Flipbook R.Comstock 2B

Health Science Flipbook Rachel Comstock 2B



Table of Contents 1: The Integumentary System 2. The Musculoskeletal System 3. The Nervous System 4. The Special Senses 5. The Cardiovascular System 6. The Respiratory System 7. The Digestive System 8. The Urinary System 9. The Reproductive System

The Integumentary System Key Terms: Vocabulary: derm/o, dermat/o: skin Sebaceous Glands: commonly known as oil glands; all kerat/o: hard, horn shaped tissue over the body except for on the palms and soles xer/o: dry Sudoriferous Glands: commonly known as sweat erythr/o: red glands; tiny glands that release perspiration to decrease pedicul/o: finger;toenail body heat onych/o: nail Epidermis: outermost layer of the skin; protects the myc/o: fungus body pil/o: hair; hair follicle Dermis: directly underneath the epidermis; contains lip/o: fat blood vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous and rhytid/o: wrinkle sudoriferous glands albin/o: white Subcutaneous Layer: deepest layer of the skin; stores fat, heat insulation, and protection; also known as the hypodermis Lipids: group of organic compounds that consist of fat, are greasy, and are insoluble Melanin: responsible for the skin pigmentation; essential because it helps protect the skin from the sun; located on the epidermis Gland: cell, or group of cells, that secretes select substances within or out of the body. They are found in the skin; which is the epidermis Nails: nails are made out of hard keratin. We find nails on the tips of our fingers and toes, which is why they are called fingernails and toenails. They protect the delicate skin underneath the nails from being hurt or damaged. Lunula: the semilunar, white area at the proximal end of the nail. It is generally the most prominent in the thumbnail. Function: protection, body temperature mateience, excretion, and perception of stimuli

The Integumentary System Continued Diseases and Disorders: Verruca: most commonly known as a wart, which is a small, hard, benign skin growth caused by a virus. This disease is commonly found in kids. Ulcer: A ulcer is most commonly known as a canker sore, which is an open sore or erosion of the skin. It is lining the mucous membrane Gangrene: death of a tissue to loss of blood supply Eczema: inflammatory skin disease with redness, itching, and swelling Healthcare Careers: Dermatologist: diagnosis and treats conditions and diseases of the skin, hair and nails. They work in offices usually Monday-Friday. Dermatology Nurse Practitioner: prescribe certain medications, order lab work, and perform procedures such as suturing wounds and diagnosing and treating minor illnesses.

The Musculoskeletal System Key Terms: Vocabulary: my/o: muscle Cartilage: resilient and smooth elastic tissue. It is needed to myel/o: bone marrow; spinal cord cover the ends of long bones, joints, and nerves. It acts like a oste/o: bone protective padding. cost/o: rib Calcium: Calcium builds our bones up and keeps them crani/o: skull healthy. They also enable our blood to clot, muscles to -pexy: surgical fixation contract, and our heart to beat chondr/o: cartilage Long Bones: provide strength, structure and mobility; found in certain extremities ex: The femur Short Bones: provide stability with little to no movement; located in the hands and the feet ex: Phalanges arthr/o: joint Sesamoid Bones: resemble large sesame seeds; embedded -plegia: paralysis within tendons and facilitate joint movement ex: patella, kinesi/o: movement hands, wrists, and feet Irregular Bones: provide support and protection; allow flexible movement ex: vertebrae Sprain: trauma to the ligaments surrounding a joint Dislocation: displacement of a bone from its joint Fracture: a break in a bone Transverse Fracture: break straight across the bone at a right angle to a right axis Function: provides form, support, stability, and the movement of the body

The Musculoskeletal System Continued Diseases and Disorders: Kyphosis: abnormal curve of the thoracic spine (outward) Lordosis: abnormal curve of the lumbar spine (forward) Scoliosis: abnormal curve of the spine (lateral) Spina Bifida: split spine; membrane protrudes gap in spine Healthcare Careers: Chiropractor: treat illness and injury of the neuromusculoskeletal system (nerves, muscles, tendons, and ligaments) Physical Therapist: works with a patient's doctor to develop a plan for restoring and maintaining the patient’s and functional ability

The Nervous System Key Terms: Vocabulary: neur/o: nerve encephal/o: brain Neurons: found in the brain, spinal cord, and myel/o: bone marrow; spinal cord peripheral nerves. They conduct electrical ambul/o: walking impulses throughout the body -esthesia: feeling; sensation mening/o: meningines Neurological: provide protective insulation for the psych/o: mind nerves. They are needed to hold the nerves concuss/o: concussion; head injury together, but they do not conduct electrical impulses Central Nervous System: the central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is mostly made up of gray and white matter Peripheral Nervous System: made up of all the nerves in the body outside the CNS. It has 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves Afferent Nerve: sensory; conduct messages that are from sensory receptors to the CNS only Efferent Nerve: motor; conduct messages from CNS to the muscles and the glands Meninges: 3 layers of connective tissue that protect brain and spinal cord White Matter: the whiter; paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord; mostly made up of ascending spinal tracts Gray Matter: the darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord; composed of of nerve cell bodies The Spinal Cord: transmits nerve impulses between brain, limbs, and lower part of the body Function: sensory input, integration, motor output

The Nervous System Continued Diseases and Disorders: Shingles: eruption of a painful rash, often on the torso, caused by a varicella zoster virus, which also causes chicken pox Dyslexia: learning disorder causing one to have difficulty recognizing and understanding written language Schizophrenia: produces distorted thought processes and emotional perceptions; characterized by hallucinations Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder; consists of trying to induce vomit, binge, laxatives, and an excessive amount of exercise Healthcare Careers: Neurosurgeon: treats disorders and conditions of the nervous system; they help with traumatic brain injuries, strokes, aneurysms, epilepsy, and parkinson's diseases Physician Anesthesiologist: doctor who administers general anesthesia or an anesthetic to patients before surgery; they have a crucial responsibility of ensuring that patients do not experience any pain or sensitivity during a procedure

The Special Senses Vocabulary: Key Terms: Cornea: transparent layer over the iris and irid/o: iris pupil -cusis: hearing -opia: vision condition Conjunctiva: clear, colorless, mucus ot/o: ear membrane that lines the eyelids and tympan/o: tympanic membrane; eardrum covers the anterior portion of the eyelid ophthalm/o: eye -metry: process of measuring Lacrimal Sac: stores tears before they are drained Auditory Canal: (external acoustic meatus)- canal that leads to tympanic membrane Tympanic Membrane: (ear drum)- transmits sound via waves of vibration Macula: area with large amount of cones for high acuity vision Coclea: snail like structure that contains fluids that carry sound vibrations Iris: pigmented muscular layer that surrounds the pupil Aqueous Humor: clear, watery fluid that gives the eye its shape Vitreous Humor: clear, gel-like substance that to help keep the retina in place Function: Process Sensory Information

The Special Senses Continued Diseases and Disorders: Astigmatism: abnormal curvature of the cornea Hyperopia: farsightedness Myopia: nearsightedness Chalazion: small, hard, cystic mass on the eyelid caused by a blocked oil gland Healthcare Careers: Optometrist: performs eye exams and diagnoses injuries, impairments, or diseases of the eye Audiologist: specialist who works with hearing, balance, and related disorders. Test what range of hearing they hear.

The Cardiovascular System Key Terms: Vocabulary: cardi/o: heart Angina: condition characterized by severe pain in chest angi/o: vessel (blood) hem/o, hemat/o: blood Embolus: mass of solid, liquid, or gas that travels through brady-: slow the bloodstream, causing occlusion tachy-: fast thromb/o: clot Heart Murmur: abnormal sound heard during -emia: blood condition auscultation of the heart leuk/o: white erythr/o: red Cardiac Catheterization: passage of a tiny plastic tube into arteri/o: artery the heart through a blood vessel Holter Monitor: machine that records cardiac rhythms Myocardial Infarction: medical name for a heart attack Pulse: the rhythmic throbbing generated by contractions of the heart; detected over the major arteries of the body Pacemaker: electrical device that is implanted in the chest or abdomen to control abnormal cardiac rhythms Defibrillation: procedure used to stop atrial or ventricular fibrillation Cardioversion: procedure in which controlled electrical shocks are sent through the heart to restore normal cardiac rhythm in a patient with arrythmia Function: circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the body

The Cardiovascular System Continued Diseases and Disorders: Congestive Heart Failure: disease from reduced blood flow to the heart Cardiac Tamponade: excess fluid accumulates in the pericardium Shock: syndrome where peripheral blood flow is insufficient to return blood to the heart for normal function Thrombus: blood clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel and stays attached to the site Healthcare Careers: Cardiologist: physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases and conditions; orders tests such as an electrocardiography test. Telemetry Nurse: monitors patient's heart rhythm using sophisticated equipment; work with physicians to develop treatment plans for patients

The Respiratory System Key Terms: Vocabulary: bronch/o: bronchus; bronchial tube Pharynx: the passageway through which air, food, cyan/o: blue laryng/o: larynx; voice box and liquids travel through -oxia: oxygen; to breathe oxy-: intense; oxygen Larynx: the larynx is also known as the voice box pleur/o: pleura; serous membrane that enfolds the and is located in the neck. It is composed of lung semi-rigid, fibrous plates made up of cartilage and pneum/o: lung;air connected by muscles and ligaments. pulmon/o: lung thorac/o: chest The Lower Respiratory Tract: responsible for the trache/o: trachea; windpipe transport of air to the lungs and for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gasses. The structures that are inside of this tract are the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs. Bronchioles: the air flows from the bronchi into very tiny airway branches that are known as the bronchioles. They look a lot like grapes, but they do much more than just look like grapes. They are essential in the lungs. Alveoli: the alveoli is known for the place where gas exchange happens. They are encased by a network of capillaries. The Diaphragm: a dome shaped structure that is between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is important in breathing because it contracts to increase thoracic volume and inflates the lungs. Sternum: the sternum is one of the most important bones that play a part in the respiratory system. The sternum is known as the breast bone, and it is needed in the system in order for it to work properly. The Parietal Pleura: The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity as well as the upper side of the diaphragm The Pleural Cavity: this cavity lies between the thoracic cavity and the upper side of the diaphragm. This cavity contains pleural fluid. They work together to reduce friction in the lungs. Medulla Oblongata: This is needed for initiating and sustaining the breathing process. Function: inhaling fresh air, exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen, and exhaling old air

The Respiratory System Continued Diseases and Disorders: Hyperventilation: condition in which breathing is faster and deeper than normal Rales: abnormal crackling sound heard during auscultation of the lungs when the patient is breathing in Stridor: harsh, high-pitched sound during respiration that indicated a airway obstruction Bronchitis: inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes Healthcare Careers: Thoracic Surgeon: medical doctor who performs surgical procedures on organs in the chest. They treat certain respiratory diseases such as lung cancer. Pulmonologist: medical doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the lungs and cardiopulmonary system.

The Digestive System Key Terms: Vocabulary: cholecyst/o: gallbladder Mastication: Digesting food using the teeth; chewing enter/o: intestines; usually the small intestine Labia: the lips; used to protect the anterior opening of col/o, colon/o: colon; large intestine the mouth hepat/o: liver gastr/o: stomach Uvula: When swallowing, the uvula covers the or/o: mouth nasopharynx and prevents food and liquid from -pepsia: digestion entering chol/e: gall; bile proct/o: rectum; anus Tongue: aids in mastication (chewing) Nasopharynx: consists of the nose and the throat, it is known as the airway of the of the respiratory system Oropharynx: consists of the mouth and the throat; passes food from the mouth to the esophagus Stomach: food stays in the stomach for 1-4 hours before eliminated; it’s a sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, and atrium Colon: the large intestine; connects to the ileum and continues to the anus. It has 6 major parts: the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum Liver: in the upper right quadrant on the abdomen; it performs hundreds of complex functions. The main function is to include storage of nutrients until they are needed by the body. Gallbladder: sac- like organ on the posterior side of the liver; needed to store bile Function: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination

The Digestive System Continued Diseases and Disorders: Cirrhosis: scarring of the liver due to alcohol, drugs, or a virus like hepatitis Colon Cancer: a malignant tumor that consists of the glandular tissues in the colon, rectum, or both Enteritis: inflammation of the intestines (usually the small intestine); characterized by diarrhea Hepatitis A: acute from the hepatitis usually spread through food contaminated by the feces of another person that has the virus Healthcare Careers: Registered Dietician: supervises the preparation/serving of food in any and all of the settings you could possibly think of. Some of those settings include hospitals, long-term care facilities, and even schools. Dental Hygienist: works under the supervision of a dentist; they are needed to clean the teeth of children and adults and remain stains from the teeth. They are able to take x-rays and give fluoride treatments.

The Urinary System Vocabulary: Key Terms: Kidneys: two bean shaped organs that are located in the retroperitoneal cavity. That cavity is the -cele: cell part of the abdominal cavity which is behind -lysis: breakdown; separation, loosening the peritoneum. cyst/o: cyst; fluid sac; bladder nephr/o: kidney Renal Medulla: located in the inner region of ren/o: kidney the kidney; has many triangle-shaped tissues -uria: urin; condition of urine called the medullary pyramids. -pexy: surgical fixation -ectasis: loosening Uterus: two narrow tubes that are around 10-12 pyel/o: renal pelvis inches in length. They are needed because they transport urine from the renal pelvises of the Function: filtration, waste storage and kidney to the urinary bladder. excretion, hormone production, and homeostasis maintenance Urinary Bladder: commonly known as the bladder; it is a hollow, muscular organ used to store urine before it is excreted. Urethra: tube that transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Renal Cortex: the outer layer of the kidney; contains more than a million microscopic units known as nephrons. Filtration: the process of separating waste products out from the blood Renal Artery: during filtration, the blood enters the kidney through this artery. Bowman's Capsule: membrane that surrounds the glomerulus of each nephron inside the kidney Reabsorption: during this process, the blood reclaims useful substances from the filtrate that flows through the renal tubules; they happen in the capillaries

The Urinary System Continued Diseases and Disorders: Cystocele: herniation of the bladder through the vaginal wall in females Diabetes: condition characterized by excessive amounts of urine Pyelonephritis: inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and the functional tissues of the kidney Renal Failure: condition in which kidney disease and damage ends in impaired filtration of waste products from the blood Healthcare Careers: Case Management Nurse: RN who works in lots of different settings from home to hospitals and places in-between. They are responsible for making sure their patient receives the most efficient and effective care for their particular condition. Dialysis Technician: they have many different names that they are referred to, but DT is the most common. They operate machines that remove metabolic waste products and excess fluids from the blood of their specific patient. They work directly with the patient, under the supervision of a nurse or physician

The Reproductive System Key Terms: Vocabulary: cervic/o: cervix Ovaries: the female reproductive system has two salping/o: eustachian (auditory reproductive systems. They are located in the posterior tube) portion of the right and left pelvic cavity. They are filled ov/o: ovum with millions of ova. orchid/o: testes; testicles oophor/o: ovary Fallopian Tubes: two tubes extend from the lateral ends of men/o: menses the ovaries to the top of the uterus. This is known as the mamm/o: breast womb. When tiny ovums are released, it goes to the gynec/o: female; women fallopian tube. colp/o: vagina prostat/o: prostate gland Cervix: the lower portion of the uterus; also known as the neck of the uterus Function: Male: facilitate conception Premature: when a child is born before the full term labor; Female: produce new life typically before 37 weeks. If the baby is born before around 25-30 weeks, it is considered a big risk. Contractions: pains that happen during labor to help push the baby out. They are very painful, but they usually give you an epidural to help with the pain. Testosterone: produced by the male testes; responsible for male sex characteristics. Seminal Vesicles: two glands that are located at the base of the male urinary bladder. Circumcision: a piece of skin of the penis that is cut off after birth Sperm: the male gametes; the sex cells of the males The Male Gonads: the glands responsible for producing gametes

The Reproductive System Continued Diseases and Disorders: Erectile Dysfunction (E.D): inability for a male to have an erection; isn’t able to have sex Hydrocele: condition of a fluid-filled sac in or around a testis; characterized by swelling of the scrotum of the testes Mastalgia: pain in the breast; may signal a non cancerous breast condition. Another name for this is mastodynia. Prolapsed Uterus: downward displacement of the uterus; causes the uterus to protrude into or out of the vagina Healthcare Careers: Doula: a certified professional that has been trained to assist a family before, during, and after the birth of a child. They can help with things from buying the baby supplies to birthing exercises. They are mostly used for parents that are having their first kid, because they don’t have any previous knowledge on what they are doing. Oncologist: physician who specializes in patients that have been diagnosed with cancer. They are involved with diagnosing the cancer, determining the course of treatment, and following up with the patient to keep up with treatment.