GIÁO TRÌNH NHỮNG NGUYÊN LÝ CƠ BẢN CỦA CHỦ NGHĨA MÁC - LÊNIN

["l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. V\u00ec v\u1eady, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngay theo ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh. d) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. \u0111) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, phong c\u00e1ch, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Song c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. 2) C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c-L\u00eanin trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o a) Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c d\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. b) T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. M\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 nhau. c) Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. Nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi chia r\u1ebd v\u00ec l\u00fd do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. d) C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 hai m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m hai m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eefu khuynh ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 khuynh trong gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0111) Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed-c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u1ede nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau, vai tr\u00f2, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi 19. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? \u0110\u00e1p. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi g\u1ed3m hai \u00fd l\u1edbn 1) S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a a) Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n Li\u00eanx\u00f4 th\u00e0nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1tx\u00edt. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang 97","nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u0169 trang gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. b) Trong th\u1eddi gian 5 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1944 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949) \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 13 n\u01b0\u1edbc do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. +) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, khi th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n li\u00ean bang Nam T\u01b0 (1944), n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (1945), C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Anbani (1946) v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa (1949). +) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n Li\u00eanx\u00f4 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n BaLan (1945), Bungari (1946), Rummani (1948), Hunggari v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc (1946) nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o (Hunggari 1947; Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc 1948) v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (1948). +) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n Li\u00eanx\u00f4 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 Li\u00eanx\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c (10\/1949). V\u1eady l\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra 13 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1; v\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Cu Ba n\u0103m 1959, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Cu Ba chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u \u00c1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. 2) Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u01a1n 74 n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u1edf Li\u00eanx\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn a) V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga n\u0103m 1917 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi- th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. b) V\u1ec1kinht\u1ebf. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ec9 sau 20 n\u0103m Li\u00eanx\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1, c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao. S\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho Li\u00eanx\u00f4 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. c) V\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giai c\u1ea5p b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. V\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to 98","l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50, 60 v\u00e0 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi 20. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i X\u00f4vi\u1ebft? \u0110\u00e1p. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi g\u1ed3m hai \u00fd 1) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i X\u00f4vi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u00e1 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u00e1 t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i X\u00f4vi\u1ebft t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m v\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u1edf Li\u00eanx\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. 2) Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 Chung quy l\u1ea1i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t. Trong c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00eanx\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. a) \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c-L\u00eanin v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i; kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e1cx\u00edt. Ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, d\u1eadp khu\u00f4n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c-L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. b) Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung trong \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0m cho \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u00e0 ngay m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i. T\u00ednh quan li\u00eau, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c phe nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ly khai n\u1ea3y sinh, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, g\u00e2y th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. c) L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d. Ch\u00fang ra s\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Khi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec 99","ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh X\u00f4vi\u1ebft d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c qua c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Cu Ba. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5. \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef v\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0o m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. 100"]