["LARYNGEAL CANCER ICD-O: C32 Tassawan Asakit, M.D. Survival by sex: The 5-year survival was slightly higher for women than for men (30% and 29% respectively) (Figure 29). Extent of disease: The 5-year survival was 43% for localize, 24% for regional, 13% for distant metastasis and 22% for unknown (Figure 30). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival decreased from 38% to 11% in male and from 41% to 9% in female (Figure 31). A clinician\u2019s comment: The decrease in 5-year survival over 20 year was observed. This may be because of the increase in cases with unknown stage and these patients might not be access to cancer care program. Table 15: 5-year survival by sex, extent of disease and periods for laryngeal cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007 Overall relative survival Years after diagnosis Male Female Survival (%) 1 Survival (%) 95% CI 95% CI 2 58 48-71 3 56 49-64 42 32-56 4 38 28-53 5 42 35-50 33 23-47 30 20-45 Extent of disease 33 26-41 Localized Regional 30 24-39 Distant metastasis Unknown 29 23-39 Periods 5-year survival 95% CI 43 25-59 1988-1992 24 18-31 1993-1997 13 4-30 1998-2002 22 7-37 2003-2007 5-year relative survival Female 95% CI Male (%) 24-71 41 4-53 (%) 95% CI 14 25-80 38 26-60 42 1-57 31 21-49 9 31 19-56 11 4-33 41","Figure 29: Overall survival by sex for laryngeal cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Male 80 Female 60 Relative survival (%) 40 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis Figure 30: Overall survival by extension for laryngeal cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Observed survival(%) 100 Localized 80 Regional 60 Distant metastasis 40 Unknown 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis 42","Figure 31: Survival by periods for laryngeal cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Male 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 Relative survival (%) 0 0 1234 5 Years after diagnosis Female Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis 43","LUNG CANCER ICD-O: C34 Sirikul Sorrarittichingchai, M.D. Survival by sex: The 5-year survival was not different between male and female (6%) (Figure 32). Extent of disease: The 5-year survival was for 17% localized, 7% for regional, 3% for distant metastasis and 7% for unknown (Figure 33). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival decreased from 8% to 4% in male and from 10% to 2% in female (Figure 34). A clinician\u2019s comment: In each period, the incidence of lung cancer cases were two times higher in male than female (Appendix). However, the overall survival had no gender difference, with 23% expected to survive for at least one year then survival rate decreased to 6% for 5-year survival. In 1988-1997, five-year survival of female was slightly better than male but then began lowering in the recent decades (Table 15). Stage at presentation is one of the important prognostic factors. Over half of new cases were diagnosed at advanced or distant metastatic disease with the 5-year survival rate of 3% (Table16). The higher survival (17%) in patients with localized disease was due to the opportunity of curative resection but was still low when compared with 52% 5-year survival rate of SEER data (1975-2008). The number of patients with unknown staging had been increased over 20 years and had better overall 5-year survival rate than distant metastasis. In summary, there was no improvement of survival in lung cancer over time because the majority of patients were in advanced or metastatic stage. Main cause of lung cancer for population in this area is smoking e.g. cigarette and cheroot. So the priority of improving outcomes should consist of effective screening test for early diagnosis and the intervention to lower risk factors. Table 16: Survival by sex, extent of disease and periods for lung cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007 Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival Female 95% CI Male (%) 21-25 1 23 10-13 2 (%) 95% CI 11 7-10 3 23 21-24 8 4 11 10-12 7 6-8 5 8 7-9 6 5-7 7 6-8 Extent of disease 6 5-7 95% CI Localized 11-23 Regional 5-year survival Distant metastasis 17 6-8 Unknown 7 2-4 3 6-9 Morphology 7 Squamous cell carcinoma 95% CI Adenocarcinoma 5-year survival 3-5 Small cell carcinoma 4 4-6 5 2-5 3 44","Periods 5-year relative survival Female Male (%) 95% CI 1988-1992 1993-1997 (%) 95% CI 10 6-14 1998-2002 8 6-11 2003-2007 8 6-11 7 5-10 6 5-8 2 1-3 7 5-9 4 3-5 Figure 32: Overall survival by sex for lung cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007Relative survival (%) 100 Male 80 Female 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Figure 33: Overall survival by extension for lung cancer, Lampang, Thailand,Observed survival(%) 1988-2007 100 Localized Regional 80 Distant metastasis Unknown 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis 45","Figure 34: Survival by periods for lung cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007Relative survival (%) Male 1988-1992 100 1993-1997 1998-2002 80 2003-2007 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Female Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 123 4 5 0 Years after diagnosis 46","SKIN CANCER ICD-O: C44 Donsuk Pongnikorn, M.D. Survival by sex: The 5-year survival was slightly higher for women than for men (82% and 78% respectively) (Figure 35). Extent of disease: The5-year survival was 76% for localized, 58% for regional, 39% for distant metastasis and 65% for unknown (Figure 36). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival improved from 71% to 76% in male and from 68% to 72% in female (Figure 37). A clinician\u2019s comment: The survival rates of this cancer were high in both sexes. The best survival rate was in localized cases, considering clinical extent of disease. Furthermore, the trend of survival had not obviously changed over 20 year from 1988 to 2007. Table 17: Survival by sex, extent of disease and periods for skin cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007 Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival Female 95% CI Male (%) 90-96 1 93 85-93 2 (%) 95% CI 89 82-92 3 87 82-92 86 79-90 4 83 77-89 84 76-88 5 81 76-89 82 79 73-87 Extent of disease 78 72-87 95% CI Localized 71-80 Regional 5-year survival 49-67 Distant metastasis 76 17-60 Unknown 58 51-76 39 Periods 65 Female (%) 95% CI 1988-1992 5-year relative survival 1993-1997 Male 68 51-95 1998-2002 85 76-99 2003-2007 (%) 95% CI 79 70-96 72 65-81 71 59-94 81 70-107 81 70-96 76 65-92 47","Relative survival (%)Figure 35: Overall survival by sex for skin cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Observed survival(%) 80 60 Male 40 Female 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Figure 36: Overall survival by extension for skin cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Localized Regional 100 Distant metastasis Unknown 80 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis 48","Figure 37: Survival by periods for skin cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Male Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis Female Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis 49","BREAST CANCER ICD-O: C50 Sirikul Sorrarittichingchai, M.D. The overall 5-year survival for people in Lampang with breast cancer was 65% (Figure 38). Extent of disease: The 5-year survival was 82% for localized, 59% for regional, 28% for distant metastasis and 78% for unknown (Figure 39). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988to 2007, 5-year survival improved from 51% to 69% (Figure 40). A clinician\u2019s comment: The 18 % survival improvement over 20 years is mainly the effect of early detection, better adjuvant systemic treatments both with increasingly effective chemotherapy and then with targeted antiestrogen; tamoxifen. The screening program include mammography has largely contributed to early detection, resulted in an increase in the number of localized cancer detected and better survival rate in earlier staging (Appendix). Five-year survival rate of the unknown staging group is quite high when compared with advanced groups, so the definite staging for this group should be find out explicitly for further analysis. Table 18: 5-year survival by years after diagnosis, extent of disease and periods for breast cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007. Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival (%) 95% CI 1 92 90-93 2 82 80-84 3 75 73-77 4 69 67-72 5 65 63-68 Extent of disease 5-year survival 95% CI Localized 82 76-86 Regional 59 56-62 Distant metastasis 28 22-35 Unknown 78 73-83 Periods 5-year relative survival (%) 95% CI 1988-1992 51 44-59 1993-1997 62 57-68 1998-2002 63 58-68 2003-2007 69 66-72 50","Relative survival (%)Figure 38: Overall survival for breast cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 80 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Figure 39: Overall survival by extension for breast cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 80 Observed survival(%) 60 40 Localized 4 5 Regional 20 Distant metastasis Unknown 0 0 123 Years after diagnosis 51","Figure 40: Survival by periods for breast cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 123 1998-2002 40 Years after diagnosis 2003-2007 20 0 45 0 52","CERVICAL CANCER ICD-O: C53 Sirirat Chersamran, M.D. The overall 5-year survival for people in Lampang with cervical cancer was 61% (Figure 41). Extent of disease: The 5-year survival was 81% for localized, 51% for regional, 24% for distant metastasis and 67% for unknown (Figure 42). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival slightly decreased from 67% to 62% (Figure 43). A clinician\u2019s comment: Cervical cancer remains the major gynecological problem in the last 20 years. The improved survival has resulted from early diagnosis and improved treatment protocol. The comparable survival figures for squamous versus adenocarcinoma tends to be at odds with the rest of the world literature. Table 19: 5-year survival by years after diagnosis, extent of disease and periods for cervical cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007 Years after diagnosis Overall survival survival(%) 95% CI 1 86 85-88 2 76 74-78 3 69 67-71 4 64 62-66 5 61 58-63 Extent of disease 5-year survival (%) 95% CI Localized 81 77-85 Regional 51 48-54 Distant metastasis 24 16-33 Unknown 67 60-73 Morphology 5-year survival (%) 95% CI Squamous cell carcinoma 57 54-59 Adenocarcinoma 57 51-63 Periods 5-year survival (%) 95% CI 1988-1992 67 62-73 1993-1997 54 49-60 1998-2002 57 52-62 2003-2007 62 58-67 53","Figure 41: Overall survival for cervical cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Relative survival (%) 100 80 60 123 4 5 40 Years after diagnosis 20 0 0 Figure 42: Overall survival by extension for cervical cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Localized Regional 100 Distant metastasis Unknown 80 Observed survival(%) 60 40 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis 54","Figure 43: Survival by periods for cervical cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis 55","UTERINE CANCER ICD-O: C54 Kannika Paengchit , M.D. The overall 5-year survival for people in Lampang with uterine cancer was 71% (Figure 44). Extent of disease: The 5-year survival was 79% for localized was, 65% for regional, 22% for distant metastasis and 80% for unknown (Figure 45). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival improved from 68% to 72% (Figure 46). A clinician\u2019s comment: Survival for uterine cancer continues to creep up due to the increase in multimodality treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. Moreover, the improvement in survival is most likely due to the better palliative care. Table 20: Survival by years after diagnosis, extent of disease and periods for uterine cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007. Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival (%) 95% CI 1 87 83-92 2 80 75-86 3 71 70-82 4 73 66-80 5 71 65-78 Extent of disease 5-year survival (%) 95% CI Localized 79 67-88 Regional 65 53-75 Distant metastasis 22 8-40 Unknown 80 63-90 Periods 5-year relative survival (%) 95% CI 1988-1992 68 55-94 1993-1997 63 50-82 1998-2002 70 58-86 2003-2007 72 63-83 56","Relative survival (%)Figure 44: Overall survival for uterine cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 80 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Figure 45: Overall survival by extension for uterine cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Localized 80 Regional 60 Distant metastasis 40 Unknown 20 Observed survival(%) 0 0 1234 5 Years after diagnosis 57","Figure 46: Survival by periods for uterine cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis 58","OVARIAN CANCER ICD-O: C56 Kannika Paengchit, M.D. The overall 5-year survival for people in Lampang with ovarian cancer was 49% (Figure 47). Extent of disease: The 5-year survival was 79% for localized, 43% for regional, 17% for distant metastasis and 69% for unknown (Figure 48). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival decreased from 51% to 44% (Figure 49). A clinician\u2019s comment: Overall survival of ovarian cancer has not improved over 20 years because more patients were diagnosed with advanced stage. However, if the better screening method is found and this cancer can be detected earlier, the increase in overall survival is likely to occur. Table 21: Survival by years after diagnosis, extent of disease and periods for ovarian cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007. Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival (%) 95% CI 1 73 68-77 2 61 56-66 3 54 49-59 4 51 46-56 5 49 44-54 Extent of disease 5-year observed survival (%) 95% CI Localized 79 69-86 Regional 43 34-52 Distant metastasis 17 10-24 Unknown 69 54-80 Periods 5-year relative survival (%) 95% CI 1988-1992 51 39-66 1993-1997 49 39-64 1998-2002 50 41-61 2003-2007 44 36-53 59","Relative survival (%)Figure 47: Overall survival for ovarian cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Observed survial(%) 80 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Figure 48: Overall survival by extension for ovarian cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Localized Regional Distant metastasis 100 Unknown 80 60 40 20 0 012345 years after diagnosis 60","Figure 49: Survival by periods for ovarian cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 123 1998-2002 40 Years after diagnosis 2003-2007 20 0 45 0 61","PROSTATE CANCER ICD-O: C61 Tawarat Raunroadroong, M.D. The overall 5-year survival for people in Lampang with prostate cancer was 46% (Figure 50). Extent of disease: The 5-year survival was 39% for localized, 40% for regional 17% for distant metastasis and 37 % for unknown (Figure 51). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival improved from 40% to 43% (Figure 52). A clinician\u2019s comment: Significant improvement of survival has not been observed in the past 20 years. Most of patients suffer from locally advanced and metastatic disease which may reflect average survival outcome. Table 22: 5-year survival by years after diagnosis, extent of disease and periods for prostate cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007 Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival l (%) 95% CI 1 84 79-88 2 72 66-77 3 61 55-68 4 53 47-60 5 46 40-54 Extent of disease 5-year observe survival(%) 95% CI Localized 39 27-51 Regional 40 30-49 Distant metastasis 17 8-29 Unknown 37 27-47 Periods 5-year relative survival(%) 95% CI 1988-1992 40 27-73 1993-1997 47 33-66 1998-2002 54 42-69 2003-2007 43 33-56 62","Relative survival (%)Figure 50: Overall survival for prostate cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Observed survival(%) 80 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Figure 51: Overall survival by extension for prostate cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Localized 100 Regional Distant metastasis 80 Unknown 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis 63","Figure 52: Survival by periods for prostate cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 123 1998-2002 40 Years after diagnosis 2003-2007 20 0 45 0 64","BLADDER CANCER ICD-O: C67 Sirirat Chersamran, M.D. Survival by sex: The 5-year survival was slightly higher for men than for women (42% and 31% respectively) (Figure 53). Extent of disease: The 5-year survival was 49% for localized, 33% for regional, 8% for distant metastasis and 34% for unknown (Figure 54). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival improved from 40% to 47%in male and from 8% to 29% in female (Figure 55). A clinician\u2019s comment: Bladder cancer remains a major uro-oncology problem. The survival was higher for men (42%) than women (31%) suggesting an impact of delay to diagnosis. Many women presenting with hematuria were treated as having an infection rather than being investigated for potential bladder cancer. Possible reasons for the poor outcomes include staging errors with delayed to diagnosis and treatment and prolonged attempts of bladder preservation. Table 23: 5-year survival by sex, extent of disease and periods for bladder cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007 Years after diagnosis Overall survival Female Male (%) 95% CI 1 60 52-69 2 (%) 95% CI 46 38-56 3 74 70-79 37 29-47 4 59 54-65 35 28-45 5 51 46-57 31 24-41 47 41-53 Extent of disease 42 36-48 95% CI Localized 38-59 Regional 5-year survival (%) 27-39 Distant metastasis 49 3-16 Unknown 33 26-44 8 Periods 34 Female (%) 95% CI 1988-1992 5-year relative survival 8 1-53 1993-1997 Male 35 21-59 1998-2002 35 21-60 2003-2007 (%) 95% CI 29 19-45 40 27-58 40 30-55 39 30-51 47 37-59 65","Relative survival (%)Figure 53: Overall survival by sex for bladder cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Male 80 Female 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Figure 54: Overall survival by staging for bladder cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Localized 80 Regional 60 Distant metastasis 40 Unknown 20 Observed survival(%) 0 0 1234 5 Years after diagnosis 66","Figure 55: Survival by periods for bladder cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Male Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 123 4 5 0 Years after diagnosis Female Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis 67","THYROID CANCER ICD-O: C73 Pichanun Bodhisundara, M.D. Survival by sex: 5-year survival was slightly higher for women than for men (72% and 49% respectively) (Figure 56). Extent of disease: The 5- year survival was 85% for localized, 63% for regional, 13% for distant metastasis and 72% for unknown (Figure 57). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival improved from 42% to 48% in male and from 51% to 78% in female (Figure 58). A clinician\u2019s comment: There are many factors, which improve the overall survival in thyroid cancer, such as early detection and surgery, pathological result, adequate radioactive iodine therapy and thyroid hormone suppression therapy. The 5-year- survival depends on thyroid cancer staging. In early stage, the 5-year-survival is excellent. So early detection and early treatment have important factor for improvement of the survival. Table 24: 5-year survival by sex, extent of disease, morphology and periods for thyroid cancer in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007. Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival Female Male (%) 95% CI 1 80 76-86 2 (%) 95% CI 76 71-82 3 72 60-86 75 70-81 4 60 47-77 74 68-80 5 55 43-75 72 66-79 54 42-74 Extent of disease 49 35-69 95% CI Localized 75-91 Regional 5-year survival(%) 54-72 Distant metastasis 85 5-27 Unknown 63 58-82 13 Morphology 72 95% CI Papillary carcinoma 76-90 Follicular carcinoma 5-year survival(%) 60-81 Medullary carcinoma 84 21-91 72 Periods 69 Female (%) 95% CI 1988-1992 5-year relative survival 51 37-76 1993-1997 Male 76 65-94 1998-2002 63 52-78 2003-2007 (%) 95% CI 78 69-87 42 15-112 61 40-118 42 22-82 48 27-85 68","Relative survival (%)Figure 56: Overall survival by sex for thyroid cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Male Female 80 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis Figure 57: Overall survival by extension for thyroid cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Localized 80 Regional 60 Distant metastasis 40 Unknown 20 Observed survival(%) 0 0 1234 5 Years after diagnosis 69","Figure 58: Survival by periods for thyroid cancer, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Relative survival (%) 100 Male 80 60 123 1988-1992 40 Years after diagnosis 1993-1997 20 1998-2002 0 2003-2007 0 45 100 Female 80 Relative survival (%) 60 1988-1992 40 1993-1997 20 123 1998-2002 0 Years after diagnosis 2003-2007 0 45 70","LYMPHOMA ICD-O: C77 Kittiya Maneechedtha, M.D. Survival by sex: The5-year survival was slightly higher for women than for men (36% and 27% respectively) (Figure 59). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival decreased from 32% to 16% in male and from 48% to 22% in female (Figure 60). A clinician\u2019s comment: The number of five-year survival seems to decrease due to the advancement of diagnostic tools which lead to more diagnosis of the disease. However, staging, cell type and international prognostic index (IPI) are important data of expected survival. The limited accessibility to certain drug, infection, complication of treatment and the completeness of follow up can also effect the survival. Table 25: 5-year relative survival by sex and periods for lymphoma in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007 Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival Female 95% CI Male (%) 47-59 1 53 36-48 2 (%) 95% CI 41 33-45 3 56 52-61 39 32-44 4 44 39-49 38 31-43 5 36 31-41 36 32 27-37 Periods 27 23-33 Female 95% CI 5-year relative survival (%) 34-67 1988-1992 48 27-51 1993-1997 Male 37 32-54 1998-2002 (%) 95% CI 41 14-34 2003-2007 32 23-45 22 28 20-39 36 27-48 16 10-26 Figure 59: Overall relative survival by sex for lymphoma, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Male 80 Female 60 Relative Survival (%) 40 20 0 1234 5 0 Years after diagnosis 71","Figure 60: Relative survival by periods for lymphoma, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Relative survival (%) 100 Male 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 123 1998-2002 40 Years after diagnosis 2003-2007 20 0 45 0 Female Relative survoval (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 123 4 5 0 Years after diagnosis 72","LEUKEMIA ICD-O: C42 Kittiya Maneechedtha, M.D. Survival by sex: The 5-year survival was slightly higher for women than for men (21% and 19% respectively) (Figure 61). Time trends: In the twenty years from 1988 to 2007, 5-year survival decreased from 22% to 16% in male and from 21% to 16% in female (Figure 62). A clinician\u2019s comment: The decrease in five-year survival rates for leukemia may be due to more diagnosis of the disease from the advancement of diagnostic tools such as Flow cytometry, chromosome study and molecular study. Furthermore, the limited accessibility to certain treatment such as the transplantation and drugs may be the cause of survival rate decreasing. Table 26: 5-year relative survival by sex and periods for leukemia in Lampang Thailand, 1988-2007. Years after diagnosis Overall relative survival Female 95% CI Male (%) 38-50 1 44 26-38 2 (%) 95% CI 32 22-32 3 46 41-51 27 18-28 4 33 28-39 22 16-27 5 26 22-32 21 22 17-27 Periods 19 15-24 Female 95% CI (%) 11-40 1988-1992 5-year relative survival 21 12-38 1993-1997 Male 21 16-38 1998-2002 25 10-27 2003-2007 (%) 95% CI 16 22 13-37 18 11-29 20 13-32 16 9-28 Relative survival (%)Figure 61: Overall relative survival by sex for leukemia, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 100 Male 80 Female 60 40 20 0 012345 Years after diagnosis 73","Figure 62: Survival by periods for leukaemia, Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007 Male Relative survival (%) 100 1988-1992 80 1993-1997 60 1998-2002 40 2003-2007 20 0 123 4 5 0 Years after diagnosis Female 1988-1992 1993-1997 Relative survival (%) 100 1998-2002 80 2003-2007 60 40 123 4 5 20 Years after diagnosis 0 0 74","REFERENCES Hutcha Sriplung. (2012). CR Stat: Functions for Cancer Epidemiology. R package version 2.15.1.3. Retrieved 10 Aug., 2012 fromhttp:\/\/www.r-ice-project.net National Statistical Office. (2012). The 2010 population and Housing Census. Tanakij printing, Lampang, Thailand. R Core Team. (2012). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, Retrieved 10 Sep., 2012 from http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ R. Sankaranarayanan, R. Swaminathan, E. Lucas.(2011). Cancer Survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Central America. S. B. Edge, D. R. Byrd , C. C. Compton , A.G. Fritz , F. L. Greene , A. Trotti (2009). American Joint Committee on Cance AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 7TH Edition. U.S. National Cancer Institute. (2012). SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2008 Retrieved 1 Sep., 2012 from http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975_2009_ pops09\/ index.html World Health Organization. (2012). Life tables for WHO Member StatesHealth statistics and health information systems Retrieved 10 Sep., 2012 from www.who.int\/healthinfo\/statistics\/mortality_life_tables\/en\/ 75","APPENDIX 76","Table 27: Relative survival by site in Lampang, Thailand, 1988-2007. Year after Male (%; 95% CI) Female (%; 95% CI) diagnosis Oral cavity 1 234 5 1 234 5 Nasopharynx 56 23 55 34 Stomach 50 - 63 39 32 25 17 - 30 49 - 63 45 39 35 28 -42 Colon 71 27 71 32 Rectum 65 - 78 33 - 47 26 - 39 20 -33 21 - 35 63-80 39 - 53 33 - 46 29 - 43 24-43 Liver 36 9 39 11 Larynx 31 - 41 51 39 32 6 -13 33-45 53 45 38 8 - 17 Lung 60 34 65 39 Skin 56 -65 44 - 59 33 - 47 26 - 40 29 - 39 61 - 70 44-64 36-56 29-49 33 - 45 Breast 69 24 68 34 Cervix 64 - 74 20 16 13 19 - 31 62 - 74 25 19 16 27 - 41 Corpus uteri 14 5 18 7 Ovary 13 - 16 16 - 25 13 - 21 10 - 17 4-6 16 - 21 20 - 31 15 - 25 12 - 22 5-9 Prostate 56 29 58 30 Bladder 49 - 64 46 41 37 23 - 39 48 - 71 53 47 40 20 -45 Thyroid 23 6 23 6 lymphoma 21 - 24 42 - 51 36 - 46 33 - 43 5-7 21 - 25 48 - 59 41 - 52 35 - 46 5-7 Leukaemia 87 78 93 82 82 - 92 48 33 28 72 - 87 90 - 96 52 42 36 76 - 88 91 65 84 42 - 54 28 - 40 23 - 34 46 90 - 93 46 - 59 36 - 49 30 - 44 63 - 68 79 - 88 40 - 54 86 61 865 85 - 88 11 9 8 58 - 63 74 42 87 71 70 - 79 7 - 10 5-7 4-6 36 - 48 83 - 92 9 - 13 7 - 11 6 - 10 65 - 78 73 49 72 42 33 30 49 68 - 77 42 38 33 44 - 54 60 - 86 35 - 69 35 - 50 26 -41 24 - 39 60 32 - 56 28 - 53 23 - 47 31 56 27 52 - 69 24 - 41 52 -61 11 8 7 23 - 33 11 8 7 80 72 46 10 - 12 7-9 6-8 19 76 - 86 10 - 13 7 - 10 6-8 66 - 79 41 - 51 15 -24 83 81 79 53 89 86 84 36 47 - 59 31 - 43 77 - 89 76 - 89 73 - 87 85 - 93 82 - 92 79 - 90 44 21 38 - 50 82 75 69 16 - 27 80 - 84 73 - 77 67 - 72 76 69 64 74 - 78 67 - 71 62 - 66 80 76 73 75 - 86 70 - 82 66 - 80 61 54 51 56 - 66 49 - 59 46 - 56 72 61 53 46 37 35 66 - 77 55 - 68 47 -60 38 - 56 29 - 47 28 - 45 59 51 47 76 75 74 54 -65 46 - 57 41 -53 71 - 82 70 - 81 68 - 80 60 55 54 41 39 38 47 - 77 43 - 75 42 - 74 36 - 48 33 - 45 32 - 44 44 36 32 32 27 22 39 - 49 31 - 41 27 - 37 26 - 38 22 - 32 18 - 28 33 26 22 28 - 39 22 - 32 17 - 27 77","Table 28: Relative survival by site inLampang, Thailand, 1988-1992. Year after Male (%; 95% CI) Female (%; 95% CI) diagnosis Oral cavity 1 234 5 1 234 5 Nasopharynx 52 22 60 35 Stomach 38 - 71 37 34 26 11 - 42 47-77 45 40 40 23-54 Colon 66 30 76 29 Rectum 52 - 84 25 - 58 21 - 54 15 - 47 19 -53 59-97 33-63 27-58 28-60 14-60 Liver 41 11 55 17 Larynx 31 - 53 47 33 30 5 - 22 43-69 61 51 40 9-33 Lung 57 41 73 55 Skin 45 -72 33 - 60 21 - 54 18 - 52 29 - 60 61 - 87 43-87 33-79 23-71 43 - 75 Breast 53 29 60 30 40 - 70 23 18 17 16 - 52 45-79 33 31 23 19-54 15 7 14 5 12 - 20 16 -35 11 -30 10 - 30 4 - 11 10-21 22-48 21-47 14-39 3-11 63 38 52 41 50 - 79 51 44 42 26 - 60 34-78 65 61 55 24-71 22 8 24 10 19 - 26 39 - 68 31 - 61 30 - 61 6 - 11 20-30 52 - 81 48 - 78 42 - 73 6-14 80 71 90 68 68 - 94 42 35 35 59 - 94 79-103 47 36 30 51-95 83 51 29 - 41 22 - 54 23 - 57 79-89 32-67 23-57 18-52 44-59 87 67 10 9 7 83-90 885 62-73 83 68 7 - 14 6 - 13 4 - 11 70-99 7-14 4-12 3-11 55-94 82 51 49 38 38 73-93 48 48 44 39-66 36 - 67 26 - 57 27 - 60 57 30-75 31-77 27-74 37-89 13 10 9 14 12 11 61 10 - 16 8 - 13 7 - 12 46-82 11-19 8-17 8-16 76 74 71 61 88 83 70 48-78 64 - 93 62 - 93 57 - 91 77-104 69-102 53-94 41 28-59 73 61 55 67-79 54-68 48-63 Cervix 78 73 70 74-83 69-78 65-75 Corpus uteri 68 68 68 52-89 53-91 54-92 Ovary 67 58 52 56-80 47-73 41-68 Prostate 83 70 57 40 40 36 15 8 8 Bladder 70 - 99 55 - 91 42 - 82 25 - 67 27 - 73 18-73 4-54 1-51 1-53 Thyroid 51 51 51 Lymphoma 73 54 50 47 40 51 36-74 36-75 37-76 Leukaemia 63 - 86 42 - 69 37 - 66 35 - 65 27 - 58 35-73 48 48 48 35-67 36-68 34-67 80 62 42 42 42 48 24 24 21 53- 102 30- 104 14- 106 5 - 109 15- 112 35-66 13-43 14-43 11-40 55 44 38 35 32 24 45 - 67 34 - 57 28 - 51 26 - 48 23 - 45 13-43 44 31 31 28 22 33 - 59 21 - 46 21 - 47 18 - 43 13 - 37 78","Table 29: Relative survival by site in Lampang, Thailand, 1993-1997. Year after Male (%; 95% CI) Female (%; 95% CI) diagnosis Oral cavity 1 234 5 1 234 5 Nasopharynx 61 33 61 30 Stomach 48 - 78 47 34 33 22 - 55 48-77 47 34 30 20-51 Colon 75 43 63 26 Rectum 63 - 88 34 - 65 22 - 53 21 - 53 30 - 62 45-88 34-64 23-52 19-49 12-59 Liver 36 8 38 10 Larynx 27 - 46 61 52 52 4 - 16 28-51 38 32 26 5-21 Lung 51 28 51 29 Skin 42 - 62 48 - 77 39 - 69 40 - 71 20 - 40 41-64 21-67 16-63 12-58 19-42 Breast 65 18 64 30 Cervix 54 - 79 21 15 10 10 - 34 51-79 27 22 19 20-49 Corpus uteri 11 6 23 10 Ovary 8 - 15 14 - 31 9 - 25 5 - 19 4-9 18-30 19-41 14-35 11-32 7-16 Prostate 54 31 47 14 Bladder 43 - 69 43 37 32 21 - 49 28-82 40 36 29 4-53 Thyroid 23 6 25 8 lymphoma 21 - 26 34 - 54 28 - 48 24 - 44 5-8 21-29 30-53 27-49 20-43 6-11 leukaemia 84 81 94 85 72 - 98 38 29 22 70- 107 89-101 45 40 30 76-99 87 62 73 27 - 53 19 - 44 13 - 37 82-91 32-62 27-56 19-48 57-68 62 - 86 86 54 766 83-89 16 14 12 49-60 66 87 63 56 - 78 4 - 10 4-9 4-9 77-98 12-22 9-20 8-18 50-82 70 49 70 40 31 31 60-82 27 21 14 39-64 48- 103 29 - 56 21 - 47 22 - 49 61 12-64 8-58 4-52 35 60 47-80 21-59 52 - 70 12 8 7 12 9 8 85 76 48 10 - 14 7 - 11 5-9 75-97 10-16 7-12 6-11 65-94 38 - 59 81 81 81 55 86 86 86 37 44-68 27-51 68 - 98 71- 102 70- 104 77-96 79-98 77-99 42 21 30-58 77 70 65 12-38 72-82 65-75 60-71 74 65 58 69-78 61-70 53-63 80 70 68 68-94 57-87 55-85 62 52 49 51-75 42-66 38-64 66 61 56 47 49 40 37 53 - 81 48 - 78 43 - 75 33 -66 35-70 26-63 24-61 54 49 41 40 79 79 76 44 - 68 39 - 63 31 - 56 30 - 55 68-93 69-94 64-92 61 61 61 61 42 41 41 36- 106 37- 109 39- 114 40- 118 32-56 31-55 30-55 49 37 34 28 31 28 21 40 - 59 29 - 49 26 - 45 20 - 39 20-47 18-45 12-38 36 23 19 18 27 - 47 16 - 36 12 - 31 11 - 29 79","Table 30: Relative survival by site in Lampang, Thailand, 1998-2002 Year after Male (%; 95% CI) Female (%; 95% CI) diagnosis Oral cavity 1 234 5 1 234 5 Nasopharynx 66 43 42 35 32 53 45 39 33 33 Stomach 53 - 81 20 - 51 43-66 24-49 Colon 68 30 - 61 29 - 60 24 - 55 24 81 35-59 28-53 23-48 39 Rectum 57 - 82 15 - 40 69-95 25-60 Liver 35 50 43 28 13 29 61 50 45 10 Larynx 26 - 46 7 - 23 20-43 4-23 Lung 67 38 - 65 31 - 59 18 -44 39 70 47-80 36-70 31-66 41 Skin 58 - 76 30 - 50 61-79 33-54 Breast 67 19 19 18 24 73 20 12 12 40 57 - 78 16 - 38 62-86 28-58 18 12 - 29 13 - 30 11 - 29 6 19 12-33 6-25 6-25 10 15 - 21 4-9 15-25 7-15 49 50 49 42 31 73 53 48 41 42 35 - 69 19 - 56 55-98 25-80 23 42 - 61 40 - 60 34 - 54 7 24 44-64 39-60 33-54 7 20 - 26 5-9 20-28 5-10 88 50 30 28 81 89 60 46 44 79 80 - 97 70 - 96 81-97 70-96 40 - 63 21 - 43 19 - 42 91 49-75 34-63 32-62 63 54 88-93 58-68 11 8 7 42 - 69 86 13 12 11 57 83-89 52-62 9 - 15 6 - 11 5-9 39 88 9-18 8-17 7-16 70 30 - 51 80-97 58-86 41 36 31 70 57 47 42 50 42 62-79 41-61 27 - 63 23 - 58 18 - 54 22 - 82 38-87 28-79 24-77 54 35 11 9 8 36 39-74 12 10 8 21-60 27 - 48 9 - 14 8 - 12 6 - 10 78 9-15 8-13 6-11 63 20 70-88 52-78 83 83 83 13 - 32 84 82 79 60 41 74 - 94 77 - 98 74 - 98 50-71 75-94 74-95 68-93 32-54 42 82 75 68 25 32-55 16-38 78-85 71-79 63-73 Cervix 72 64 60 68-76 60-69 56-65 Corpus uteri 85 80 74 76-96 69-92 63-88 Ovary 59 53 51 51-69 44-63 43-62 Prostate 85 78 65 57 40 37 37 Bladder 75 - 93 68 - 89 54 - 78 46 - 72 26-61 23-59 24-61 Thyroid Lymphoma 72 54 50 47 72 70 68 Leukaemia 64 - 81 45 - 64 42 -62 37 - 58 62-83 61-83 58-82 66 54 54 54 49 43 42 47 - 94 34 - 87 35 - 89 36 - 92 40-62 33-55 32-55 63 51 45 40 32 30 27 54 - 72 42 - 61 36 - 56 31 - 51 23-46 21-43 18-40 45 31 25 21 35 - 57 22 - 43 18 - 38 14 - 33 80","Table 31: Relative survival by site in Lampang, Thailand, 2003-2007 Year after Male (%; 95% CI) Female (%; 95% CI) diagnosis Oral cavity 1 2 34 5 1 234 5 Nasopharynx 50 34 24 14 12 50 43 40 35 33 Stomach 40 - 63 6 - 23 39-64 23-48 Colon 74 25 - 47 16 - 36 8 - 26 11 60 32-58 29-55 25-49 30 Rectum 63 - 87 4 - 27 46-80 17-52 Liver 33 46 27 16 6 34 48 41 34 10 Larynx 24 - 44 3 - 16 25-48 4-22 Lung 62 34 - 63 17 - 43 8 - 33 30 66 33-69 27-62 20-56 33 Skin 55 - 69 24 - 40 59-74 25-43 Breast 77 16 13 7 26 68 21 12 10 28 70 - 85 18 - 37 60-78 19-41 14 10 - 27 7 - 23 3 - 17 2 16 13-34 6-24 4-22 3 12 - 16 1-4 13-21 2-6 56 43 36 34 11 60 56 44 37 9 42 - 75 4 - 33 40-91 1-57 23 36 - 52 29 - 45 28 - 44 4 21 48-65 36-54 30-47 2 21 - 26 3-5 18-24 1-3 91 53 37 28 76 93 51 41 33 72 85 - 99 65 - 92 89-98 65-81 44 - 63 29 - 48 21 - 39 95 42-62 32-53 24-46 69 43 93-96 66-72 7 43 33 - 56 87 644 62 84-90 58-67 5-9 3-5 2-4 47 88 4-10 3-7 2-6 72 37 - 59 81-95 63-83 39 25 15 72 27 27 18 44 48 65-79 36-53 26 - 59 14 - 46 6 - 36 27 - 85 11-68 11-68 5-61 62 29 10 6 5 16 50-76 852 19-45 10 - 26 8 - 12 5-8 3-6 85 6-11 3-7 1-4 78 16 78-92 69-87 87 79 77 9 - 28 90 84 80 41 22 78 - 98 70 - 93 66 - 91 33-52 84-95 78-90 74-88 14-34 46 86 79 73 16 37-57 10-27 83-88 76-82 70-77 Cervix 77 71 66 74-81 68-75 62-70 Corpus uteri 80 76 72 72-89 67-86 63-83 Ovary 57 51 48 50-66 44-60 40-57 Prostate 88 71 61 52 48 38 36 Bladder 82 - 95 63 - 81 52 - 72 43 - 64 37-64 27-54 25-52 Thyroid Lymphoma 79 72 54 51 85 81 80 Leukaemia 72 - 87 63 - 81 45 - 65 41 - 63 78-92 74-90 73-89 70 65 59 54 30 27 24 51 - 98 45 - 95 39 - 92 34 - 89 22-41 19-38 16-35 48 34 25 18 32 25 18 40 - 57 26 - 43 18 - 34 12 - 28 26-45 17-35 11-28 45 35 27 19 36 - 56 26 - 46 19 - 39 12 - 31 81","Table 32: Percentage of extension by site and periods in Lampang, Th Localized Regional lymph site 1988-1992 1993-1997 1998-2002 2003-2007 1988-1992 1993-1997 Oral cavity 12.1 29.5 35.9 16.7 78.5 57.1 44 Nasopharynx Stomach 1.5 12.2 10.5 4.3 88.2 63.4 66 Colon Rectum 2.3 5.2 14.8 3.5 53.2 44.3 40 Liver Larynx 6.6 7.2 12.7 7.9 60.7 38.0 40 Lung Skin 1.1 10.0 15.8 7.6 68.4 55.8 54 Breast Cervix 0.2 4.8 12.0 2.7 36.0 26.3 35 Corpus uteri Ovary 7.8 14.5 32.1 8.6 75.3 60.2 50 Prostate Bladder 2.3 4.0 6.5 1.5 30.1 27.9 27 Thyroid 76.5 70.2 73.8 55.8 20.6 15.3 14 17.4 16.0 29.2 20.3 59.7 54.5 48 29.7 33.0 34.0 31.3 55.5 51.2 52 48.7 38.0 42.4 26.8 28.2 40.0 30 43.4 18.5 19.8 25.3 27.7 35.8 31 22.0 36.0 44.6 7.1 58.0 33.3 23 17.2 31.9 29.4 14.7 62.4 38.5 33 22.2 36.9 33.7 33.6 46.7 32.3 30","hailand Distant metastasis Unknown h node 1998-2002 2003-2007 1988-1992 1993-1997 1998-2002 2003-2007 1988-1992 1993-1997 1998-2002 2003-2007 4.5 44.2 0.9 2.9 4.7 11.6 8.4 10.5 14.8 27.5 6.3 57.0 5.9 12.2 13.7 14.0 4.4 12.2 9.5 24.7 0.3 30.1 36.3 36.5 25.6 32.9 8.2 14.1 19.3 33.5 0.8 37.9 31.1 40.4 25.8 28.2 1.6 14.4 20.8 26.0 4.1 42.2 23.2 17.5 15.1 21.9 7.4 16.7 15.1 28.3 5.8 20.3 53.0 37.2 20.7 21.1 10.8 31.7 31.5 55.9 0.0 56.9 10.4 3.6 3.6 6.9 6.5 21.7 14.3 27.6 7.6 20.4 61.3 47.4 45.8 45.6 6.3 20.7 20.0 32.5 4.6 11.3 1.0 3.1 3.7 2.9 2.0 11.5 7.9 30.0 8.0 46.0 14.7 15.2 9.1 9.1 8.1 14.3 13.8 24.5 2.4 41.4 4.8 6.8 4.5 6.9 9.9 9.0 9.0 20.3 0.3 34.1 10.3 12.0 7.6 11.0 12.8 10.0 19.7 28.0 1.0 21.6 24.1 28.4 27.0 32.7 4.8 17.3 22.2 20.4 3.8 19.9 14.0 13.3 6.9 16.7 6.0 17.3 24.8 56.4 3.8 35.1 8.6 8.9 11.3 11.5 11.8 20.7 25.6 38.7 0.7 27.5 22.2 9.2 17.8 6.9 8.9 21.5 17.8 32.1 82"]
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