, 650 naming convention for, 252 Pressure-volume loops, 292, 293 Progestins, 677 Proteases relative concentrations along, 607 PPrreessyynnacpotpiec,β292-9autoreceptor, 241 mechanism and clinical use, 677 pancreatic secretion, 380 PRPP amidotransferase Pretectal nuclei, 556 Progressive multifocal Proteasome Preterm birth, death with, 276 in immune response, 46 in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 Pretest probability, 259 leukoencephalopathy, 540 Proteasome inhibitor PRPP (glutamine-phosphoribosyl- Prevalence vs incidence, 261 oligodendrocytes in, 504 naming conventions for, 254 Prevotella spp, 176 Progressive multifocal Protein A pyrophosphate) healthcare-associated infections, 182 bacterial virulence, 127 amidotransferase, 71 Priapism leukoencephalopathy Proteinases, 412 Prucalopride, 408 ischemic, 671 (PML) Protein C/S deficiency, 431 Pruritus sickle cell anemia, 428 HIV-positive adults, 174 hereditary thrombophilias, 433 anal, 156 trazodone and, 596 polyomaviruses, 161 Protein-energy malnutrition, 69 aquagenic, 438 Prilocaine, 567 Projection, 573 Protein kinase A atopic dermitis, 485 Primaquine Prokaryotes fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 74 biliary tract disease, 402 for prophylaxis, 194 DNA replication in, 36 chloroquine, 196 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 mRNA start codons, 42 cutaneous mycoses, 488 in G6PD deficiency, 77 RNA polymerases in, 40 dermatitis herpetiformis, 490 Prolactin ectoparasites, 158 function and notes, 332 lichen planus, 491 lactation and, 655 lichen sclerosus, 663 secretion of, 331, 510 nocturnal perianal, 158 signaling pathways for, 341 otitis externa, 549 source, function, and regulation, pseudofolliculitis barbae, 485 334 Prussian blue stain, 402, 698 Psammoma bodies calcification, 207 mesotheliomas, 697 serous carcinoma, 666 thyroid cancer, 347 tumor identification, 213 uploaded by medbooksvn

816 INDEX Pseudoappendicitis interpersonal therapy, 592 Pupil Pyruvate kinase deficiency Yersinia enterocolitica, 142 motivational interviewing, 592 CN III palsy, 558 anemia with, 428 supportive therapy, 592 control of, 556 RBC morphology with, 420 Pseudobulbar palsy, 546 Psyllium, 408 drugs affecting size, 251 Pseudodiverticulum, 390 PTEN gene light reflex, 556 Pyruvate metabolism, 75 Pseudoephedrine, 707 product and associated condition, Pyuria Pseudofolliculitis barbae, 485 Pupillary control Pseudofractures, 468 220 relative afferent pupillary defect, acute interstitial nephritis, 622 Pseudohypoparathyroidism PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) 556 sterile, 621 urinary tract infections and, 179 lab values with, 348 functions, 336 Pupillary reflex, 521 type 1A, 348 PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related Pure motor stroke, 528 Q Pseudomembranous colitis Pure red cell aplasia, 224, 426 Q fever Clostridioides difficile, 136 protein), 224 clindamycin, 189 Ptosis thymoma and, 96 rickettsial disease, 147 drugs causing, 248 Purines transmission, 148 penicillins, 185 CN III damage, 558 QRS complex, 298 watery diarrhea, 176 Horner syndrome, 557 de novo synthesis, 34 Quadrantanopia, 559 Pseudomembranous pharyngitis, 137 myasthenia gravis, 480 de novo synthesis rate-limiting Quantifying risk, terminology for, 258 Pseudomonas spp saccular aneurysm, 532 Quaternary amines, 200 ceftazidime, 144 Pubarche, 656 enzyme, 71 Quaternary disease prevention, 255 epididymitis and orchitis, 673 Puberty gout and, 473 Quetiapine, 252, 593 fluoroquinolones, 192 Kallmann syndrome and, 658 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 Quiescent (stable) cells, 44 immunodeficient patients, 116 precocious, 55 salvage deficiencies, 35 Quinidine osteomyelitis, 177 Public health sciences, 256 structure, 33 antiarrhythmic effects, 326 otitis externa (swimmer’s ear), 549 communication skills, 270 Purine synthesis cinchonism with, 250 penicillins for, 144 ethics, 267 drug actions on, 34 thrombocytopenia with, 249 pyocyanin of, 107 quality and safety, 277 Purkinje cells Quinine, 154, 250 urinary tract infections, 179 Pudendal nerve, 373, 457, 647 ischemia effects, 206 cinchonism with, 250 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pulmonary arterial hypertension, paraneoplastic cerebellar Quinolone biofilm production, 126 Legionella pneumophila, 141 bronchiectasis, 695 303, 700 degeneration, 224 exotoxin in, 130 Pulmonary artery, 285, 683 Purkinje fibers, 298 R findings and treatment, 141 Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Purpura Rabies virus healthcare-associated infections, (PCWP), 300 aplastic anemia, 427 medical importance, 169 182 in shock, 317 palpable, 478 receptors, 163 in cystic fibrosis, 58 Pulmonary circulation, 686 Pustular psoriasis, 483 structure and medical importance, pigment production, 126 persistent pulmonary hypertension, Pustules polymyxins, 190 acne, 485 164 Swimmer’s ear (otitis externa), 141 304 characteristics/examples, 483 Rachitic rosary, 468 Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 436 uncorrected left-to-right shunt, 303 pseudofolliculitis barbae, 485 Radial head subluxation, 466 Pseudostratified ciliated cells, 682 vascular resistance, 686 rosacea, 485 Radial nerve Pseudovirion, 159 ventilation/perfusion mismatch, Pyelonephritis, 179 Psittacosis, 147 acute and chronic, 621 injury and presentation, 450 Psoas abscess, 463 687 kidney stones, 619 neurovascular pairing, 458 Psoas sign, 390, 463 Pulmonary edema WBC casts in, 614 Radiation exposure Psoriasis, 483, 485 Pygmalion effect, 262 acute myelogenous leukemia and, cyclosporine, 118 left heart failure, 316 Pyknosis etanercept for, 497 nitrates for, 323 in cell injury, 203 436 hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis, 483 opioids for, 569 Pyloric channel aplastic anemia, 427 infliximab/adalimumab for, 497 physical findings, 700 hypertrophic stenosis, 366 apoptosis, 204 methotrexate for, 444 Pulmonary emboli obstruction with ulcer, 387 free radical injury, 206 skin lesions, 483 origin, 692 Pyloromyotomy, 366 hypopituitarism, 343 therapeutic antibodies, 120 presentation and treatment, 693 Pyocyanin, 141 Radiation therapy Psoriatic arthritis, 475, 485 treatment of, 440 Pyoderma gangrenosum angiosarcomas, 486 HLA subtype, 98 Pulmonary fibrosis inflammatory bowel disease, 389 lymphopenia, 429 leflunomide for, 495 diffusion limited gas exchange, 686 Pyogenic granulomas, 486 neutropenia, 429 therapeutic antibodies, 120 drugs causing, 250 Pyoverdine, 141 papillary thyroid carcinoma risk, Psychiatric condition, preferred idiopathic, 696 Pyramidal cells Pulmonary hypertension ischemia, 206 347 medications for, 592 acute respiratory distress syndrome, Pyramidal tract demyelination, 539 Radiculopathy Psychiatric emergencies Pyrantel pamoate, 156, 197 699 Pyrazinamide, 193 lumbosacral, 458 cause, manifestation and treatment, chronic thromboembolic, 700 hyperuricemia with, 249 Radon 589 etiologies of, 700 Pyrethroids, 158 hypoxia or lung disease, 700 Pyridostigmine carcinogenicity of, 221 delirium tremens, 589 hypoxic vasoconstriction, 686 myasthenia gravis treatment, 239, RAG mutation Psychiatric overtones left heart disease, 700 multifactorial, 700 480 immunodeficiency, 115 hyperparathyroidism, 349 sildenafil, 707 Pyridoxal phosphate, 65 Rales Psychiatry Pulmonary hypertension drugs, 707 Pyridoxine, 65 Pulmonary hypoplasia, 681 Pyrimethamine, 196 in heart failure, 316 diagnostic criteria by symptom Pulmonary Langerhans cell Raloxifene duration, 583 effects in protozoa, 34 histiocytosis, 696 purine and pyrimidine synthesis, 34 estrogen receptor modulator pathology, 575 Pulmonary surfactant Pyrimidine (selective), 676 pharmacology, 592 de novo rate-limiting enzyme, 71 Psychoactive drug intoxication/ club cells, 681 Pyrimidines Ramelteon, 564 Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), de novo synthesis, 34 Ramipril, 630 withdrawal, 590 de novo synthesis of, 34 Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 548 depressants, 590 686 structure, 33 Random plasma glucose hallucinogens, 591 Pulmonary vasculature Pyrimidine synthesis, 495 Psychology/psychiatry, 571 drug actions on, 34 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, 350 Psychosis alveolar hypoxia effects on, 300 Pyruvate carboxylase, 76 RANK-L (RANK ligand), 336 characteristics of, 578 Pulmonic stenosis PyrvuitvaamteindeBh7yadnrodg, e6n6ase LSD, 591 deficiency, 75 immunotherapy, 120 postpartum, 581 wide splitting in, 294 PyvruitvaamteindeBh1yadnrodg, e6n4ase complex Ranolazine Psychosocial impact Pulmonic valves cofactor requirements, 75 child neglect, 575 glycolysis regulation, 74 mechanism, use and adverse of strabismus, 557 physiologic splitting, 294 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex effects, 324 Psychotherapy, goals of, 592 “Pulseless disease”, 478 Psychotherapy techniques Pulse pressure deficiency, 75 Raphe nucleus, 506 behavioral therapy, 592 Rapid acting insulins, 358 dialectical behavioral therapy, 592 equation for, 290 Rapid automated broth cultures, 124 Pulse-temperature dissociation], 142 Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, Pulsus paradoxus 508 asthma attack, 695 Rapidly progressive (crescentic) cardiac tamponade, 317 “Pulsus parvus et tardus”, 296 glomerulonephritis, 616 “Punched out” bone lesions, 436 Rapport, establishing, 270 Punishment (conditioning), 572 RAS gene, 347 Rasagiline, 565 Rasburicase, 440, 447

INDEX  817 Rashes Redundant/degenerate genetic code, ESR with, 210 Respiratory depression “blueberry muffin”, 166 35 Fabry disease, 86 barbiturates, 590 carbapenems, 187 genitourinary trauma, 647 benzodiazepines, 590 childhood diseases and Reed-Sternberg cells, 434 gout and, 473 opioids, 590 presentations, 178 Refeeding syndrome (anorexia ischemia, 495 psychoactive drug intoxication, 590 desquamating, 478 renin-secreting tumor, 611 tricyclic antidepressants, 589, 595 fluoroquinolones, 192 nervosa), 586 staphylococcal scalded skin heliotrope, 224 Referred pain Respiratory failure macrolides, 190 syndrome, 487 inflammatory demyelination malar, 476 cholecystitis, 403 tetracycline use in, 189 disorders, 540 palms and soles, 148 diaphragm irritation, 683 waxy casts in, 614 polymyxins, 190 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins, pericarditis, 288 Wilson disease, 402 185 Reflex bradycardia, 608 Renal/genitourinary drug reactions, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) petechial, 181 Reflexes pneumonia, 703 rickettsial infections, 148 cranial nerves, 521 250 prophylaxis, 120 rubella, 181 grading of, 525 Renal oncocytoma, 626 structure and medical importance, unvaccinated children, 183 motor neuron signs, 545 Renal osteodystrophy, 349, 623, 624 164 neurons functions in, 524 Renal papillary necrosis, 623 Rathke pouch, 331, 544, 633 primitive, 525 Respiratory system Rationalization, 573 spinal (clinical), 525 pyelonephritis and, 621 aging effects on, 225 Raynaud phenomenon Reflex syncope, 318 sickle cell anemia, 428 changes in pregnancy, 653 Reflex tachycardia, 243, 323 Renal plasma flow, effective, 602 drug reactions, 250 calcium channel blockers for, 323 Reflux (erosive) esophagitis, 384 Renal sympathetic discharge, 608 muscarinic antagonist effects, 240 disease vs syndrome, 480 Refractive errors (vision), 551 Renal system pharmacology, 706 vs syndrome, 480 Refractory angina, 324 aging effects on, 225 “Razor bumps”, 485 Refractory (autonomous) changes in pregnancy, 653 Respiratory tract infections RB1 gene embryology, 598 C3 deficiency, 105 mutation effects, 555 hyperparathyroidism, 349 genitourinary drug reactions, 250 product and associated condition, Refsum disease, 46 Renal tubular acidosis Respiratory tree Refusing care types and findings with, 613 conducting zone, 682 220 Renal tubular defects, effects and RBC casts, 614 minors, 268 Resting tremor, 535 RBC inclusions, associated pathology, Regadenoson, 308 causes, 606 Restless legs syndrome, 535 Regan-Lowe medium, 124 Renin Restricting type (anorexia nervosa), 422 Registering for exam, 5–6 RBC morphology, 420–439 Regression, 573 aliskiren effect on, 630 586 Reabsorption and secretion rate Regulation of cell cycle primary hyperaldosteronism, 354 Restrictive cardiomyopathy source and effects, 608 calculation, 604 cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone hemochromatosis, 402 Reaction formation, 573 44 Restrictive/infiltrative Reactive arthritis system, 608 tumor suppressors, 44 Renomegaly, 85 cardiomyopathy, 315 Campylobacter jejuni, 143 Regulation of gene expression, 39 Renovascular hypertension, 354 Restrictive lung diseases chlamydia, 180 Regulatory T cells Reoviridae classic triad of, 475 ankylosing spondylitis, 475 HLA subtype, 98 cell surface proteins, 108 genome, 160 flow volume loops, 694 Type III hypersensitivity, 111 functions, 100 Reoviruses types of, 696 Yersinia enterocolitica, 142 Regurgitation RET gene Reactive gliosis, 503 in GERD, 384 structure and medical importance, associated neoplasm, 220, 355 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Reheated rice syndrome, 136 164 Hirschsprung disease, 391 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Reichert cartilage, 640 Reteplase (rPA), 442 Reassortment Reid index, 695 Repaglinide, 359 Rete testis, 672 influenza viruses, 166 Reinforcement, 572 Reperfusion injury, 206 Reticular activating system viral genetics, 159 Relapsing fever lesion effects, 526 Recall bias in studies, 262 animal transmission, 147 myocardial infarction, 309 Reticulate body, 146 Receiver operating characteristic transmission, 158 Reperfusion therapy, 315 Reticulin, 48 Relationship with patients, 272 Replication fork, 36 Reticulocyte production index, 423 curve, 260 Relative afferent pupillary defect, 556 Replicative potential (cancer), 217 Reticulocytes Receptive (Wernicke) aphasia, 531 Relative risk, 256, 258 Reportable diseases, confidentiality in aplastic anemia, 427 Receptor binding Relative risk reduction, 258 intravascular hemolysis, 427 Reliability (precision), 261 exceptions, 269 Retinal, 64 potency and efficacy with Remodeling (tissue), 212 Repression, 573 Retinal artery occlusion, 554 antagonists, 233 REM(rapid eye movement) sleep, Repressor proteins Retinal detachment, 554 Retinal disorders, 554 Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 45 508 lactose effects on, 38 Retinal vein occlusion, 554 Receptor tyrosine kinase, 341 Renal agenesis Reproductive/endocrine drug Retinitis Recklinghausen disease, 541 cidofovir, 198 Recombinant cytokines causes of, 598 reactions, 248 foscarnet, 198 Potter sequence, 598 Reproductive hormones, control of, Retinitis pigmentosa, 554 clinical uses, 119 pulmonary hypoplasia association, abetalipoproteinemia, 92 Recombinant uricase naming 675 Retinoblastoma 681 Reproductive system cause and presentation, 555 convention, 252 Renal artery stenosis, causes and chromosome association, 62 Recombinant vaccine, 109 aging effects on, 225 heterozygosity loss, 54 Recombination effects, 625, 630 anatomy, 644 osteosarcomas, 471 Renal blood flow female anatomy, 645 Retinoic acid, 64 bacterial genetics, 128 male anatomy, 646 Retinoids, 485 viral genetics, 159 diagram, 600 pathology, 657 Retinol, 64 Rectal sparing, 389 renal artery stenosis, 625, 630 pharmacology, 675 Retinopathy Rectocele, 645 renal plasma flow and, 602 physiology, 649 chloroquine, 196 Rectum Renal cell carcinoma Rescheduling exam, 6 diabetic, 554 familial adenomatous polyposis, carcinogens for, 221 Residual volume, 684 hemorrhage, 554 chromosome association, 62 Resistance, pressure and flow in hemorrhages and exudates in, 304, 394 hypercalcemia, 224 portosystemic anastomosis, 372 metastases, 219 vessels, 291 318 Rectus abdominis muscle, 377 presentation and treatment, 625 Reslizumab, 708 in diabetes mellitus, 350 Recurrent branch of median nerve PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) Respiration of prematurity, 681 injury and presentation, 450 retinitis, 555 Recurrent laryngeal nerve functions, 336 exercise response, 690 sorbitol, 79 compression of, 288, 705 recombinant cytokines, 119 high altitude response, 690 vein occlusion, 554 Pancoast tumor, 706 risk with complex cysts, 624 Respiratory with hypertensive emergency, 304 Red blood cell pathology Renal clearance calculation, 602 fluoroquinolones, 192 Retinopathy of prematurity, 206, 554 inclusions, 422 Renal cyst disorders, 624 organisms in unvaccinated RET/PTC rearrangements, 347 pathologic morphology, 420 Renal dialysis, 182 Retrograde amnesia, 577 Red hepatization, 704 Renal disorders/failure children, 183 Retroperitoneal fibrosis, 620 Red infarct, 206 acute pericarditis with, 319 Respiratory acidosis Retroperitoneal structures, 367 Redox reactions conditions and features of, 611 vitamin B2 and, 65 consequences of, 623 laboratory findings with, 612 drug dosages in, 229 Respiratory alkalosis high altitude, 690 laboratory finding with, 612 Respiratory burst, 107 in chronic granulomatous disease, 115 uploaded by medbooksvn

818 INDEX Retrospective studies, 256, 262, 278 Rickettsia rickettsii Romaña sign, 155 Salvage deficiencies Retroviruses animal transmission, 147 Romano-Ward syndrome, 312 purines, 35 chloramphenicol, 189 Romberg sign, 546 structure and medical importance, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 148 Romiplostim (TPO analog), 119 Sampling bias, 262 164 Root cause analysis, 278 Sandfly fever/Rift valley fever, 164 Rickettsia typhi Rooting reflex, 525 SA node, 297 Rett syndrome, 60 transmission, 147, 148 Ropinirole, 565 Reverse T3 (rT3), 335 Ropivacaine, 567 action potential, 297 Reverse transcriptase Rickettsial diseases, 148 Rosacea, 485 aging effects, 312 rash common, 148 Rose gardener’s disease, 151 antiarrhythmic effects, 328 telomerase, 36 with rash rare, 148 Rosenthal fibers, 544 blood supply, 288 Reversible cellular injury changes, Roseola cardiac glycoside effects, 326 Riedel thyroiditis, 345 conduction pathway, 298 203 Rifabutin, 193, 194 rash, 178 premature beats, 313 Reye syndrome, 397 Rifampin Roseola infantum Saponification, 205 Sarcoidosis aspirin use, 494 antituberculous drugs, 193 HHV-6/HHV-7, 162 cardiomyopathy with, 315 Reynolds pentad, 403 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 Rosuvastatin, 324 characteristics and associations, Rhabdomyolysis Hemophilus influenzae prophylaxis, Rotator cuff muscles, 451 Rotavirus 697 daptomycin, 192 140 erythema nodosum, 491 potassium shifts and, 610 hepatitis with, 248 diarrhea with, 176 myocarditis with, 320 refeeding syndrome and, 586 hepatotoxicity, 374 medical importance, 165 Sarcoma, 216 Rhabdomyomas, 216, 320 interstitial nephritis with, 250 Roth spots, 318 Sarcoma botryoides, 664 Rhabdomyosarcomas prophylactic use, 194 Rotor syndrome, 400, 401 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 459 dactinomycin for, 444 tuberculoid leprosy, 139 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 45 Sarcoptes scabiei variant, 664 Rifamycins Rouleaux formation, 436 disease and treatment, 158 Rhabdoviruses antituberculous, 193 Round ligament, 645 Sargramostim, 447 structure and medical importance, RNA polymerase effects, 40 Round ligament of uterus Sargramostim (GM-CSF), 119 Rifapentine, 193 male/female homologs, 644 SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory 164 Rifaximin Rovsing sign, 390 Rhagades, 145 hepatic encephalopathy treatment, RSV F protein syndrome coronavirus 2), Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, immunotherapy, 120 170 398 Rubella virus, 166 receptors, 163 554 Rift Valley fever/Sandfly fever, 164 cardiac defect association, 304 presentation and transmission, 170 Rheumatic fever Right anterior cardinal vein, 286 medical importance, 164, 166 remdesivir for, 198 Right bundle branch, 298 rashes, 178 SARS (sudden acute respiratory cause, findings and treatment, 319 Right bundle branch block, 294 TORCH infection, 181 syndrome), 164 myocarditis with, 320 Right common cardinal vein, 286 unvaccinated children, 183 Satiety/hunger regulation, 509 Streptococcus pyogenes, 134 Right coronary artery (RCA) Rubeola (measles) virus Saturday night palsy, 450 streptolysin O, 131 medical importance, 167 “Sausage fingers”, 475 type II hypersensitivity, 110 occlusions of, 309 Rubor, 209 Sausage link appearance Rheumatoid arthritis Right heart failure, 316 Ruffini corpuscles, 505 (funduscopy), 436 autoantibody, 113 Right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, “Rusty” sputum, 134 “Saw-tooth” crypt pattern, 394 azathioprine for, 444 Ruxolitinib, 438, 447 Saxagliptin, 359 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 463 391 Ryanodine receptor, 459 Scabies, 196 celecoxib for, 495 Right-to-left shunts, 284, 302, 688 Scalded skin syndrome etanercept for, 497 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain, S Staphylococcus aureus, 131 extraarticular manifestations, 472 S-100 characteristics, 487 HLA subtype, 98 403 Scales (skin) immunosuppressants, 119 Right ventricle immunohistochemical stain, 223 characteristics/examples, 483 infliximab/adalimumab for, 497 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 439 seborrheic dermatitis, 484 leflunomide for, 495 “atrializing” of, 302 tumor marker, 493 Scar formation, types, 214 methotrexate for, 444 Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) Saber shins, 145, 181 Scarlet fever osteoarthritis vs, 472 Sabin poliovirus vaccine, 164 rash with, 178 pathogenesis, findings and high altitude, 690 Sabouraud agar, 124 Streptococcus pyogenes, 134 Riluzole, 546, 566 Saccular aneurysms, 532 S cells, 378 treatment, 472 Ring-enhancing lesions (MRI) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 49 Schaumann bodies, 697 therapeutic antibodies for, 120 renal cyst disorders and, 624 Schiller-Duval bodies, 667 Type III hypersensitivity, 111 Toxoplasma gondii, 153 Sacrococcygeal teratomas, 672 Schilling test, 426 Rheumatoid factor, 113 Ringworm Sacubitril, 315 Schistocytes Rh hemolytic disease of newborn, 411 mechanism, use and adverse disseminated intravascular Rhinitis griseofulvin, 196 coagulation, 433 phenylephrine for, 241 tinea corporis, 488 effects, 324 HELLP syndrome, 662 Rhinitis medicamentosa, 707 Risedronate, 495 Saddle embolus, 693 in intravascular hemolysis, 427 Rhinocerebral abscess, 150 Risk quantification terminology, 258 Saddle nose Shiga toxin, 143 Rhinophyma, 485 Risperidone, 593 Schistocytes (“helmet” cells), 420, Rhinosinusitis, 692 hyperprolactinemia, 248 syphilis, 181 429 Rhinovirus Ristocetin, 417 S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), 73 Schistosoma spp characteristics, 165 Risus sardonicus, 130 Safety culture, 277 disease, transmission and picornavirus, 164 Ritonavir, 199 Sail-shaped thymus, 96 treatment, 157 receptors, 163 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 Salicylates Schistosoma haematobium RNA translation in, 165 Rituximab, 429, 446 bladder cancer, 222 Rhizopus spp Rivaroxaban, 441 toxicity treatment, 247 disease association, 158 opportunistic infections, 150 Rivastigmine, 239, 566 Salivary glands squamous cell carcinoma of Ribavirin, 200 River blindness, 156 bladder, 624 contraindicated in pregnancy, 200 RNA adrenergic receptors in, 236 Schistosoma japonicum purine synthesis, 34 capping, 40 Salivary gland tumors, 383 portal hypertension, 158 Riboflavin, 65 interference, 54 Salmeterol, 241, 708 Schistosoma mansoni Ribose, 77 RNA polymerase inhibition Salmonella spp portal hypertension, 158 Ribosomes Amanita phalloides, 40 Schistosomiasis protein synthesis, 43 RNA polymerases, 40 comparison with Shigella, 142 portal hypertension with, 396 Rice-water diarrhea types and functions of, 39 Shigella spp vs, 142 pulmonary arterial hypertension, organisms causing, 176 RNA processing (eukaryotes), 40 animal transmission, 147 700 Vibrio cholerae, 144 RNA viruses bloody diarrhea, 176 Schizoid personality disorder, 584 Richter transformation, 437 genome, 160 food poisoning, 175 Schizophrenia Rickets SARS-CoV-2, 170 osteomyelitis, 177 diagnostic criteria and treatment, hypophosphatemic, 611 structure and medical importance, penicillins for, 185 579 metaphyseal cupping/fraying, 468 reactive arthritis, 475 hallucinations with, 578 vitamin D and, 68 164 TMP-SMX, 191 Rickettsia spp Robertsonian translocation, 62 virulence factors, 142 stains for, 123 Rocker-bottom feet, 61 Salmonella typhi (ty-Vi) tetracyclines, 189 “Rocket tails”, 137 Shigella comparison, 142 Rickettsia prowazekii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Salpingitis, 182 transmission of, 147, 148, 158 animal transmission, 147 chloramphenicol, 189 vector-borne illness, 148 Rocuronium, 568 Roflumilast, 245, 708

INDEX  819 neurotransmitter changes with, 506 febrile, 532 Serratia marcescens Shigella boydii, 143 preferred medications for, 592, 593 neurologic drug reactions, 250 in immunodeficiency, 126 Shigella dysenteriae, 142 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, Selection bias, 262 treatment of, 186 Shigella flexneri, 142 Selective dorsal rhizotomy, 547 urinary tract infections, 179 Shigella sonnei, 142, 143 579 Selective estrogen receptor Shine-Dalgarno sequence, 43 Schizotypal personality disorder, 579, modulators, 446, 676 Sertoli cells Shingles (zoster), 162, 483 Selective IgA deficiency, 114 secretions of, 641, 648 Shock 584 Selective mutism, 576 sexual differentiation, 642 Schüffner stippling, 154 SSSeeellleeecgcittliiivvneeeαα, 2156bb5lloo, cc5kk9ee5rrss,, 243 tumors of, 673 cardiogenic, 290, 309, 314, 321 Schwann cells 243 Ebola, 169 Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, 667 endotoxins, 129 functions of, 504 Selenium sulfide, 488 Sertraline, 595 hypovolemic, 299 in demyelinating disorders, 540 Self-mutilation Serum amyloid A norepinephrine for, 241 Schwannomas, 541 fragile X syndrome, 60 superantigens causing, 131 characteristics and histology, 542 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 acute phase reactants, 209 types, causes, signs, and treatment, Sciatic nerve, 456 Self-reacting lymphocytes, 204 Serum iron SCID (severe combined Semaglutide, 359 317 Semimembranosus, 455 iron study interpretation, 423 Short acting insulin, 358 immunodeficiency) Seminal vesicles, 641 Serum markers (liver pathology), 397 Short bowel syndrome, 381 causes of, 35 Seminiferous tubules, cells and Serum osmolality Shoulder drop, 463 lymphopenia with, 429 functions, 648 Shoulder dystocia, 654 Sclerae Seminoma (PLAP), 222, 673 primary polydipsia and diabetes Sialadenitis, 383 alkaptonuria, 82 Semitendinosus, 455 insipidus, 342 Sialolithiasis, 383 osteogenesis imperfecta, 48, 49 Senna, 408 Sialyl Lewisx, 211 Sclerodactyly, 481 Sensitivity (true-positive rate), 260 regulation of, 333 Sickle cell anemia, 671 Scleroderma Sensorineural hearing loss, 312, 550 Serum tumor markers esophageal involvement, 384 Sensory cortex, 528 causes and findings, 428 types of, 481 topographic representation, 514 α-fetoprotein (AFP), 222, 667 osteonecrosis and, 468 Scleroderma (diffuse) Sensory innervation dysgerminoma, 222, 667 Sickle cell disease autoantibody, 113 derivation of, 640 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 222, chromosomal abnormality, 62 Sclerosing adenosis, 669 tongue, 503 hydroxyurea use with, 444 Sclerosing cholangitis, 400 Sensory loss 405 iron poisoning with, 431 ulcerative colitis association, 389 conversion disorder and, 585 placental alkaline phosphatase, Sickle cells, 421 Scoliosis stroke effects, 528 Sick sinus syndrome, 312 restrictive lung disease with, 696 Sensory modalities/pathways 222, 673 Sideroblastic anemia Scombroid poisoning, 246 thalamus in, 509 prostatic acid phosphatase, 222, causes and lab findings, 425 Scopolamine, 240 Sensory receptors RBC inclusions in, 422 effects on pupil size, 251 fiber type, location and modality, 674 SigvmitaomidincoBlo6nd,e3fi9c0iency, 65 Scoring of USMLE Step 1 exam, 7, 505 use and associations of, 222 Sigmoid volvulus, 392 Separation anxiety disorder, 576 yolk sac tumor, 222, 667 Signaling pathways 9–10 Sepsis 17α-hydroxylase, 339 for endocrine hormones, 341 Scorpion sting, 404 ARDS, 699 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 339 steroid hormones, 341 Scotoma, 559 immunodeficient patients, 116 Severe combined immunodeficiency Signal recognition particle (SRP), 45 Scrotal lesions lymphopenia with, 429 Signet ring cells, 386 neutropenia with, 429 (SCID), 115 Sign of Leser-Trélat, 224 benign, 672 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Sevoflurane, 567 Sildenafil, 245, 671 scrotal enlargement, 671 Streptococcus agalactiae, 135 Sex chromosome disorders Silencer (gene expression), 39 varicocele, 671 Septate uterus, 642 Silent mutation, 38 Scrotum Septic arthritis karyotyping for, 53 Silica lymphatic drainage, 644 causes and treatment, 474 types of, 657 carcinogenicity, 221 Scurvy, 48 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 140 Sex cord stromal tumors, 666 inflammation stimulus, 212 vitamin C deficiency, 67 Septicemia ovarian, 667 Silicosis, 698 Seafood toxins (ingested), 246 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 Sex hormone–binding globulin Silver stain, 123 Seal-like barking cough, 167 Septic shock Simple pneumothorax physical Seasonal affective disorder, 580 diffuse cortical necrosis (renal), 623 (SHBG) Seborrheic dermatitis, 484 norepinephrine for, 241 steroid hormone signaling findings, 700 Seborrheic keratosis, 485 Septum primum, 284 Simple vs complex renal cysts, 624 Sebum, 485 Septum secundum, 284 pathways, 341 Simvastatin, 324 Secondary amyloidosis, 208 Sequence (morphogenesis), 635 Sex steroid replacement, 343 Single nucleotide (point) mutation, Secondary and tertiary adrenal Serine, 220 Sexual abuse (child), 575 SERMs Sexual development/disorders 38 insufficiency, 353 thrombotic complications with, Single nucleotide polymorphisms Secondary biliary cholangitis, 402 249 diagnosis by physical Secondary disease prevention, 255 Serologic markers characteristics, 658 (SNPs), 52 Secondary glomerular disease, 614 hepatitis, 172 Single nucleotide substitutions, 38 Secondary hyperaldosteronism, 354 Seronegative spondyloarthritis, 475 diagnosis by sex hormones, 658 Single-stranded binding proteins, 36 Secondary hyperparathyroidism Serosa (digestive tract), 369 46,XX DSD, 657 Single umbilical artery, 638 Serotonergic agonists 46,XY DSD, 657 Sinusitis lab values in, 469 enteric nerve stimulation, 408 other disorders of, 657 lab values with, 348 Serotonin ovotesticular DSD, 657 brain abscesses, 177 presentation and findings, 349 synthesis and change with diseases, Tanner stages of, 656 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Secondary lactase deficiency, 79 506 Sexual differentiation, 642 Secondary spontaneous vomiting center input, 507 Sexual dysfunction, 586 479 Serotonin syndrome Sexually transmitted infections Kartagener syndrome, 47 pneumothorax, 702 cause, manifestation and treatment, clinical feature and pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 134 Secondary syphilis, 145 589 Sinus venarum, 286 Second-degree AV block, 313 dextromethorphan, 706 180 Sinus venosus, horns of, 286 2nd generation sulfonylureas, 359 MDMA, 591 molluscum contagiosum, 487 Sirolimus (Rapamycin) Second messengers oxazolidinones, 190 parental consent with, 268 immunosuppression, 118 Serous carcinoma, 666 Trichomonas vaginalis, 155 Sister Mary Joseph nodules, 386 G-protein linked, 237 Serous cystadenoma, 666 Sézary syndrome, 435 Sitagliptin, 359 Second-wind phenomenon, 85 Serpentine cord, 138 SGLT-2 inhibitor Situational syncope, 318 Secretin Serrated polyps, 394 naming conventions for, 253 6-mercaptopurine Serratia spp Shawl and face rash, 477 for ulcerative colitis, 389 secretory cell location, 379 immunodeficient patients, 116 Sheehan syndrome, 343 mechanism, use and adverse somatostatinomas and, 357 Shiga toxin, 128, 142 source, action and regulation, 378 hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 143 effects, 444 Secretory (exported) protein synthesis, mechanism, 130 purine synthesis, 34 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia Sjögren syndrome 45 autoantibody, 113 Secukinumab coli (STEC) infection, 432 characteristics, complications, and Shigella target and clinical use, 120 labs, 474 Seizures comparison with Salmonella, 142 pilocarpine for, 239 Shigella spp anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, 224 bloody diarrhea, 176 comparison with Salmonella spp, benzodiazepine withdrawal, 563 characteristics and forms of, 533 142 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins for, 185 reactive arthritis, 475 TMP-SMX, 191 toxin, 130 vs Salmonella spp, 142 uploaded by medbooksvn

820 INDEX Skeletal muscle SLE-like syndrome Sodium channel blockers Spina bifida occulta, 501 ACh receptors in, 235 procainamide, 326 classes, mechanism, use and Spinal cord atrophy and hypertrophy in, 460 adverse effects, 326 blood flow autoregulation to, Sliding hiatal hernia, 377 Class IA, 326 anterior horn degeneration, 41 300 Slime (S) layer (bacteria), 122 Class IB, 326 lesions and syndromes of, 546 fiber types and metabolism, 460 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis lower extent of, 522 glycogen in, 84 Sodium channels reflexes and nerve roots, 525 ossification in, 477 avascular necrosis, 468 pacemaker action potential and, tracts and functions of, 524 relaxants, 569 osteonecrosis, 466 297 tracts in, 523 Slow acetylators, 230 Spinal cord lesions/syndromes Skewed distributions, 264 Slow-wave sleep, 508 Sodium-cyanide nitroprusside test causes of, 546 Skin SMAD4 (DPC4) gene (urinary), 83 in multiple sclerosis, 539 product and associated condition, Spinal dysraphism types, 501 aging effects on, 225 Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 Spinal muscular atrophy, 546 blood flow autoregulation to, 300 220 inhibitors, 359 presentation, 546 carcinogens affecting, 221 Small bowel obstruction, 393 splicing of pre-mRNA in, 41 changes in pregnancy, 653 Small cell carcinoma Sodium oxybate (GHB) Spinal nerves, 522 collagen in, 48 narcolepsy treatment, 587 Spinal reflexes/nerve roots common disorders, 485 carcinogens for, 221 clinical reflexes, 525 drug reactions, 249 immunohistochemical stain, 223 Sodium polystyrene sulfonate, 361 Spinal tract anatomy/function epithelial cell junctions, 482 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Sodium-potassium pump, 47 ascending tracts, 524 exocrine glands, 482 Sodium stibogluconate, 155, 196 Spinocerebellar degeneration extrahepatic manifestations of syndrome, 480 Sodium thiosulfate, 691 abetalipoproteinemia, 92 location and characteristics, 705 Sofosbuvir, 200 Spinocerebellar tracts, 546 hepatitis, 172 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 Solifenacin, 240 Spinothalamic tract hyperextensible, 49 serum tumor marker, 222 Solitary nucleus of medulla, 299 in anterior spinal artery occlusion, inflammatory diseases, 133 Small interfering RNA (siRNA), 54 Somatic hypermutation, 99 layers of, 481 Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Somatic mosaicism, 55 546 nodules in, 319 Spinothalamic tracts, 523 normal microbiota, 133, 75 393 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 541 pigmentation, 54 Small intestine Somatic nerves location and functions, 524 warfarin-induced necrosis, 433 Spirochetes Skin anatomy migrating motor complexes male sexual response, 647 layers of, 481 production, 378 Somatic symptom disorders clinical significance, 144 Skin cancer Spironolactone, 629, 678 albinism and, 484 Small lymphocytic lymphoma/ and related disorders, 585 Spleen field cancerization, 221 chronic lymphocytic factitious and malingering Lynch syndrome and, 394 leukemia, 437 anatomy, 96 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 comparisons, 585 embryology, 367 types and epidemiology, 493 Small molecule inhibitors Somatomedin C in leukemias, 437 Skin disorders/lesions naming conventions for, 254 platelet destruction in, 432 blistering, 489, 490 effects of, 333 platelet storage in, 413 blue/gray deposits, 328 Small nuclear RNA (snRNA), 40 Somatosensory cortex, 509 Splenectomy café-au-lait spots, 55 Smallpox, 161 Somatostatin with autoimmune hemolytic erythema multiforme, 149 Small-vessel vasculitis, epidemiology/ Gottron papules, 224 function of, 332 anemia, 429 hyperlipidemia signs, 305 presentation, 478 secretory cell locations, 379 with hereditary spherocytosis, 428 hyperpigmentation, 360 SMN1 mutation, 546 source, action, and regulation of, Splenic artery, 368 inflammatory bowel disease, 389 Smoking Splenic flexure, 370 Kaposi sarcoma, 162 378 Splenomegaly kwashiorkor, 69 abdominal aortic aneurysms and, Somatostatinoma secretions, 357 hairy cell leukemia, 437 macroscopic terms, 483 305 Sonic hedgehog (SHH) hereditary spherocytosis, 428 miscellaneous, 491 myelofibrosis, 437 petechiae, 413 aneurism risks, 532 basal plate development, 500 visceral leishmaniasis, 155 pigmentation disorders, 484 atherosclerosis and, 305 in embryogenesis, 632 Splenorenal ligament, 368 scaling, 488 Buerger disease and, 478 Sorbitol metabolism, 79 Splice site mutation, 38 scaly, 64 bupropion for cessation, 596 Sotalol, 328 Splicing errors seborrheic keratoses, 224 carcinogenicity, 221, 705 Southern blot, 51 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 59 target lesions, 490 emphysema, 694 Southwestern blot, 51 Splicing of pre-mRNA, 40, 41 T-cell lymphoma, 435 esophageal cancer risk, 385 Space of Disse, 374 alternative splicing, 41 telangiectasia, 320, 481 lung cancer, 705 Spaghetti and meatballs appearance, Splinter hemorrhages, 318 ulcers, 155 renal cell carcinoma, 625 Splitting, 573 vascular tumors, 486 stomach cancer and, 386 488 Splitting of S2 heart sound, 294 vasculitides, 479 teratogenic effects of, 634 Spasticity Splitting (twinning), 637 Skin infections, 487 transitional cell carcinoma, 626 Spondyloarthritis (seronegative), 475 bacterial infections, 487 Smooth/diffuse goiter, 346 motor neuron lesions and, 545 Spongiosis, characteristics/examples, HSV1 and HSV2, 487 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 45 Zika virus, 168 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 141 Smooth muscle Spastic paralysis 483 viral, 487 adrenergic receptors in, 236 tetanospasmin, 130 Spontaneous abortion Skin lesions gαl1o-mbluocsktuermroelras,xa4t8io6n of, 236 unvaccinated children, 183 with carbon monoxide poisoning, tumor nomenclature, 216 Spastic paresis, 545 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 Smooth muscle (vascular) Specialized transduction, 128 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 397 691 cell migration and proliferation, Special senses Spontaneous pneumothorax, 702 Skip lesions, 389 aging changes, 225 Spore (bacteria), 122 Skull thickening, 468 305 ophthalmology, 551 Spore-forming bacteria, 127 Slapped cheek rash, 178 contraction and relaxation, 460 otology, 549 Spores (bacteria), 127 Sleep apnea, types of, 699 Smudge cells, 437 Specificity (true-negative rate), 260 Sporicidal agents, 127 Sleep deprivation SNARE proteins Specific learning disorder, 576 Sporothrix schenckii in neurotransmission, 130 Speckled ANA, 476 leptin production with, 340 SNc (substantia nigra pars compacta), Sperm opportunistic infection, 151 Sleep disturbance ejaculation pathway, 646 Sporotrichosis, 151 506 Spermatocele, 672 Spot desmosome, 482 benzodiazepines and, 590 SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine Spermatocytes, 648 Sprain (ankle), 458 sleep stages and, 508 Spermatogenesis, 649 Sprue sleep terror disorder, 587 reuptake inhibitors ) cryptorchidism and, 671 “SpviutarmceilnlsB”,142 2d0eficiency, 67 Sleep physiology major depressive disorder, 580 Spermatogonia, 648 Squalene epoxidase, 196 stages and EEG, 508 mechanism and clinical use, 595 Spermatozoa Squamous cell carcinoma, 493 Sleep spindles, 508 snRNP assembly, 546 immobile, 47 Sleep terror disorder, 587 spinal muscular atrophy, 41 Sphenopalatine artery, epistaxis and, anus and cervix, 174 Sleepwalking, 508 Snuffles, 145 bladder, 157, 158, 626 Sleepwalking, treatment, 508 “Soap bubble” appearance/lesions 692 carcinogens for, 221 Cryptococcus neoformans, 150 Spherocytes, 421, 429 cervix, 664 giant cell tumor, 470 Spherocytosis esophagus, 385 Social anxiety disorder, 582 head and neck, 692 preferred medications for, 592 extrinsic hemolytic anemia, 427 SSRIs for, 595 hereditary, 428 SOD1 mutations, 546 Spherule, 149 Sodium Sphincter of Oddi, 378 low vs high serum concentration Sphingolipidoses, 86 Sphingomyelin, 86 effects, 611 Sphingomyelinase, 86 Spigelian hernia, 376

INDEX  821 hypercalcemia with, 223 Starling forces, 301 Streptococcus gallolyticus, 135 Subdural hematomas, 530 lungs, 705 Start and stop codons, 42 infective endocarditis, 318 Subendocardium, infarction, 206 of skin, 493 Starvation Sublimation, 573 oral, 383 Streptococcus mutans, 175 Submucosa, 369 pectinate line and, 373 ketone bodies in, 88 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 134 Submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner), penis, 671 leptin production, 340 PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) phases of, 89 chloramphenicol, 189 369 STAT3 mutation, 114 otitis media, 549 Submucosal polyps, 394 functions, 336 Statins types of pneumonia with, 703 Substance P, 534 vaginal, 664 acute coronary syndrome Streptococcus pyogenes, 134 Substance use Squamous epithelium, 646 crysipelas, 487 vulvar pathology, 663 treatments, 315 signs and symptoms, 178 teratogenicity of, 634 Squamous metaplasia hepatitis with, 248 toxin production, 131 Substance use disorder, 587 Vitamin A, 64 mechanism and adverse effects, 324 Streptolysin O, 131 Subthalamic nucleus, lesions, 526 Squatting (auscultation of heart), myopathy with, 249 Streptomycin, 188 Subunit vaccines, 109 Statistical distribution, 264 Stress cardiomyopathy, 315 Succimer 295, 302 Statistical hypothesis testing, 264 Stress incontinence, 620 Squirt sign, 391 common tests, 266 Stress-related disorders, 583 heavy metal toxicity, 247 SRY gene, 641 confidence interval, 266 Stretch receptors, 505 lead poisoning, 425 ssDNA, 160 outcomes, 265 Striated muscle Succinate dehydrogenase, 65 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake Statistical tests, common, 266 tumor nomenclature, 216 Succinylcholine, 568, 610 Statistical vs clinical significance, 265 Striatum, 512 Succinyl-CoA inhibitors) Status epilepticus, 533 dopamine second messenger gluconeogenesis, 76 anxiety disorders, 582 treatment, 563 TCA cycle, 74 atypical depression, 580 Steady state, 229 functions, 237 Sucking reflex, 525 clinical use, 592 Steatorrhea Stridor, inspiratory, 167 Sucralfate in psychiatric conditions, 592 abetalipoproteinemia, 92 “String of beads” appearance (renal mechanism and clinical use, 406 major depressive disorder, 580 chronic pancreatitis, 404 Sudden acute respiratory syndrome, mechanism, use and adverse malabsorption syndromes, 63 artery), 304, 478 malabsorption syndromes and, 388 Stroke, 441 164 effects, 595 octreotide effect, 407 Sudden cardiac death obsessive-compulsive disorder, 582 with orlistat, 407 central poststroke pain, 531 panic disorder, 582 Steatosis (hepatic), 398 eclampsia, 662 hereditary channelopathies, 312 phobias, 582 Steeple sign (x-ray), 167 homocystinuria, 83 with myocarditis, 320 SIADH caused by, 248 Stellate ganglion, 706 hypertension, 304 Sudden death SIADH with, 342 Stem cells ischemic, types of, 527 cardiac death, 315 ssRNA defect in aplastic anemia, 427 lesion area and symptoms, 528 cocaine use, 591 viral genomes, 160 paroxysmal nocturnal sickle cell anemia, 428 sleep apnea, 699 Stable angina, 308 syphilis, 145 Sudeck point, 206 manifestations of, 308 hemoglobinuria, 428 thrombolytic drugs with, 442 Suicide Stable (quiescent) cells, 44 STEMI Strokes confidentiality issues and, 269 Stab wounds and winged scapula, 452 hemorrhagic intraparenchymal, deaths from, 276 Staghorn calculi, 619 manifestations of, 308 physician-assisted, 272 Stains, 123 Steppage gait, 457 532 risk factors for death, 581 Standard deviation Sterile pyuria, 621 Stroke volume risk with panic disorders, 582 dispersion/variability, 264 Sterilization/disinfection methods, Sulbactam, 186 Standard error of the mean, 264 equation for, 290 Sulfa allergies Standing Valsalva, 295 200 factors affecting, 289 acetazolamide, 251 Stanford type A aortic dissection, 307 Steroid diabetes, 350 Strongyloides spp, 155 celecoxib, 251 Stanford type B aortic dissection, 307 Steroids Strongyloides stercoralis furosemide, 251 Stapedial artery, 285 disease, transmission and hemolytic anemia, 251 Stapedius muscle, 640 acute pancreatitis, 404 probenecid, 251 Stapes (ossicles), 549 berylliosis, 698 treatment, 156 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 251 Staphylococcal scalded skin multiple sclerosis treatment, 539 Structural quality measurement, 277 sulfasalazine, 251 synthesis of, 45 Struvite (magnesium ammonium thiazides, 251 syndrome, 487 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 191 Sulfadiazine, 191 Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome atypical variant of, 148 phosphate) stones, 125 Toxoplasma gondii, 153 drug reaction and, 249, 490 ST segment, 298 Sulfa drugs, 249 (TSS), 133 sulfa allergies and, 249, 251 ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) adverse effects, 251 Staphylococcus aureus, 133 with anticonvulsants, 561 drug reaction with eosinophilia and Stimulant laxatives, 408 acute coronary syndrome acute infective endocarditis, 318 Stimulants, intoxication and treatments, 315 systemic symptoms, 249 brain abscess, 177 interstitial nephritis with, 250 bronchopneumonia, 703 withdrawal, 590 diagnosis of, 310 megaloblastic, 249 bullous impetigo, 487 St. John’s wort ECG localization of, 310 sulfa allergies and, 251 food poisoning, 175 NSTEMI comparison, 310 Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), 191 hospital-associated infections, 182 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 Studying for USMLE Step 1 exam Sulfapyridine, 407 in cystic fibrosis, 58 Stomach timeline for, 14–17 Sulfasalazine inflammatory breast disease, 669 Study materials, 18–19 mechanism, clinical use and lung abscesses, 704 carcinogens affecting, 221 Study schedule, 14–18 nasal colonization, 175 histology, 369 Sturge-Weber syndrome adverse effects, 407 osteomyelitis, 177 secretin effect on, 379 presentation, 541 sulfa allergies and, 251 pigment production, 126 Strabismus, 555, 557 Stylohyoid ligament, 640 Sulfatides, 138 postsurgical prophylaxis, 194 Strategies Stylohyoid muscle, 640 Sulfisoxazole, 191 psoas abscess, 463 clinical vignette, 21 Styloid process, 640 Sulfonamides skin infections, 487 test-taking, 19–20 Stylopharyngeus, 640 Bordetella pertussis, 141 toxin production, 131 Stratified analysis, 263 Subacute combined degeneration, cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis Staphylococcus epidermidis, 133 “Strawberry cervix”, 179, 180 biofilm production, 126 Trichomonas vaginalis, 155 67, 546 with, 478 healthcare-associated infections, Strawberry (infantile) hemangioma, Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 182 486 213, 345 normal skin microbiota, 175 Strawberry tongue, 178 Subacute infective endocarditis, 318 deficiency, 77 osteomyelitis, 177 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 vancomycin for, 187 Kawasaki disease, 478 mechanism, use and adverse Staphylococcus pyogenes scarlet fever, 134 (SSPE), 167 necrotizing fasciitis, 487 Streak gonads, 642 Subarachnoid hemorrhage effects, 191 skin infections, 487 Streptococcus spp Nocardia treatment, 137 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 134 septic arthritis, 474 aneurysms, 532 photosensitivity with, 249 acute cystitis, 621 viridans group, 134 cause and effects of, 530 pregnancy contraindication, 200 kidney stones and, 619 Streptococcus agalactiae (group B nimodipine for, 323 trimethoprim, 191 urinary tract infections, 179 Subarachnoid space, 507 Sulfonylureas Starling curves, 290 strep), 135 Subclavian arteries, embryonic disulfiram-like reaction with, 250 β-hemolytic nature of, 135 mechanism and adverse effects, hippurate test for, 135 development, 285 Streptococcus aureus Subclavian steal syndrome, 307 359 septic arthritis, 474 Subcutaneous emphysema, 384, 693 Subcutaneous fat erythema nodosum in, 491 skin layers, 481 Subcutis, 481 uploaded by medbooksvn

822 INDEX Sulfur granules, 126 indirect, 241 T Tea-colored urine, 430 Sumatriptan, 564 micturition control, 236 Tabes dorsalis “Teardrop” RBCs, 420, 438 cluster headaches, 534 physiologic effects of, 242 Teeth Sunburn, 491 pupil size effects, 251 spinal cord lesions with, 546 Sunburst pattern (x-ray), 471 Synaptophysin, 503 syphilis, 145, 180 congenital syphilis, 145 Superantigens, 131, 133 tumor identification, 223, 544 Tachyarrhythmia dentinogenesis imperfecta, 49 Superficial burn, 492 Synaptophysin, tumor identification, isoproterenol for evaluating, 241 discoloration, 189, 200, 249 Superficial inguinal nodes, 644 thyroid storm, 346 osteogenesis imperfecta, 49 Superficial partial-thickness burn, 492 223 Tachycardia Telangiectasias Superficial peroneal nerve, 457 Syncope β-blockers for supraventricular, 244 basal cell carcinomas, 493 Superior gluteal nerve, 457 narrow complex, 311 hereditary hemorrhagic, 320 Superior mesenteric artery atrial tumors, 320 phencyclidine, 591 Telencephalon, 500 embryology of, 364 carotid massage, 299 phenoxybenzamine, 243 Tellurite agar, 124 Superior mesenteric artery syndrome during exercise, 315 stimulants and, 590 Telomerase, 36 intestinal obstruction with, 370 types and causes, 318 thyroid hormones, 360 Telophase, 44 Superior oblique muscle, 557 with aortic stenosis, 296 wide complex, 312 Telotristat, 357 Superior rectus muscle, 557 with true ventricular aneurysm, Tachyphylactic drug interaction, 234 Temazepam, 563 Superior vena cava (SVC) Tacrolimus Temperature control embryologic derivation of, 286 314 hyperglycemia, 248 mechanisms for, 300 Superior vena cava syndrome Syndrome of apparent immunosuppression, 118 Temperature sensation cause, presentation and treatment, Tadalafil, 245, 674 receptors, 505 706 mineralocorticoid excess Taenia solium Temporal lobe, 509 lung cancer, 706 renal disorder features, 611 disease, transmission and brain abscess, 177 Pancoast tumor, 706 renal tubular defects, 606 encephalitis, 116 thymoma, 96 Syndrome of inappropriate treatment, 157 Temporomandibular disorders, 465 with lung cancer, 705 neurocysticercosis, 158 Tenapanor, 408 Supination antidiuretic hormone praziquantel, 157 Tendinopathy (rotator cuff), 451 deficit in Erb palsy, 452 secretion Takayasu arteritis, 478 Tendinous xanthomas, 92, 305 forearm, 450 aldosterone, 342 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, 315 Tendons, collagen in, 48 Supine hypertension, 241 atrial natriuretic peptide, 342 Tamoxifen Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA), 442 Supine hypotensive syndrome, 663 brain natriuretic peptide, 342 estrogen receptor modulator, 676 Teniposide, 445 Supportive therapy, 592 conivaptan, 360 hot flashes with, 248 “Tennis rackets” (Birbeck granules), Suppression (defense mechanism), cyclophosphamide, 248 mechanism, use and adverse 573 diuretic use, 342 439 Suprachiasmatic nucleus drugs causing, 248 effects, 446 Tenofovir circadian rhythm, 509 paraneoplastic syndrome, 224 Tamsulosin, 236, 243, 678 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) renal disorders feature, 611 T- and B-cell activation, 101 Fanconi syndrome with, 250 sleep physiology and, 508 Syndrome of inappropriate Tanner stages (sexual development), HIV therapy, 199 Supracondylar fracture, 450 antidiuretic hormone Tenosynovitis, 474 Supraoptic nucleus secretion (SIADH) 656 Tension headaches, 534 secretions of, 331, 509 characteristics, findings, treatment Tapeworms, 157 Tension pneumothorax Suprascapular nerve, 451 and causes, 342 Tardive dyskinesia physical findings, 700 Supraspinatus muscle, 451, 452 Synthases, 71 presentation and treatment, 702 Supraventricular tachycardia Synthetases, 71 drugs causing, 250 Tensor fascia latae muscle, 455 adenosine for diagnosing, 328 Syntrophoblast, 636 treatment, 566 Tensor tympani muscle, 640 β-blocker use, 244 Syphilis Target cells, 421, 428 Tensor veli palatini muscle, 640 Suramin, 153, 196 clinical significance, 145 “target sign” (imaging), 392 Teratogenicity Surface ectoderm derivatives, 633 diagnosis, 146 Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 457 ACE inhibitors, 630 Surface F protein, 166 features of tertiary, 180 Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase angiotensin II receptor blockers, Surfactant synthesis fetal infection, 181 atelectasis with lack of, 701 heart disease with, 319 stain, 437 630 in acute respiratory distress painless chancre (primary), 180 Taste griseofulvin, 196, 200 syndrome, 699 symptoms with secondary, 180 in organogenesis, 634 thyroid hormone effects, 335 TORCH infection, 181 cortical stroke, 528 leflunomide, 495 Surgical neck of humerus, 458 Syphilitic heart disease, 319 cranial nerve lesions, 548 medications, 634 Surrogate decision-maker, 268, 269 Syringomyelia, 502 cranial nerve nuclei, 517 methimazole in pregnancy, 360 Survival motor neuron protein, 546 Systemic amyloidosis, 208 cranial nerves and, 521 ribavirin, 200 Sustained angiogenesis, 217 Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, drugs affecting, 192, 196 Vitamin A, 64 Suvorexant, 564 474 thalamic nuclei, 509 with anticonvulsants, 561 Swallowing Systemic lupus erythematosus tongue development, 503 Teratoma motor innervation, 517, 521 antiphospholipid syndrome and, TATA box, 39 hormone levels with, 673 tongue movement in, 503, 521 476 Taxane naming convention, 252 immature, 666 Swan-Ganz catheter, 300 autoantibody, 113 Taxanes testicular, 673 Swan neck deformity, 472 glomerulonephritis with, 617 mechanism, use and adverse Terazosin, 243, 674 Swarming, 179 HLA subtypes, 98 Terbinafine, 196 Sweat glands mixed connective tissue disease, effects, 445 Terbutaline, 241 innervation of, 235 476 microtubule effects of, 46 Teres minor, 451 Swiss cheese model, 277 presentation and findings, 476 Tay-Sachs disease, 86 Teriparatide, 467, 496 Sydenham chorea, 319 Raynaud phenomenon, 480 Tazobactam, 186 Terminal complement deficiencies Sympathetic nervous system Type III hypersensitivity, 111 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with denervation of face, 557 Systemic mycoses (C5-C9), 105 gastrointestinal innervation by, 371 azoles, 196 piperacillin, 141 Termination (protein synthesis), 43 male sexual response, 647 caseous necrosis, 205 T-cell differentiation Tertiary disease prevention, 255 receptor targets, 235 endemic location, pathologic Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, 349 venous return and, 291 features, 149 differentiation, 106 Tertiary syphilis, 145 Sympatholytics treatment, 195 T cells, 415 pupil size effects of, 251 Systemic primary carnitine thoracic aortic aneurysm with, 306 αα-2b-alogockneisrtss,, 243 deficiency, 87 activation, 101 Tesamorelin 243 Systemic sclerosis, mixed connective anergy, 108 β-blockers, 244 tissue disease, 476 cell surface proteins, 108 HIV-associated lipodystrophy, 332 Sympathomimetics Systemic vascular resistance cytokines secreted by, 106 Testes actions and applications of, 241 in shock, 317 cytotoxic, 100 direct, 241 Systemic venous emboli, 303 diabetes mellitus, 351 descent of, 644 effects on pupil size, 251 Systolic dysfunction differentiation of, 100 immune privilege, 97 cardiomyopathies, 315 disorders of, 114, 115 mumps virus, 167 hear failure with reduced ejection exhaustion/dysfunction, 218 progesterone production, 650 fraction, 316 functions of, 99 Testicular atrophy Systolic ejection, 292 glucocorticoid effects, 119 alcohol use disorder, 592 Systolic heart murmurs, 296 hypersensitivity reactions, 111 muscular dystrophy, 59 infections in immunodeficiency, Testicular cancer, 673 serum tumor marker, 222 116 Testicular germ cell tumors in thymus, 96 serum tumor marker, 222 neoplasms of, 435 regulatory, 100 sirolimus effect, 118 transplant rejections, 117

INDEX  823 Testicular lymphoma, 673 Thionamides Thyroid cancer Tocolysis, 241 Testicular torsion, 671 mechanism, clinical use and diagnosis and treatment, 347 Tocolytics, 677 Testicular tumors adverse effects, 360 metastasis, 219 Tocopherol, 68 Thiopurines undifferentiated/anaplastic Tocotrienol, 68 gynecomastia, 669 mechanism, use and adverse carcinoma, 347 Toddler development, 574 non-germ cell tumors, 673 effects, 444 Togaviruses types and characteristics, 672 Thioridazine, 593 thyroid carcinoma Testing agencies, 22 Third-degree (complete) AV block, oncogene, 220 structure and medical importance, Testis-determining factor, 641 313 164 Testosterone, 655 Thirst center Thyroid development, 330 in bilateral cryptorchidism, 671 primary polydipsia and, 342 Thyroid disease Tolbutamide, 359 inhibition of synthesis, 196 Thoracic aortic aneurysm, 306 Tolcapone, 565 Leydig cell secretion, 648 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 452, 705 hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism, Toll-like receptors, 97, 210 mechanism, use and adverse Threadworms, 156 344 Tolterodine, 240 Threonine, 79 Tolvaptan effects, 678 Threonine kinase, 220 Thyroidectomy, 347 Sertoli cells, 648 Thrombin, 442 Thyroid follicular cells, 330 SIADH treatment, 342 source and function, 655 Thromboangiitis obliterans, 478 Thyroid gland dysgenesis, 345 Tongue Testosterone-secreting tumors, 658 Thrombocytes disorders, 432 Thyroid hormone Test-taking strategy, 19–20 Thrombocytes (platelets), 413 development and innervation of, Tetanospasmin effects, 130 Thrombocytopenia acetylation by receptors, 32 503 Tetanus (lockjaw), 183 Class IA antiarrhythmics, 326 Thyroid hormones Tetany drugs causing, 249 ectopic thyroid tissue in, 330 electrolyte disturbances, 611 ganciclovir, 198 in toxic multinodular goiter, 346 glossoptosis, 640 hypocalcemia, 611 linezolid, 190 source, function, and regulation, movement in swallowing, 521 hypoparathyroidism, 348 recombinant cytokines, 119 pharyngeal arch derivation, 640 Tetrabenazine, 252, 576 Shiga toxin, 143 335 Tongue ulcers, 149 Tetracaine, 567 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 115 synergism with GH, 335 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure, 533 Tetracyclines with sulfa allergies, 251 Thyroidization of kidney, 621 Tonic seizures, 533 Fanconi syndrome with expired, 250 Thrombogenesis, 417 Thyroid peroxidase Tonsils idiopathic intracranial hypertension Thrombolytic drugs, 253, 419 functions of, 335 immune system organ, 94 Thrombolytics Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) pharyngeal pouch derivation, 639 with, 250 mechanism, use and adverse secretion of, 331 Tooth abnormalities mechanism and clinical use, 189 effects, 442 Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin opalescent teeth, 49 photosensitivity with, 249 Thrombophilias, hereditary, 433 Tophus formation, 473 pregnancy contraindication, 200 Thrombopoietin, clinical use, 119 (TSI) Topiramate protein synthesis inhibitors, 188 Thrombosis in Graves disease, 335 mechanism and adverse effects, pseudotumor cerebri and, 538 agents causing, 249 Thyroid storm, causes and findings, teeth discoloration with, 249 celecoxib, 495 561 teratogenicity of, 188, 634 contraceptive and hormone 346 migraine headaches, 534 Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) replacement, 249 Thyrotoxic myopathy, 344 visual disturbance with, 250 homocystinuria, 83 Thyrotoxicosis Topoisomerase inhibitors deficiency, 82 Thrombotic microangiopathies, 432, mechanism, use and adverse Tetrahydrofolates, 73 662 β-adrenergic effects, 335 Tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), 66 Thrombotic stroke, 527 cardiomyopathy with, 315 effects, 445 Tetralogy of Fallot, 285, 302 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic Thyrotropin-releasing hormone naming conventions for, 252 Tetrodotoxin, 246 purpura, 432 Topotecan, 445 Tezacaftor Thromboxane A2 (TXA), 417 (TRH) Torsades de pointes Thrush, 115 function, 332 causal agents for, 247 in cystic fibrosis, 58 Candida albicans, 150 Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), description and treatment, 312 TGF-β hairy leukoplakia vs, 487 electrolyte disturbances, 611 nystatin, 195 335 magnesium for, 328 in acute inflammation, 210 “Thumbprint” sign (imaging) colonic Thyroxine (T4), 335, 343 with antiarrhythmics, 326, 328 in wound healing, 212 ischemia, 393 TIBC (total iron-binding capacity) Torsemide, 628 scar formation, 214 “Thumb sign” (x-ray), 140 Torus (buckle) fracture, 467 Th1 cells, cytokine secretion, 106 “Thunderclap headache”, 532 lab values in anemia, 423 Total lung capacity, 684 Th2 cells, cytokine secretion, 106 Thymic aplasia, 114 microcytic anemia, 424 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 403 Thalamus Thymic hyperplasia, 480 Tibial nerve, 456, 457 Total peripheral resistance, 291 functions and nuclei of, 509 Thymic shadow Ticagrelor, 442 Touch limbic system and, 510 in severe combined Tidal volume (TV), 684 deep static, 505 neuropathic pain, 531 immunodeficiency, 115 Tigecycline fine/light, 505 Thalassemia in thymic aplasia, 114 mechanism, use and adverse Tourette syndrome, 576 iron poisoning with, 431 Thymidine kinase, 198 preferred medications for, 592 target cells with, 421 Thymidylate synthase (dTMP) effects, 189 sympatholytics for, 243 types and clinical outcomes, 424 inhibition of, 34 Tight junctions, 482, 507 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Thalidomide teratogenicity, 634 Thymine Timolol, 244, 327, 570 Thayer-Martin agar, 124 in nucleotides, 33 Tinea, 488 490 Theca interna cells, 648 production of, 33 Tinea capitis, 488 Toxicity Theca lutein cysts, 661, 665 Thymoma, 96 Tinea corporis, 488 Thecoma, 667 myasthenia gravis and, 224, 480 Tinea cruris, 488 causes and treatments, 247 Thelarche, 656 paraneoplastic syndromes, 224 Tinea pedis, 488 immunosuppressants, 117 Thenar muscles, 450, 463 Thymus Tinea unguium, 488 of aspirin, 495 Theophylline, 245, 708 benign neoplasm, 96 Tinea versicolor, 488 seafood toxins, 246 Therapeutic antibodies, 120 derivation of, 639 Tinel sign, 463 Toxic megacolon Therapeutic index, 233 Immune system organs, 96 Tinidazole, 152 Clostridioides difficile, 136 Therapeutic privilege, 268 T cell differentiation, 100 Tinnitus inflammatory bowel disease, 389 Therapeutic window T cell origination in, 415 Toxic multinodular goiter lithium, 589 Thymus-dependent antigens, 103 quinidine and, 326 causes and findings, 346 safety and, 233 Thymus-independent antigens, with aspirin, 495 Toxic shock–like syndrome, 131, 134 Theta waves (EEG), 508 103 Tiotropium, 708 Toxic shock syndrome Thiamine, 64, 74, 82 Thyroglossal duct, 330 Tirofiban, 417, 442 staphylococcal, 133 Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), cyst, 330 Tissue factor activation, 131 toxin, 131 Thyroid Tissue invasion (cancer), 217 Toxins 64, 73 carcinogens affecting, 221 Tissue mediators exotoxins, 128 Thiazide diuretics Thyroid adenoma, 346 in wound healing, 212 lysogenic phage encoding, 128 Tissue-restricted self-antigens, 100 myocarditis with, 320 heart failure, 316 Tizanidine, 569 seafood (ingested), 246 hypertension treatment, 321 TNM staging system, 216 Toxocara spp hyperuricemia with, 249 Tobacco smoke, carcinogenicity of, infection type and routes, 155 mechanism, use and adverse Toxocara canis 221 disease, transmission and effects, 629 tobacco smoking Thiazides treatment, 156 pulmonary fibrosis association, 696 Toxoids, 108, 109 sulfa allergies and, 251 Tobacco smoking as vaccines, 129 atypical antidepressants for cessation, 596 effects of maternal smoking, 366 esophageal cancer and, 385 hypertension risk with, 304 mesothelioma, 697 Tobramycin, 188 uploaded by medbooksvn

824 INDEX Toxoplasma spp Travelers’ diarrhea, 143, 176 Trimming (protein synthesis), 43 Tumor identification brain abscess, 177 Trazodone Trinucleotide repeat expansion chromogranin, 223 immunohistochemical stains, 223 Toxoplasma gondii mechanism, use and toxicity, 596 diseases, 60 Psammoma bodies, 213 CNS infections, 153 Treacher Collins syndrome, 640 anticipation in, 54 S-100, 493 in HIV positive adults, 174 “Tree bark” appearance, 319 “Triple bubble” (X-ray), 366 serum markers, 222 TORCH infection, 181 Trematode infections Triptans TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid angina triggers, 308 phosphatase), 223 Toxoplasmosis disease, transmission and for migraine headaches, 534 vimentin, 223 prophylaxis, 194 treatment, 157 mechanism, use and adverse pyrimethamine, 196 Tumorigenesis Tremor effects, 564 Bcl-2 protein, 204 TP53 gene immunosuppressants, 118 Triquetrum, 453 gene product and condition, 220 intention, 526, 535 Trismus (lockjaw), 130 Tumor (inflammation), 209 mutations, 150 resting, 526 Trisomies (autosomal) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 209, 213 types of, 535 tPA, stroke treatment, 527 hCG levels, 654 leukocyte extravasation, 211 Tracheal deviation, 700 Trench fever, 158 horseshoe kidney with, 599 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Tracheoesophageal anomalies, 366 Treponema spp myotonic dystrophy, 59 Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), 366 ventral wall defect association, 365 inhibitors Traction bronchiectasis, 696 dark-field microscopy, 144 Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), 61, mechanism, use and adverse Tramadol, 569 Gram stain for, 123 Treponema pallidum 654 effects, 497 seizures with, 250 sexual transmission, 180 omphalocele association with, 365 Tumor necrosis factor-α “Tram-track” appearance, 617 syphilis, 145 Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), Transcription factor, 220 Triamterene, 629 effects of, 106 Transcription factor motif, 69 Triazolam, 563 61, 654 immunotherapy target, 120 Transduction (bacterial genetics), 128 Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), 75 omphalocele association with, 365 Tumor nomenclature, benign vs Transference, 572 ethanol metabolism, 70 Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), 61 Transferrin hyperammonemia, 76 tRNA malignant, 216 metabolic site, 72 structure and charging, 42 Tumors, grade vs stage, 216 acute phase reactants, 209 products and cofactors, 75 Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Tumor suppressor genes free radical injury, 206 pyruvate metabolism, 75 damage to, 558 indirect measure of, 423 rate-determining enzyme for, 71 function ans types, 521 gene product and associated iron study interpretation, 423 Triceps reflex, 525 ocular motility, 557 condition, 220 lab values in anemia, 423 Triceps surae, 457 palsy, 560 Transformation (bacterial genetics), Trichinella spiralis Tropheryma whipplei mutations, 44 transmission/treatment, 156 GI disease with, 388 Tumor suppressors 128 Trichinosis, 156 stain for, 123 Transformation zone (cervix) Trichomonas spp Trophozoite ring, 154 cell cycle regulation, 44 metronidazole, 192 Tropical sprue, 388 Tumor suppressors in cell cycle, 44 dysplasia, 664 vaginitis, 179 Tropicamide, 240 Tunica albuginea, 671 histology of, 646 Trichomonas vaginalis effects on pupil size, 251 Tunica vaginalis, 644 Transfusion-related acute lung injury, sexually transmitted infection, 155, Troponins Turcot syndrome, 394 diagnosis of MI, 310 Turner syndrome 112 180 levels with angina and MI, 308 Transgender, 586 signs/symptoms, 179 muscle contraction, 459 aneuploidy, 54 Transient ischemic attack, 527 Trichomoniasis, 180 Trousseau sign, 348, 611 cardiac defect association, 304 Transitional cell carcinomas, 221, 626 Trichophyton, 488 Trousseau syndrome, 224 characteristics of, 657 Trichotillomania, 582 pancreatic cancer, 405 coarctation of aorta and, 304 carcinogens for, 221 Trichuris trichiura True” diverticulum, 390 females with, 59 Transition mutation, 38 transmission and treatment, 156 True ventricular aneurysm, 314 T wave (ECG), 298 Transjugular intrahepatic Tricuspid atresia, 285, 302 Truncal ataxia 21-hydroxylase, 339 Tricuspid regurgitation, 292 with medulloblastoma, 544 22q11 deletion syndromes, 114 portosystemic shunt (TIPS), heart murmur with, 296 Truncus arteriosus, 286 cardiac defect association with, 304 372 Tricyclic antidepressants Trypanosoma brucei, 196 Twin concordance study, 256 Transketolase antimuscarinic reactions to, 250 CNS infections, 153 Twinning TravnitsalmociantiBo1nsand, 64 in multiple sclerosis treatment, 539 Trypanosoma cruzi timeline and types, 637 Burkitt lymphoma, 435 mechanism, use and adverse nifurtimox for, 196 Twin-twin transfusion syndrome, 637 Down syndrome, 61 visceral infections, 155 2-naphthylamine, 221 fluorescence in situ hybridization, effects, 595 Trypanosomes Type 1 vs type 2 diabetes mellitus, 351 53 naming convention for, 252 stains for, 123 Type I collagen, 48 follicular lymphoma, 435 overdose and treatment, 589 Trypomastigote, 153 Type I error (α) (statistical testing), in protein synthesis, 43 pupil size with, 251 Trypsin, 380 Mantle cell lymphoma, 435 torsades de pointes, 247 Trypsinogen 265 Robertsonian, 61 toxicity treatment, 247 secretion of, 380 Type I hypersensitivity reaction Transpeptidase inhibitor naming Trientine Tryptase, 414 conventions, 252 Wilson disease, 402 Tryptophan, 79 antibody-mediated, 110 Transpeptidases, 122 Trifluoperazine, 593 genetic coding for, 35 Type I skeletal muscle fibers, 460 Transplants Trigeminal nerve (CN V), 521 TSC1/TSC2 genes Type II collagen, 48 immunosuppressants, 118 lesion of, 548 product and associated condition, Type II error (β) (statistical testing), rejection pathogenesis and features, neuralgia, 534 117 pharyngeal arch derivation, 640 220 265 Transposition of great arteries, 285 varicella-zoster virus, 162 TSST-1, 133 Type II hypersensitivity reaction maternal diabetes and, 304 Triglycerides t-test, 266 Transposon (bacteria), 129 acute pancreatitis, 404 T-tubule membrane, 459 antibody-mediated, 110 Transtheoretical model of change, familial dyslipidemias, 92 Tuberculoid leprosy, 139 organ transplants, 117 588 pancreatitis, 92 Tuberculosis, 138 pemphigus vulgaris/bullous Transthyretin, 209 transport and metabolism, 91 Transthyretin amyloidosis, 208 Von Gierke disease, 85 erythema nodosum, 491 pemphigoid, 489 Transversalis fascia, 377 Trihexyphenidyl, 240, 565 psoas abscess with, 463 rheumatic fever, 319 Transversion mutation, 38 Triiodothyronine (T3), 335 Tuberin protein, 220 Type III collagen, 48 Transversus abdominis, 456 Trimethoprim Tuberoeruptive xanthomas, 92 Type III hypersensitivity reaction, 110 Tranylcypromine, 595 effects in bacteria, 34 Tuberoinfundibular pathway, 510 fibrinoid necrosis, 205 Trapezium bone, 453 mechanism, use and adverse Tuberous sclerosis, 541 immune complex, 111 Trapezoid bone, 453 Tuberous sclerosis (TSC1 and TSC2) infection-associated TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid effects, 191 chromosomal abnormality, 62 phosphatase) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Tubo-ovarian abscess glomerulonephritis, 616 tumor identification, 223 pelvic inflammatory disease, 182 SLE, 476 Trastuzumab, 247, 446 (TMP-SMX), 191 Tubulointerstitial inflammation Type IV hypersensitivity reaction Trauma and stress-related disorders, for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 151 WBC casts in, 614 cell-mediated, 111 583 prophylactic use, 194 Tularemia, 147 contact dermatitis, 485 Trauma-informed care, 271 Trimethoprim (TMP) graft-versus-host disease, 117 Traumatic aortic rupture, 307 purine and pyrimidine synthesis, 34 Typhoid fever, 142 Traumatic pneumothorax, 702 Typhus, 147, 148 Tyrosinase, 484 Tyrosine catabolism/catecholamine synthesis, 81 Tyrosine in phenylketonuria, 82 Tyrosine kinase BTK gene and, 114 cell cycle regulation, 44

INDEX  825 endocrine hormone signaling lesion signs, 545 Uroporphyrin, 430 diaphragm innervation, 683 pathways, 341 pathways of, 524 Urosepsis, 621 gastrointestinal innervation by, 371 Urachal cysts, 638 Urothelial carcinoma (bladder), 626 lesions of, 548 in cell growth, 212 Urachus, 287, 638 Urticaria, 483 pharyngeal arch derivation, 640 inhibitor naming convention, 254 Uracil Valacyclovir, 198 in multiple endocrine neoplasias, in nucleotides, 33 mast cell degranulation, 485 mechanism and use, 198 methylation of, 33 scombroid poisoning, 246 Valganciclovir, 198 356 Urea breath test sulfa drug allergies, 251 Valgus stress test, 455 in oncogene function, 220 Helicobacter pylori diagnosis, 144 USMLE Step 1 exam Validity (accuracy), 261, 266 insulin receptor binding, 358 Urea cycle check-in process, 8 Valine Tyrosine kinase activity amino acids in, 80 clinical vignette strategies, 21 classification of, 79 insulin receptor binding effects, 338 metabolic site for, 72 content areas covered in, 2 maple syrup urine disease, 79 Tzanck test, 163 ornithine transcarbamylase leaving exam early, 8 Valproate overview of, 2 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 251 U deficiency, 80 passing rates for, 8 for bipolar disorder, 580 UBE3A (Chromosome 15), 56 ornithine transcarbamylase practice exams for, 9, 19–20 hepatic necrosis, 248 Ubiquitination, 43 registering for, 5–6 mechanism and adverse effects, 561 Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway deficiency and, 81 rescheduling, 6 migraine headaches, 534 rate-determining enzyme, 71 score notifications for, 7 pancreatitis with, 248 in atrophy, 202 Ureaplasma spp scoring of, 9–10 Valsalva maneuver, 671 Ubiquitin-proteasome system, 46 Gram stain for, 123 testing agencies, 22 Valsartan, 630 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, 401 Urease-positive organisms, 125 testing locations, 7 Valvular disease Ulcerative colitis Uremia, 623 test-taking strategies, 19–20 pressure-volume loops with, 293 Uremic platelet dysfunction, 432 time budgeting during, 7–8 types of anomalies, 285 autoantibody, 113 Ureteric bud, 598 types of questions on, 8 Vancomycin manifestations of, 389 Ureteropelvic junction Ustekinumab cardiovascular drug reactions, 247 spondyloarthritis association, 475 development of, 599 target and clinical use, 120 drug reaction with eosinophilia and sulfasalazine for, 407 embryology, 598 Uterine conditions, 668 Ulcers (gastrointestinal) Ureters neoplastic, 668 systemic symptoms, 249 bismuth/sucralfate for, 406 course of, 601 non-neoplastic, 668 mast cell degranulation, 414 complications, 387 damage in gynecologic procedures, Uterine cycle, 652 mechanism and clinical use, 187 Curling, 386 Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies, nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity, 250 Cushing, 386 601 prophylactic use, 194 extent of, 369 Urethra 642 thrombocytopenia with, 249 flask-shaped, 152 Uterine procidentia, 645 Vancomycin infusion reaction, 247 obstruction of GI tract, 387 BPH, 674 Uterine rupture, 660 Vanishing bile duct syndrome, 117 palatal/tongue, 149 genitourinary trauma, 647 Uterosacral ligament, 645 Vardenafil, 245 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 357 Urethritis Uterus Varenicline Ulcers (skin) chlamydia, 180 use and toxicity, 596 Raynaud syndrome, 480 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 anomalies of, 642 Variable expressivity, 54 squamous cell carcinoma, 493 reactive arthritis, 475 collagen in, 48 Variance, 264 Ulipristal, 677 Urge incontinence epithelial histology, 646 Varicella zoster virus Ulnar claw, 450, 454 drug therapy for, 240 zygote implantation, 653 HHV-3 transmission and clinical Ulnar finger deviation, 472 treatment, 236 Uterus didelphys, 642 Ulnar nerve, injury and presentation, Urgency incontinence, 620 Uveitis significance, 162 Uric acid glaucoma, 553 immunodeficient patients, 116 450, 454, 463 kidney stones, 619 inflammatory bowel disease, 389 rash and clinical presentation, 178 Umbilical cord Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 35 in sarcoidosis, 697 skin infections, 487 Von Gierke disease, 85 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 475 vesicles with, 483 blood flow in, 638 Urinary incontinence types of, 555 Varices late separation of, 115 drug therapy for, 240 U wave in ECG, 298 acute GI bleeding with, 387 postnatal derivative of arteries, 287 enuresis, 587 anorectal, 372 umbilical vein postnatal derivative, ephedrine for, 241 V β-blocker use for bleeding, 244 mechanism, associations and VVm1-arxe,c2e2p8tors, 333, 341 esophageal, 372 287 V2-receptors, 333, 341, 360 gastrointestinal system, 372 Umbilical hernia, congenital, 365 treatment, 620 Vaccination/vaccines, 109 Varicocele, 671 Umbilicus Urinary retention, 236 Varus stress test, 455 B-cell disorders, 114 Vasa previa, 659 portosystemic anastomosis, 372 atropine, 240 Bordetella pertussis, 141 Vasa vasorum (syphilis), 145 UMP synthase, 426 bethanechol for, 236 Ebola contacts, 169 Vascular dementia, 537 Unambiguous genetic code, 35 delirium, 577 Haemophilus influenzae, 140 Vascular tumors of skin, 486 Unbalanced translocations, 62 neostigmine for, 239 influenza, 166 Vasculitides Uncinate process, 367 treatment, 236 meningococci, 140 epidemiology and presentation, 478 Unconjugated (indirect) Urinary tract infections mumps virus, 167 extrahepatic manifestations of antimicrobial prophylaxis, 194 pneumonococcal, 134 hyperbilirubinemia, 400 BPH, 673 PPSV23, 103 hepatitis, 172 Undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas, catheterization, 182 rabies virus, 169 focal necrotizing, 479 enterovesical fistulae, 389 refusal of, 273 granulomatous inflammation, 213 347 nosocomial, 143 rotavirus, 165 immunoglobulin A, 479 Undulant fever, 141, 147 organisms causing, 179 Salmonella typhi (ty-V1), 142 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 530 “Unhappy triad” (knee injuries), 464 Urinary tract obstruction SARS-CoV-2, 170 large-vessel, 478 Unilateral periorbital swelling, 155 hydronephrosis, 620 toxoids as, 129, 137 medium-vessel, 478 Unilateral renal agenesis, 599 pyelonephritis, 621 types and examples, 109 risk with hepatitis B and C, 172 Uniparental disomy, 55 Urine yellow fever, 168 small-vessel, 478 Universal electron acceptors, 73 dark, 105 Vagal nuclei, 517 Vasculopathy, noninflammatory, 481 Universal genetic code, 35 diuretic effects on, 629 Vagina Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide Unnecessary procedure requests, 272 drug elimination in, 231 anaerobic bacteria overgrowth, 147 Unstable angina electrolyte changes with diuretics, drainage of, 644 (VIP) epithelial histology, 646 source and action of, 378 ECG with, 308 629 Vaginal bleeding, postcoital, 664 Vasodilators manifestations of, 308 maple syrup/burnt sugar odor, 82 Vaginal candidiasis treatment, 195 aortic dissection, 307 treatments, 315 pregnancy test, 654 Vaginal infections (common), 179 coronary steal syndrome, 308 Unvaccinated children red/orange crystals in, 35 Vaginal tumors, 664 nitrates as, 323 H influenzae meningitis in, 177 tea-colored, 430 Vaginitis, 155, 179, 180 Vasogenic edema (cerebral), 527 organisms affecting, 183 turns black on air exposure, 82 Vagus nerve (CN X), 521 Vasopressin Upper extremities type and significance of casts in, 614 baroreceptors/chemoreceptors in septic shock, 333 nerve injury and presentation, Urine protein electrophoresis in SIADH, 342 in plasma cell dyscrasias, 436 and, 299 second messenger functions, 237 450–498 Urobilinogen cardiac glycoside effects, 326 secretion of, 331 neurovascular pairing in, 458 extravascular hemolysis, 427 syringomyelia effects on, 502 intravascular hemolysis, 428 Upper motor neuron Urogenital sinus, 641 Babinski sign in adults, 525 effects of injury, 545 facial nerve lesion, 548 facial paralysis, 528 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 546 uploaded by medbooksvn

826 INDEX Vasopressors, 291 Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) receptors for, 163 in small intestinal bacterial Vasospastic angina, 308 β-oxidation, 46 stain for identification, 123 overgrowth, 393 Vasovagal syncope, 318 structure of, 159 V(D)J recombination, 97 Vesicles Visceral leishmaniasis, 155 malabsorption, 406 VDJ recombination defect, 115 characteristics/examples, 483 Viscosity (blood), 291 methylmalonic acidemia, 83 VDRL test dermatitis herpetiformis, 490 Vision solubility, 63 herpes simplex virus-2, 181 thalamic relay for, 509 subacute combined degeneration false positive results, 146 varicella zoster virus, 162, 487 Vision disturbances syphilis, 145 Alport syndrome, 617 and, 546 Vector-borne illnesses, 148 Vesicourachal diverticulum, 638 cytomegalovirus, 162 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 67 Vecuronium, 568 Vesicoureteral reflux, 599, 620 drug-related, 250 Vedolizumab Vesicular monoamine transporter glaucoma, 553 functions, deficiency and excess, 67 target and clinical use, 120 idiopathic intracranial hypertension in wound healing, 212 Vegetations, 318 (VMAT), 566 and, 538 methemoglobin treatment, 247, 690 Vegetative state, 531 Vesicular tinea pedis, 488 pituitary apoplexy, 343 solubility, 63 VEGF, 212 Vesicular trafficking proteins, 45 Takayasu arteritis, 478 Vitamin D (calciferol) Velocardiofacial syndrome, 114 Vestibular schwannomas, 541 Toxocara canis, 156 functions, regulation, and Velpatasvir, 200 Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII) Visual cortex, 509, 557 Vemurafenib, 447 Visual field defects deficiency/excess, 68 Venlafaxine, 582, 592, 595 function and type, 521 craniopharyngiomas, 544 hyperparathyroidism, 469 Venous return, 291 VHL gene drug-related, 250 hypocalcemia with, 348 Venous sinus thrombosis (dural), 515 idiopathic intracranial osteomalacia/rickets, 468 Venous ulcer (lower extremity), 490 deletion of, 541 hypertension, 538 osteoporosis and, 467 Ventilation, 685 product and associated condition, saccular aneurysms and, 528 production and functions, 609 high altitude, 690 types of, 559 Vitamin deficiencies Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio 220 with stroke, 528 chronic pancreatitis and, 404 exercise response, 690 Vibration sense Visual hallucinations, 536 with malabsorption syndromes, 388 mismatch, 687 Vital capacity, 684 Vitamin E Ventilator-assisted life support, 269 high-frequency, 505 Vitamin and mineral absorption, 381 abetalipoproteinemia treatment, 92 Ventral (abdominal) wall defects, 365 low-frequency, 505 Vitamin A (retinol) acanthocytes with, 420 Ventral anterior nucleus (thalamus), thalamic relay of, 509 function, deficiency and excess, 64 deficiency in abetalipoproteinemia, Vibrio cholerae idiopathic intracranial 509 clinical significance, 144 hypertension, 538 92 Ventral lateral nucleus (thalamus), exotoxin production, 130 idiopathic intracranial hypertension functions, deficiency, and excess, toxin in, 130 with, 250 509 watery diarrhea, 176 measles morbidity and mortality, 68 Ventral optic radiation (Meyer loop), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 175 167 solubility of, 63 Vibrio vulnificus, 144, 175 storage of, 374 Vitamin K 559 Vilazodone, 596 VitaalcmoihnoBl 1us(ethdiaismoridneer), 592 coagulation disorder, 431 Ventral pancreatic bud, 367 Vimentin functions and disorders, 64 deficiency and coagulation, 419 Ventral posterolateral nucleus cytoskeletal element, 46 solubility, 63 function and deficiency, 69 tumor identification, 223 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 592 vitamin E interaction, 68 (thalamus), 509 Vinca alkaloids Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome warfarin toxicity treatment, 247 Ventral posteromedial nucleus mechanism, use and adverse treatment, 592 Vitamin K–dependent coagulation, VitfaumncintioBn2 (riboflavin) (thalamus), 509 effects, 445 and deficiency, 65 419 Ventral tegmentum, 506 microtubule effects of, 46 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Vitamins Ventricles (heart) Vincristine, 445 74 peripheral neuropathy with, 250 solubility, 63 dietary supplementation, 63 blood supply to, 288 toxicities of, 445 VitfuamncintioBn3, (niacin) fat soluble, 63 embryologic development, 285 Vinyl chloride carcinogenicity, 221, deficiency and excess, 65 water soluble, 63 Ventricular action potential, 297 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Vitelline duct, 638 Ventricular aneurysm, true, 309 486 74 Vitelline duct cyst, 638 Ventricular fibrillation, 312 Violaceous facial erythema, 477 solubility, 63 Vitiligo, 484 Ventricular filling Violaceous lesions, 318 VitfuamncintioBn5 (pantothenic acid) Vitreous body early diastole, 292 “Violin string” adhesions, 182 and deficiency, 65 collagen in, 48 ECG and, 298 VIPomas pyruvate dehydrogenase complex VKORC1 gene, 441 Ventricular free wall rupture, 314 and, 75 VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), Ventricular myocytes, 299 MEN1 syndrome, 356 solubility, 63 Ventricular noncompliance, 292 octreotide for, 407 VitdaemfiicnieBn6cy(pwyirtihdoisxoinneia)z, i6d5, 193 92 Ventricular pseudoaneurysm, 314 regulatory substances, 378 for sideroblastic anemia, 425 VMAT inhibitor naming conventions, Ventricular septal defect Viral DNA polymerase inhibitor functions and deficiency, 65 congenital, 303 naming conventions, 252 in homocystinuria treatment, 83 252 cri-du-chat syndrome, 62 Viral infections solubility, 63 Volume contraction Down syndrome, 304 acute pericarditis, 319 VitaacmtivinateBd7 (biotin), 66 heart murmurs with, 296 anemias with, 427 carriers, 73 from diuretics, 629 morphogenesis, 285 constrictive peridarditis with, 319 function and deficiency, 66 VVoolluummeetorifcdfilsotwribruatteio,n29(V1 d), 229 Ventricular system (CNS), 516 enteritis, 388 pyruvate metabolism, 66 Voluntary movement Ventricular tachycardia mixed cryoglobulinemia with, 479 solubility, 63 description and treatment, 312 of skin, 487 VitaabmsoirnpBtio9n(foolfa, t3e8)1 basal ganglia and, 512 Ventriculomegaly (brain), 538 procalcitonin with, 209 depletion with anticonvulsants, 561 spinal tracts for, 524 Ventromedial nucleus Reye syndrome association, 397 function and deficiency, 66 Volvulus, 392 Viral structures in homocystinuria treatment, 83 Meckel diverticulum, 391 (hypothalamus), 509 envelopes, 160 solubility, 63 Onchocerca, 155 leptin effects on, 340 genetics, 159 VitaabmsoirnpBtio12n(ocfo,b3a8la1min), 66, 67 Vomiting Verapamil genomes, 160 causes and effects of deficiency, annular pancreas, 367 antianginal therapy, 324 Virchow node, 386 426 area postrema and, 507 antiarrhythmic effects of, 328 Virchow triad, 692 deficiency, 157, 158 biliary colic, 403 cardiomyopathy, 315 Viridans group streptococci, 126, function and deficiency, 67 bilious, 366, 391 headache therapy, 534 homocystinuria treatment, 83 chemotherapy-induced, 507 mechanism, use and adverse 134, 175 Histoplasma capsulatum, 174 subacute infective endocarditis, in stroke, 528 effects, 323 maple syrup urine disease, 82 Verrucae, 485 318 MI and, 309 Verrucous lesions, 149 Virilization, 339 nonbilious projectile, 366 Vertebral compression fractures, 467 Virology posttussive, 130, 141, 183 Vertebral landmarks toxic shock syndrome, 133 viral structure features, 159 trichinosis, 156 for gastrointestinal innervation, 371 Virulence factors vitamin C toxicity, 67 Vertebrobasilar insufficiency Vomiting center, 507 bacterial, 127 receptors input for, 507 subclavian steal syndrome, 307 Bordetella pertussis, 141 Von Gierke disease, 85 Vertical gaze palsy, 544 Staphylococcus aureus, 133 Von Hippel-Lindau disease Vertigo Viruses chromosome association, 62 causing meningitis, 177 genetics and presentation, 541 peripheral vs central, 550 diarrhea, 176 tumor suppressor genes, 220 subclavian steal syndrome, 307 genetic/antigenic shift/drift, 166 in immunodeficiency, 116 myocarditis, 320

INDEX  827 Von Willebrand disease, 417, 433 pancreatic cancer, 404 phases and effector cells in, 212 X-ray/imaging findings Voriconazole, 150, 196 polyarteritis nodosa, 478 platelet-derived growth factor, 212 bamboo spine, 475 Vortioxetine polymyalgia rheumatica, 174, 477 zinc deficiency effects, 69 Bird’s beak sign, 383 renal cell carcinoma, 625 Woven bone, 461, 468 bone-in-bone, 468 mechanism, use and toxicity, 596 sleep apnea treatment, 699 Wright effect (genetics), 55 Codman triangle, 471 Vulnerable child syndrome, 575 Weil disease, 145 Wright-Giemsa stain, 413 Coffee bean sign, 392 Vulva Wernicke encephalopathy, 64, 592 Wright stain Coin lesion, 705 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome spirochetes, 144 pencil-in-cup, 475 epithelial histology, 646 alcohol use disorder, 592 Wrist drop Steeple sign (x-ray), 167 lymphatic drainage of, 644 brain lesions with, 526 lead poisoning, 425 String sign, 389 Vulvar pathology WeVrnitiacmkein(rBe1ce(pthtiivaem)ianpeh),as6i4a, 528, with eosinophilic granulomatosis, Sunburst pattern, 471 neoplastic, 663 non-neoplastic, 663 531 479 X-rays (teratogenicity), 634 Vulvovaginitis Western blot, 51, 52 with nerve injury, 450 Candida spp, 179 Western equine encephalitis Wrist region Y opportunistic infection, 150 bones and fractures, 453 Yellow fever medical importance, 164 injuries to, 463 W West Nile virus, 164 Written advance directives, 268 liver effects of, 374 Waardenburg syndrome, 484 Wet beriberi, 64, 315 WT1 gene Yellow fever virus, 164 WAGR complex/syndrome, 626 Wheals, 485 product and associated condition, “Waiter’s tip”, 452 Whipple disease, 357 medical importance, 168 Waiver (of informed consent), 268 220 Yellow-tinged vision, 250 Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia malabsorption with, 388 WT1/WT2 mutations, 626 Yersinia spp Whipworm, 156 Wuchereria bancrofti clinical features, 436 Whispered pectoriloquy, 700 reactive arthritis, 475 “walking pneumonia”, 148 White blood cells (WBCs), disease, transmission and Yersinia enterocolitica, 142, 176 Wallenberg syndrome, 529 treatment, 156 Yersinia pestis Wallerian degeneration, 506 leukemias, 437 Warburg effect, 217 White matter X animal transmission, 147 Warfarin Xanthelasma, 305 Yolk sac tumor, 667 demyelinating disorders, 540 Xanthine adverse effects of, 440 multiple sclerosis, 539 hormone levels with, 673 griseofulvin and, 196 White matter of brain in nucleotides, 33 ovarian, 666 heparin comparison, 441 in adrenoleukodystrophy, 46 Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 473 testicular, 673 mechanism, use and adverse Whooping cough Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, Bordetella pertussis, 141 Z effects, 441 pertussis toxin, 130 621 Zafirlukast, 708 PT measurement, 431 Wickham striae, 491 Xanthomas, 305 Zaleplon, 564 reversal of, 442 Wide complex tachycardias, 312 Zanamivir, mechanism and use, 197 teratogenicity of, 634 Wide splitting, 294 familial dyslipidemias, 92 Zellweger syndrome, 46 toxicity treatment, 247, 419 Williams syndrome, 63, 304 palmar, 92 Zenker diverticulum, 391 Warm autoimmune hemolytic Wilms tumor tuberoeruptive, 92 Zero-order elimination, 230 chromosomal abnormality, 62 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 37 Zidovudine, 199 anemia, 429 neuroblastomas vs, 354 Xerophthalmia, 64 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 123 Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells, 167 tumor suppressor genes, 220 Xerosis cutis, 64 Zika virus, 164, 168 Water aerosols, 182 Wilson disease, 402 Xerostomia, 239, 243, 474 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, chromosome association, 62 X-inactivation (lyonization) medical importance, 168 copper metabolism, 49, 402 Barr body formation, 59 Zileuton, 708 140, 353 free radical injury, 206 X-linked (Bruton) Zinc Watershed areas/regions Winged scapula, injury and deficits, agammaglobulinemia, 114 function and deficiency effects, 69 anterior spinal artery, 546 452 X-linked dominant inheritance, 57 in wound healing, 212 blood supply to, 206 Winters formula, 612 X-linked recessive disease Wilson disease treatment, 402 cerebral arteries, 514 “Wire looping” of capillaries, 617 Zinc fingers, 69 ischemic stroke, 527 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 59, 115 adenosine deaminase deficiency, Ziprasidone, 593 Water soluble vitamins, 63 Wnt-7 gene, 632 35 Zirconium cyclosilicate, 361 Waxy casts in urine, 614 Wobble Zoledronate, 495 WBC casts in urine, 621 adrenoleukodystrophy, 46 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Weakness in genetic coding, 35 agammaglobulinemia, 114 duodenal ulcer, 387 motor neuron signs, 545 Wolff-Chaikoff effect, 335, 345, 346 G6PD deficiency, 428 effects and diagnosis, 357 “Wear and tear” pigment, 225 Wolffian (mesonephric) duct, 641 hyper-IgM syndrome, 115 gastrin in, 378 Weibel-Palade bodies, 211 Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome, 311 listing of, 59 MEN1 syndrome, 356 Weight gain Woolsorter’s disease, 135 Menkes disease, 49 proton pump inhibitors for, 406 danazol, 678 “Word salad”, 578 ornithine transcarbamylase Zolpidem, 564 with mirtazapine, 596 Work of breathing, 684 Zona fasciculata, 340 Weight loss “Worst headache of my life”, 532 deficiency, 81 Zoonosis, 147 chronic mesenteric ischemia, 393 Wound healing Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 115 Zoonotic diseases, 147 diabetes mellitus, 350 X-linked recessive disorder Zymogens, 380 glucagonoma, 357 keratinocytes, 212 of β-oxidation, 46 Histoplasma capsulatum, 174 mediators and roles in, 212 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase orlistat for, 407 deficiency, 77 X-linked recessive inheritance, 57 uploaded by medbooksvn

About the Editors Tao Le, MD, MHS Vikas Bhushan, MD Tao developed a passion for medical education as a medical Vikas is a writer, editor, entrepreneur, and retired student. He has edited more than 15 titles in the First Aid teleradiologist. In 1990 he conceived and authored the series. In addition, he is Founder and Chief Education original First Aid for the USMLE Step 1. His entrepreneurial Officer of USMLE-Rx for exam preparation and ScholarRx for endeavors included a student-focused medical publisher sustainable, global medical education. As a medical student, (S2S), an e-learning company (medschool.com), and an ER he was editor-in-chief of the University of California, San teleradiology practice (24/7 Radiology). Trained on the Left Francisco (UCSF) Synapse, a university newspaper with a weekly circulation Coast, Vikas completed a bachelor’s degree at the University of California of 9000. Tao earned his medical degree from UCSF in 1996 and completed Berkeley; an MD with thesis at UCSF; and a diagnostic radiology residency his residency training in internal medicine at Yale University and fellowship at UCLA. His eclectic interests include cryptoeconomics, information training at Johns Hopkins University. Tao subsequently went on to cofound design, and avoiding a day job. Always finding the long shortcut, Vikas is an Medsn, a medical education technology venture, and served as its chief adventurer, knowledge seeker, and occasional innovator. He and his spouse, medical officer. He is currently chief of adult allergy and immunology at the Jinky, are avid kiteboarders and worldschoolers, striving to raise their three University of Louisville. children as global citizens. Connie Qiu, MD, PhD Anup Chalise, MBBS, MS, MRCSEd Connie is a dermatology resident at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Anup recently finished a home country general surgery She earned her MD/PhD from Temple University School of residency from Kathmandu University, Nepal. He is also Medicine and completed her intern year at Memorial Sloan currently working on projects with ScholarRx including Flash Kettering Cancer Center. She is interested in an academic Facts, Rx Bricks, and Step 1 Qmax. In his free time, he likes to career focused on research and medical education. Outside travel for photography. He plans to pursue further surgical of medicine, Connie enjoys being outdoors (with SPF 30+), training to prepare him to become a transplant surgeon in book/wine club, NYT crossword puzzles, and sharing pizza with her dog. the foreseeable future. Panagiotis Kaparaliotis, MD Caroline Coleman, MD Panagiotis is a physician in Greece. He earned his medical Caroline is a second-year internal medicine resident at degree from the University of Athens Medical School with Emory University School of Medicine. She earned her summa cum laude honors and served as the valedictorian undergraduate degree in economics at the University of his graduating class. Panagiotis developed a strong of Georgia before earning her medical degree at Emory. interest in medical education early in medical school and She is interested in a career in pulmonary and critical is currently collaborating with UNIPERFECT (uniperfect.gr) care medicine as well as medical education. Outside of to guide Greek medical students to USMLE success. In the future, he plans medicine, Caroline enjoys the outdoors, traveling, and spending time with on pursuing further training and academic opportunities in the United her partner, Hayley. States. Outside of medicine, Panagiotis loves experimenting in the kitchen, playing basketball, running long distances, and, owing to being an islander, Kimberly Kallianos, MD exploring the sea. Originally from Atlanta, Kimberly graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2006 and from Harvard Medical School in 2011. She completed her radiology residency and fellowship at UCSF and is currently an Assistant Professor of Clinical Radiology at UCSF in the cardiac and pulmonary imaging section.