Gender Gaps in Adolescent Skills Development In India, Peru, and Vietnam

GENDERSGKAILPLSSINDEAVDEOLLOEPSMCEENNTT Gender gaps in skills development are present at different ages, except self-esteem in India and Vietnam, parent relations in Ethiopia, and peer relations in Vietnam. Ethiopia India Peru Vietnam Age 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 Self-Efficacy Self-Esteem Parents Relations Peer Relations Gap favoring boys Gap favoring girls No Gap Gender gaps in skills development can vary by place of residence with rural girls most disadvantaged. Ethiopia India Peru Vietnam Age 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 Self-Efficacy Self-Esteem Parents Relations Peer Relations Gap favoring boys Gap in urban residence No Gap Gap favoring girls Gap in rural residence Gap not conditional on residence Note: Data come from rounds 4 (2013) and 5 (2016) of the Young Lives Survey, a two-cohort longitudinal study on childhood poverty, following 12,000 children in four countries.

in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam Gender gaps in skills development can vary by school enrollment and out-of-school girls have consistently lower self-efficacy. Ethiopia India Peru* Vietnam Age 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 12 15 19 22 Self-Efficacy Self-Esteem Parents Relations Peer Relations Gap favoring boys Gap in out-of-school children No Gap Gap favoring girls Gap in enrolled children Gap not conditional on enrollment Adolescents’ development, mother’s education and family’s income play an important role in skills development. Self-Efficacy Self-Esteem Parents Relations Peer Relations Country ET IN PE VT ET IN PE VT ET IN PE VT ET IN PE VT Wealth Household size Mother’s Education Height-for-age # of Children** Gap favoring boys Gap favoring girls No Gap *At age 12 and age 15, in Peru, there are very few out-of-school children, therefore differences are only noted for the sample of children enrolled. **Number of children born to mother before index child

Programs to Support Gender Equity Offer SUCPrePaOteRT Provide GROUPS opportunities for PSSYKCHIOLSOLCISAL for parents of CRUERDREICSUILGUNM development adolescents and/or programs Invest in girls integration of Support gender equity EDUCATION in primary PROGRAMS education in and out- Invest in Increase of-school women girls’ access to that provide and girls INFORMATION opportunities EMPOWERMENT for girls (girls COMMUNICATION clubs/ safe spaces) using TECHNOLOGIES and MENTORS. MASS MEDIA.