16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Khunying Pattama leads and helps the management team in solving problems, for example, when the COVID-19 test resulted positive in athletes, she helps in compromising issues about uncomfortable and worried feeling of other countries’ athletes and their staff. Technological Technological aid The process of return and received the shuttlecocks change from expertise receiving from referee’s hand to shuttlecock tube machine instead. The interview after the matches is conducted via online channel. Page | 149 The event team add from 2 to 3 courts with more matches for broadcasting with many streaming channels because spectators are not allowed in stadium. The practice session is registered and received approval by electronic devices only. Athletes receive COVID-19 test result by email to avoid virus spreading. The athletes have to install tracking application in their mobile phone devices. 5. DISCUSSION Planning and control was found to concern the ability to plan and manage a sport event effectively. The management team worked in the planning stage carefully and exhaustively, especially when setting regulations and protocols to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 and made sure the bubble was safe and free from the virus. Masterman (2004) suggested that it was imperative to determine the event objectives and to design a process that aligned with the objectives. Sufficient planning lowers the risk of failure and raises the likelihood of success projects of public sector (Irfan et al., 2021). The same regulations strictly required to follow by everyone in the event without exception. The stringent instructions applied since departure from the home country, arrive at airport, stay in hotel and the stadium as the bubble seal and fly back home to avoid the exposure from people contact to remain social distancing rule as Sports Grounds Safety Authority of United Kingdom (2020) proposed that safety and security must be prioritized for preventing the risk of disease transmission in sport event. Moreover, the human resources, equipment, venue, and facilities are planned and prepared effectively for running the event. Even though, the regulations are very strict for athletes who never experienced this kind of environment and make them feel uncomfortable at the beginning, they trust all the stringent protocols and procedures that make them safe during the competition. Therefore, if the implementation of every stage in planning process can be controlled to fit the objectives, the event would be success (Masterman, 2004). The next element to take into account is government cooperation. Since this event was held in the COVID-19 epidemic in Thailand, it was required to obtain permission from the Thai government before one could organize any public or mass event that involved a large number of participants. It was then prohibited by law for the sake of preventing virus from spreading. From the planning procedure to execution stage, the Badminton Association of Thailand worked together with various organizations — either in the public sector such as Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Tourism and sport, Royal Thai Air Force, or in the private sector such the sponsoring companies, to create, develop, and execute the event management plan and to preclude any possible issues that could happen during the event as Dwyer and Forsyth (2009) proposed that the state government agencies were in charge of event-related responsibilities such as the roads and traffic authority, police, ambulance, fire department, and state emergency services. Since the government have to build support, control and achieve the specific policy objective over the specific program (Bladen et al., 2017), thus, the government have to control the public health policies in this crisis as well as support the hosting major sport event policy through this event.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Financial support is another element to consider. The title sponsors of the three consecutive tournaments are Yonex, Toyota and HSBC brands, while the support sponsors were other international and domestic public and private organizations. Another main financial support was from the Thai government through organizations such as Sport Authority of Thailand and National Sport Development Fund. Allen et al., (2010) agreed that a sponsor of major international sport events was the responsibility of national governments. Page | 150 Even though this event were held without spectators and tickets revenue, the benefits of such an event could be gained in several ways, for example, improving the city's image; therefore, success cannot be measured solely on profit and loss. Gratton et al. (2000) stated that cities that hosted major sporting events had a one-of-a-kind opportunity to advertise themselves to the rest of the globe. In addition, increased competition among broadcasters for broadcasting rights to major sporting events has resulted in a massive increase in fees for such rights, implying that broadcasters will provide blanket coverage for such events during peak times, enhancing the marketing benefits to the cities that host them. Moreover, in this situation, Thai government has a chance to promote and show the capability of controlling epidemics as well as the potentiality to host international and major sports events to the world. Interorganizational communication is the third factor at all international and domestic level, private and public sector level and all event staff in any position and responsibilities working together. In addition, there are liaisons that play as an important role in coordinating between the athletes and event organizer team. The effective Interorganizational communication of every section is important to make the event proceeds smoothly and reach the event objectives. The missing of one position or misunderstanding communication might lead to any issues or lost. Jha and Iyer (2007) indicated that in today's mega projects involving several stakeholders or participants, better coordination is becoming one of the most essential features. As is well known, each stakeholder's goals differ. It is not required only among internal members of the organizations, but also the external agencies. Leadership is one of the key elements for organizing event. In this event, the leader build, develop, and control plan as well as foster and motivate team and solve major and minor issues that appear through the event. Cserháti and Polák-Weldon (2013) stated that leadership need to have the competency, commitment, dedication and responsibilities of leaders. The necessity of qualified and motivated leader who is experienced, knowledgeable, and enthusiastic about organizing the event are required. Gallagher et al. (2015) also suggested that the project leader competencies (critical thinking, communication, leadership, adaptability, documentation, and conflict resolution) can ensure project success. In addition, the project’s leader and top management support have a significance to enhance the quality performance of projects’ participants (Jha & Iyer, 2007). The last element concerned technological sophistication. As the social distancing measure was observed, many activities were shifted from human contact to technology- assisted operation. The communication between athletes and staff is done by online channels via electronic devices such as receiving test results by email or register training and get approval online only. At the stadium, the shuttlecock tube machine that is installed at the court side is used for returning and take the shuttlecocks. Moreover, the face-to-face interview replaces by online interview to prevent the disease transmission. The number of matches for broadcasting and streaming channels also increase. It can be indicated that the role of technology has been integral in the development of sports events, not only for the communication potential of events to increase the number of spectators, viewers and revenue, but also for all kinds of innovation (Petrovic at al., 2015). The technology solutions in the pandemic crisis generate new experiences in new ways which is critical for the future of sporting events.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 As can be seen, all six factors are important to event management. While the task- focused area leading to the completion does not only include planning and control, government cooperation and finances, the human relationship in the relation-oriented area such as Interorganizational communication, and leadership is also important because the international sport events are held and participated by many stakeholders and participants in different countries or regions. In addition, technology also plays an important role in sports Page | 151 events, especially during the pandemic and in the future. All six factors in combination need to be considered together so that they will contribute to an event’s success. 6. CONCLUSION This study aimed to identify factors associated with organizing international badminton competitions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggested that the task-focused category consisted of planning and controlled factors, government and public sector support, and financial support; the relation-oriented category includes Interorganizational communication and leadership factors; and technological factor in technology category were fundamental to badminton international event management during the pandemic crisis. The completion of this event that consisted of six key success factors is accepted to be the model guideline for other international sports events, especially the mega sports events such as the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games and many BWF badminton tournaments. The future events can learn and follow in the same way to bring the sport events back on calendar. As the content analysis method of qualitative approach was the only method that conducted in this research, the views and information came from one kind of sources. There were many other sources and broader variables such as the event staff, management team, stakeholders and athletes that might provide event information in different views. It was advisable to approach the result by different method and variables for future research. References Abubakar, I., Gautret, P., Brunette, G., Blumberg, L., Johnson, D., Poumerol, G., Memish, Z., Barbeschi, M., & Khan, A. S. (2012). Global perspectives for prevention of infectious diseases associated with mass gatherings. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 66– 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70246-8 Allen, J., O'Toole, W., Harris, R., & McDonnell, I. (2010). Festival and special event management (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Badminton Association of Thailand. (2020). World badminton tournaments under health protocols strictly controlled will be held in Thailand this coming January. http://www.badmintonthai.or.th/news/1577 Badminton Association of Thailand. (2021a). IOC president praised Thailand for the badminton tournaments management during the COVID-19 pandemic. http://www.badmintonthai.or.th/news/1622 Badminton Association of Thailand. (2021b). Let’s make history together. http://www.badmintonthai.or.th/news/1648 Badminton Thailand Official. (2021a). Let’s make history together ep.1 liaison in badminton bubble. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_RXMIgryes Badminton Thailand Official. (2021b). Let’s make history together ep.2 health protocols in bubble quarantine. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahe7fUCas0s Badminton World Federation. (2021). Bangkok safety protocols: From airport to green bubble. https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2021/01/06/bangkok- safety-protocols-from-airport-to-green-bubble
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16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Madray, J. S. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on event management industry. International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 5, 533–535. https://doi.org/10.33564/IJEAST.2020.v05i03.089 Masterman, G. (2004). Strategic sports event management. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Matichon Online. (2021). The world-famous athletes praised Thailand - Participating in 3 memorable and historical badminton tournaments. Page | 153 https://www.matichon.co.th/sport-slide/news_2552588 Ministry of Tourism and Sports. (2021). The minister Pipat and his team visit and check the readiness before the 3 badminton tournaments begin. https://www.mots.go.th/news- view.php?nid=13152 Mint. (2020, September 17). What are ‘bio-secure bubbles’? The new normal for cricket tournaments. Live Mint. https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/what-are-bio- secure-bubbles-the-new-normal-for- cricket-tournaments-11600321505377.html Northouse, P. (2004). Leadership: Theory and practice (3rd ed.). Sage. O’Connor, C., & Joffe, H. (2020). Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: Debates and practical guidelines. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919899220 Petrović, L., Milovanović, D., & Desbordes, M. (2015). Emerging technologies and sports events. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 5(2), 175–5190. https://doi.org/10.1108/sbm-06-2012-0021 Siamsport. (2021) The prime minister of Thailand was pleased the success of organizing 3 badminton tournaments that will be the model of organizing other international sport event. https://www.siamsport.co.th/badminton/other/view/226793 SMM Sport. (2021). Open the impressive memory from athletes participated in the 3 historical international badminton tournaments. https://www.smmsport.com/reader/article/22031 Sports Grounds Safety Authority. (2020, July 9). Sports without spectators: Key safety considerations for sports grounds. SGSA. https://sgsa.org.uk/wp- content/uploads/2020/11/Sport-Without-Spectators-sports- grounds-guidance-9- July.pdf Sukumar, D. (2020, 30 December). Fireworks all set to light up new year. BWF. https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2020/12/30/fireworks-all-set-to- light-up-new-year/ Thailand Sport. (2021). Khunying Pattama visited the badminton competitions. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5ByFTNEuqM&t=2042s Thairath. (2021). BWF released the COVID-19 prevention protocols for 3 big badminton tournaments in Thailand. https://www.thairath.co.th/sport/worldsport/badminton/1994703 Thaisaeree News. (2021). The success of Thailand in organizing 3 international badminton tournaments are accepted worldwide. https://www.thaisaeree.news/129526/ The Standard. (2021). Foreigner athletes appreciated the COVID-19 spreading prevention protocols in the 3 international badminton competitions hosting by Thailand. https://thestandard.co/covid-19-prevention- measures-badminton-competitions/ Vegara-Ferri, J. M., Carboneros, M., Deliautaite, K., Díaz-Suárez, A., & López-Gullón, J. M. (2020). Fan’s perspective on professional leagues and sporting events during COVID-19 confinement period. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.164.07 Wibbens, P. D., Koo, W. W.-Y., & McGahan, A. M. (2021). Which COVID policies are most effective? A Bayesian analysis of COVID-19 by jurisdiction. Plos One, 15(12), e0244177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244177
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Waeffler, P., & Pfister, E. (2008). Successful project management in today’s sport. Proceedings of the 22nd IPMA World Congress “Project Management to Run” (pp. 513–518). Roma. Wibbens, P. D., Koo, W. W.-Y., & McGahan, A. M. (2021). Which COVID policies are most effective? A Bayesian analysis of COVID-19 by jurisdiction. Plos One, 15(12), e0244177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244177 Page | 154 Yusoff, W., Ismail, M., Rahman, I., & Gwamna, E. (2015). Critical success factors (CSFs) of meeting, incentive, convention and exhibition (MICE) event management. Advanced Science Letters, 21(5), 1317–1320. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6014
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 HOW MEDAL BONUS MAY AFFECT THE ATHLETE’S PERFORMANCE Suriya Rajakhun Page | 155 Faculty of Sport Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand [email protected] Introduction This research paper aims to study how to plan a budget to support elite sport to have better results and sustainable performance. This study focuses on Olympic Sport in Europe, North America, and Asia to understand how other parts of the world plan their budget and plan a budget suitable for Thailand to develop elite athletes. The problem statement is what the proper budget planning for the Olympic medal bonus is? Literature review SPLISS model is a conceptual model of 9 pillars of sports policy factors leading to international sporting success (De Bosscher et al., 2006). In this model, financial resources provide the basis for the extent to which the remaining eight process pillars can be implemented. Medal bonus is considered to be one of major factor that might affect the athlete’s performance. Results UK Sport devotes approximately USD 162 million of government and lottery funds to Olympic and Paralympic sports each year. The England Talent Pathway (ETP) spent £85 million of investment into the England talent system for the 2017-21 funding cycle, and currently fund ETPs in 43 sports. United Kingdom do not give athletes any reward money. The Association believes athletes are motivated by their desire to represent their country and their love of the sport. Canadian Olympic Committee Athlete Excellence Fund (AEF) Funding follows a four-year cycle: Year 1: Top 5 at World Championships–$5,000 Year 2: Top 5 at World Championships–$5,000 Year 3: Top 4 at World Championships–$5,000 Year 4: Olympic Games: Gold medal–$20,000; Silver medal–$15,000; Bronze medal–$10,000. In Taiwan: Winners of gold medals at the Olympics will receive NT$20 million (US$615,390) in cash, up from NT$12 million (US$369,230), whereas the prizes for silver and bronze medalists remain unchanged at NT$7 million (US$215,390) and NT$5 million (US$153,850), respectively. Alternatively, they can opt to receive monthly payments totaling NT$125,000 (US$3,850), NT$38,000 (US$1,170), and NT$24,000 (US$740), respectively, for the rest of their lives. In Thailand: National Sports Development Fund 2019, winners of gold medals at the Olympics will receive 10 million baht (US$330,000) in cash, whereas the prizes for silver and bronze at 6 million baht (US$200,000) and 4 million baht (US$ 132,000), respectively. Alternatively, they can opt to receive 50% of the medal bonus in cash and monthly payments totaling 75,000 baht (US$2,500), 50,000 baht (US$1,650) and 32,250 baht (US$1067), respectively, within four years. Olympic Thailand also provides salary for 20 years for gold, silver, and bronze medalist 12,000 baht, 10,000 baht, and 8,000 baht, respectively. Discussion Olympic Medal Awards: United Kingdom, Sweden, and Norway do not have a policy to pay for medal bonuses. Many developed countries believe their athletes to compete purely
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 for the glory of victory. Developing countries giving their athletes with big amount of money and other incentives in the hopes to encourage their athletes to get more medals. Many Asian countries tend to pay more than other parts of the world—for example, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Hongkong. When compare to other part of the world, Asian countries offer more cash prizes for medalists. Many of these nations do not have a strong Olympics culture and sports history. Page | 156 Developing Olympics culture and sports culture may take time. Therefore, these nations follow strategy to give more incentives to encourage athletes to win medals and help them catch up with Western countries. Thailand should follow these three steps: Give rise to medal bonuses and incentives to encourage athletes to pursue excellence. Implement Long Term Athletes Development to create a pathway to champions. Forge Olympic Culture for sustainable growth. After these Strategies become successful, the Thailand Olympic model might follow other developed countries by dropping the prize of the Medal bonus and focusing on strengthening the Excellence system. References [email protected]. (2020, December 22). Canadian Olympic Committee Athlete Excellence Fund (AEF). Retrieved from olympic.ca: https://olympic.ca/programs/athlete-excellence-fund/#:~:text=The COC's Athlete Excellence Fund,silver or bronze medals respectively. Chung, O. (2016, July 1). Going for Gold. Retrieved from taiwantoday.com: https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=12&post=102490 CNBC. (2018, February 15). 2018 US Olympians open up about money struggles. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/15/2018-us-olympians-open-up-about- money-struggles.html cnbc. (2018, February 16). Here’s how much US Olympic medalists get paid. Retrieved from cnbc: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/16/how-much-olympic-athletes-get-paid.html De Bosscher , V., De Knop, P., van Bottenburg, M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A conceptual Framework for analysing sports policy factors. European Sport Management Quarterly. Thompson-Gee, J. (2016, August 19). Which Countries Pay the Most for Olympic. Retrieved from cbs58.com: https://www.cbs58.com/news/which-countries-pay-the-most-for- olympic-gold
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 DEVELOPMENT MODEL FROM THAI YOUTH FOOTBALL PLAYERS TO INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS Puree Wattanasupt Page | 157 Faculty of Sport Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand [email protected] ABSTRACT Development of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players is a huge challenge for Thailand because there are many factors that correlate with success. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review the documents on the social factors involved in the development of the ability of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players. The existing data on the transition of youth football players into professional football players from credible documents and databases were synthesized. The results of the document review revealed that there were two factors contributing to success: the internal factors, which were the personal characteristics leading to be the top players, and the external factors, which were the environmental factors such as the determination of vision and policies, the development of football players in different playing styles, trainers, education and welfare, game format and placement, sports science and medicine, program analysis, facilities, and budget. These will be the guidelines for successful and sustainable management of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players. Keywords: development model, Thai youth football players, international professional football player INTRODUCTION Nowadays, football is the most popular sport in the world (Reilly et al., 2 0 0 0 ; Haugaasen et al., 2014; Qader et al., 2017). With its widely popularity, football is transformed into a business to generate income for football players or sports entrepreneurs. It is expected that the sports business, also known as the sports industry will generate income, especially in the developed countries, for more than $400 billion. The United States of America is the country with the largest sports industry in the world. The market value is more than $210 billion per year, or 2% of the gross domestic product. As for Thailand, the growth of the Thai Football League is expected to generate approximately 12,000 million baht (approximately $352,428) in revenue (Rattanapian, 2018). With the rapidly growth of football industry across the world, developing football talents to support the growth of the football business is a great challenge. Several national regulators and professional clubs are investing in accelerating the development of young football players (Zarei et al., 2020) (Abbott & Collins, 2004) to achieve high performance and step into professional football players (Haugaasen et al., 2014). As a result, the role of the academy is one of the key elements in the long-term development of youth football plyers (le Gall et al., 2010). The ultimate success of youth football players is that they are eligible to sign professional contracts. The keys of success include the discipline of intense training and the experience of competing (Ford et al., 2011; Helsen et al., 2000), techniques (Reilly et al., 2000), movement tactics and skills (Davids et al., 2000), cognitive processes and perception (Williams, 2000), skills and individual social
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 and cultural factors (Reilly et al., 2 0 0 0 ) and other factors such as injury, anthropology i.e. physically body size, percentage of body fat, exercise features/strength training i.e. aerobic exercise, running, jumping abilities (le Gall et al., 2010). The Olympic Committee stated that the great objective of youth athlete developments is maintaining good health, capabilities and high resilience (Bergeron et al., 2015). According to the aforementioned information, the physical development of football players should be high resilience with combination of best Page | 158 practices and advanced technologies i.e. sport sciences (Jadczak et al., 2019; Pau et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020), resulting in high performance of football players. At present, various development models of youth football players to be world-class professional football players are being studied (Ryan et al., 2 0 1 8 ). The structure of football academy is basically similar. It includes operation, education/welfare, recruitment, coaching, sports science and medicine, Development Centers Pre-Academy, Foundation Phase, Youth Development and Professional Development Phase, respectively. Thailand is deemed challenging in development of youth football players to be international professional football players, even though there are athlete academies or athlete schools throughout Thailand as well as football clubs or football teams organizing the football leagues competitions. Both government agencies and the private sector put a lot of efforts to develop youth football players to be professional football players widely in domestic and international areas, but it is still not concrete and not as successful as it should be. There are very few professional football players in Thailand who are international professional football player. From such research gaps, the researcher is interested in systematically reviewing the documents on the social factors related to the development of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players. The results of this research will serve as the guidelines and the policy recommendations for successful management of Thai youth football players to become professional football players. LITERATURE REVIEW The researcher studied the documents from the concepts, theories and research related to development of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players. It is a huge challenge for Thailand to develop Thai youth football players to become international professional football players because from the past to the present, very few Thai youth football players have been international professional football players. Therefore, this study aimed to study the problems and develop the model for developing Thai youth football players to be international professional youth football players (Japan). Based on the literature review, prior research investigated the transition from academy football players into professional ones by mainly focusing on management, talent identification, system development (see for example, De Bosscher, De Knop, Van Bottenburg, & Shibli, 2006), and the creation of guidelines and frameworks to develop academy football players into professional ones (Ford et al, 2010; Gulbin, Croser, Morley, & Weissensteiner, 2013). In addition, a study revealed that right environment has resulted in the successful development of academy football players to become professional football players. A number of scholars have studied the development of young football players in England and in Europe, considering talent development and progression in the context of professional football players in England (Ford et al., 2012; Mills, Butt, Maynard, & Harwood, 2014; Morris, Tod, & Eubank, 2016; Taylor & Bruner, 2012). It was found that successful development of young professional football players in England was based on at least four factors: discipline (devotion to the sport and sacrifice), commitment (strong motivation and career goals), resilience (the ability to solve problems and overcome obstacles), social
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 support (the ability to use emotional support, information, and tangibles) (Holt and Dunn;2004). This was consistent with Mills et al. (2012) who discussed personal attributes influencing the development of elite players collected from expert coaches working in English Premier League clubs. Five attributes were found: player flexibility, goal-oriented attributes (desire/passion), awareness of sports characteristics (training ability), athlete intelligence, and environmental factors such as trainers, game cultures (changing coaches), Page | 159 opportunities (eg. injury), and procurement (eg. access to quality coaching). Developing academy football players to be successful professional football players does not only consider the internal characteristics of the football players mentioned above, but also the external factors. The external factors are the determination of vision and policies, the development of football players in various playing styles, long-term development patterns, operational guidelines, executives and technical committees, effective training programs, systems developed for each sequence, trainer, education and welfare, game format and placement, sports science and medicine, program analysis, facilities, and budget (North, et al.,2014; Tokirie, et. Al, 2017; Ryan et al., 2018; Jadczak et al., 2019; Pau et al., 2019; Samur, 2019; Wang et al., 2020). These are especially important when developing academy football players into professional football players in senior teams (Morris et al., 2016; Morris, Tod, & Oliver, 2015). From such information, the model for transition from academy to international professional football players is unclear and unsuccessful as it should be. There are very few Thai academy football players who are professional football players abroad. This may be because Thai academy football players have quite a lot of problems such as lack of continuous improvement, the ability to adapt the football players themselves, and especially the ability to adapt to the harder, faster games, and more complicated. In summary, the aforementioned elements can be considered through a systematic management conceptual framework that allows the action to take place with the cooperation of all parties in a systematic way in order to develop academy football players into professional football players in Thailand to meet the set goals and lead to the solution of the Academy’s problems effectively and efficiently. This researcher studied from literature reviews and interviews with experts with direct experience. The results from the study were analyzed for the development of a guideline for managing Thai academy football players to become successful professional football players. At present, football is the most popular sport worldwide (Reilly et al., 2000; Haugaasen et al., 2014; Qader et al., 2017). But for Thailand, the ultimate goal is to be able to participate in the World Cup, which is a great challenge in planning the management of the national football team. To develop Thai football players to have the same abilities as world- class players, the management and the supervision of the relevant agencies both at the national level and at the professional club level are required. Youth football players must be developed from a young age to have high performance for becoming professional football players and joining the national team in the future (Zarei et al., 2020; Haugaasen et al., 2014). There are two important successful factors for the development of Thai youth football players in the long term. First, they are the internal factors, which are the personal characteristics that influence the development of elite players, sports-specific features (technical and tactical abilities) and the intelligence of the players. Second, they are the external factors, including the environmental factors such as the determination of vision and policies, development of players in different playing styles, long-term development models, operational guidelines, executives and technical directors, effective training programs, the development system in each level, trainers, education and welfare, game format and placement, sports science and
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 medicine, program analysis, facilities and budgets (Ryan et al., 2018; Jadczak et al., 2019; Pau et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020). From the aforementioned information and findings, it is necessary to find out the model for developing Thai youth football players to become international professional youth football players. In this regard, the obtained information will be useful and can be used for successful development and management of Thai youth football players to become professional football players in the future. Page | 160 METHOD This study used document analysis on the related records. RESULTS The findings have also been highlighted in applied frameworks informing the development model of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players, especially in Japan. It was found that there were two factors contributing to success of the development model of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players. First, they were the internal factors, namely the personal characteristics leading to be the best players by age range and players’ experiences. Second, they were the external factors, including the environmental factors such as the determination of vision and policies, development of players in different playing styles, trainers, education and welfare, short-term, medium-term and long-term training planning, game format and placement, sports science and medicine, program analysis, facilities and budgets. These will be the guidelines for successful and sustainable management of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players. DISCUSSION The results of this study point out that the development model of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players consists of two factors: 1 ) internal factors, i.e. personal factors, and 2 ) external factors, i.e. environmental factors. According to the study of the system theory and the analysis of the research papers of North, et al. (2014); Tokirie, et. al (2017); Ryan et al. (2018); Jadczak et al. (2019); Pau et al. (2019) Samur (2019);Wang et al. (2020), it was found that there are two factors of the development model of Thai youth football players to become international professional football players (Japan) as follows: internal factors, including the performance (philosophy and culture, playing style, player characteristics) and the external factors, which were the environmental factors, namely development systems, the determination of vision and policies, development of players in different playing styles, trainers, education and welfare, short-term, medium- term and long-term training planning, game format and placement, sports science and medicine, program analysis, facilities and budgets. A systematic development process is also needed so that youth football players are successful of being international football players. REFFERENCES Abbott, A., & Collins, D. (2004). Eliminating the dichotomy between theory and practice in talent identification and development: Considering the role of psychology. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(5), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001675324 Bergeron, M. F., Mountjoy, M., Armstrong, N., Chia, M., Côté, J., Emery, C. A., Faigenbaum, A., Hall, G., Kriemler, S., Léglise, M., Malina, R. M., Pensgaard, A. M., Sanchez, A., Soligard, T., Sundgot-Borgen, J., van Mechelen, W., Weissensteiner, J. R., & Engebretsen, L. (2015). International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 athletic development. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(13), 843–851. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962 Bosscher, V., et al. (2006). \"A Conceptual Framework for Analysing Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success.\" European Sport Management Quarterly 6. Davids, K., Lees, A., & Burwitz, L. (n.d.). Understanding and measuring coordination and control in kicking skills in soccer: Implications for t. 13. Page | 161 Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2011). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. London, UK: Sage. Ford, P., Oliver, J., Till, K., & Williams, C. (n.d.). The Long-Term Athlete Development model: Physiological evidence and application. 15. Gulbin, J. P., Croser, M. J., Morley, E. J., & Weissensteiner, J. R. (2013). An integrated framework for the optimisation of sport and athlete development: a practitioner approach. Journal of sports sciences, 31(12), 1319–1331. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.781661 Haugaasen, M., Toering, T., & Jordet, G. (2014). From childhood to senior professional football: A multi-level approach to elite youth football players’ engagement in football-specific activities. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(4), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.02.007 Helsen, W. F., Hodges, N. J., Winckel, J. V., & Starkes, J. L. (n.d.). The roles of talent, physical precocity and practice in the development of soccer expertise. 11. Holt, N., & Dunn, J. (2004). Toward a Grounded Theory of the Psychosocial Competencies and Environmental Conditions Associated with Soccer Success. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 199 - 219. Jadczak, Ł., Grygorowicz, M., Wieczorek, A., & Śliwowski, R. (2019). Analysis of static balance performance and dynamic postural priority according to playing position in elite soccer players. Gait & Posture, 74, 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.09.008 Gall, F., Carling, C., Williams, M., & Reilly, T. (2010). Anthropometric and fitness characteristics of international, professional and amateur male graduate soccer players from an elite youth academy. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(1), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.07.004 North, J. e. a. (2014). The identification of good practice principles to inform player development and coaching in European youth football. Physical Activity and Leisure Leeds Metropolitan University, Research Centre for Sport Coaching and Physical Education. Mills, A., Butt, J., Maynard, I.W., & Harwood, C. (2012). Identifying factors perceived to influence the development of elite football academy scholars. Journal of Sport Sciences. 30, 1593-1604. Morris, R, Tod, D and Oliver, E (2014) An Analysis of Organizational Structure and Transition Outcomes in the Youth-to-Senior Professional Soccer Transition. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 27 (2). pp. 216-234. Morris, R, Tod, D and Eubank, MR (2016) From Youth Team to First Team: An Investigation into the Transition Experiences of Young Professional Athletes in Football. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Pau, M., Porta, M., Arippa, F., Pilloni, G., Sorrentino, M., Carta, M., Mura, M., & Leban, B. (2019). Dynamic postural stability, is associated with competitive level, in youth
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 league soccer players. Physical Therapy in Sport, 35, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.11.002 Qader, M. A., Zaidan, B. B., Zaidan, A. A., Ali, S. K., Kamaluddin, M. A., & Radzi, W. B. (2017). A methodology for football players selection problem based on multi- measurements criteria analysis. Measurement, 111, 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.07.024 Page | 162 Rattanapian, P. (2018). Factors influencing achievement of Regional League Division 2 football tournament management. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 8. Reilly, T., Bangsbo, J., & Franks, A. (2000). Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120050 Ryan, D., Lewin, C., Forsythe, S., & McCall, A. (2018). Developing World-Class Soccer Players: An Example of the Academy Physical Development Program From an English Premier League Team. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 40(3), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000340 Samur, S. (2019). Process Management in Football Youth Development Program. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7, 8. doi:10.11114/jets.v7i9.4342 Sparkes, A., & Smith, B. (2014). Qualitative research methods in sport, exercise and health : from process to product. London: Routledge. Tokirie, et al. (2017). The Model of Football Academy Development in Professional Clubs. The Golden Teak : Humanity and Social Science Journal 23(1), 85 - 98. Wang, C.-H., Lin, C.-C., Moreau, D., Yang, C.-T., & Liang, W.-K. (2020). Neural correlates of cognitive processing capacity in elite soccer players. Biological Psychology, 157, 107971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107971 Zarei, M., Abbasi, H., Namazi, P., Asgari, M., Rommers, N., & Rössler, R. (2020). The 11+ Kids warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young Iranian male high-level football (soccer) players: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(5), 469–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.001
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 PROMOTING YOUTH ATHLETES IN A NATIONAL BASKETBALL LEAGUE: A NEW PARADIGM Darongpan Apiromvilaichai Page | 163 Faculty of Sport Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand [email protected] The research purpose is to propose a sustainable basketball league organization that engages the participation of youth athletes from various parts of the country. The study aims to develop a new-paradigm league that engages and includes young athletes to promote youth participation and to foster their growth into future professional league success. Participation in sport offers both short-term and long term physical and psychosocial benefits for children and adolescents. However, an overemphasis on competitive success in youth sports may limit the benefits of participation, and could increase the risk of injury, burnout, and disengagement from physical activity. This review includes the group’s analysis of the existing, and psychosocial outcomes. Based upon this, age-specific recommendations for basketball participation are provided that aim to promote a healthy and positive experience for youth basketball players. Keywords: Youth Athletes, Basketball League, Player Development
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 SPORTS MANAGEMENT AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP: THE NEED TO ADAPT SPORTS ORGANIZATIONS TO THE NEW CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS André Dionisio Sesinando1 and Mário Coelho Teixeira2 Page | 164 1, 2UniversidaAndde de Évora, Portugal [email protected] [email protected] Introduction This study aims to explore the characteristics of the transformational leadership style by analysing and assessing the perceptions of current sport technicians in Portuguese municipalities regarding the behaviours they consider contributing most to successful leadership based on their professional experience in the public sector. Literature review The contemporary study on leadership highlights the importance of transformational leadership in changing paradigms in organizations (Wright & Pandey, 2010). Due to its bureaucratic, procedural, and rather hierarchical nature, the public sector presents an environment with high difficulties for promoting profound organizational changes (Campbell, 2016). Only a positive leadership makes it possible to stimulate people in environments not very conducive to develop and demonstrate their full potential (Chen & Peng, 2017). In Portugal, it should be noted that Portuguese municipalities are the main responsible for the promotion of sports (Teixeira & Ribeiro, 2016). For this reason, it is essential that their leaders have the fundamental characteristics that allow their continuous progress and development (Braun et al., 2013), while contributing to the development of people, enhancing the improvement of skills and knowledge, while seeking to achieve the objectives of the organization (Paais & Pattiruhu, 2020). Method The study focused on sport technicians (n=318) working in 302 of the 308 Portuguese municipalities. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing 15 closed-ended questions. We defined 12 questions based on the characteristics of a transformational leader, while the remaining 3 worked as screening questions, i.e., representing characteristics opposite to this type of leadership, and a 5-level Likert-type ordinal rating scale (1 - never; 2 - rarely; 3 - sometimes; 4 - almost always; 5 - always). The questionnaire was made available through the Google Forms platform and sent directly to each municipality. Results The data showed a unanimous opinion about the respondents view of some of the key characteristics that a leader should possess. The questions regarding the characteristics of transformational leadership were rated \"always\" (between 44.7% and 76.4%) in 8 questions, while the remaining 4 questions were rated \"often\" (between 32.1% and 45%). In relation to the 3 questions that presented opposite characteristics, the results were in line with what was intended, that is, to understand if they could distinguish the two types of behaviour. In this sense, the 3 questions presented a higher evaluation of \"rarely\" (between 32.7% and 39%). Despite not being unanimous, they were undoubtedly conclusive considering that \"never\" also had high response rates.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Discussion This study concluded that sport technicians have a clear perception of the behaviours associated with a leadership style that promotes high levels of motivation, to the detriment of behaviours that are not conducive to innovation, motivation, and people development. It is important that people have greater knowledge about leadership, which also enhances changes Page | 165 in behaviours and attitudes of leaders aimed at their well-being, while making them committed to the objectives of the organization. References Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 270–283. Campbell, J. (2016) A Collaboration-Based Model of Work Motivation and Role Ambiguity in Public Organizations. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(3),655–675. Chen, D., & Peng, X. (2017). Research on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Government Service Innovation. Open Journal of Leadership, 6(2), 82–94. Paais, M., & Pattiruhu, J. (2020). Effect of Motivation, Leadership, and Organizational Culture on Satisfaction and Employee Performance. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(8), 577–588. Teixeira, M., & Ribeiro, T. (2016). Sport Policy and Sports Development: Study of Demographic, Organizational, Financial and Political Dimensions to the Local Level in Portugal. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 9(1), 26–34. Wright, B., & Pandey, S. (2010). Transformational Leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter?. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(1), 75– 89.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 IMPACT OF MET-EXPECTATION OF SPORT AND RECREATION Page | 166 MANAGERS ON ATTITUDINAL AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES THROUGH QUALITY OF WORK LIFE Seungmo Kim1, Sanghyun Park2, and Adam Love3 1Hong Kong Baptist University 2Yonsei University 3University of Tennessee [email protected] Met-expectation refers to “discrepancy between what a person encounters on this job in the way of positive and negative experiences and what he expected to encounter” (Porter & Steers, 1973, p. 152). This approach proposes that individuals joining organizations have numerous expectations about different aspects of their jobs. These could include expectations about rewards, promotion opportunities, empowerment, workload, colleagues, culture and other elements (Wanous et al., 1992), which may have positive or negative impacts on employees’ psychological or behavioral outcomes in organizations. Previous studies (Irving & Montes, 2009; Wanous et al., 1992) confirmed that congruence between members’ expectations and experiences is correlated with higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In sport management, research has adopted the concept to examine the effects of protégés’ met-expectations of the mentoring system (Baker & Andrew, 2007) and the effects of coaches’ met-expectations regarding resource allocation among teams (Kim, Oh, Lee, & Andrew, 2019). The results of both studies confirmed the met-expectation assumptions. The purposes of the current study were to assess sport and recreation managers’ perceptions of met-expectation regarding their careers and to examine the impacts of met- expectation on attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. The proposed conceptual model consists of five constructs: (a) met-expectation (i.e., comfort, reward, and responsibility), (b) quality of work life (QWL), (c) job satisfaction (JS), (d) employment commitment (EC), and (e) turnover intention (TI). An online survey method via convenience sampling was used to collect data from 273 sport and recreation managers (male = 53.5%, female = 46.5%) working in various sport service sectors in Hong Kong. The sample included 137 (50.2%) managers from public organizations and 127 (46.5%) from private organizations. Forty-eight items from previously validated instruments were used to collect data about demographics, met-expectation (comfort, reward, and responsibility), QWL, JS, EC, and TI. The study adopted partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using several indexes, including Dijkstra-Henseler Rho, composite reliability, AVE (average variance extracted), and HTMT (heterotrait–monotrait ratio) to evaluate reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Although some of the AVE and HTMT values did not meet the cut-off criteria, they were determined to be acceptable as a whole. Finally, a bootstrapping algorithm was carried out to assess the significance level of the eight direct relationships and nine indirect relationships in the proposed model. Direct paths from all three dimensions of met-expectation (comfort, reward, and responsibility) to QWL were positively significant. In addition, QWL had a significant influence on both EC and JS positively, while EC and JS influenced TI negatively. However, QWL did not have a significant influence on TI. In addition, the results found that among the
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 nine indirect effects established in the model, all paths were statistically significant, except three paths, which included the relationship between QWL and TI. Overall, findings of this study confirmed the hypotheses based on met-expectation approach. Practical applications as well as future research directions will be discussed. References Page | 167 Baker, A., & Andrew, D.P.S. (2007). The impact of mentoring opportunities and reward structure on role behavior expectations in mentoring relationships among sport management faculty. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual North American Society for Sport Management Conference, 107–108. Irving, P. G., & Montes, S. D. (2009). Met expectation: The effects of expected and delivered inducements on employee satisfaction, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 431–451. Kim, S., Oh, T., Lee, S., & Andrew, D.P.S. (2019). Relationships between met-expectation and attitudinal outcomes of coaches in intercollegiate athletics. Sport Management Review, 22, 477–490. Porter, L., & Steers, R. (1973). Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 151–176 Wanous, J. P., Poland, T. D., Premack, S. L., & Davis, K. S. (1992). The effects of met expectations on newcomer attitudes and behaviors: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(3), 288–297.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Page | 168 DETERMINANTS OF SERVICE INNOVATIONS: A STUDY OF SRI LANKAN SPORTS FEDERATIONS H.M.P.Karunarathna Open University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Warunika N. Hettiarachchi Faculty of Management Studies, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka [email protected] Today, the world we are living in is more sophisticated and competitive. Thereby, organizations explore groundbreaking ways and means to overcome market competition. Despite profit-motives or non-profit motives, firms are practicing different innovative strategies for survival. In this respect, sports federations are also trying to adopt innovations to enhance their performances. Thus, this study endeavours to examine the determinants of service innovations in sports federations based on their managerial perceptions and managerial attitudes. For the study, fifty (50) sports federations have been selected, and data were gathered through a structured questionnaire. This quantitative survey was operationalized under positivism, deductive approach. Analysis was performed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Findings revealed that considering the service innovation of sports federations, there is no significant influence of managerial attitudinal dimensions (i.e., attitude regarding staff involvement, attitude regarding newness) on service innovation, while managerial perceptional dimensions (i.e., perception of international competitive environment, perception of economic health, perception of regional competitive environment) significantly influence on service innovation. Thus, building up noble interrelationships between sports federations in other countries will help to ensure changes in technological and management sides of Sri Lanka sports federations. Keywords: managerial attitudes, managerial perceptions, service innovation, sport federations
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 WOMEN EMPLOYEES’ JOB ENGAGEMENT IN THE SPORT Page | 169 INDUSTRY Alicia Romano1, Logan Schuetz2, and Tyler Hajek3 1, 2, 3University of Northern Colorado [email protected] The present state of workforces in the U.S. reveals that more than half of employees are disengaged due to stress, burnout, and an unhealthy work-life balance (Harter, 2019). In response, sport organizations should aim to determine what impacts an employee’s job engagement by reducing undesirable employee competencies and subsequently create a competitive organizational advantage. Thus, there is a need to highlight the antecedents that can contribute to positive employee competencies (e.g., job engagement) in the sport workplace that can then lead to an increase in employee growth and development. Moreover, sport management scholars have recently noted employee job engagement is a construct that can have a meaningful influence on sport organizations via their employees (Paek et al., 2020). Although previous studies have examined job engagement in sport, this quantitative study focuses exclusively on how American women collegiate sport employees’ fit influences their job engagement in the sport industry. Utilizing person-organization fit (P-O fit; Kristof, 1996) and perceived organizational success (Berberoglu & Secim, 2015) to predict job engagement, this study addresses the relative neglect of identifying antecedents of job engagement for women sport employees. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between P-O fit, perceived organizational success and job engagement in women sport employees. The analysis revealed that women’s P-O fit significantly influences job engagement; however, women’s perceived organizational success did not influence their engagement in the workplace. Although professions in sport have largely been represented and directed by men (Burton, 2015), recruiting, hiring, and retaining women employees that align with organizational goals and outcomes as well as better connecting to their values may assist in the increased, productive engagement of sport employees. While strong identification with an organization may be important, it does not necessarily predict job performance. Rather, an emphasis should be placed on the integration of employees into an organizational system (Carmeli et al., 2007). Thus, the non-significance of perceived organizational success may not carry as much importance for recruiting, training, hiring, and retaining diverse, talented employees. These findings provide practical implications for sport organizations as well as a pathway for future sport workplace and gender research.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR SPORTS TRAINING MANAGEMENT IN SPORT’S MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXT Luiz Carlos Nery1, Sílvio Telles2, and Mário Coelho Teixeira3 Page | 170 1, 3Universidade de Évora, Portugal 2Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil [email protected] Introduction To identify investigation centers for sciences that integrate the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary organizational context for managing sports training within a long-term program, from initiation to high performance, according to knowledge management. Literature Review Due to the need to propose a management model that is in agreement with the current Brazilian sportive moment, this study’s theoretical aspects shed light upon research questions that are pertinent to the current academic scenario and the context of sports management itself. Capinussú and Reis (2004) state that a management organizational model must prioritize not only the administrative field but mostly long-term sportive development, organized from sportive initiation to high performance. This is in agreement with Nery (2017, p.12), who states that “the adoption of knowledge management may be a possibility in the sense of fulfilling the new needs of current sport, with the capability of providing the entities with an innovative perspective of sportive performance through the flow of knowledge”. Furthermore, Nery et al. (2018) affirms the need to understand not only the specific fields of knowledge participating in this management model but also how to obtain the maximum advantage from the existing connections as well as identifying the dialogues between these aforementioned fields that contribute to promote the generation of new knowledge. Method This exploratory study concerns a field that is not frequently researched in national academia. It is also descriptive with quantitative and qualitative characteristics, identifying specific characteristics of the investigation centers in the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary context from sportive initiation to high performance. This is a bibliographical study that will use the Portal of the Research Groups Directory on the Lattes Platform database, mapping information from various fields of knowledge and their respective subareas in sports management, investigating the existing connections between them and identifying dialogues promoting the generation of new knowledge. It will include groups that contain subjects pertaining to sport in their lines of research, objectives, key- words and their repercussion. As for exclusion criteria, this study will not consider groups that are: a) in construction; b) have not received updates for more than 12 months; c) were eliminated. Results This is a work in progress and the next step is data collection. However, Celma (2004) affirms that it is not possible to manage an organization from the XXI century with structures from the XX century and the administrative capabilities of the XIX century. Following this reasoning, this study uses the proposal from Nery (2017) for the creation of an innovative environment, based on a flow diagram of the information and knowledge that directs the
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 actions that must be conducted from sportive initiation to high performance through the interactions occurring between the professionals that participate in the process, which are important for the decision-making procedure. The subject is still not commonly researched and more studies are needed to contribute to knowledge organization with the goal to advance Brazilian sport in relation to the big international sport powerhouses. Page | 171 Keywords: Knowledge management, Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary. References Capinussú, J. M., & Petit, J. R. (2004). Futebol: técnica, tática e administração. Shape. Celma, J., & Giménez, J. C. (2004). ABC del gestor deportivo, 650. Inde. Nery, L. C. P. (2017). Gestão do conhecimento como ferramenta para a gestão do esporte: o fluxo do conhecimento como agente potencializador de inovação organizacional. (Tese de Doutorado) Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro–UERJ. Nery, L. C. P., Telles, S. C. C., Terra, B. R. C. S. S. R., DaCosta, L.P. (2018) Gestão do conhecimento e os fatores de inovação organizacional na gestão do esporte baseado no fluxo de conhecimento: uma revisão sistemática. Brazilian Journal of Information Science: Research Trends, 12(3), 64–85.
POSTER SESSION
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 MODELING ANALYSIS OF MEDIA COVERAGE ON EXEMPTION FROM MILITARY DUTY FOR KOREAN MALE ATHLETES Juhae Baeck Page | 175 Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea Hyungchul Joo* Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea Hyungil Harry Kwon and Hyojun Nam Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea * [email protected] Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of media coverage on the exemption from a military duty given to male athlete and renew the press's role to report a balanced view to the system. Literature review The exemption system from military duty for Korean male athletes (after this \"system\") has contributed to the development of sports in Korea. However, the public constantly criticized the unfairness of the system. The public tends to value the point of view to an issue repeatedly reported through the media and makes a judgement based on the information received from the media (Carroll & McCombs, 2003; McCombs & Shaw, 1972). Therefore, the negative opinions toward the system could have been formed influenced by the biased media coverage on the system. Method Topic modeling was used to analyze the media coverage on the exemption from military duty for Korean male athletes. In this study, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model was utilized for topic modeling. The model is one of the most often used big-data analysis methods to identify hidden patterns of topics presenting in a large text (Blei, 2012; Blei, Ng, & Jordan, 2003). News reports from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2019, regarding 'military exemption' and 'sports personnel' were collected. A total of 3,640 news reports were used for topic modeling after removing 1,778 unrelated reports. Ten topics with 20 words each were generated using the R program. Results As the result of computing ten topics by topic modeling, WBC case, Heung-Min Son case, Joo-Young Park case, voluntary service manipulation, military irregularity in 2004 professional baseball, Incheon Asian Games, 2018 Jakarta-Palembang Asian Games, Guangzhou Asian Games, issues after 2018 and improvement of the system were found to be the focus of the media coverage. These results show that the news reports were biased toward issues of specific players and their related event. In particular, soccer and baseball players occupy a large portion of the media coverage. In soccer, issues with Heung-Min Son, Joo- Young Park and Hyeon-Soo Jang, and in baseball, issues with Shin-Su Choo and Ji-Hwan Oh were predominant. As the public tends to value the issues and viewpoints repeatedly encountered by the media, media coverage limited to particular athletes and events can instill a biased perception of athletes' military system. In the case of Heung-Min Son, the public
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 wished him to receive military benefit and ensure his career, while Joo-Young Park, Hyeon- Soo Jang and Ji-Hwan Oh represented the negative aspects of the benefit by postponing military service, manipulating volunteer hours, and evading military service. However, these few specific cases show only a fragment of the system, and it does not provide sufficient information for the public to make a judgement encompassing the system as a whole. Page | 176 Discussion The exemption from military duty for athletes has played a significant role in Korea's growth as one of the best sporting countries and can prevent career breaks of athletes with short career span. Therefore, efforts to provide more balanced information from the press are required so that the public can acquire various and correct information on the military system for athletes. References Blei, D. M. (2012). Probabilistic topic models. Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 77–84. Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent dirichlet allocation. the Journal of machine Learning research, 3, 993–1022. Carroll, C. E., & McCombs, M. (2003). Agenda-setting effects of business news on the public's images and opinions about major corporations. Corporate reputation review, 6(1), 36–46. McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public opinion quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 ARE THEY CITIZENS OR HEROS? MEDIA FRAMING ON Page | 177 SPECIALLY NATURALIZED ATHLETES Eun-suk Park1 Seong-Hee Park2, & Nam-su Kim3 1Hankuk University of Foreign Studies [email protected] 2, 3Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Introduction The purpose of this research is to revitalize the domestic and international sport in South Korea by analyzing specially naturalized athletes[2] through Media Framing Theory[1]. From 2018, La Gun-A (Ricardo Ratliffe), current Jeonju KCC basketball team player, was experiencing racism from Korean citizen. KBL (Korean Basketball League) tried to change the policies and rules to control this matter[5]. Also, media has delt with specially naturalized athletes for a long time under different keywords. By analyzing the news contents from the South Korean news database called the BigKinds[3], it will help understand the current issue and provide information to make difference. Research Question 1: What Media Framing characteristics are there on specially naturalized athletes attending Olympics? Research Question 2: What Media Framing characteristics are there on naturalized athletes La Gun-a? Method To proceed this research, the online news database called BigKinds was used[3]. Five years’ worth of articles from June 1st of 2017 to June 1st of 2021 were collected. The main keyword was ‘Special Naturalization.’ Under this keyword, it was divided to ‘Olympic’ and ‘racial discrimination.’ Articles with similar or sample content were exempted from the process. Total of 155 articles were chosen under the keyword of ‘Special Naturalization’ and ‘Olympic’ and 12 articles were about ‘Racial Discrimination’ about athlete La Gun-A. Results From previous research, articles were divided into 3 Media Framing categories, Simple-Fact, Human Interest, and Conflict Framing[1]. After content analyzing, there were 51% (80 articles) of simple-facts, 34% (53 articles) of human interest, and 14% (22 articles) of conflict. However, 8 out of 22 conflict framed articles were about racial discrimination of athlete La Gun-A. 14 out of 22 conflict framed articles talked about conflict in personal, policies, etc. Discussion This result showed difference from other foreign athletes. Because this is , credibility and accuracy will be shown in further research. In further research, the objective is to understand people’s awareness on specially naturalized athletes and provide information to improve the condition of these athletes.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 References [1] Lee Jangwon, Lim Seungyup(2017). An Analysis on the Media Reports Frames regarding Special Naturalization of Foreign Athletes. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 8, 295–306 [2] https://www.immigration.go.kr/immigration/2350/subview.do [3] https://www.bigkinds.or.kr/ Page | 178 [4] Park SeongHee, Kim SoHee, Han SeungJin(2015). Media frame of female athletes: Stereotype and congruity theory of gender roles. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 54, 385–394 [5] Pa JooYoung(2020), KBL, https://news.joins.com/article/23684654
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COACHING BEHAVIORS, ATHLETE SATISFACTION, AND TURNOVER INTENTION IN SOUTH KOREA Seong-Hee Park, Nam-su Kim and Ye Hoon Lee Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Page | 179 Introduction Turnover has become a critical problem in youth sports in South Korea because it has potentials to influence the physical inactivity epidemic, which in turn decrease mental, emotional, physical health among young people (Logan et al., 2019; Sanders et al., 2000). Previous literature has found that youth athlete turnover is largely due to the decision-making processes in young people’s lives, identity issues and development issues, life transitions, and self-reflection related to the role of sports in one’s life (Coakley, 2016). However, relatively little research has been done to the role of coaching behavior in youth athlete turnover intention. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the sport coaches, one of the significant others that greatly influence youth athletes sport experience, in youth athletes’ turnover intention. This study also attempted to identify the mediating role of athlete satisfaction in the relationship between perceived coaching behavior and turnover intention. Literature review Based on the previous literature on coaching behavior, we hypothesized that the five different types of coaching behavior (i.e., training and instruction behavior, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback) would be significantly associated with athlete satisfaction, which in turn was negatively associated with turnover intention. Method The participants were 190 middle school volleyball players aged from 13 to 17 in South Korea, of whom 74.8% were male. Average participant age was 14.98 years (SD = 0.87), and average experience as a volleyball player was 3.30 years (SD = 1.51). The participants also engaged in the practice for the average of 3.57 hours (SD = 1.04). A concurrent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling technique were utilized in SPSS AMOS 25.0. Results The concurrent CFA indicated that the measurement model was a good fit for the data, χ2/df = 211.55 / 124 = 1.71, CFI = .96, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .060). Results also indicated that the structural model was a good fit for the data, χ2/df = 224.78 / 130 = 1.73 (p < 0.01); TLI = .94; CFI = .96; RMSEA = .060. Perceived social support was the only coaching behavior which was significantly associated with athlete satisfaction (β = .42; p < .05). In fact, the coefficient of the path from the rest of the four coaching behaviors (i.e., training and instruction, democratic, autocratic, and positive feedback behavior; β = -.11 ~ .20; p > .05) to athlete satisfaction was not significant. Furthermore, athlete satisfaction was negatively associated with turnover intention (β = -.56; p < .05).
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Discussion The findings of this research highlight the importance of social support coaching behavior in determining the young athletes’ satisfaction and turnover intention in secondary education athletics. Detailed description of theoretical framework for coaching behavior, further implication of the results for scholars, and future research directions will be discussed in the presentation. Page | 180 References Coakley, J. (2016). Sports in society: Issues and controversies (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Logan, K., Cuf, S., LaBella, C., et al. (2019). Organized sports for children, preadolescents, and adolescents. Pediatrics, 143(6). doi:10.1542/peds.2019-0997 Sanders, C., Field, T., Diego, M., & Kaplan, M. (2000). Moderate involvement in sports is related to lower depression levels among adolescents. Adolescence, 35, 793-797.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 THE INFLUENCE OF SPORTS BRAND SNS(SOCIAL NETWORK SERVICE)’S CONTENT CHARACTERISTICS ON CONSUMPTION VISION AND PURCHASE INTENTION: FOCUSED ON INSTAGRAM Younglin Lee, Junseok Byeon, Hongning Mao, Taehee Kim, Kyungro Chang Page | 181 Sungkyunkwan University, Korea Introduction The purpose of this study is to reveal what characteristics of content appearing in image-based sports brand SNS accounts help consumers form a consumption vision and whether the formed consumption vision helps consumers to increase their intention to purchase. Through this, we would like to provide sports brand companies with implications for establishing effective marketing strategies to use image-based SNS marketing. Literature review The importance of marketing using visual stimuli is emphasized as more and more consumers obtain and purchase information about products through image-based SNS such as Instagram. Marketing stimulation using visual stimuli encourages consumers' imaginary aspirations by strongly supporting fantastic aspects of consumption. However, consumers who have no previous experience with an object do not have a perceived perception of the product, and therefore have difficulty making decisions. At this time, the formation of a consumption vision can be a heuristic that helps consumers make wise decisions at the decision-making stage. Consumption vision is an image that comes to mind specifically when consumers imagine the results of using the product in advance. This allows consumers to more accurately predict the actual consequences of using the product, and since the formation of a specific consumption vision is directly linked to the behavior of using it and purchasing it, detailed analysis is needed. Consumers can more accurately predict the actual results of product use through consumption vision, and detailed analysis is required because the formation of specific consumption vision is directly related to product use and purchasing behavior. In particular, in the case of sportswear that combines functionality and fashionity, it is important to convey the unique characteristics of the product through images, raising the need for this study. Method This study conducted an online survey of people who have experience using Instagram accounts of five sports brands(Adidas, Fila, Xexymix, Under Armour, Reebok) to empirically analyze the content characteristics(i.e., informativeness, simplicity, aesthetics, vividness, and functionality), consumption vision, and Purchasing intentions of sports brand SNS. A total of 260 of the data were used for the final analysis. For data processing, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation model analysis were performed using AMOS 23.0 Programs. Results Results using structural equation modeling showed that vividness, and aesthetics among sports brand SNS content characteristics had a positive impact on consumption vision, but informativeness, simplicity, and functionality did not have significant impacts. In addition, the consumption vision had a positive effect on purchase intention. Finally,
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 consumption vision had a partial mediating effect between aesthetics and purchase intention, and it had a full mediating effect between vividness, and purchase intention. Discussion The results of this study show that the aesthetic aspects of the product and the emphasis on vivid expression in image-based sports brand SNS promote the formation of Page | 182 consumption vision, increasing consumers' intention to purchase. It is also meaningful in that it is demonstrated through consumption vision in explaining the consumption behavior of modern consumers. References Debevec, K., & Romeo, J. B. (1992). Self-Referent Processing in Perceptions of Verbal and Visual Commercial Information. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(08)80046-0 Lee, S., & Choi, N. (2008). The Roles of Consumption Vision and Transportation on Product Evaluation. Korean Journal of Marketing, 23(4), 137–171. http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02466453 Phillips, D. M. (1996). Anticipating the Future: The Role of Consumption Visions in Consumer Behavior. Advance in Consumer Research, 23, 70–75. https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/7915/volumes/v23/NA-23 Philips, D., Olson, J., & Baumgartner, H. (1995). Consumption vision in consumer decision making. Advances in Consumer Research, 22, 280–284. https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/7759/volumes/v22/NA%C3%A2%E2%82%AC %2022
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Page | 183 ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN SCHOOL USING CONTINGENT VALUE METHODPHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROMOTION SYSTEM (PAPS) IN SOUTH KOREA Aeryung Hong1, Jian Kim2, and Chanmin Park3 1, 2Sangmyung University, Republic of Korea 3Inha University, Republic of Korea [email protected] Introduction The Korean government has adopted a policy based on the School Sports Promotion Act from the recognition of the importance of physical activities. The Ministry of Education recently announced plans to promote school sports from 2019 to 2023. These attempts are aimed at solving the physical fitness and obesity problems of students and helping them grow healthy. The purpose of the study was to estimate economic value based on the calculation of willingness-to-pay on school sports promotion plans, including PAPS of Korea. Literature review From 2019, it is currently being promoted to develop and distribute educational programs to school sites so that students can expand opportunities to participate in physical activities and develop exercise habits. Major tasks also include the revitalization of school sports clubs, expanded application of the Physical Activity Promotion System (PAPS), and cooperative governance for school sports. How can we evaluate the effects of these policies and systems on society? Due to the diverse views among stakeholders, there can be a variety of controversies over the expected effects of implementing these policies. Method The contingent value method (CVM) is used to predict the expected effects of public policy on presenting a new agenda. This is a way of estimating economic value by artificially establishing a virtual market for non-market goods that do not exist. This method is widely used in the evaluation of indirect value, present value, and optional value of non-market goods, such as the effect of improving the quality of a national system, and valuation of policy. It is a method of producing willingness-to-pay (WTP) through surveys after presenting hypothetical scenarios related to policies or schemes. Results Specifically, the study was estimated the WTP and the benefits of the entire society of Korea's school physical activity promotion system by applying CVM. First of all, this research was conducted by establishing a virtual situation for estimating the value of the physical activity promotion system in schools as non-market goods, and this resulted in the amount presented as the basis for the main survey. This study controlled gender and age ratios for accurate valuation and performed proportional allocation extraction reflecting the proportion of the population by region. The survey model for the analysis of the CVM adopted a dichotomous choice and estimated the logit model using the SPSS 24.0 program. In the preliminary survey, WTP was estimated to be around 20,785 WON (18.38 USD). If this applied with 51.8 million Korean people (as of 2021 by KOSIS), it is estimated to be about
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 1,076,663,000,000 WON (951,872,513 USD). Based on this, the main survey will also calculate the WTP from the final model and estimate the benefits of society as a whole by converting it to the number of people in Korea as of 2020. Discussion The study was intended to identify the social and economic value of systems that Page | 184 support physical activity in schools based on empirical data. It can also provide useful information that can be used to plan public policies and budgets for physical activity promotion in schools. Keywords: Contingent Valuation Method, Physical Activity Promotion System, Estimating the Economic Value, Physical Activities in School References Carlsson, F., & Johansson-Stenman, O. (2000). Willingness to pay for improved air quality in Sweden. Applied Economics, 32(6), 661–669. Kim, S., & Kim, G. S. (2019). Ecological factors affecting obesity among middle school students in South Korea. Journal of School Health, 89(3), 181–190. Park, An, Moon, Kim, & Um. (2017). Analysis of relationship among physical fitness measurement factors in high school students using PAPS. Secondary Education Research, 65(4), 809–827. Yamauchi, T., Kim, S. N., Lu, Z., Ichimaru, N., Maekawa, R., Natsuhara, K., & Ishii, M. (2007). Age and gender differences in the physical activity patterns of urban schoolchildren in Korea and China. Journal of physiological anthropology, 26(2), 101–107.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 COMPARING THE VALUES OF MEDAL SUCCESS IN Page | 185 INTERNATIONAL SPORTS EVENTS AND EXEMPTION FROM ACTIVE MILITARY DUTY FOR KOREAN ATHLETES USING THE CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD Hyungchul Joo1, Juhae Baeck2, Hyungil Harry Kwon,3 and Taeyeon Koo4 1Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea 2, 3, 4Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea [email protected] Introduction This study aimed to investigate why the public criticizes the system of exemption from active military duty for Korean athletes (after this \"system\") by comparing the market values of medal success in international sports events and the military exemption for athletes. Literature review There is ongoing criticism of the unfairness and invalidity of the exemption for national athletes who are frequently exposed to the public and the press. The criteria for fairness of the system can be established by estimating the monetary value of the pre- requisite for exemption from active military duty (i.e., Olympic Games medals of any color, Asian Games gold medals). In addition, we can examine whether the current benefits of the system of exemption from active military duty offered to national athletes are justifiable based on their medal success in an international sports event. In doing so, we can determine why the people consider the current system unfair. Method Contingent valuation is an analysis method for calculating the monetary value of non- market goods that are either incomplete in form or have no existing market where actual goods are traded. To analyze the market value of non-market goods through CVM, individual respondents are asked about their willingness to pay for a specific good (Mitchell & Carson, 1989). In this study, we used double bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) as a survey approach (Hanemann et al., 1991). We constructed the scenarios and the payment vehicles as follows: 1) the cost and expenses for operation and training for the national athletes to achieve medals in the Olympic Games and gold medals in the Asian Games have to be met through contributions; 2) the budget for operating and maintaining the current system for athletes has to be met through contributions. Results The CVM-based estimation of the monetary value of Olympic Games medals, Asian Games gold medals, and the system showed that an average respondent was willing to donate 4,737.4 KRW (4.26 USD) once a year toward medal success in the Olympic Games, 3,410.5 KRW (3.07 USD) for Asian Games gold medals, and 1,117.5 KRW (1.01 USD) for the system. When applying this to the entire adult population between 20 and 69 years of age (37,424,923 people as of 2019), which is a parameter of WTP estimation, the total annual donation is estimated to be 177,296,830,220 KRW (159.73 million USD) for medal success in the Olympic Games, 127,637,699,892 KRW (114.99 million USD) for Asian Games gold medals, and 41,822,351,453 KRW (37.68 million USD) for exemption from active military
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 duty for athletes. This shows that the perceived value of national athletes' medal success in international sports events outweighs the perceived value of the exemption from active military duty for athletes. Discussion At the center of the ongoing controversy about the system is the distorted reality of Page | 186 degrading international sports events as a means for military exemption, instead of exemption from active military duty as a reward for excellent performance in international sports events. These monetary value estimates can be used as baseline data for policymaking to manage and improve the system. They can contribute to re-examining the legitimacy of and societal need for the system. References Hanemann, W. M., Loomis, J., & Kanninen, B. (1991). Statistical efficiency of double- bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation. American journal of agricultural economics, 73(4), 1255–1263 Mitchell, R. C., & Carson, R. T. (1989). Using surveys to value public goods: the contingent valuation method. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF Page | 187 HOSTING SPORT MEGA-EVENTS ON RESIDENTS' HOUSING Zixuan Xiao1 1University of Stirling, UK [email protected] Claudio Rocha2 2University of Stirling, UK [email protected] Introduction This systematic literature review aims to describe and evaluate the findings of all relevant individual studies about the impacts of hosting mega-sport events on host city residents’ housing. Literature review Sports mega-events, such as the Olympic Games, bring a variety of positive social benefits through the process of urban regeneration (Poynter, 2009). However, hosting sport mega-events is associated not only with benefits, but also with negative impacts for the host city. There is substantial literature exploring housing issues in various host cities (Watt, 2013; Williamson, 2017). Scholars pointed that sport mega-events have generated large-scale displacement of poor populations through forced evictions associated with event-related urban renewal projects (Lenskyj, 2000; Watt, 2013). Some academic work has associated the issues of gentrification, polarization, and human rights abuse with housing legacies (Smith, 2002; Butler, 2003). Although some authors have summarized and analyzed housing legacies in some host cities through the method of literature review, there is no published systematic literature review related to this subject. The purpose of this systematic review is to help researchers and policymakers eliminate bias and assist them in their evidence-based decision making. Method This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA protocol (Moher et al., 2015). First, the terms were decided by authors to ensure the broadest capture of publication possible. We searched academic data bases (WebScience, Scopus, Sport Discus, Proquest, SocIndex, Public Affairs Index, and Political Science Complete), grey literature and theses in sport and broader social sciences and humanities databases. Next, we downloaded all references from the initial search results and imported them into a group of Mendeley, which allowed for duplicates to be identified and removed. A set of pre-selected inclusion and exclusion criteria were used throughout the screening process that was designed to capture as many possible outlets as possible while excluding works that provided no empirical evidence, were not related to sport mega-events, or did not explore the possible link between hosting mega-sport events and residents’ housing issues. Results We found 2,372 records after eliminating the duplicates. Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we finished with 308 records to be screened. After screening, 41 records were separated for quality assessment. All of the research design was a case study approach.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 The predominant data collection strategies included interviews, document analyses, surveys, and observations. Although the short-term impact of sport mega-event on housing has been empirically found, more research is needed on the long-term effects on residents’ living experience. There is a clear need of more empirical studies to investigate impacts of hosting sport mega-event over sustainable housing in host communities. Page | 188 Discussion This field is receiving more attention both in developed and developing countries. Future research efforts in this area need to contribute to investigate long-term impact of residents’ housing, and develop more sustainable housing legacies for host cities. References Butler, T. (2003). Living in the bubble: gentrification and its' others' in North London. Urban studies, 40(12), 2469-2486. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta- analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1–9. Poynter, G. (2009). The 2012 Olympic games and the reshaping of East London. Regenerating London: Governance, sustainability and community in a global city, 132-150. Smith, N. (2002). New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy. Antipode, 34(3), 427–450. Watt, P. (2013). ‘It's not for us’ Regeneration, the 2012 Olympics and the gentrification of East London. City, 17(1), 99–118. Williamson, T. (2017). Not Everyone Has a Price: How the Small Favela of Vila Autódromo’s Fight Opened a Path to Olympic Resistance. In A. Zimbalist (Ed.), Rio 2016: Olympic Myths, Hard Realities (pp. 57–95). Brookings Institution Press.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 THE EFFECT OF PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL NON-CONTACT SPECTATING SERVICE ON USER COMMUNITAS, FLOW, AND COGNITIVE EXPERIENCE Danbi Heo, Chen Tian, Yumi Jo, Taehee Kim, Kyungro Chang Page | 189 Sungkyunkwan University, Korea Introduction Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, direct viewing of sports events in the stadium has been restricted. In this situation, companies are providing non-contact spectating service that incorporate ICT technology to provide a field-like experience to sports fans indirectly. The non-contact spectating service is particularly actively provided in professional baseball, and the number of its users is also rapidly increasing. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the element of professional baseball non-contact spectating service and user experience factors such as communitas, flow, and cognitive experience. In this study, the element of non-contact spectating service of four factors(i.e. video/sound, relationship, information, and ease of use) based on an analysis of 5 non-contact spectating services- specific delivery functions among professional baseball in Korea. Literature review Non-contact spectating service refers to a service that provides an enhanced watching experience of sports game by adding various functions so that sports fans can have an experience similar to watching directly at the stadium even if they do not go to the stadium. Although the non-contact spectating service has not been defined academically, it has recently become a common term in Korea as several companies have competitively launched related services on the market. Existing sports viewing services have forced viewers to be passive, but the non-contact spectating service provides the active ability for viewers themselves to choose and manipulate. It provides additional features such as selection of viewing location in the stadium, ability to zoom in game video, 360-degree screen replay, and simultaneous live chat function. These elements of the non-contact spectating service will provide a different experience from watching the game through the existing media. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the elements of the non-contact spectating service and how these provided elements affect the experience of watching sports games. Method A total of 238 users from 5 non-contact spectating services in Korea participated in this study. For data processing, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation model analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS 23.0 programs. Results Results using structural equation modeling were as follows. First, video/sound, relationship, and ease of use had a positive effect on communitas, but information did not have a significant effect on it. Second, video/sound, information, and ease of use had a positive effect on the flow, but the relationship had a negative effect on it. Third, video/sound, information and ease of use had positive effect on cognitive experience, but relationship did not have a significant effect on it.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 Discussion This study is meaningful in that it classified the element of professional baseball non- contact spectating services and presented the theoretical background of related research. The results of this study confirmed the importance of the element in order to provide better user experiences. This will be considered to be an important theoretical basis for related studies. Page | 190 References Bae, D. (2020). Effects of Temporary Communitas on Spectator's Satisfaction, Team Identification and Revisit Intention. Graduate School of Seoul National University. http://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000160196. Jang, N., & Kim, Y. (2019). Sports spectators’ experience of flow and its antecedents. Korean Journal of Sport Management, 24(5), 72-87. https://doi.org/10.31308/KSSM.24.5.5 Kim, G. (2020). Professional Baseball Viewing Culture Survey According to Corona 19 using Social Network Big Data. Journal of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association, 14(6), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.21184/jkeia.2020.8.14.6.139 Kim, T., & Chang, K. (2012). The Comparison of Experience Modules on Sport Game Consumption: Spectating and Watching Games. Journal of Korean Association of Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women, 26(4), 245–259. http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02481030. Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Ithaca. NY: Cornell University Publications.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 PERCEIVED MARKET VALUE OF GOVERNMENTAL INVESTMENT ON ELITE SPORT DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH KOREA Jae-Eun Shin Page | 191 Chung-Ang University, Seoul Harry Hyungil Kwon Chung-Ang University, Seoul [email protected] By utilizing the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), this study aims to calculate the Korean citizens’ willingness to pay (WTP) for elite athlete development, and to determine whether a difference exists between the general public’s WTP and the government’s investment in the cause. In the current study, contingent valuation method (CVM) analysis was utilized to estimate and comparatively analyze the support fund allocated for the training of national athletes from the perspective of Korean citizens. The CVM is a method of measuring the benefits perceived by respondents after they reveal their willingness to pay (WTP) for a certain service or product that is unavailable in the market. The statistical package Stata v.14, along with the wtpcikr commands from Jeanty (2007) were used for the quantitative analysis described above. In the preliminary survey, as suggested in a Korean governmental research institution, six initial bid amounts were chosen between the 15% and 85% range: 54.41 USD, 8.81 USD, 17.63 USD, 26.44 USD, 44.07 USD and 88.14 USD. The main survey of this study investigated 605 respondents aged 20 or older. In addition, the dismissal targets were designated as heads of households or spouses who could be considered to have the authority to determine household income tax, and the proportion of the number of households by region was used as the sampling standard. The WTP per household was 15.82 USD, calculated by multiplying the WTP with the proportion of households surveyed that were willing to pay for elite athlete development. Multiplying the aforementioned figure by the number of households in Korea in 2020, we estimated that the total annual benefits of national athlete training support are 322.891 million USD. After adjusting for the income tax paid during 2021–2025 to the price level of 2019, the benefit was calculated to be 1.349 billion USD. In other words, the economic benefit of elite athlete development is 1.349 billion USD, and 86.566 million USD when converted to an annual basis. As a result, the benefits of elite athlete investment are estimated to be about 1.4 times the cost. This study makes significant contributions in that it is the first to estimate the value of national athlete training support as a quantified basis based on quantitative analysis, unlike previous qualitative analysis of tentative policies. Keywords: contingent valuation method, willingness-to-pay, elite sports, elite athletes, market value assessment, sports policy
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 DEVELOPING KOREA NATIONAL SPORT SYSTEM THROUGH YOUTH SPORT PARTICIPATION Nam-su Kim, Ye Hoon Lee, and Seong-Hee Park Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Page | 192 Introduction According to the 2018 South Korean government's sport white paper, the percentage of Koreans participating in sport reached 62%. The size of the sport industry is 69 million US dollars based on sales in 2018. At the recent Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics, it ranked eighth and seventh respectively. Although there may be many driving forces behind this Korea sport system, sport management scientists note the importance of sport participation where the more people participate in sport, the more likely they are to become popular sport, develop professional sport, and place eventually national sport competence (Green, 2005). However, the recent demographic trend such as low birth rate has had a negative impact on youth participation in sport. Also it has been growing concerns about a number of delinquent behaviors in youth sport such as juvenile sexual harassment and coach violence. This study, therefore, aims to find effective ways to promote youth sport participation in South Korea with reducing negative factors. Literature review One of the models used to discuss the sustainable development of a national sport system is the sport development model. It has long been used by many countries in Europe (Houlihan, 2015), and recently active discussions have begun in various sport management societies, including the United States (Green, 2005). In spite of contrasting perspectives in the concept of sport development it can be understood as a process to find the effective ways to promote sport participation where we can analyze how and why he or she enters into a certain sport and quit. This model has been widely used to examine sport participants’ psychological factors (Green, 2005) and environmental (Kim, 2009). Method Guided by Yin’s (2008) case study method, we attempted to understand possible factors affecting youth sport participation. This method is appropriate to understand people with a particular experience by comparing and contrasting multiple cases through both quantitative and qualitative research method. We interviewed 12 volleyball professionals (i.e., coaches, administrators, and parents), asking for important factors which can promote or hinder their volleyball participation. In the second stage, we used the findings of the interview to ask youth motivating factors, constraints, and significant others. We surveyed about 190 middle school volleyball players aged from 13 to 17. The average participant age was 14.98 years (SD = 0.87). Results Consistent with previous research (Green, 2005), the findings showed that they had entered into volleyball because volleyball itself was good (28%), recommended by people around them (25%), and volleyball looked fun through the media (19%). As for the constraint factors, there are currently no special constraining factors (53%), parents' opposition (16%), and concerns about the continuation of unpopular volleyball (5%) were answered in the order.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 As significant others factors as a social agent were parents (30%), volleyball coaches (28%), friends (14%), and teachers (13%) in the order. Discussion This study highlights the importance of motivating and constraining factors which affects youth sport participation. In particular ‘fun through media’ as a new kind of Page | 193 motivating factor should be re-examined for future research because this may reflect media friendly generation who we may target for youth sport participation in future. And parent factor is key factor because it can be not only a promoting factor but also a constraining factor. Detailed description of sport development model in Korea and further implication of the results will be discussed in the presentation. References Green, B. C. (2005). Building sport programs to optimize athlete recruitment, retention, and transition: Toward a normative theory of sport development. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 233–253. Houlihan, B. (2015). Introduction, in Houlihan, B. (ed.) International handbook for sport development, London: Routledge, 1–4. Kim, N. S. (2009). Conceptual framework, theories, and strategies for sport development. ICHPER SD Asia Journal of Research, 1(1), 51–58. Yin, R. K. (2008). Case study research: Design and Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 BARRIER-FREE’ SPORTS AUDIO DESCRIPTION SERVICE STRATEGY FOR PEOPLE WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS IN KOREA: APPLICATION OF THE MODIFIED IPA Eunhye Kim 1, Jooyeon Jin2, Hyungil Kwon3 and Jian Kim1 Page | 194 1 Sangmyung University, Republic of Korea 2 University of Seoul, Republic of Korea 3Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea [email protected] Introduction The purpose of this study was to explore “Barrier-Free” sports audio description (AD) service strategy for people with visual impairments (VI). Literature review Te use of AD for live events has been attempted with the ‘barrier-free’ concept in the field of culture and arts, such as in movies and performances, to increase accessibility for people with VI. In sports, the first AD service was made by NBC and Comcast at the 2016 Summer Olympic games. AD service offers detailed explanation of what is going on in voice. For instance, a narrator explains where the ball is or gives detailed descriptions of important sporting performances during the match. However, wireless devices and earphones that are commonly used in AD services have limitations to provide live description services for sports fans with VI. Although sports AD has been employed for children with VI in Korea help them to watch and enjoy volleyball and baseball games recently, effective AD service strategies have yet to be introduced. Method A total of 47 practitioners completed a survey about a ‘barrier-free’ sports AD service strategy. Based on the survey data, Vavra (1997)’s revised Important-Performance Analysis (IPA) was conducted. Eleven factors were deduced through the Independent Television Commission (ITC) Guidance on Standards for Audio Description, and studies related to broadcasting for people with VI. Results The matrix through the modified IPA analysis revealed the following results. The first quadrant included ‘technology of acoustic engineering’, ‘Broadcasting editing using workstation system’. This means that it is an important execution factor that has a positive effect on the satisfaction of barrier-free sports AD service strategy for people with VI only if it is met. The second quadrant included ‘Lively voice service’, ‘Audio description script with sports expertise’, ‘Social perception on barrier-free sport’. These factors are attractive attributes that influence the satisfaction of barrier-free sports AD service strategy for people with VI, although consumers do not expect it to be important. The third quadrant included ‘User monitoring interaction’, ‘Sustainable social responsibility activities for barrier-free sports’, ‘Policy support for the broadcasting of the underprivileged, such as the people with VI and the elderly’. This means if these factors are met, it could have a positive effect on the satisfaction of barrier-free sports AD service strategy for people with VI. But it does not have a negative effect even if it is not met. The fourth quadrant included ‘Narrator with good
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 transmission’, ‘Visual information delivery system quality’, ‘Digital technology quality of receiver’. This is an essential attribute in the strategy of AD service for people with VI. It could have negative impact on satisfaction when these factors are not met. Discussion As a result, the factors included in the first quadrant, which had both explicit and Page | 195 intrinsic importance, were found to be performing well. Meanwhile, factors included in the fourth quadrant with low intrinsic importance will be required to be implemented for people with VI to watch ‘barrier-free’ sports games. Therefore, sports AD service for people with VI will be introduce the current available technologies and establish the broadcasting standards. Keywords: Sports Games, Audio Description, Barrier-Free, Service Strategy, Modified IPA References Independent Television Commission (2020). ITC Guidance On Standards for Audio Description. Vavra(1997). Improving your measurement of customer satisfaction: A guide to creating, conducting, analyzing, and reporting customer satisfaction measurement programs. ASQ Quality Press.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 WHAT DO KOREAN COLLEGIATE STUDENT-ATHLETES THINK ABOUT THE C0 RULE? Hyungil Kwon and Mihwa Choi Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea Page | 196 Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine whether the C0 rule, which directly affects the career of college student-athletes, met the needs of the student-athletes who are the main consumers of the policy. Literature review Korean government implemented C0 rule so that collegiate student-athletes retain necessary academic competences for their future career. Such competences are necessary especially when the student-athletes need to retire from their sports for any reasons. However, previous studies pointed out that the policies were applied to student-athletes using a top- down manner without thorough consideration (Kwon, Jin, & Kim, 2019). This may suggest that the educational methods that support student-athletes need to be changed after student- athletes’ opinions are collected from the field. This is because the C0 rule directly affects the careers of student-athletes. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether the C0 rule meets the needs of student-athletes who are the consumers of the policy. Through a thorough review of the literature, criteria that can serve as a basis for reviewing the perception of the C0 rule were determined. The criteria are ‘degree of policy perception’, ‘degree of policy acceptance’, ‘degree of policy adaptability in-field’, ‘fit of the policy to the demand’, and ‘the effectiveness of policy’ (Heo & Lee, 2020; Kim & Jeon, 2020). Method For the analysis, data from 380 college student-athletes who are subject to C0 rule were used. To calculate descriptive statistical data, the average value for each question was calculated, and frequency analysis was performed for 5 Likert for each question. Results The data were normally distributed with the skewness that ranged from .090 to -.389 and with the kurtosis that ranged from -.045 to -.759. The Cronbach's alphas were greater than .61 (Ursachi, Horodnic, & Zait, 2015). The results are as follows. When it pertains to ‘degree of policy perception’, the student-athletes have a relatively high comprehension regarding the background of the C0 rule. They also understood the educational purpose of the C0 rule. It was also confirmed that they cognitively understood the positive influence of the C0 rule on their future career choices. However, the student-athletes noted that the C0 rule needed to be rectified so that it could reflect the demand of the student-athletes. The second area is ‘degree of policy acceptance’, where student-athletes are found to accept the C0 rule and have their own personal strategies to achieve the necessary grades to be able to participate in varsity competition. In the third area, ‘degree of policy adaptability in-field’, student-athletes reported that the faculties and school management, including themselves, were relatively well adapted to the C0 rule. Fourth area was ‘fit of the policy to the demand’. The result was quite ambivalent. Almost half of the research participants indicated that the C0 rule fit the needs of the student-athletes. But at the same time, the rest half indicated that it
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 did not reflect the needs of them. The last area was ‘the effectiveness of policy’. The result was quite similar to the fourth area in that almost half of them found the C0 rule effective whereas the rest found ineffective. Student-athletes considered that the C0 rule could contribute to their career preparation. However, in most of the answers of the open-ended questions, they perceived that the rule forced then to study. Page | 197 Discussion To sum up, the results of the five areas showed that student-athletes comprehended the purpose of the C0 rule and use their own strategies to meet the criteria for the requirement. Nevertheless, they doubted whether the C0 rule fits their demands or the policy was effective in designing their future career. References Heo, H. J., & Lee, S. K. (2020). A Study on the Perceptions of Elementary School Teachers on Elementary English Education Policies. Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction. 20(9), 1011–1031. Kim, H. W., & Jeon, H. S. (2020). The analysis on the class participation and cognition guarantee of the student's right to learn of university athlete. Journal of Korean Society for the Study of Physical Education. 24(4), 155–171. Kwon, M. J., Jin, Y. K., & Kim, W. S. (2019). The Present and Future of High School Admission System for Student-athletes: A Discourse on Mandatory Application of Middle School GPA for High School Entrance. Korean journal of physical education. 58(4), 175–191. Ursachi, G., Horodnic, I. A., & Zait, A. (2015). How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20, 679–686.
16tAsian Association for Sport Management Conference 19-20 August 2021 DECISION MAKING IN SELECTING A CAREER IN SPORTS Page | 198 MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY ON SPORTS MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF THAILAND NATIONAL SPORTS UNIVERSITY CHIANG MAI CAMPUS Pacharakamon Arkornsakula1 and Pacharaporn Arkornsakulb2 1Thailand National Sports University Chiang Mai Campusa, Thailand [email protected] 2Chiang Mai Rajabhat Universityb Many developed and developing countries especially in Asia have been facing educational mismatch or labor market mismatch among newly graduated students, especially those who graduated from social science and humanity (Pholphirul, 2017). Meanwhile, technological advancement also leads students to be able to learn other subjects or topics apart from their mandatory curriculum. Many students end up in a job that is different from their field of study in the university. The same can be said of sport management graduates. Unfortunately, we will likely lose these talented sports individuals who could have made a positive contribution to sports in society to other unrelated industries. Thus, this study intended to do the following: 1) to analyze factors affecting the career selection of students in the sports management program of the TNSU - Chiang Mai Campus, and 2) to study the attitude toward careers in sports management. The study used a purposive sampling method where 50 students in the 3rd and 4th years of the sports management program of TNSU– Chiang Mai Campus during the academic year 2019 were selected. Data was then gathered through questionnaires and subsequently analyzed using a logistic regression model. The results of the study showed that the key factors affecting career selection are parents' expectations, compensation, and organizational factors. Furthermore, the factors affecting students’ attitudes toward careers in sports management sorted in descending order include organizational factors, job characteristics, compensation, as well as influences from their networks. The study concluded that when developing a curriculum, factors influencing students' career selection should be taken into account. On the other hand, employers in the area of sports management may use this knowledge to attract talented sports individuals into their organizations. Keywords: sport management career, educational mismatch, labor market mismatch References Pholphirul, P. (2017). Educational mismatches and labor market outcomes: Evidence from both vertical and horizontal mismatches in Thailand. Education+Training, 59(5), 534– 546.
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